Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 3 (2023) 192–204

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems

journal homepage: www.keaipublishing.com/en/journals/
internet-of-things-and-cyber-physical-systems

Internet of things for smart factories in industry 4.0, a review

Mohsen Soori a, *, Behrooz Arezoo b, Roza Dastres c
a
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, University of Kyrenia, Kyrenia, North Cyprus, Via Mersin 10, Turkey
b
CAD/CAPP/CAM Research Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), 424 Hafez Avenue, Tehran,
15875-4413, Iran
c
Department of Computer Engineering, Cyprus International University, North Cyprus, Via Mersin 10, Turkey

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The Internet of Things (IoT) is playing a significant role in the transformation of traditional factories into smart
Smart factories factories in Industry 4.0 by using network of interconnected devices, sensors, and software to monitor and
Industry 4.0 optimize the production process. Predictive maintenance using the IoT in smart factories can also be used to
Internet of things
prevent machine failures, reduce downtime, and extend the lifespan of equipment. To monitor and optimize
Optimized production process
energy usage during part manufacturing, manufacturers can obtain real-time insights into energy consumption
patterns by deploying IoT sensors in smart factories. Also, IoT can provide a more comprehensive view of the
factory environment to enhance workplace safety by identifying potential hazards and alerting workers to po-
tential dangers. Suppliers can use IoT-enabled tracking devices to monitor shipments and provide real-time up-
dates on delivery times and locations in order to analyze and optimize the supply chain in smart factories.
Moreover, IoT is a powerful technology which can optimize inventory management in smart factories to reduce
costs, improve efficiency, and provide real-time visibility into inventory levels and movements. To analyze and
enhance the impact of internet of thing in smart factories of industry 4.0, a review is presented. Applications of
internet of things in smart factories such as predictive maintenance, asset tracking, inventory management,
quality control, production process monitoring, energy efficiency and supply chain optimization are reviewed.
Thus, by analyzing the application of IoT in smart factories of Industry 4.0, new ideas and advanced methodol-
ogies can be provided to improve quality control and optimize part production processes.

1. Introduction factory of Industry 4.0, machines and equipment are interconnected and
communicate with each other and with a central control system to enable
The fourth industrial revolution, known as Industry 4.0, includes real-time monitoring, analysis, and decision-making [4]. This allows
smart factories as a key element in order to enhance efficiency in part manufacturers to optimize their processes, decrease environmental
production. Industry 4.0 is characterized by the incorporation of cutting- pollution, and increase flexibility to respond quickly to changing market
edge technologies into industrial processes to increase productivity, demands. The application of IoT in smart factories is recently developed
flexibility, and the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), in order to drive the digital transformation of manufacturing, and enable
and robotics [1]. A smart factory is a highly automated manufacturing companies to operate more efficiently, cost-effectively, and sustainably
facility in industry 4.0 that utilizes advanced technologies, such as arti- [5]. Smart factories are becoming increasingly popular, and IoT is a key
ficial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and robotics, to technology in making these factories possible [6].
optimize its operations and improve its efficiency, productivity, and There are several constraints that need to be addressed for real
quality. Smart factories are facilities that use digital technologies to implementation of Industry 4.0. Industry 4.0 implementation requires a
improve operational efficiency and productivity [2]. Smart factories are large investment in advanced infrastructure and technology. For smaller
highly automated and connected factories which are relied on advanced businesses or those with fewer resources, this can be a significant
technologies such as IoT, artificial intelligence, and robotics to optimize obstacle. A highly qualified workforce with knowledge of digital tech-
production processes and enhance operational efficiency [3]. In a smart nologies is needed for Industry 4.0 [7]. Companies should spend in

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (M. Soori), [email protected], [email protected] (B. Arezoo), roza.dastres@yahoo.
com (R. Dastres).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.04.006
Received 27 March 2023; Received in revised form 24 April 2023; Accepted 25 April 2023
Available online 26 April 2023
2667-3452/© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
M. Soori et al. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 3 (2023) 192–204

employee training or new hire recruitment to fill these jobs with highly distribution. This can save time and money while reducing downtime
skilled personnel. There is a higher danger of cyber-attacks on the net- [23]. By leveraging the power of connected devices using energy saving
work's data as more devices and systems are connected to the internet. methods, sensors, and software, manufacturers can improve efficiency,
Implementing Industry 4.0 calls for strong security measures to guar- increase productivity, and enhance quality control using the IoT in in-
antee the protection of sensitive data and intellectual property. Reliable dustry 4.0 [24]. Also, factory managers can optimize production pro-
and fast communication networks are essential for Industry 4.0 to be cesses, reduce downtime, and improve quality control by leveraging the
succeed. However, many places might not have access to the required volume of obtained data during analysis process using the arterial
infrastructure, which can make it difficult to execute Industry 4.0 in intelligent and machine learning.
different companies [8]. To overcome these constraints, companies can Predictive maintenance is another application of IoT in smart fac-
consider the solutions in order to implement the industry 4.0 in process tories in order to reduce unplanned downtime by identifying potential
of part production. Companies can start by implementing Industry 4.0 equipment failures before they occur in machines and production
technologies on a small scale to gain experience and build expertise equipment. So, factory managers can provide maintenance schedule and
before scaling up in big scale of companies [9]. Investing in workforce minimize downtime by analyzing data from sensors embedded in ma-
training and re-skilling programs can help companies develop the skills chinery and predict the potential equipment failures using IoT in smart
and expertise needed to operate and maintain Industry 4.0 technologies. factories [25]. IoT can also be used for inventory management, asset
Implementing robust data privacy and security protocols can help com- tracking, and energy management, among other applications. Smart
panies mitigate the risks associated with data collection and analysis factories use IoT devices to create a connected and automated environ-
[10]. ment that enables real-time monitoring, analysis, and control of
In a smart factory, IoT technology is used to connect various ma- manufacturing processes [26]. Blockchain integration with the next
chines, devices, and sensors to a central network. This helps to optimize cybersecure industries regrading to the concept of industry 4.0 is
the manufacturing process and reduce downtime [11]. A smart factory is examined in order to improve the applications of blockchain in smart
the industry 4.0 version of the manufacturing process, which is more manufacturing process [27]. In order to create the Cyber-Physical pro-
effective, adaptable, and sustainable. It enables companies to maintain duction networks, the Internet of things and arterial intelligence in sus-
their competitiveness in complex marketing conditions [12]. In a smart tainable smart manufacturing are studied [28]. In order to increase the
factory, interconnected devices, machines, and systems communicate effectiveness of smart factory technologies in the sophisticated part
with each other, making production processes more efficient, flexible, production process, the internet of things for manufacturing is studied
and automated. As a result, IoT devices can be used in smart factories to [29]. Analysis of big data for green manufacturing is investigated in order
monitor and control various aspects of the production process [13]. For to create the decision support algorithms for smart factories by using the
example, sensors can be used to track the temperature, humidity, and internet of things [30]. Smart factories in the age of industry 4.0 is
pressure in a production facility, while connected machines can provide studied in order to enhance productivity of part production [31]. In-
real-time information about their status and performance. The obtained dustry 4.0's smart manufacturing system is studied in order to provide
data can be analyzed by using artificial intelligence (AI) and machine applications for the internet of things in advanced manufacturing and
learning algorithms in order to identify patterns and optimize production increase part production efficiency [32].
processes [14]. In order to present reliable cybersecurity for data visualization and
By optimizing processes and reducing downtime in smart factories, tracking of the AGV status which improves decision-making and in-
IoT devices can help manufacturers to save money in part production creases industrial efficiency, development of an IoT architecture based on
process. IoT sensors can also detect and alert workers in order to identify a deep neural network has been investigated [33]. In order to present an
the potential safety hazards and prevent accidents and injuries for advanced fault detection and correction method for induction motors,
workers. However, managing and integrating a large number of IoT de- applications of IoT and deep learning technique in fault recognition and
vices can be challenging, requiring specialized expertise and significant correction scheme is investigated [34]. In order to present online
resources [15]. Also, IoT devices can be vulnerable to cyberattacks, monitoring systems for CNC machining operations against cyber-attacks,
which can compromise the integrity of the production process and put applications of IoT platform and deep learning neural network algo-
sensitive data at risk. Different IoT devices may use different communi- rithms are studied [35]. Convolutional neural network disease detection
cation protocols, which can make it difficult to integrate them into a and classification are studied in order to increase productivity in the
cohesive system. IoT devices can generate vast amounts of data, which tomato farming process [36]. Exfiltration without privilege escalation for
can be overwhelming to manage and analyze [16]. military and police units using a Bash Bunny is investigated in order to
Sensor technology advancements in the era of the smart factory and enhance the security of data in networks against cyberattacks [37]. In
industry 4.0 has been utilized to measure the conditions and parameters order to enhance security in position estimation of automated guided
of manufacturing process such as temperature, humidity, and other vehicles against different kinds of cyberattacks, application of robust
environmental conditions in smart factories [17]. Also, IoT sensors in kalman filter is investigated [38].
smart factories can be applied to monitor the entire manufacturing pro- To evaluate and enhance CNC machining in virtual environments,
cess, from raw materials to finished products [18]. This provides Soori et al. proposed virtual machining approaches [39–42]. In order to
real-time data on production efficiency and quality, enabling manufac- enhance accuracy in 5-axis CNC milling operations, dimensional,
turers to make data-driven decisions to optimize their processes and geometrical, tool deflection and thermal errors are compensated by Soori
improve their products [19]. IoT sensors can also detect and predict and Arezoo [43]. To examine and improve efficiency in the process of
when machines will require maintenance, allowing for proactive main- component manufacture using welding processes, Soori et al. [44] pro-
tenance to be performed before breakdowns occur [20]. Moreover, IoT posed an overview of recent advancements in friction stir welding
sensors can be used to monitor the factory environment in order to detect techniques. Soori and Asamel [45] investigated the utilization of virtual
potential safety hazards or security breaches. This can help to ensure that machining technologies to lessen residual stress and deflection error
workers are safe and that valuable equipment and assets are protected during turbine blade five-axis milling operations. In order to evaluate and
[21]. The network of connected sensors allows machines to communicate lower the cutting temperature during milling operations of
with each other, share data, and coordinate their activities. This con- difficult-to-cut components, Soori and Asmael [46] developed applica-
nectivity and coordination can greatly improve efficiency and produc- tions of virtualized machining systems. To enhance surface qualities
tivity, and decrease waste and downtime in part production process [22]. during five-axis milling operations of turbine blades, Soori et al. [47]
IoT can be used to track inventory and manage the supply chain, enabling presented an enhanced virtual machining technique. In order to mini-
manufacturers to make informed decisions about production and mize deflection error during five-axis milling procedures of impeller

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blades, Soori and Asmael [48] developed virtual milling procedures. In 2. Predictive maintenance
order to analyze and enhance the parameter optimization approach of
machining operations, Soori and Asmael [49] offered a synopsis of cur- One of the most important IoT applications in Industry 4.0's smart
rent advances from published works. In order to increase energy usage factories is predictive maintenance, which helps to minimize unsched-
effectiveness, data quality and availability throughout the supply chain, uled downtime throughout the part-production process. Predictive
and precision and reliability during the component production process, maintenance can minimize equipment downtime and increase produc-
Dastres et al. [50] conducted a research of RFID-based wireless tivity during the component manufacturing process by utilizing data and
manufacturing systems. In order to increase efficiency and added value in analytics in order to estimate the repair time of machines and production
component production processes utilizing CNC machining operations, equipment [69]. The process can be used in order to prevent downtime,
Soori et al. [51] examined machine learning and artificial intelligence in reduce maintenance costs, and extend the operation time of machined
CNC machine tools. To measure and reduce residual stress during and production equipment. IoT can facilitate predictive maintenance by
machining operations, Soori and Arezoo [52] provided a review in the continuously monitoring the health of machines and equipment, identi-
subject. Soori and Arezoo [53] described optimal machining settings fying potential failures before they occur, and providing maintenance
utilizing the Taguchi optimization technique to reduce surface integrity schedule using the IoT in smart factories. IoT sensors are able to gather
and residual stress during grinding operations of Inconel 718. Soori and and communicate information about machinery and equipment,
Arezoo [54] investigated several tool wear prediction techniques to including information on temperature, vibration, and energy usage
lengthen cutting tool life during machining processes. In order to in- during chip formation process. Moreover, the process can be used in
crease efficiency in the component production process, Soori and Asmael order to optimize maintenance schedules and minimize downtime in
[55] studied computer assisted process planning. In order to provide terms of maintenance enhancement of industry 4.0 [70]. IoT in 6G based
decision - making support systems for data warehouse operations, Das- smart factory of the industry 4.0 system from the supply management,
tres and Soori [56] discussed advancements in web-based decision sup- process monitoring and control, sensors, AGV applications, inventory
port systems. In order to develop the implementation of artificial neural management and delivery management systems is shown in Fig. 1 [71].
networks in performance enhancement of engineering products, Dastres Real-time performance and equipment health monitoring is possible
and Soori [57] presented a review of recent research and uses of artificial using the IoT devices in terms of productivity enhancement of part
neural networks in a variety of disciplines, including risk analysis sys- manufacturing [72]. IoT sensors can monitor the condition of machines
tems, drone control, welding quality analysis, and computer quality in real-time, predicting when they are likely to fail. These use data from
analysis. Dastres and Soori [58] discussed using information and sensors and other sources to predict when machines and equipment are
communication technology in environmental conservation to lessen the likely to fail, allowing for proactive maintenance [73]. This process en-
impact of technological progress on natural disasters. Dastres and Soori ables manufacturers to schedule maintenance before a breakdown occurs
[59] proposed the secure socket layer in order to improve network and in order to reduce downtime and decrease part production costs [74].
data online security. In order to create the methodology of decision Then, this data is analyzed to identify patterns and anomalies, which can
support systems by assessing and recommending the gaps between pre- be used in order to predict and schedule the maintenance when it is
sented methodologies, Dastres and Soori [60] analyze the advancements needed. Furthermore, IoT devices can be used to automate processes,
in web-based decision support systems. Dastres and Soori [61] provided such as material handling and product assembly [75]. This process can
an assessment of current developments in network threats in order to reduce the need for human intervention and improve efficiency by
improve security measures in networks. Dastres and Soori [62] studied reducing the risk of human errors in product assembly and material
image processing and analysis systems to expand the possibilities of handling [76]. Overall, IoT in smart factories is transforming the
image processing systems in many applications. In order to analyze and manufacturing industry, enabling predictive maintenance and real-time
enhance the effects of artificial intelligent, machine learning and deep monitoring of the production process [77]. This leads to increased effi-
learning in advanced robotics, recent achievements in published papers ciency, reduced downtime, and improved product quality, ultimately
are reviewed by Soori et al. [63]. driving growth and profitability. System architecture for the intelligent
In order to analyze the effects of cutting parameter to the tool life and and predictive maintenance 4.0 is shown in Fig. 2 [78].
cutting temperature in milling operations, application of virtual
machining system is developed by Soori and Arezoo [64]. Application of 3. Asset tracking
virtual machining systems in turning operations is investigated by Soori
and Arezoo [65] in order to analyze the impacts of coolant on the cutting IoT can be utilized in Industry 4.0 smart factories for asset moni-
temperature, surface roughness and tool wear in turning operations of toring, which is the utilization of sensors and other IoT devices to track
Ti6Al4V Alloy. In order to analyze and modify composite materials and the position and state of assets including machinery, tools, and raw
structures, recent achievements from published papers are reviwed by materials in real-time throughout component production [79]. In a smart
Soori [66]. In the context of smart factories, IoT enables the creation of a factories, asset tracking can be implemented by using the IoT devices in
digital twin of the physical factory, where real-time data from sensors, order to optimize production workflows, reduce downtime, and increase
machines, and other devices can be collected and analyzed in order to asset lifespan [80]. By providing precise, real-time information on the
optimize production processes, reduce downtime, and improve quality location and condition of assets, asset tracking can be applied in order to
control [67]. IoT plays a crucial role in creating smart factories in In- optimize the supply chain and manufacturing operations in smart fac-
dustry 4.0. It enables factories to be more efficient, productive, and safe tories [81]. By leveraging IoT sensors and devices, manufacturers can
by leveraging real-time data and AI algorithms [68]. monitor and track the assets, such as machines, equipment, and tools, in
Recent developments in internet of thing applications are studied and real-time [82]. This process enables them to gain better visibility into
addressed in the study with the goal of evaluating and modifying the part their operations and improve productivity and profitability of part
manufacturing processes in smart factories of industry 4.0. Future manufacturing. IoT-enabled asset tracking typically involves the use of
research works from the gap between the achievement in published pa- wireless sensors that can be attached to assets and transmit data about
pers are also suggested in order to develop the applications of internet of their location, status, and condition to a central data repository [83].
things for smart factories in industry 4.0. So, the study can develop the IoT-enabled asset tracking systems use sensors and RFID tags to collect
smart factories of Industry 4.0 in order to optimize production processes, data on the location, status, and movement of assets. This data is trans-
improve quality control, and enhance worker safety during part pro- mitted to a central system in order to be analyzed and evaluated using
duction process. artificial intelligent systems. Then, the analyzed data can be used in order
to provide insights into the performance and utilization of the assets,

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Fig. 1. IoT in 6G based smart factory of the industry 4.0 system [71].

Fig. 2. System architecture for the intelligent and predictive maintenance 4.0 [78].

accurate data into the efficiency of production processes and identify process of part production. For example, in sensitive industries such as
potential maintenance or repair needs of machines [84,85]. food and pharmaceuticals, it is essential to track the location and con-
By using real-time data, manufacturers can quickly identify bottle- dition of products and materials to ensure their safety and quality [87].
necks and optimize production processes in order to minimize downtime IoT devices can be used to track the location and condition of equipment
and improve overall efficiency. For example, manufacturers can use IoT and materials in real-time. This enables managers to optimize equipment
sensors to monitor the performance of their machines and equipment, usage, reduce downtime, and improve maintenance schedules. Asset
and identify areas where they can be replaced during process of part tracking in smart factories can also help manufacturers to manage in-
production. They can also use asset tracking to ensure that tools and ventory and enhance the environmental sustainability of part production
equipment are available when needed in order to reduce delays and [88]. By monitoring the movement of raw materials and produced parts,
improve productivity in part manufacturing [86]. Another key benefit of manufacturers can identify areas where the production pollution can be
IoT-enabled asset tracking is providing accurate procedure for manu- minimized and inventory management processes can be optimized. This
facturers in order to comply work with regulations and standards in procedure not only reduces costs of part production, but also improve the

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sustainability of manufacturing operations [89]. Overall, IoT-enabled 5. Quality control

asset tracking is a critical application of IoT in smart factories in terms
of supply chain optimization process. It provides manufacturers with The IoT in smart factories can provide a powerful tool for quality
real-time data on the location and condition of assets in order to enable control of produced parts in industry 4.0. IoT sensors can detect defects in
them to optimize production processes, decrease environmental impacts real-time in order to provide accurate date for to quickly identify and
of part production, and improve overall efficiency of manufacturing rectify any issues and reduce the risk of defective products entering to the
process. Industry 4.0 tools and application fields in the asset tracking of market. IoT sensors can monitor products as they move through the
electrical industry is shown in Fig. 3 [90]. manufacturing process, identifying any defects or variations in quality
[97]. The process can be implemented in order to ensure that every
4. Inventory management product meets the required standards of part production. By integrating
sensors, devices, and machines into a network, IoT can collect and
IoT-enabled sensors can monitor inventory levels in real-time in order analyze data in real-time in order to provide insights into the production
to provide manufacturers with accurate data on stock levels and enable process and identify potential quality issues of produced parts regarding
them to optimize their production processes and decrease environmental the standards of part production [98]. Here are some ways IoT can be
pollution of part production in Industry 4.0 [91]. Smart factories use IoT used for quality control in smart factories.
devices to automate and optimize inventory management processes,
reducing production costs, increasing efficiency, and improving accuracy 1. Predictive maintenance: IoT sensors can be used to monitor the health
of produced parts [92]. These are some ways which the IoT is being used of machines and equipment in real-time. This data can be analyzed to
in inventory management of smart factories. predict when maintenance is needed, which can help prevent
downtime and improve the quality of products [99].
1. Real-time tracking: Real-time inventory tracking is possible by using 2. Real-time monitoring: IoT sensors can monitor various factors such as
IoT sensors and RFID tags, which can provide precise and current data temperature, humidity, pressure, and vibration to detect any anom-
on stock levels, locations, and movements [93]. alies or deviations from the normal range. Any changes can be
2. Automated replenishment: IoT devices can be used to automatically immediately flagged, and corrective action can be taken to prevent
reorder inventory when stock levels fall below a certain threshold, defects or quality issues [93].
reducing the need for manual intervention and ensuring that in- 3. Quality testing: IoT devices can be used to perform quality testing in
ventory levels are always optimal [94]. real-time. For example, sensors can be used to check the weight or
3. Demand forecasting: IoT sensors and data analytics can be used to dimensions of products, or to detect any defects or abnormalities
analyze historical data and predict future demand, helping factories [100].
to optimize their inventory levels and reduce waste [95]. 4. Traceability: IoT can be used to track products throughout the pro-
duction process, providing a detailed history of each item. This in-
Real-time control and dynamic scheduling of the inventory manage- formation can be used to identify any quality issues and trace them
ment is shown in Fig. 4 [96]. back to their source [101].
Overall, IoT technology is helping smart factories in Industry 4.0 to
optimize their inventory management processes and improve efficiency, Total quality management framework in Industry 4.0 is shown in
accuracy, and cost-effectiveness. Fig. 5 [102].

Fig. 3. Industry 4.0 tools and application fields in the asset tracking of electrical industry [90].

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Fig. 4. Real-time control and dynamic scheduling of the inventory management [96].

Fig. 5. Total quality management framework in Industry 4.0 [102].

Overall, the application of IoT in smart factories can improve the production lines and equipment [104]. This data can be used to track key
quality of products by providing real-time insights into the production performance indicators (KPIs) such as production output, machine uti-
process in order to enable factory managers to analyze and consider lization, and product quality. By monitoring these KPIs in real-time,
corrective action in quality assessment and modification of produced factory managers can quickly identify bottlenecks, inefficiencies, and
parts. other issues that may be affecting the production process [105].
IoT-enabled devices and sensors can be used to monitor and control
6. Production process monitoring various aspects of the manufacturing process, including production lines,
machinery, equipment, and inventory. For example, sensors can be used
IoT-enabled production process monitoring is a critical component of to track the temperature, humidity, and other environmental conditions
smart factory operations in terms of quality enhancement of produced in the factory, ensuring that the products are produced in optimal con-
parts. By leveraging data from connected devices and sensors, factories ditions [106]. They can also be used to monitor the performance of
can optimize production processes, reduce downtime, and improve machines and equipment in terms of online condition monitoring of part
product quality, in order to enhance efficiency and profitability of part production process. By connecting devices, sensors, and machines to a
manufacturing [103]. Production process monitoring in smart factories network, data can be collected in real-time, allowing for a more efficient
involves collecting data from IoT sensors and devices installed on and streamlined production process [107]. Another example of

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production process monitoring is optimization of supply chain during lighting and heating systems can be automatically adjusted based on
part production process. IoT sensors can be used to track inventory levels occupancy levels or ambient temperature [114].
and monitor the supply chain in terms of part production optimization 3. Renewable Energy Integration: IoT technology can help smart fac-
process. Also, the IoT sensors can be used to track the movement of raw tories integrate renewable energy sources such as solar or wind power
materials and finished products throughout the factory and supply chain, in order to provide sustainable production process. Also, The process
providing real-time visibility into inventory levels, shipping schedules, can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lower energy costs in
and other critical information [19]. This procedure can be utilized in terms of energy consumption management of manufacturing process
order to optimize supply chain and reduce inventory costs in terms of [115].
productivity enhancement of part manufacturing [108]. Overall, the IoT 4. Smart lighting: IoT devices can be used to control lighting in factories.
can help manufacturers monitor and optimize the production process in This can include automatically turning off lights in unoccupied areas,
real-time, allowing for greater efficiency, improved quality control, and dimming lights based on the amount of natural light in a room, or
cost savings [109]. Fig. 6 depicts an online process monitoring program adjusting lighting to match the tasks being performed in a particular
used in Industry 4.0 [110]. area [116].
5. Energy-efficient HVAC: IoT devices can be used to monitor and
7. Energy efficiency optimize heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.
This can include adjusting the temperature based on occupancy or
IoT devices can monitor energy usage throughout the factory and outside weather conditions, or using sensors to detect when a space is
identify areas where energy efficiency can be improved. This can help unoccupied and reducing HVAC usage accordingly [117].
reduce costs and lower the factory's carbon footprint. IoT devices can 6. Energy storage: IoT devices can be used to manage energy storage
monitor energy consumption in real-time and identify areas where en- systems. This can include charging batteries during off-peak hours
ergy usage in part manufacturing can be optimized. The process can be when energy is cheaper and using stored energy during peak hours
implemented to reduce energy costs and improve sustainability in part when energy is more expensive [118].
production [111]. By using IoT technology, smart factories can monitor
and optimize energy consumption in real-time, resulting in significant Energy-saving techniques in wireless sensor networks for smart fac-
energy savings and cost reductions [112]. Here are a few ways in which tories in the industry 4.0 is shown in Fig. 7 [114].
IoT can help improve energy efficiency in smart factories. Overall, IoT technology has the potential to transform energy effi-
ciency in smart factories, resulting in significant energy savings, cost
1. Energy Monitoring: IoT sensors can be used to monitor energy usage reductions, and environmental benefits. By leveraging IoT technology in
in real-time across different areas of the factory, from production lines smart factories, manufacturers can optimize their energy usage, reduce
to lighting and heating systems. This data can then be analyzed to costs, and minimize their environmental impact [119].
identify areas of inefficiency and opportunities for optimization
[113]. 8. Safety monitoring
2. Automated Control Systems: IoT devices can be used to automate
energy usage across different systems in the factory. For example, IoT devices can be used to monitor employee safety, ensuring that
workers are following safety protocols and that any hazards are identified

Fig. 6. Online process monitoring system within the scope of Industry 4.0 [110].

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Fig. 7. Energy-saving techniques in wireless sensor networks for smart factories in the industry 4.0 [114].

and addressed quickly. One example of IoT-enabled production process machines and equipment [121]. The implementation of safety moni-
monitoring is predictive maintenance for production machines and toring procedure can help factory managers to provide accurate main-
equipment [120]. It is possible to identify indicators of wear and tear or tenance schedule, in order to reduce downtime and prevent costly
other problems that might portend an oncoming breakdown in the production delays [122]. Here are a few ways IoT can enhance safety
component production process by gathering data from sensors on monitoring in smart factories.

Fig. 8. The integration of Safety and Industry 4.0 [127].

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Fig. 9. Digital supply chain and operations control in industry 4.0 [136].

1. Real-time monitoring: IoT sensors can continuously monitor factory 9. Supply chain optimization
conditions such as temperature, humidity, and gas levels. This data
can be analyzed in real-time to detect potential hazards and alert The Internet of Things (IoT) has the potential to revolutionize supply
workers before an incident occurs [123]. chain management and optimization in smart factories in order to
2. Predictive maintenance: IoT can help predict when equipment is enhance productivity in part manufacturing. IoT can be used in smart by
likely to fail, allowing for proactive maintenance to prevent accidents applying the (Radio Frequency Identification) RFID tags in order to
caused by faulty machinery. obtain accurate data from the parts and products [129]. These tags can be
3. Automated alerts: IoT can automatically generate alerts when unsafe attached to products or materials, and their movement can be tracked in
conditions are detected, such as high levels of toxic gas or abnormal real-time [130]. So, the process allows supply chain managers to monitor
temperature spikes [124]. the location and status of their inventory, enabling them to optimize
4. Wearable devices: IoT-enabled wearable devices can monitor inventory levels and ensure timely delivery of products. Another example
workers' vitals and alert supervisors when an employee is experi- is the use of predictive maintenance [131]. IoT can also be used to
encing stress or fatigue, reducing the risk of accidents caused by optimize the transportation of goods within the supply chain. It can be
human error [125]. used to track shipments in real-time, providing manufacturers with ac-
5. Safety analytics: IoT-generated data can be analyzed to identify pat- curate information about the location and status of their products. For
terns and trends that can help factory managers improve safety pro- example, by using GPS tracking and real-time data analytics, logistics
cedures and prevent accidents in the future [126]. managers can optimize delivery routes, reduce transportation costs, and
improve delivery times [132]. The implantation of process can help
The integration of Safety and Industry 4.0 is shown in Fig. 8 [127]. manufacturers to optimize supply chain and reduce delays in order to
Overall, IoT technology can enhance safety monitoring in smart fac- improve productivity and customer satisfaction in process of part pro-
tories by providing real-time data and predictive analytics, enabling duction. IoT devices can be used to monitor the movement of materials
proactive maintenance and alerting workers to potential hazards [128]. and products throughout the supply chain. This enables managers to
optimize logistics, reduce inventory costs, and improve delivery times
[133]. IoT-enabled devices can provide real-time data on the location
and status of raw materials and produced parts in order to enable

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manufacturers to optimize their supply chain operations and improve research could focus on developing secure and privacy-preserving
overall production efficiency [134]. Overall, IoT offers many benefits for IoT architectures for smart factories [69].
supply chain optimization in smart factories, including increased effi- 2. Edge computing: Edge computing involves processing data closer
ciency, reduced costs, improved productivity, and better visibility into to the source rather than sending it to the cloud. In smart factories,
the supply chain [135]. As the technology continues to develop the smart this can help reduce latency, improve response times, and enable
factories, it is expected to see even more innovative ways in which IoT real-time decision-making. Future research can focus on devel-
can be used to improve supply chain management. Digital supply chain oping more efficient and effective edge computing algorithms and
and operations control in industry 4.0 is shown in Fig. 9 [136]. architectures.
3. Machine learning and artificial intelligence: Machine learning and
10. Conclusion and future research work directions artificial intelligence (AI) can help smart factories optimize pro-
duction processes and improve efficiency. Future research could
Smart factories are factories that use connected devices and real-time explore the use of machine learning and AI in smart factories, and
data to optimize production processes, improve efficiency, and minimize how these technologies can be used to drive innovation and
environmental pollution of part production. The IoT is a critical improve outcomes.
component in the development of smart factories in terms of productivity 4. Interoperability: The lack of interoperability between IoT devices
enhancement of part production. IoT has the potential to revolutionize from different vendors is a significant challenge. Research can
the manufacturing industry by improving efficiency, reducing costs, and explore ways to improve interoperability through open standards,
increasing productivity. IoT devices can automatically reorder items protocols, and APIs, which can help manufacturers integrate
when inventory levels fall below a certain threshold, reducing the need different devices and systems.
for manual intervention and ensuring that inventory is always at optimal 5. Energy efficiency: IoT devices require a constant supply of power,
levels. By connecting machines, devices, and sensors, smart factories can which can be a challenge in factories where power is limited or
improve efficiency, productivity, and safety, and reduce waste and expensive. Future research can focus on developing more energy-
downtime in part manufacturing process. IoT can provide end-to-end efficient IoT devices, networks, and architectures to help reduce
visibility of the supply chain, allowing factory managers to track in- energy consumption and costs.
ventory from the supplier to the factory and then to the end customer. 6. Integration with Supply Chain: IoT-enabled smart factories can be
The process can be used in order to optimize the supply chain, reduce integrated with supply chain systems to improve logistics, mini-
lead times. Smart factories are just the beginning of what is possible with mize the environmental impacts of part production, and enhance
this technology. IoT sensors can be used to monitor environmental fac- overall efficiency of part manufacturing. Future research could
tors such as temperature, humidity, and air quality, ensuring that the focus on developing robust and scalable architectures for inte-
factory environment is safe and comfortable for workers. Moreover, IoT grating IoT-enabled smart factories with supply chain systems.
sensors can be attached to inventory items and placed throughout the 7. Integration with other systems: Smart factories will need to be
factory in order to track their location and movements. As a result, integrated with a wide range of other systems, including supply
managers know exactly where the inventory is located at any given chain management systems, logistics systems, and customer
moment, reducing the risk of lost or misplaced items. relationship management systems. Future research could explore
IoT sensors can track inventory levels in real-time, helping manu- the best ways to integrate these systems with smart factories, and
facturers optimize their inventory levels and avoid stockouts. The process how to ensure that data is transmitted seamlessly between them.
can reduce production delays and ensures that manufacturers always 8. Decision making: Smart factories utilize IoT devices and sensors to
have the materials they need to meet customer demands. As a conse- gather data about various aspects of the production process, which
quence, the inventory levels can be optimized in order to reduce the can then be used to make accurate decisions in real-time. Decision
stockouts and overstocking conditions in part production process. IoT making in IoT-enabled smart factories involves collecting and
sensors can collect data on product usage and demand, enabling factory analyzing data, implementing decision-making algorithms,
managers to predict when certain items will need to be restocked. IoT monitoring operations in real-time, and leveraging human
sensors can monitor the conditions of the inventory, such as temperature expertise to make informed decisions. By using IoT technologies,
and humidity, to ensure that they are stored in optimal conditions. IoT factories can optimize operations and improve productivity,
devices can monitor product quality in real-time, detect defects, and leading to better business outcomes.
trigger alerts if quality standards are not met during part production. As a 9. Cloud manufacturing: Cloud manufacturing refers to the use of
result, factory managers can quickly take corrective action and prevent cloud computing technologies to support manufacturing pro-
defective products from leaving the factory. IoT-enabled machines can cesses. The combination cloud manufacturing and the IoT in in-
also be used to automate production processes, reducing the need for dustry 4.0 can develop the traditional manufacturing processes
manual intervention and increasing production efficiency. The IoT is into highly automated, data-driven operations that are more
transforming inventory management in smart factories by providing real- efficient, flexible, and responsive to customer needs.
time data, automating processes, and improving visibility. By utilizing 10. Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence: The integration of
these technologies, factories can increase part manufacturing produc- machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) with IoT devices
tivity, reduce waste materials, and improve inventory management can enable smart factories to make more intelligent and autono-
procedures in process of part production. Overall, the IoT is poised to mous decisions. Future research can focus on developing AI al-
revolutionize the way smart factories operate. With IoT-enabled devices, gorithms that can learn from data generated by IoT devices and
factories can collect and analyze data in real-time, optimize operations, make decisions that optimize factory processes.
and improve efficiency. However, there are still many areas of IoT in 11. Autonomous systems: IoT devices can be used to create autono-
smart factories that require further research. Here are some potential mous systems that can perform tasks without human intervention.
future research work directions. Research can focus on developing new algorithms and techniques
that can improve the performance of these systems, making them
1. Security and privacy: As more devices are connected to the more efficient and effective.
Internet, security and privacy become critical concerns. Research 12. Human-machine interaction: Smart factories are becoming
can explore new ways of securing IoT devices and networks to increasingly automated, but humans still play a crucial role in
prevent cyber-attacks, data breaches, and other threats. Future monitoring and managing the manufacturing process. Research
can explore ways to improve the interaction between humans and

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