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Departmentof Mathematics,college of GeneralEducation,osaka University,Toyonaka,
Osaka560.Japan

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Departmentof Mathematics,Faculty of Science,Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku,Kyoto 606,
Japan

ISBN 4-431-70088-9
Springer-VerlagTokyo Berlin HeidelbergNew York
ISBN 3-540-70088-9
Springer-VerlagBerlin HeidelbergNew York Tokyo
ISBN 0-387-70088-9
Springer-VerlagNew York Berlin HeidelbergTokyo

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vlll Preface

g as finite branched covering surfaces of the Riemann sphere, and determined

the number of parameters of Mo by the number of degrees of freedom of the
branch points.

In this book, we treat moduli spaces through Teichmiiller spaces and

Teichmiiller modular groups as follows.
Let R be a closed Riemann surface of genus g, and let X be a marking on
ft, i.e., a canonical system of generators of a fundamental group of .R. Two pairs
(R,D) and (B', D') arc defined to be equivalent if there exists a biholomorphic
mapping f : R--- -R'such that /.(X) is equivalent to Dt. Denote by [E,X] the
equivalence class of (R,E). Such an equivalence class [R, I] is called a ma"rked
closed Riemann surface of genus g. The Teichmiiller space ?o of genus g consists
of all marked closed Riemann surfaces of genus g. It is verified that ?, has a
canonical complex manifold structure, and it is a branched covering manifold of
the moduli spaceMn.Its covering transformation group is called the Teichmiiller
modular group Modo which corresponds to the change of markings. It turns out
that Mn is identified with the quotient space TofModr, which has a normal
complex analytic space structure.

The Teichmiiller space4 h* appeared implicitly in the continuity arguments

of Felix Klein and Henri Poincar6, who studied Fuchsian groups and automor-
phic functions from the 1880s.Robert Fricke, Werner Fenchel and Jakob Nielsen
constructed Tc k 2 2) as a real (69 - 6)-dimensional manifold. Fricke also
asserted that ?, is a cell. Their method was based on the uniformization theo-
rem of Riemann surfaces due to Klein, Poincar6, and Paul Koebe: every closed
Riemann surface of genus S (> 2) is identified with the quotient space H f I of
the upper half-plane .I/ by a Fuchsian group f which is isomorphic to a fun-
damental group of .R. Then each point [R, I] in ?, corresponds to a canonical
system of generators of l- . Hence we see that [.R,X] is representedby a point in
R6g-0 which is called the Fricke coordinates of lR,t). Moreover, the Poincar6
metric on f1 induces the hyperbolic metric on .R, and the conformal structure
defined by this hyperbolic metric corresponds to the complex structure of .R.
One of Oswald Teichmiiller's great contributions to the moduli problem was
to recognize that it becomes more accessibleif we consider not only conformal
mappings but also quasiconformal mappings. A quasiconformal mapping means
a homeomorphism which satisfies the Beltrami equatiotr ut7 = pu". A Beltrami
coefficient p measures the magnitude of deformation of a complex structure or
a conformal structure. Around 1940 Teichmiiller discoveredan intimate relation
between extremal quasiconformal mappings and holomorphic quadratic differ-
entials, and asserted thatTn is homeomorphic to R6g-0. He also introduced the
Teichmiiller distance o\ Ts.
In the end of the 1950s, Lars V. Ahlfors and Lipman Bers developed the
fundamentals of the theory of Teichmiiller spaces,and they gave rigorous proofs
for Teichmiiller's results. They also showed that To @ 2 Z) has a natural complex
structure of dimension 39 - 3, and can be embedded in A2(R) as a bounded
domain, where ,42(R) is the space of holomorphic quadratic differentials of a
closed Riemann surface E of genus g. From the Riemann-Roch theorem, it is
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XI af,"Jard
 Preface

those which determine a given point of "(E) is a Teichmiiller mapping. Then it

turns out that Q k > 2) is homeomorphic to the space Ar(F) _ofholomorphic
quadratic differentials on .R. Hence, ?s is homeomorphic to R6c-0. We also show
that "(.R) is complete with respect to the Teichmiiller distance.
In Chapter 6, using the Schwarzian derivative, we construct the Bers
embedding of "(R) into a bounded domain in ,42(.R.), the space of holomorphic
quadratic differentials on ft*. Here, E* denotes the mirror image of .R. By the
Riemann-Roch theorem, Az(R-) is also identified with the (3g - 3)-dimensional
complex Euclidean space C3r-3. Using this embedding, we see that "(ft) has a
natural complex manifold structure of dimension 3c - 3. It is also proved that
the Teichmiiller modular group M odo is a discrete group of biholomorphic auto-
morphisms of ?r, and acts properly discontinuously on "0. This shows that the
moduli space Mo =Ts/Modc has a normal complex analytic space structure of
dimension 3C - 3.
Chapter 7 treats the Weil-Petersson metric on 4. The holomorphic tangent
space of To at a point [.R,X] is identified with the dual space of ,42(R). Then
the Petersson scalar product on.42(R) induces the Weil-Peterssonmetric on ?n'
We give two proofs for the fundamental fact that the Weil-Petersson metric is
Kihlerian. Both of them a.redue to Ahlfors.
In Chapter 8, we establish a beautiful formula due to S. Wolpert, which
states that the Weil-Petersson Kihler form on 4 h* a simple representation
with respect to Fenchel-Nielsencoordinates.
We also give two appendixes. Appendix A deals with Schiffer's interior vari-
ation from the viewpoint of quasiconformal mappings. We explain Ahlfors' con-
struction of the complex structure for Ts, which was the first construction of its
natural complex structure. We also discuss variations with respect to degenera-
tions of Riemann surfaces. In Appendix B, we explain briefly the compactifica-
tion of moduli spaces.
At the end of each chapter, there are bibliographical notes of books and
articles to which we referred in the text. The bibliography is not complete. There
is a vast literature relating to the theory of Teichmiiller spaces.We hope that
this list helps the reader to begin to explore these researchpapers. Any omissions
of references,or failure to attribute theorems, reflects only our ignorance.
The authors are extremely grateful to Professor Osamu Takenouchi who rec-
ommended that we write this book. They also gratefully acknowledge the gen-
erous contributions of our friends and colleagues Makoto Masumoto, Hiromi
Ohtake, Hiroshige Shiga, a^ndToshiyuki Sugawa, who read the original manu-
script, and made many helpful mathematical suggestionsand improvements.

Yoichi Imayoshi
Masohiko Taniguchi

October, 1989
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 Contents

Chapter 5
Teichmffller Spaces 119
5.1 Analytic Construction of Teichmiiller Spaces 119
5.2 Teichmiiller Mappings and Teichmiiller's Theorerms r27
5.3 Proof of Teichmiiller's UniquenessTheorem 135
Notes 144

Chapter 6
Complex Analytic Theory of Teichmiiller Spaces 146
6.1 Bers'Embedding r47
6.2 Invariance of Complex Structure of Teichmiiller Space r52
6.3 Teichmiiller Modular Groups r62
6.4 Royden's Theorems r67
'l'71
6.5 Classification of Teichmiiller Modular Transformations
Notes 179

Chapter 7
Weil-Petersson Metric t82
7.I Petersson Scalar Product and Bergman Projection i83
7.2 Infinitesimal Theory of Teichmiiller Spaces 189
7.3 Weil-Petersson I\{etric loo
Notes 2t7

Chapter 8
Fenchel-Nielsen Deformations and Weil-Petersson Metric 219
8.1 Fenchel-NielsenDeformations 219
8.2 A Variational Formula for Geodesic Length Functions 224
8.3 Wolpert's Formula 226
Notes 232

Appendices
A Classical Variations on Riemann Surfaces 233
Notes 243
B Compactification of the Moduli Space 244
Notes 253

References 254

List of Symbols 271

Index 274
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r; ,(pn1s am 'p uorlcas uI 't snue3 ;o seceJrns uuetuelg
;o lulodarall eql urorJ
pesolc pe{r?tu IIe Jo tes eql se I uotlcas uI PaugaP st t5 eceds renntuq)Ial eqJ
'd t; eql 'I snuaS;o
snuaS frerltqre ;o aceds reilnurqttal Jo lePoul e sa,il3 qllq/tr
'salduexa
aceds rellnruqcleJ ar{} pue eeeds Inpour aq} q1^{ sl€eP A uol}?es lecr
'1sr1g
-df1 auros pue sac€Jrnsuueruarll Jo uoltrugap aq1 errrSar* '1 uorlcag ut
'pattluo eq 'fqc1e4s
II€I{s etuos Pu€
Jeql€r are s;oord aurog 'sraldeqc 3urno11o;eq? roJ spunorSlceq puts suotls^Ilou
'raldeqc s-rql uI
arlr3 pue '6 snua3 ;o t; aceds rellnurqclal aql lcnrlsuoc aal
f snuag Jo aJBdS JaIInurIr.raI
I ra+dBtlc
 1. TeichmfillerSpaceof Genusg

ar-plane z a- Plane

Fig.1.1.

A coordinate neighborhood(U, z) of a Riemann surface .R is a pair of an open

set [/ in ,R and a homeomorphism z of U into the complex plane such that for
any element (Ui, ri) of a system of coordinate neighborhoods with U nU1 I $,
the mapping
zoziL: zi(U nU)--- z(U nUi)

is biholomorphic. This [/ is also called a coonlinale neighborhoodof r?. Such a

homeomorphism z is said to be a local coordinale ot a local parameter on U of R.
A coordinate neighborhood ([/, z) with p e U is called a coorilinate neighborhood
around p, and z is called a local coorilinateor local parameter arounil p.
Local analysis on a Riemann surface ,R is reduced to analysis on domains in
the complex plane via local parameters. For example, a holomorphic funclion
on ,R is a function / on l? such that f oz-L is holomorphic on z(U) for any
coordinate neighborhood (U,z) of ft. A mapping f of R into a Riemann surface,9
is said to be a holomorphic mapping if wof oz-r is holomorphic for all coordinate
neighborhoods (U, z) of R and (V, u) of S with /(U) C V. A biholomorphic
mapping f : R --- S means a holomorphic mapping f of Ronto,S which has the
-1
holomorphic inverse mapping f : S - ft. Two Riemann surfaces l? a"nd S are
biholomorphically equiualenlif there exists a biholomorphic mapping between .R
and S. In this case, we regard ,? and ^Sas the same Riemann surface and write
R = S. We say also that R and S have the same compler slruclure. Complex
structures, biholomorphic mappings, and biholomorphic equivalencemay be and
are actually often said to be confortnal straclures, conformal mappings, and
conformal equiaalence, respectively(see$1.5).

Remark. A Riemann surface is a two.dimensional real-analytic manifold, and the

Cauchy-Riemann equation implies that local coordinates determine its orienta-
crqdroruoloqlq e sl U r- C : Jr leql ferrr e qcns uI araqds<n eql Jo ernl?nJ?s
'g oluo araqds-rn
xalduroc eql uro{ g ;o arrilcnrls xalduroa eq} eugap usc e^r
'a.raqds-zaq1
eql Jo dr ursrqdrouroeuoq e sacnpul ,n = (n)l uolltunJ eI{} eculs
(
ra^o Ar ereJrns Suualoc palaaqs-o^r} e 1aB aar uaqJ 'U'I 'EU ul * ilI t'I srnx
'aue1d-z aq} uo
rraql 3uo1e asr^rssorealsed pue O lo ttCI 'rg sardoc ollal a{eJ,
l n c " s r { O < " I U > r } = ? e r e q a ' I - C - O u l " u r o pe q } o t u o { 0 > r r r , - I
= H aueld-}1eq
I C > ^l = *H aurld-;1eqra/(ol eql pus {0 < rnurl I C > t}
raddn aq1 qloq fllecrqdrotuoloqrq sderu .rn - z uollcunJ ctqdrouroloq aq;,
'z'T'ttd
aueld-z eueld-or
'euo JeuJoJ eqt al"ts er* 'ala11'uollsnulluoc ct1f,1euefq ro Pue ln)r'
,,e1sed
'dleotsselC 'panle^-e13utssr - (n)l - z
Jo Poqlau aql fq Pelrnrlsuoc sr 1r "n
uorlcunJ crqdrouroloq eqlJo uorl)unJ asrelur aql qllqa uo e?"Jrnsuueruelg aql sI
(lxaN
slql '4 - rn uorlrunJ cre.rqe3peql Jo eeeJrnsuuetuelll at{} aes sn lal
'Qlt'{o} - p"n (z'3) spooqroqq3raueleurProo?o'n1fq Peusep
?)
sr C uo eJnlcnJls xaldurbc V'eceJJns uueurelg e osl€ sI'3 aueld xelduroc aql
'{-}
go iorlecgrlcedtuoc lutod auo eql q qc$Iir{ n C = ? ataqds uuvu'ery aq;
'(r'O) pooqroqq3rau eleulproo, auo fluo fq uarrrSsr O uo ernlcnrls xalduroc e
'flaurep 'e?€Jrnsuueruolg e st aueld-z xalduroa aqt ul
O ul€ruoP ,traaa'1p;o 1sltg
sa"BJrnS uueurarlr 3o salduruxg 'Z'T'I
'[OO-V]re3ut.rdg '[86-Y]
Pus 1e3ar5'[37-y] ueur.re3uts
'[ga-V] €rN pue se{re.{ '[ZZ-V] ,tqoC
pue seuof '[Ol-V] Suruung '[ag-V] ratsrog
'[gt-V] s.reg '[g-y] oIr€S pue sroJIqV 'ecuelsut roJ (llnsuol 'sace;tns uuerualg
'pa1e1n3u€Ir}aq u"c pue slas uado;o
;o ,{roeq1 1e.raue8eql pue s}teJ esaq} .rog 'uoll€luelro
sr$q elqelunot € seq e?eJrns uueuralg ,t.ra,ta1eq1 u^{onl-llaa s-ItI
'.rageara11'uor1
slql qtla paddrnba s,tea,r1esr eceJrns uusruarg € letll etunsse airr
saf,"Jrnsuu?uraru'I'I
 1. Teichmiiller Space of Genus g

mapping. This R is the Riemann surface of w = t/7. (See Ahlfors [A-4]' Chap.
8; Jones and Singerman [A-48], Chap. 4; and Springer [A-99], Chap. 1.)
-
Note that the Riemann surface R of the algebraic function w 1/7 is also
regarded as the algebraic curve defined by the equation u,2 = z.
Finally, we seeelliptic curves, i.e., tori from the viewpoint of algebraic curves.
For any complex number ) (# 0, 1), Iet .R be the algebraic curve defined by the
equation

w2=z(z-1)(z-.\). (1.1)

In other words, .R consists of all points (z,w) e C x C satisfying algebraic

equation (1.1) and the point p- = (oo, oo). We can define the complex structure
of ,? by the complex structure of the z-sphere so that the projection r: E -
e, r(z,w) = z, is holomorphic. This r? is a two-sheeted branched covering
surface over the z-sphere with branch points 0, 1, I' and oo. The mapping
written as u, =
f : R - e, fQ,u) = w, is holomorphic. This function / is
\rc=W] and R is a Riemann surface on which the algebraic function
u - {z(z _tG -, is single-valued.
The Riemann surface ,R defined by algebraic equation (1.1) is rega.rdedtopo-
logically as a surface illustrated in Fig. 1.5. Take two copies of the Riemann
,ph".", St, Sz with cuts between 0 and 1, and between,\ and m (fig' 1'3)'
place them face to face (Fig. 1.4), and join along their cuts (Fig. 1.5). The
resulting surface is homeomorphic to the Riemann surface -R. Hence, R looks
like the surface of a doughnut. We call such a Riemann surface a torus. A torus
is also called an elliptic curue; Lhis name comes from the elliptic integral (see
$1.4).

Fig.1.3.
 '(od'a)rv
t=f{ !g'!V} ro t=r1VAl'llV)} 1ec e16
lo srolor?u?6lo an1sfrsf)?ruouoc n
r=f
'(rlunaqr) r =
r-[rB]r-tfvltrsltrvlL[
6
uoll€ler l€lueu"PunJ eql sogsll€s Ptre 6g
t6, t"''rg Iy uro.r;pecnpul luql'luVJ ' "' ' llgr] ' lly] sess€lcfdolouroq eq1
fq pale.rauaEsr od lurod eseq q?lar U 1o (od'g1ttt dno.r3 leluaurePunJ eqtr
'(f't
;St.f) seprs dy ql1,u uoE,tlod xaruoc e o1 crqdroruoeuoq ul€tuoP e 1aBar*
' " ' 'r€l(I}t selrnf,
uerll 'g'I 'EU ul se od lutod as€q I{lI^r ug'6V Pasolcaldurts
od lurod e e4e;
3uo1e g, lnt pue d snuat Jo U ac"Jrns uueuell{ Pasolc e uo
'acottns uuourery uado ve
Pe11eo
st a?"Jrns uueruarg lceduroc-uou y 'snua! allug Jo ac"Jlns uuetuerll pesolc € sI
a?€Jrnsuu€r.uaru lceduroc /tJa^a l€qt u^rou{-lle^{ sl U'I snuaS;o $ snro} e Pue
'6 snuaE;o sr araqds uuerualg aql 'f snua6
to ecottns uuDut?NAPesop e PelIe?
sl g'I '3lJ uI sB solPu"q d qtl,u alaqds e o1 crqdrouroeuoq ec€Jrnsuueuary Y
sa?BJrns rruBtuaru pasolc '8'I'I
'e'r'tt.r
'r'r'ttJ
sef,"Jrns uu"uall|I'I
 l. Teichmiiller Space of Genus g

Fig. 1.6. (g = 3)

Fig. 1.7. (g : 3)

L.L.4. Lattice Group Representations of Tori

We shall represent a torus as the quotierrt space C lf of the complex plane C by

a lattice group l-. since ur(z) = fiG4Q=U is a single-valuedmeromorphic
function on the torus R defined by equation (1.1), we can consider the complex
integral of Ilw(z) along paths on ft' For any point p = (z(p),u''(p)) on 'R, th9
elliptic integral @(p) is defined by selecting a branch of algebraic function u(z)
and a path from oo to z(p), and by setting

f2lP) dz
o(d= (1.2)
J* ,/r(t-l)(z-))
saprs Eurr(;rluapr fq peul"lqo aceJJnse ss Pazllear sl J/C eceds luarlonb sq;
'[z] sasselc ecuele,rrnba
lle Jo st$suoc.7 ,{q C P JIC eceds luarlonb aq;
'e'r'ttJ
'z fq paluasardar sselc acuale,rrnbeaqf
[z]
fq alouaq '(z)L= / {lla J ) L lueluele ue slslxe eral{}JI J raPun Tualoar,nba
are C I , z ' z s l u r o do. / $ 11 " t 1 fes e6'a1ozau*rvut
1 Iz =(z)L uollelslr"rl€
'9 dnorS ursrqd
qlr^r pagtuapl sl J ) qlu+rvrn, =,L fra,ra'1ce; u1 3o (9)ry
-Jouroln€ arlrtpue aqt Jo dnodqns 3 se papreSar sl u JoJ dnorS e?I11"1Y
,7
'U roJ ilno.r,6acqyoye 'U
J qcns II€c alA PIag raqunu I€er
aql ra^o luepuadaput fpeaurl ere faql '0 < (z)Llr)L)u1 ,$sr1eszv pue rl spollad
';
aq? ecqs 'E, 1o pouad e Pall€? sI J Jo luauale fraag Jo slueuela dq raqlo
qf,ee tuo+ rasrp qlrqAr senlel fueur .{1a1tugulseq (d)P uotlcun; eql t€q} ees a/tr
'{Z>u'*l'ou*rYut} = J
3ur11a5'flarrtlcadsar
or (u- z)(r- z)zf of
,k__4$_4 - f z=iv pue -rp ,=tt
zp ,l ,l
fq paluasarder are g'I '3rg ur Ig
(Iy salrn? pesol? eldtuts aq1 Suop 'd pue -d Eurutof q1ed e uo
O Jo sanle eq;,
spuedep 11 '{lanbrun peururelap lou s-IO 1e.r3a1uratldqle slq} Jo enp^ eqtr
'U uo ea.r3aP;o
I
g__,la_at
zp
l€IlueraSlp crqdrouroloq aq1
auII € s€ (6'1) pleSal o1 alenbape arour sr II'tlroureg
3o'q1ed e 3uo1e'1er3a1ur
'1er3a1ur ql"d aq1 3uo1e uoll"nulluot cltfleue dq paunu
Jo
-ralep sr (z)np enle aql pue 9.1'31g ur -d lurod aq? o? spuodsarroe oo eJal{^r
se)"Jrnsur"urerll'I'I
8 l. Teichmriller SPaceof Genus I

,4 with A' and B with 8' in the lattice of Fig. 1.8 by the translations 7r1,tr2,
respectively.
Now, we define a complex structure of C / f . Let r : C + C / f be the projec-
tion, i.e., "(r) - lzl fot z € C. Introduce the quotient topology on C/f , which
is defined as follows: asubset U otC/f is open if the inverse image r-r(Lr) is
open in C. It is verified that C/f is a connected topological space.
For any two points [o],[6] € Cf l,we can take neighborhoods7o,V6 of a,b
with r(I/") n r(%) - {. Since z is an open mapping, this shows that C/i-
is a Hausdorffspace. Moreover, for any point [c] e C/f , taking a sufficiently
small neighborhood vo of a, we see that n gives a homeomorphism of v" into
C/f . Let Uo = r(Vo) and zo: (Jo - Vo be a homeomorphism with zo(lzl) = z.
Then (t/",2o) gives a coordinate neighborhood around lalin C/f - Thus C/f
becomes a torus, i.e., a closed Riemann surface of genus I such that the projec-
tion zr: C --- Clf is holomorphic. The triple (C,r,C/f) gives an example of
universal coverings, considered in $2.1 of Chapter 2.
As is known in the theory of elliptic functions, the mapping [@]: r? '--' C lf
sending a point p e R to a point [O(p)] e C/l- is biholomorphic. Hence we see
that a torus defined by equation (1.1) is representedby a Riemann surface c/lr
for a lattice group l-. In Chapter 2, we shall show that every torus is represented
by a lattice group l- in c (see the corollary to Theorem 2.13). conversely, it is
known that such a Riemann surface C /f is always biholomorphic to an elliptic
curve defined by algebraic equation (1.1). For details, we refer to Ahlfors [A-4],
Chap.?; Clemens [A-21], Chap. 2; Jones and Singerman [A-48]' Chap' 3; Siegel
[A-98], Chap. 1; or Springer [A-99], Chap.l.

1.2. Teichmiiller Space of Genus 1

Let us construct the Teichmiiller space of genus 1.

L.2.1. The Moduli Space of Tori

we use the fact that every torus is represented by a Riemann surface c/f,
where ]- is a lattice group on c as in $1.4 (see the corollary to Theorem 2.13).
On performing the transformation z r* zf 4,if necessary'we may assume from
the beginning that the generatols ?r1and 12 Lor I a,re the ca"nonical ones I and
r with Imr ) 0, respectively.
Now, consider a lattice group

f"={j=m*nrlm,n€Z},

where r € H = {r € C I Imr > 0}. As wa.sseen in $1.4, the lattice group I}

corresponds to a subgroup of ,Aul(C), and the Riemann surface R, = Cf l, is
a torus. Denote by r, the projection of c to c/f,. Notice thal cf f, has the
structure of an additive group.
 '(z'dtsalH =tw
'sl '(Z'Z)lSd fq g;o eceds
teqt
luarlonb eql qtl^\ PeUIluePtsl I,f41}€tll sarTdurrI'I uraroeqJ'IrolJo sassBl?af,ual
-earnba rrqdrotuoloqlq IIe Jo tas eqt ''a'r'r.uoqto aeods,Ppout eqt aq rW P"l
'g aue1d11eq reddn aql
'ilno.r,6Jolnpou eq1
3o ursrqdrourolne crqdrouroloqlq e s\ (Z'7,)'IS1 ;l ,L fra.rrg
( - l P + t ' c- , ' ' l = ( z ' 7 , ) r s d
Q ) L|
I\ t = " 9 - p o p u e z ) p ' ? ' q ' "ll '?7+=! o )
dnorS aq1 1ec a,u 'aaog
'l'(P - ([z])/ fq ua'rt3
tr + n))
sl ,U - ,'A I t Surddeu crqdroruoloqrq e uaql 'splotl (8'I) ;t 'f1asra,ruo3
'I = cq - pD s^eq a1ll
-lD + tcl -
'0< (, ,nD;q
_d ,rwr
',! - (,t){or-/ pu"
esuls 'I+ = ?q - pe l3q1 aas e^a
(eJoureqlrr\{ 'srafielur eJ€ '
f = (t[or-;f suotlela.reqt urorJ /p Pue ,?' ,9' ,D alaqlvr
,tP*'rP -"
rQ* ,'t,o
'r-! o,
1aBen lueurnS.reetues eql 3ut{1ddy
'Ptt? - "
'
9*te
'? 'q'D aleqlr
ur€?qo ein 'a.ro;ereqa 'sre8alur ar€ P Pue
'P+tc=n=(1)l
'q+tP=1a-(,t')l
aleq a^{'ecua11'? rapun 0 = (0U o1 luap,rrnba are (1)/
pue (,-r.)rfqloq snq1, '0= d ecueq pue'0 = (0)1 leql erunsse,teur eaa'.re,roaro141
'(9'6 eufrua1 ,lc ra = (,)!
lc) 0 + lc pue sreqlunu xelduoc 5rc ! pue ereIIA\'d +
'(7'6
s€ ualllr^a sr / uaqa 'j t, o. 'crqdrouroloqlq q .f esn€ceg rue.roaql 15)
'l
,!)Lo! - qanf 3 - C,! Eurddeurcrqdrouroloqe'sr 1eq1 P ! Wle
lo"o-wrll
slsrxe eraql teql salldtq ureroeqf fuorPouoru aq1
'pelcauuoc t(1durs sr
1i acurg
'ig oluo ,"A '1srtg
Io / Surddeu crqdrouroloqlq e q arerll l€t{} alunss? /oo"l4'
'I = cq - p,Dqwn sta,aTut arD p 'c 'q 'o e.taym
PUD
,Plrc _ t
(e'r) g*tp ,
uoxlnpt,
tf,
at17filsr7os p puv t lt fi,1uopuD fi Tuapamba frllocttlilloutopqrq erD 'tg puo
uol onl 'g auold-{1ot1 .r,edilneql w / pao t squr,oilony fiuo rol '11- tuaroaql
'Z'I
I snue5;o aoedg rall+urqrral
l0 1. TeichmiillerSPaceof Genusg

It is known that the quotient spaceHf PSL(2,2) is a Riemann surface (cf.

$2.4 of Chapter 2) and that a fundamental domain (cf. $a.2 of Chapter 2) for
PSL(2,2) is the shaded area in Fig. 1.9. Intuitively, we get the Riemann surface
H/PSL(2,2) bV identifying the sides of this fundamental domain under the
transformations z > z +1 and z e -lfz as is illustrated in Fig. 1.9. Hence
we see that the moduli space of tori is biholomorphic to the complex plane. For
more details, see, fot example, Ahlfors [A-4], Chap.7; and Jones and Singerman
[A-48], Chap. 6.

Fig.1.9.

Remark. A torus given by equation (1.1) depends on a complex parameter ,\(f

0, 1), which is denoted by ,Sr. It is well known that two such tori 51 and S1,
are biholomorphically equivalent if and only if there exists a linear fractional
transformation which takes the set of branch points { 0, 1, }, oo } of Sr to the set
of branch points {0, 1,^',m} of ,91, (see,for example, Clemens [A-21], Chap.
2.7). Thus we see that 51 and 51, are biholomorphically equivalent if and only
if )/ is equal to one of the following numbers:
't
1 l-1 l
.\. +
,r
, 1-), r-)' )
'
,\-1
Now, let G be a finite group of order 6, generated by cr()) = 1/) and
- {0, 1 }. This fact
Sz(\) = I -.\ which are analytic automorphisms of D = C
shows that ML= D/G,where Df G means the quotient spaceof Dby G (cf. $2.a
of Chapter 2). Moreover, we find a biholomorphic mapping F : D lG ---+C, which
is defined uy r([.1]) = /(.\) with

(,\2-^+l)3
/()) = t2() - 1)2
r ueaaleq a)uaraJrp aql l€rll reprsuo) uec e1t{snql'sdno.r3 arr11e1ueemlaq I
* ,'J:/ rusrqdourosreqt o1 spuodsauoc q?rq^,r'[((,r)tg)/] = ([(,r)tg])V pun
l((,4trtll = ([(,r)ty])V reqr qcns (od''A)ru * (od','g1rv: { ursrqd.rourosr
u€ sarnpur "A - ,"A:/ Surddeu ctqdloruoloqlq e^oqe aql leql ees e.tretueg
'{ 'l(,t)tV) srole.reua3 go tua1s,{sle)ruou€) € seq qclqm (od' ,tA')r)Lqtrw
[(,r),g] ]
p a g r t u a p rs 1 , 1 . ( f p e p u r r S ' . { 1 e , r r 1 c a d s a r ' [ ( r ) t g ]p u e [ ( " r ) t y ] o t , p u e I s P u e s
qclqlr\acuapuodseiloraql repun (od'"A)to o1 crqdrouroq sl iI ueql'(odtrU)I,
Jo srol€reua3 go urals,ts letluoue? e a;rt3 ['g] Ptn [Jy] sasselcddolouroq aqa
'od
?urod es€q qtl^{'U uo (-r,)tg pue (z)ty sa,rrn, pesoll aldurts eulure}ap
'.{1a.l.r1radsar'C ''U
ul r pue 0 uae^4,laq pue'I Pu" 0 uea^l}aq sluaru3asaql
1o (od''g)rl dno.r3 leluetu"PunJ aql Jo lurod aseq € sB [0] - od a4ea'dno.r3
I"lueu"punJ eql Jo 1utod,r,ret.rr. eql uorJ luelua?els e^oqe eql rePlsuoc el!\
'01'T'tIJ
+
,,1
-
'(Ot't'3t.f aas) pu€
.{1a.,rr1cedsa.r',r. I o? (,r)/ pue (1)1
'{q
spuas (1)//z <i z uorleruroJsuerleteurprooc a{} l€qt atoN + ie'P * tc}
''"'l(f auo eq} s€ pere
pue {l'IJ ;o srolerauaS;o ecloq) eq} o} Sutpuodsa.r.roc
-prsuoc $ ecuaragrpsrql snIIJ, 'tJ = ,J Pue 'g + tD - (,t)t 'p + !? = (I)l
t€qt ees a^\'(g'I) uoltelar tuorg'(,-r.)/ pu€ (I)/ {q pelerauef ,.7 dnor3 e11161
eql ol ,,.7 dno.r3ecrpel aq1 sdeu / ulnq.l'1'1 iuaroaql;oSoord eql ul se./ Jo
'd1aa11
z(p -ta)= (r)!
+ Ull eql e{e} ''g J ,'A : / Surddeur crqd.rouoloqlq e rod
-cadsar','J/C-=,rgr pue 'JlC =,U Irol lualearnbefllecrqdrouroloqlq luasaJ
-dar qcrq,r.l pue r uae^ 1aq acuaresrp aq1 go Sutueaur er{} fpnls am 'ge;o 1s.tlg
/r
'Z'Z'I
I snuaC go acedg rallntuqcral
'Z'I
I snuaD1o aoedgrallnurq)ra;
12 l. Teichmriller SPaceof Genus g

and r'corresponds also to the different choicesof generators of ur1(R',po), i.e.,

{ F'(")1, [B'(")]] and{ /.(Fr("')l)' /-([s'("')]) ] (seeFig.1.10)'
Now,for anytorusft, takea canonical systemof generators E, = { Fr]' [Br] ]
of the fundamental group r1(.R,,p) of R, and consider the pair (r?,Xo). Such
a Xo is called a marking on r?. Two markings Ep = {[1t]' [Bt]] and .Do' _=
curve Co
{ [,4i], [Bi]] are said to be equiaalenl when there exists a continuous
ot R f.oln p to p' which induces the isomorphism Ts": T1(R,p) - t1(R,pr)
with [Ai] = Tc"(lAi) and [Bi] = Tc"(lBr)). Here, ?c'" sends an element [C] of
r{R,p) to an element . C 'C,] ol r{R,p'). For the definition of product
[Co-1
of curves, see $2.2 of Chapter 2. Next, two pairs (R, E) and (S, -Do) as above
arc equiaalent if and only if there exists a biholomorphic mapping h: S ' R
s u c h t h a t h . ( D ) = t . ( { l A ' , , 1 , [ B ' t ] ] )= { h - ( [ A i ] ) , h . ( [ B i ] ) ] i s e q u i v a l e n tt o
Ep = 1[Ar],[Bt]]. Denote by [fi,X0] the equivalence class of (R,D). We call
such a lR, Do] a marked lorus. The Teichmiiller space T1 of genus 1 consists of
all marked tori.

Theorem L.2. For euery point r € H, let E(r) = { [,41(r)], [Br(t)]] be the
marking on R, - c/1, for which lA1(r)l and [Br(r)] conv,sponilto I and,r in
- = r' .
1,, rvspecliuely. Then [-R",X(r)] lR,, , E(r')l in T1 if and only if r

Prool. Assume that [R",](r;1 - fR,,,E(r')]. Then there is a biholomorphic

mapping h: R,, - R, such that h.(X(z')) = {h.([.41(r')]),h.([,B1(r')])] is
equivalent to I(r) = { [41(r)], [Bt(t)]]. W" may assume that h([0]) = [0]
by replacing h with hr(ltl) - n(lrl) - h(tO]) if necessary.Then, the definition
of equivalence of X(r) and h.(X(r')) implies that h.([.41(ti)]) = [,41(r)] and
h.([,B1(r')]) = [,B1(r)].Take a lift h of h with h(0) = 0. Then h() = az for some
- ar' = r.
complex number a. Hence we concludethat h(1) = d = 1, and h(rt)
Therefore, we have r = T' , The converse is obvious. tr

Since every marked torus [ft,Xo] is represented by [.R',X(r)] for some r in

f/, this theorem shows that 7r is identified with I/'
Another method to mark tori is realized via orientation-preserving diffeo'
morphisms between tori instead of systems of generators of fundamental groups.
For that purpose, fix a marking E = {Ft],[.B1]] on,R. Then any pair (S,/)
of a torus.g and an orientation-preserving diffeomorphism f : R- s defines a
ma.rking f.(21 = { /.([At]), / ([.B1])] on S.

Theorem L.3. Let R,S, anil St be tori, and let f : R -- S,g: R - S' be
orientalion-preserving diffeomorphisms. Then [S,/-(t)] = [S',9-(t)] in T1 if
and only if Sof-L: .9 --* S' is homotopic to a biholomorphicmapping h: S - St.

Proof. Suppose that [S,f.(t)] = [S',g.(t)].Take two points r,r' € I/ for

which [,R,E]: lR,,x(r)] and [S,/.(tI = fR7,D(r')], where .R", R,', E(r),
and ':(z') are defined a^sabove. Rega-rd / and g as diffeomorphisms of E" to
.R,,. We may assume that their lifts I and f send 0, l, and r to 0, 1, and r',
respectively. Thus we obtain a homotopy between f and' i by setting
 '(Z'dlSa l,;igaeeds
/(ff); qrp pagltuaPrsI uol;o
qnpoutrr eql pu€'(U)J.to lc€ ol PelaPrsuoc s\ (Z'Z)IS1'acuepuodsalrocslql
^A'(Z'Z)lSa I t ol Sutpuodsarroc (U)Z;o ursrqdrourolneerqdrouroloqlqaql
sI *[fr] uaql '[r1oo"t''A) = (l't ''U])-["] fq (U),, uo uoll?e EI eugePPu"
""A = 'r-(("')L1o"'rt) =.'! tnd '(U)J
!1as1roluo A loursqdrouroaglPe sr qctq^r
ui 1t"llr;"""rrti'!,Ul = l(')tS,(r)!'] ulelqo "^ r("t)Llo"tqo'! = (')r;'o'r1ecurg
'l(i)'ri = (Ir])'rl fq ua,rrE'A <- Q)tU :'t1 Surddeu crqdrouroloqlqe sacnPul
z(p+-tc) = (t)'! fq paugap(C)t"V;o'r1 luauralaaql'I{ 3 -r.1utod,(uero;
(prr€qraqlo aql uO 'lQ)L! .(t)fu] of
[{']g] Surpuaseeuapuodsauo? eql,(q uarrr3
,tpeturrd q (U),2 uo l, go uoltc€ eI{J '(S'I) urroJeql w uol}"turoJsuerl l"uollc€rJ
'(u)z u" spe (2'7,)ISd
r€aurl e sr.(z'?hsd ) ,L luaurale.{ra a 1eq} 11ecell
'ruo11
dnorE .relnpou aql pq1 ureldxa e,$ (U)J p I7 uorlecgrtuePlaql Sursn
'arnlcnrls xalduroce seq oEe (U).f ttqt
lno surnl 11
'arogaraq;'l't ''Al ol
[(r)3'
''g] Surpuasacuapuodseuoc er1]raPun
(U)Z qU^ t7 fgluapl u?f, a/n 'g'1 uraroaql Pu" $lrsruar Sutpacardeql urord
t(ef); fq pelouepq qcg,ra'g '(/'5) sled qcns '5]
1o acodsren!,uqrre; eql 1o [rf
sasselcacualelrnbaIIs Jo les eql ilet e1l 'rS * S :q tutdderu ctqdrouroloqtq
'JI
e o1 rrdolouroq sl ,.g .- ,g : ,-lo6 't'l ruaroaq;, ul se fpo pue y. Tueyoatnba
ere eloq" s (f ',S) pue (/'5') s.rredoil,1 ?eql fes ean'putut ut stql qfl1l
.(t)g = ((,r),<)'(,;) 1eBa,r,t'.re1ncr1red "l'l?)"!l = (lrl)"1
"2 :
Eurllas ,(q 'U - { ursrqd.rouroeJlPSur,uasard-uollelualJoII? sacnPul
'c)z'6ffia=Q)'!
Surddeu reeutl eql teql
'S] pue '"2f =
aas eal 'l(")S'oA) = log [(".r.)3' k'U] rsqr qsns l? ) !'o! slurod
om1 3ur1e1 ',(1en1cy't(f)T'S] = [d3'g] ret{t q?ns S' +- A i;f urstqdrouroa;
-;rp Suur.rasard-uor1e1ue1ro
lre PuU "^ '[d3'5] snrol pe{reur f.rerltq.re rr€ roJ
'[(f)'t'rS] =l(S)'l '5i] '1ue1e'unbaele
tr teql saqdurr qcrq'u
,g uo (g3)*f pu€ (3').(/"q) s3ull.reur t"qt ees et 'og.{q pacnpur ((a)0',g1rt,
"c;
* (("it)1or1'r,S)r:r : rusrqdroruo$ aqt fg 't j ? ; 0'('d)tg fq uarr3 q qtlq/'a
('d)6 oq ('i\!rrt ruor; ,S' uo elrnc snonurluo? e eg. oC ?e'I'3 Euqreu aqt
rog lurod aseq e aq od 1e1pue 'f pue /or1 uear$leq ,tdolouroq 3 3q (I i t i O)
rf, p"I'ctdolouroq e.reS: ol U uror; f pue ;l'or1sEutddeur o/'al 'V Eurddeur
,S * U : 'd1asra,ruo3
crqd.rouroloq.rq€ of crdolouroq sI rS * g : ,-to6 1eq1 esoddns
'f1r1uapreql ol ctdolouroq sr ,? - 'tg :
r-to6
(ecuag 'f ptre '[(z)rd'] = (lr))',t 3q?tnd
;f uaenlaq rg fdolouroq e a^eq ear
'r; I;0 'c) " '(r)0r+(z)!(?-t)=Q)'4
'Z'I
8I I snueC 1o acedg rapurqslal
L4 1. Teichmfiller Space of Genus g

1.3. Teichmiiller Space of Genus g

In accordance with observations in the previous section, let us construct the

Teichmiiller space of arbitrary genus g in two ways.
The first construction is given by considering marked Riemann surfaces. A
system of canonical generators Dp = {lAil,lBil}f=t of a fundamental group
n{R,p) of a closed Riemann surface E is called a marking on E. Two markings
Dp = {[Ai],lBil]f=1 and Dp,- {lAil,pf}fu on it are equiaalentif there
exists a continuous curve Co on .R such that [,ai] = Tc"(AiDand [Bj] =
fc"(Bil) for I - 1 , . . . , 9 , w h e r e ? s " i s t h e i s o m o r p h i s mo f z r 1 ( . R , pt)o r 1 (R,p')
sending any [C] to . .
C C"). Let Do and Eo be markings on closed
lC;r
Riemann surfaces i? and ,S of genus g, respectively. Two pairs (.R,Xo) and
(S,E) are said to be equiaalenl if there exists a biholomorphic mapping
h; S - 8 such that the marking h.(E) = {h,(lA!i),h.(lBjl) }j=r it equiv-
alent to Ep = {lAil,lBil}j=r.Th" equivalence class of (R,Dr) is denoted by
lR, Ei and called a markeil closed Riemann surface of genus g. The Teichrn'iiller
spaceTo of genus g is the set of all marked closed Riemann surfaces of genus g.
The second construction is given by considering orientation-preserving dif-
feomorphisms. Fix a closed Riemann surface R of genus g. Consider an arbitrary
pair (S, /) of a closed Riemann surface .9 and an orientation-preserving diffeo-
morphism f : R ---.9. Two pairs (S,/) and (S',g) are said tobe equiualentif
gof-L:,S - S'is homotopic to a biholomorphic mapping h: S - S'. Let [S,/]
be the equivalence class of (S, /). The set of all these equivalence classes[S, /]
is denoted bv "(r?) and is called the Teichmiiller space of R.
As in the caseof tori, we assert that the Teichmiiller space ?o of genus s(>- 2)
is identified with the Teichmiiller space ?(.R) of a closed Riemann surface -R of
genus9.
To see this, first fix a marking D = {[1i],lBil1]oi=t on .R with base point
po. Corresponding to a point [^9,/] in T(R), a marking /- (X) on ,S determines a
point [.9,f.(t)] in "r. It is noted that this point [.9,f.(D)) in ?, does not depend
on a representative of [S,/] in ?(.R), which is seen from Lemma 5.1. Hence we
define a mapping A2: T(R) --- To by setting

az(lS,/l) = [S,/.(t)]
for any [S,/] € T(R).

Theorem L.4. The mapping A 2 : T(R) ---+To is bijectiue.

Proof (an outline). The injectivity of @s follows from the se'called Nielsen's
theorem (Ilarvey [A-41], p.43). It can also be proved by Lemma 5.1. However,
we shall give an intuitive explanation for its injectivity. Suppoeethat two points
[,S,/],[.9'g
, ler@) s a t i s f y@ . r ( [ S f, ] ) = O E ( [ S ' , e ] ) , i . e . , [ S ' . f . ( t ) ] = [ S ' , e . ( X ) ]
in Tn. Then we can take a biholomorphic mapping h of S' onto S and an
orientation-preserving homeomorphism go of S onto itself, which is homotopic to
the identity, so that gy - looho! coincideswith / on each Ai and Bi $ f i S g).
ueql'[/3' 'S] = [(f)V'5r] 3ur,{;sr1es.g*- g:rf ursrqdrouroeluoqSurrrraserd
-uorleluarJo ue slsrxe araql 1€rll /r\ou{ e^r 'a.roqe palels uaroeql s.uaslelN
.{g'smo1o; s"eparrord eq osle uec 7'I {uaroeql ut dlt,rtlcafrns aqJ'tlrDuev
'[f 'S] =l(5).{ '5'l acuaq pue'1ua1e,rtnbe
E are ,3 Pu€ (g)Y tnql
s,r,roqs/ Jo uollrnJlsuol aql 'S - U : / usrqdroruoagrp Sur,trasard-uot1e1uat.ro
ue o1 .{llerrdolotuoq zf ur.ro;aptlualoaql Eurqloours aq1 ureSeSursn .'tqecuaq pu€
'rng z, slq;,'r11 uo 06 = 7'6pue
lo pooqroqq3reu e ur qloorus dl.ressaeaulou sI
rn - A uo f - z6 WqI os S r- g : zf ursrqdrouoegp Surrrrasard-uoll€lualJo u€
augeq 'r1lg uo Id uorJ tp uo o6 usrqd.rouroagrpEut,rreserd-uolleluelro ue lf,nrls
-uoc '3[ ro; se fe,r,r atu€s eq? uI '{qp pesol? e o1 crqdrouroagp q Pue 72 sul€}uoc
qcrqaiodgo t4 pooqroqq3tau e ar1e1'aroruraqlrng '(tD| - S * If -y :16 tustqd
-rouoesrp Surarasard-uolleluelro ue o1 flectdoloruoq f ruro;ap '(6'1 ureroeql
'g 'd*qC '[ZfV] qsqg) ueroeql Surqloorus e Sursn 'tnqtr 'lg p* fy qcea;o
pooqroqq3rau€ uI qlootus fpessacau 1ou st f sHI'(r)t-S <- n-A td urstqd
-JouroeuroqSutrrrese.rd-uoll€luelJo ue ulelqo e&' I) -A o1 g 3ut1celord 'alo11
'(g'g uraroaqJ, '8 'deqC '[Al-V] qsrlg) tV - "? t,! ursrqdrouroagrp
Surarasard-uorleluarJo ue o? spualxa sJ'$ql teql u^{oqs q }I'g -uyg uo t
q1!^{ sepl)ulqx eJ' qcrqa roJ syg *- ive : e;l usrqd.rouoeglp e lcnrlsuoc ue1
'4srp pesol?
e A ueql 'flu 5 ol Surpuodselroc UVQ uo 5i 1as eql raplsuo? pue
e o1 crqdrouroaglp sl qrlq^a U ut od;o n pooqroqq3tau 11eus{lluatcglns e a{"J
.aV 'l,S pue ' !,V ' lg ' lV
lo uyg ,{repunoq eq} o1 a! p uor}crrlser aql aq ! pl
' " ' 'I -
sdool pe Jo uorleluelro eql selresard 3/ 1"ql eurnss€eir e.rag 6' f 1e rol
- - !g)21 ' { o d } - t , V= ( o d } - !y)s1
{'d} lS = (oit}
Surf;sr1es{odl - ,C
'1xap
oluo {0d} - C Jo 3;| usrqdrouoagrp Sur,traserd-uotleluelro ue a1e1
'(,2'S) uor; fear
aruesaq? ur peurclqo {srp lrun pesolc st{} "y fq elouaq 'uy {slP }Iun Pasol, eql
o1 crqdroruoaJlp sl d leqt asoddns feur arvr'4,;o xalra,r qcee punor€ ernlcnrls
alqerlueragrp Surceldag '(f 't '4.f ;c) aueld eql uo saprsf6 qll/'^ d uo3flod Pesolc
e pue oU ueearleq ursrqdrotuoagtp Sur,trase.rd-uorleluetro ue s1srxe eraql ueqtr,
r=! r=f
.,C-S=oS,C-A =oA,CAn!,V))=,C'(gnlil)= "
6 6
'.raq1rng '
1as ,3 ro1
op 'salrnc qloous pasolc aldurs "t" t=;{
lurod aseq aqt eq wj llal'l!,vjI = ,K
pu" I=r{ llAl'llV)l = Z ur fg pue '!,V'lg 'ff I1eteqt aurnssefetu am'1srrg
'J ue qcns go
'l(6-)-l',gj =
uorlcnr?suor e earE 1leqs ea\ 1nq 'lceJ u^\oul-ila/( € sr sIqJ [,9',9]
qcrq^\ roJ S: oluo A p { ustqdroruoeuroq Surnresard-uorlelueuo u" slsrxe ereql
uJ > 'g] fue roJ 'f1r,rr1ca[rns eql a,rord o;,
lB teql /$oqs ol lu?Icgns sr 1r
'16' ',S] eleq e.rlrsnqa 'ctdolouoq er€ rd
,Sl = [/ Pue / feqt flrsea a,rord
uec a \ 'aue1d aql ul {s!p lrun aq} o1 crqdrouroeuoq $ U urorJ fg pue fy 1e Eur
-1e1apfq peurc?qo uretuop aql aculs 'uorlrusap aqt fq [td'S] = [6',9] teqt atoN
9I 6 snuag;o aeedg rallgurqrral 't'I
16 1. Teichmriller SPaceof Genus 9

we find a qua.siconformal mapping /o homotopic to / (Bers [26] or Lehto [A-

68], Chap.5, Theorem 1.5). This fo is not necessarily smooth; however, there
exists a real-analytic quasiconformal mapping homotopic to f, (the Corollary to
Theorem 6.9).

Finally, we define a canonical group action on the Teichmiiller space ?(R).

Let Mod(R) be the set of all homotopy classes [o] of orientation-preserving
diffeomorphisms ar: .R * -R. We call Moil(R) the Teichmiiller modular group or
the mapping class group of .R. Every element [ar] acts on ?(R) by

[r].([S, /]) = [S, f or-']

for any [S, /] e "(n). We call every lw)* a Teichmil,ller moilulor transformation.
Let Mo be the moduli space of closed Riemann sarfaces of genus g, i.e., the
set of all biholomorphic equivalence classes [S] of closed Riemann surfaces ,9
of genus g. since for a,n arbitrary closed Riemann surface .s of genus g there
exists an orientation-preserving diffeomorphism of R onto ,S, the moduli space
M, is identified with the quotient space T(.R)/Mod(R) of "(i?) by the action
of. Mod,(R). Therefore, we can study the moduli space Mo via the Teichmiiller
space ?(.R) and the Teichmiiller modular group Mod(R). In Chapter 6, we shall
see that "(E) has a (3c - 3)-dimensional complex manifold structure and that
M od(R) acts properly discontinuously on "(8) as a group of biholomorphic
automorphisms. In particular, the moduli spare Mo has a (3g - 3)-dimensional
normal complex analytic space structure.

1.4. Quasiconformal Mappings and Teichmiiller Space

Let us reviewthe Teichmiillerspace?(,R) constructedin the previoussection

from the view-point of the theory of quasiconformal mappings.

L.4.1. Deformation of complex structures and Beltrami coefficients

For a point [S, /] g ?(,R), we want to compare the complex structures of ft and
s. Take a coordinate neighborhood (u,z) on I and a coordinate neighborhood
(lz,to) on ^5with f (U) C V, and set F = ?r,ofoz-l. Then
Fz
p-
F'

is a smooth complex-valued function defind on iur open set z(Lr) in the complex
plane. Note that it is independent of the choice of a local coordinate u.'. Since
-
] i, .n orientation-pr"r"ruing diffeomorphism, the Jacobian of F, i'e., lF,l'
F' is
l&12 i" positive-definite on z(U). Thus we have lpl < 1 on z(U). Further,
biholomorphic on z(U) if and only if F = 0 on z(U)' We call y' the Belt'rcrni
coefficient of / with respect to (U , z).
It should be noted that a Beltrami coefficient of / depends on the choice of
a local coordinate z on R. How it depends is shown as follows: take coordina*e
 . l ( o ) ' r l --I
i(g;ffi=(o)>r
u asdrlla srr{}Jo srxe rounu aqt o} srxe roleur aq] Jo ol]er el{l
'l"l(l(o)'rl
+ r)l(o)"/l
i l(o)zl - r)l(o)"/l
5 l,l(l(o)'tl
sarlrlenbeutaqt ,tg '(tt't '8t"f)
aueld-rn aqt ul asdrlla ue o1 aueld-z aql ur 0 raluec qt-ra elcrlc e spues 7 deur
r€aurteqt 'raaoero141't >
l$)"t /(O)ttl = l(g)r/l pue O * @)"1 1eq1saqdunqcrq,ra
'o<
.l(o)"/l = (o)/r
- .l(o)"/l
sagsrles0 - z le (6)f uerqocel s1t 'urstqdrouroagrpSutrlraserd
-uorleluerro ue sr / acurs '0 - z Ie / ;o uorsuedxa ro1,te; eql Jo tural rapro lsrg
eqt aq z(iltt + z(g)'t = G)l 1a1 'aue1d-rnxalduroc eqt ul /O uIPruoP e oluo
aueld-z xaldruoc aql ul 6 urSr.roeq1 Surureluor O ureluop € Jo tuuqd.rouroagrp
Surarasard-uorl€luarroue sr / l€ql etunssearra'spooqroqq3reualeurpJoo?Surraprs
-uoc 'srql easoI 'sluer)lgeoc tusrtleg;o Surueeurcr.rlatuoa3eq1 ureldxa a.tr'1srrg
s8urddetr4l lBruroJrrocrsen$'6'7'1
',t1t1eur.royuoc
uorJ 3[ 3o uotletaap aql
ernseauro1 pesn sl / Jo luerrlgaof, lruprllag aql pue 'g uo arnlrnrls xaldtuoc eql
'(U)"f ul
Jo uorleruroJepe sluasardar (y)"6 ul U'S] lurod e leql su€errrlr ef,uag
{y :l 7eq1
Wl'lAl = [/'^g] ?eql s^roqssrq;'Surddeur crqdrotuoloqlq€ q,S *
pue 'tusrqd.rouoeJrp Surl.rasard-uolleluelro ue sr /U * A :p? deu flrluepr eq1
's1as se 'tl)D{ (Io"*'("1)r-t)
1eq1 U = /U leql eloN } spooqroqq3raueleurp
-rooc 'deilr slqt uI
;o uals,ts qlurr paddrnba IU ateJJns uu€uIeIU A\eu e aleq ea,t
'U uo arnlf,nrls xaldruoc " seugep v>a{(toDm'("1)vt)
} spooqroqq3raueleu
-rprooc ',9 - g : ursrqdrouoeslp Sut,uasard-uolleluelro ue roJ
rt
;o ualsIs B
puts S uo vl"{ ("*'"A) } spooqroqq3rau eleutp.roocJo ualsds e rog '.Lrop
'U uo
/ 1o Tuata$aocnaDr?Iegeql pallec$ q)nl^t
(e'r ''P ,t - trl
) zp
,tq ,{ldurrs (t't-) ed{1 ;o ruroJ l"rluereJlp slq} a}ouap e^r snq;,
'U uo (I'1-) ad{1 el€ulprooc
Jo urroJ leltuareJlp € se)npul U Jo spool{ro,Q{31au
uo /go sluerrlgeoc rur€rllagJo les eqt leql s.lroqsslql'rizors - l{z areq^l
(r r) '(trut2)tz uo
(#) trl
l@).(rzotrl)=
e^tsqa,lr'Q * qnU ln
uaq,11',,(learlaadsar
'(qz'qn) pue (lz'fn) ol leadsar
qll/'^ Jo sluarf,lgeoc
./ rurerllag
eqt eq 'trl pup ld lr,1't1 1 (r2)l pue ln > (dI ?€qt qcns g p (tn'tn1
'(!m'11) spooq.roqq3reu eleurproocpue gr 1o (tz'qn) '(tr '.!2) spooqroqq3rau
a*dg ralnurqf,ral pu? s8urddul4l purro;uorrsen$ '7'1
L1
18 1. Teichmriller Space of Genus g

This shows that any infinitesimally small circle with center 0 is mapped by / to
an ellipse whose ratio of the major axis to the minor axis is K(0).

L(z)
--t

o:lareu$) cp- 0+aref,Q)

a : ( 1 +l p ( o ) l ) r l l , ( o ) l
b: (r-lp(0)l)rlf,(o)l
Fig. 1.11.

This statement holds at every point in D. Thus we also call the Beltrami
coefficient
, \ ft(r)
p t Q ) = f f i , z eD ,
the complen dilatationof / at z. As we saw before, Ft = 0 on D if and only if /
is a biholomorphic mapping on D. We call f a quasiconfonnal mapping of D to
Dt if f satisfies

' = supl*
Kr lrrl'J!. .".
r-lpt?)l
,eb
Further, f is called a quasiconformal mapping with Beltrami coefficient Lrt.W"
call K1 the maximal d,ilatation of f .
In this chapter, we only consider smooth quasiconformal mappings. We shall
study more general quasiconformal mappings in Chapter 4.
tansformation formula (1.4) implies that the absolute value lprl(z)l of the
Beltrami coefficient W = pJQ)dzldz of an orientation-preserving diffeomor-
phism I : R - .9 does not depend on local coordinates on l?. Thus lpy I is a
continuous function and lpty| < 1 on ,t. Since r? is compact, we get

l l p rl l -= zsu
eR
pl py( z)<l 1. (1.6)

ln particular, we have

"'=::B
HP)t=il+ffll:'* (1.7)
 '@)"ttpO o7 s|uo1aq nP Quo puv l? A lo dout fi1t7uaptaq7o7 ctiloTouroqsr,
'(A)+ttlO tt, oeluos.r.ot sp1ot1 (d)*o- 6rl aq7
uotTo1et'
lorlor-6'atou.t.r,eql,.rng
{ r f i 1 u op u o t ? r S - S : r 1 A u t d d o u tc t y i l t o u , r o l o t poq s q r n e u a l l ' t S + f, i0
puo S * A i{ stusttliltoutoa$tp 0untasa.td-uotToTueuorof, '9'I ureroaqJ
'r(A)g
Jo luauele ue sr /r/ pus (U)+//?O Jo luaruale ue sI r't areq^l
Iil:a-I
',v l _ n o/ \ - r i l : l r l g)
(o'r) "-\ = ({rt)*n
= "r-.o[rt
r.)-
fq ua,u3 q r(2,)g uo (A)+ttlO Jo uollc€ aqJ
.@)+l
lgO;o dnor3qns
'{1.rea13'pg deru flrluapr eq} ol ctdolouroq (u)+l
Ieurou e q (A)'! !16r tlo
ur s?ueutrrelaII€ Jo slflsuoc qclqar dnor3 e aq, (U)"t lpO leT JIeslI oluo Ur uo
sursrqdrouoagrp Suu.raserd-uorlelualroIIe Jo dnor8 aq1 (A)+t tlO fq elouag
'(g't) fq uarrrSurrou-oo? eQt Eursn {q t(g.)g uo f3o1odo1e eugeq'seceJ
-rns uueureru pesol, oluo ar ec"Jrns uuerualu pesolc pexg e;o sursrqd.rouoeJlP
'U uo
Surlrasard-uorlplua-IroII" Jo stualrgao? Itu€rlleg Jo les aqt aq r(U)g larl
sluer?lgeoc lru€rlleg go aceds eq1 Eursn dq sacedsrellntuqclal replsuof,eJsn lerl
sluarcsaoC rtuertlag '8't'I
3o sacedS
'seceds rellnuqtlal go froaql t.Ildleue xelduroc e dole,rap eirr eraqm '9
reldeq3 ur elor luelrodur ue sr(e1dslqJ'tr/ uo rtllertqdrouoloq spuedap /orrl
luarclsao) rurcrllag aqt'./ paxg e roJ l€q? suoqs (g'1) elnruroJ'ta,roaro141
'((g'Z) "lnurroJ'9'6 eurural) y ut lutod
e fl o pu" requnu Ieer " $ d aleq^r 'aue1d xaldruoc eql ul y cslp ?tun eql Jo
Z D _ T
= (z)L
- "a
'tlrDu.Iay
ursqdrouolne ctqdrouroloqlq e se ruroJ eruss aql seq (8'I) "1nlurod
.z{il --'trt t g : r } l o z l | u r i l d o u . te W ' ( 7 , ' l
f i n p o p u o l t c t y i f u o r a o p q Nsqp z g +
= !) lS 1- U : lt sutstrld.tou.toa$tp |utatasatd-uotToTuauo.tot '.t'o7nct'7-tod u1
'spptt
{ooyl.[il-I'l
(a'r -H:j;Frt _ r^oe
) T-t-"
uotlllar eqt 'J + g :6 'S ,- A : t su,tst'r1d.t'ou-toa[9p
puD 'J'g
|um.tasand-uorlDlueuo 'g secol.tnsuuour?tg Jotr 'g'T uollrsodor6
'elnl uleql eql ,tq pe,rord ,,(lsee
sr Surddeur elrsodtuoc e Jo sluelcseoc rtu€rlleg roJ elnuroJ 3ur,u,o11o;eq5
'g
;o Surdderu l€ruJoJuoctsenb
e s-I,g -g, : / usrqdrouoe$IP Sur,r.reserd-uoll€lueuo ue leql {es feru ai ecuaH
'l'f
6I acedg relnurqf,reJ Pu? s8urddeyl TeurroJuof,rsenb
20 1. TeichmiillerSpaceof Genusg

Prool. Suppose that there exists a biholomorphic mapping h: S * S'. Setting

u - g-Lohof, we see that formula (1.8) gives

F g = F h o J o r - r= P J o u - t= u * ( P t ) .

Conversely,if there exists an elementu e Dif fa(R) with pc = u*(pt),then

Proposition 1.5 shows that h - gowof-r: ,S* S'is a biholomorphic mapping.
The second assertion is clear from the definition. D

Corollary. The mapping of sending (S,f) to pt e B(R\ iniluces lhe following

identif,cations:

r(R) = B(R\lDif I"(R),

Mo e B(R)r/Diff+(R).

1.5. Complex Structures and Conformal Structures

In this section, let us reconstruct the Teichmiiller space ?(R) by means of con-
formal structures induced by Riemannian metrics on R.

1.5.1. Riemannian Metrics and Conformal Structures

Suppose that a Riemannia.n metric ds2 is given on a real two.dimensional ori-

ented smooth manifold M. This metric is represented as

ds2 = Ednz -f2Fdxdy * Gdy2

on a coordinate neighborhood ([/, (r,V)) of M. SettinE z = t f iy, we see that

it is written in the form
ds2= \ldz * prdZl2, (1.10)
where ,\ is a positive smooth function on U and pl is a complex-valued smooth
function with lpl ( 1 on U. Actually, l and p are given by

^=i ("+G+zJ-nc-r),
E_G+2iF
t'- E +G+2 \/E E=7t'

Local coordinates (u, u) on Lr are said to be isothermal coordinate.sfor ds2 if

ds2 is represented as
ds2=p(duz+du2) (1.11)
on U, where p is a positive smooth function on [/. Here we €Issumethat both of
the orientations induced by the coordinates (c, y) and (u, u) on U coincide with
the one on M. The complex coordinate u) = 1r* iu is also called an isothermal
coordinatefor ds2.
 fq uarr3 q ;4I uo (z'fr'r) - d lurod
e'T,I'I'3ld rl pel"rlsnllr n (d'il seleulproot I€col aql 3urs1 'r11 uo )ulaur
u"ep{?ng eqt dq pef,npur zsp crrlau ueruuetuelg Ietluouec € s€q J,tI ueqJ
'(Zt't'ft.f) D > q > areq^4,
0
'srx€ z eql punor€ aueld-(z'f) "qt uo = zz * z(D - f) ala.rrcaql 3u-I^lo er
zg
fq paurelqo fl r{?rqr'r gll af,Bds ueaprTcng aql u! e?eJrns e aq W p1 'aldutoxg
'droeql uollcunJ ctrlatuoa3 aql papunoJ pue drqsuorleler slql paztuEo
-rer uu€uerg 'g 'ses?c .raqSrq roJ enrl lou $ qtlq^\ 'sployrueur
lsrs leuorsueurp
''e'l 'sp1o;rueur xalduroc
Iear l€uorsueurp-A I€uorsuaurp-1 .ro; ,tl,radord elqe4reur
-eJ e sr uorlrasse stq; 'Surdderu
l"ruJoJuor € pells? sr Sutddeur cqdrouoloqtq
e teql uos€er " $ srqJ '1ua1e,rrnbaare aln?cnrls IsruroJuo? Jo pu" aJnltnrls
(teql s^\oqs uaroeql slqJ
xaldtuoc ;o sldacuoc 'esea leuorsuaurp-oirrl aql q
'att1d.rouro1ot1lq
s? *A tl fi1aopuo
S t! lr lout^,t,otuoc
s! ([sp '.,1I)- Qsp'W):l
uaql 'fi1aar7cedsar'([sp'N) puo (zsp'W) splottuotu uvruuDutary louorsueurrp
-Z pa?ueuo frq pacnput,sacottns uuou?tg eq 'Z'I uraloaql
S puv A pI
'ureroeql 3ur,no11o; eql ol speal (61'1) uoll"lues
-e.rda.raq1 go ssauenbrun eql 1eql aas o1 fsee sl 'U uorsuaurlp
ll Jo esef, ar{l uI
'uaql uaa&rlaqSurddeur
FluroJuol
s slsrxa ereq? J! ernptury loru.totuoc euros eq1 eler1 ro Tuapatnba Qlou.t.r,oluoc
a r e ( [ s p ' N ) p u e ( z s p ' W ) 1 e q 1{ e s a 1 l ' N u o ( z C ) t p u e ( t 5 l ; ; ' u e a a l l a q ' l s p
fq pa.rnseaur 'a1Eue aql slenba W uo 7'C pue I, selrn? qloours fue uaeiu,leq
'zsp fq, pernsperu 'e13ueaq1 'f1arrr1rn1ul'W uo uorlcunJ rlloorus
leql srrcetu 1r
penle^-lear v 4 6 araq,n '_;211 uo .sp(d)dxa o1 lenbe q ./ ,(q ltp to lceq 1nd
e q 1y f u t t l d n u t p u t l o t u o c " s l N * W i t u s r q d r o u r o e g r p B u r , r r a s a r d - u o r l e l u a r r o
ue '(|sp'N) poe (csp'A[) sploJrueurueruuetuel]r leuolsuetulp-U palualro rod
'zsp clrleru u€ruueruerg eql fq pecnpw ?rnpnr?s
lout^to{uoceql palle)
aq ,(eu U uo arnlcnrls xaldruoo eq; 'deu, slql q pautelqo aceJrns uueurelu eql
g itq eloueq 'W uo ernlcnrls xalduroc s saugep r>!{(!n'h)} l€q} f;r.re,ro1
(,;ig;o
qncJlp lou sr lI '!2 qcee uo lm elsurpJoo? I€r.uraqlofl ue slsrxe araql
r)!{((n'!x)'12) } spooq.roqqErau eleurproocJo uralsdse ro; 'acua11'I > -llr/ll
'7 .ra1deq3
?eql paphord slsrxa s.ile,rale01 uorlnlos " qcns Jo A$ ul pe,rord st sy
'uo4onba ,urDrlleg aql pell€r sr uorlenba slql 'rn uorlnlos crqdrotuoaglp e seq
(elr) 9a=9
m8 m8
uorlenba prluereJrp lerlred eql JI s?s1xe
esp roJ /'1 al€urprooc l€uraqlo$ ue leql apnlcuoc erra'(0I'I) qlrrn Sur.reduroc
' t z o t r l
z P l z l z m=l"dl n n l d
, l z ni +
sagsr??sesp roJ nl eleurProoc leruraqlosl u3 a?uIS
tz sernlrnrls I"ruroluoC pu€ sarnlf,ulg xalduro3 'g'1
22 l. Teichmriller Space of Genus g

\ a

Fig.1.12.

, = ( o * 6 c o sg ) c o s 0 ,
y = (a * Dcos<p)sind,
z = bsing.

We assume that the orientation of M is induced from (d,g). If we set

,1,= rl,@)= [' ---!- 4o,

JoA+OCOS/P

then the metric d,sz= (a * bcosg)2de2 + b2dgz has the form

dsz=^({)(d02+drl}).

Thus to = 0 + fry' is an isothermal coordinate for ds2 on M, which defines a

complex structure on M. Hence ft is a torus. A little more calculation shows
that R is biholomorphic to C/f, where l- is a lattice group generated by 1 and
ib/\/i, -F.

L.5.2. Reconstruction of Teichmiiller Spaces by Riemannian Metrics

Fix a closed Riemann surface r? of genus g ) L. Take any local coordin ate z on
R.
For an arbitrary Riemannian metric ds2 on rR, from the uniqueness of the
expression in (1.10), we obtain a globally defined Beltrami coefficient p on R,
being a differential form of type (-1,1) and llpll- < 1. Such a p is called the
Bellrarni coefficientinduced by a Riemannian melric.
Let us observe the relationship between the Beltrami coefficient of an
orientation-preserving diffeomorphism and the one induced by a Riemannian
metric.
 '@)+llvo/(a)w = uw
'@)'llto l(a)w = @)t
:suotToc{zyuapt,
6urmo11ol
ayy aatf
{ o7 0utpuodser,ror)uleru o to'fr1aa4cadsa.r,'sso1c acuapatnba6uo.t7spuD nuelD
- a m b aa q 7o t ( A ) J u ! 'g'I uraroaqJ
l t ' S l l u e u e p u o p u e sq n q m s f u r d d v u e q J
'uorlress€
3ur,rao11o;
eql of p€al g'I ruaroeql o1 ,t.re1oro3 eql pu€ uorle^Jasqo srql
',,t1e,rr1cedser'(A)W p sass'elc
acuaprr,rnba 3uor1sIIe pue ecuele.,lrnbeIIeJo las eq?
@)"ttpo/(A)W pue (a)+IlpO/(A)W rq eloue6l '(A)"lIlO o1s3uo1aqo srql
y Tualoamba fi16uo.t7s
eq o1 paugepa.re|sp pue usp 'reqlrnJ 'l€ruroJuocq (I*p'U)
- (zsp'A),o ?tsqtqrns (A)+ttlO ur r,l luerueleue slsrxe areqlJr Tualoaznba aq
01 paugap erc (g)4r ur |sp pue 6s'pslueuale o rI 'g Jo (U)J eceds rallnurqcraa
aql llnrlsuocer a^r '9, uo scrrlaur u€ruueurelg Jo (U)hf les eql Sursn 'no51
'w uo s)rrleru ueruu€ruaru ,{q parnput
sluarrlg:aof,ttu€rllag Jo las aql ol lenbe sr Ur uo srusrqdrouroagrp Surarasard
-uorleluarroJosluer)Ueo, rurerllagJo I(U)5. ?eseql leql eesa,r.'.{e.nsqt uI
't o7 0utpuodsatloc uo culeur uvruuoulery
A
e eq ol pr€s sr (|rp)-t crrlaru e qcns'S'Jo ernlcn.rlsxalduroc eq1 Surcnpur[sp
crrleru € Jo ecroq) eql uo puadep lou saop uotlress€ slql l€r{l eloN '/ Jo }€r{t se
'(g
luel)cgeor rur€rlleg erueseql se,rr3/ .repun |sp l" (trtp) -l >1ceq11ndeq1 uaql
'crrleru er€rurod .ro 'ueaprlcng 'pcrraqds eql ,(q
raldeq3 Jo t'I$ 'gc) ,t1a,rr1cedse.r
pe)npul sr qcrq/( S' uo crrleu eql e{€t alA '(U .ra1deq3Jo 6'Z ueroeqa) eueld-;pq
raddn aq1 ro 'aue1d xalduoc eql 'araqds uu€ruerg eqt ol crqdroruoloqlq sl S Jo
ac"JrnsSurra.roclesrelrun aq1 '1ce; uI 'SJo auo leur8rro aql ol lual€^rnbe sr Ltp fq
pa?npur arnl?nrls xelduroo eql leql os S' uo |sp or.rlaurueruu€ruerll " a{€l uer eM
'ue,rr3eq * :/ ursrqdrouoegrp Surrr.raserd-uorleluerro ue 1e1'd1asra,ruo3
.g U
'rl qtl* saprcurocluercgeoc rureJllag sll
pue ursrqdrouroagrpSurrr,.rasard-uorleluarJo u€ sl ,U * g. : { Eurddeur ,t1r1uepr
aq? ueqJ '(^'n) eleurproof, leurreqlosl aql ^q pernpur sr arnlcnrls xaldtuoc
asoq^r /U a)eJrns uuer.uerge urclqo all.'(z 'p) pooqroqq3rau eleurpJoof,q)Ba uo
zo zo
--:- fl = ::-
m8 n8
uorlenbe rurcrlleg aql Surr'1os'I'g$ ul uaes ueeq s€q sV 'A to zsp rrrleur
ueruueruerll e ,tq pecnpur luerrlgeor rtuerllag eql s! r/ 1eq1 esoddns '1srrg
8,2 sarnlf,nrls l"urroJuoC pu" sarnl)nrlg xaldurop 'g'1
24 1. Teichmriller Spaceof Genus g

Notes

The geometric function theory originated with Riemann's 1851 Gottingen dis-
sertation [181] and his 1857 paper [182]. In connection with multi-valued
analytic functions such as algebraic functions, he introduced the concept of the
Riemann surface as a branched covering surface over the Riemann sphere. He
also recognized clearly the intimate relationship between holomorphic functions
and conformal mappings on a domain in the complex plane. In [181], he proved
Riemann's mapping theorem which asserts that any simply connected domain
in the complex pla.ne with mor'e than one boundary point is biholomorphic to
the unit disk. In [182], he obtained the Riemann-Roch theorem. By using this
theorem, he determined the degree of freedom of finite branched coverings over
the Riemann sphere which represent closed Riemann surfaces of genus g, and
he obtained the complex dimension mo of the moduli space of closed Riemann
surfaces of genus g, that is, ms = 0, 1, and 39 - 3 for g = 0, l, and g > 2,
respectively. For more complete exposition of Riemann's work, we refer to Ahlfors
[a] and Klein [A-53].
The standard definition of a Riemann surface, that is, a one-dimensional
complex manifold was introduced for the first time in Weyl's classic [A-111]
"Die Idee der Riemannschen Fl6che" in 1913.
The material of this chapter is classical. Some of the many celebrated books
on Riema.nn surfaces are Ahlfors and Sario [A-6], Bers [A-13], Cohn [A-22],
Farkas and Kra [A-28], Forster [A-32], Griffths and Harris [A-39], Gunning
[A-40], Jones and Singerman [A-48], Schlichenmaier [A-95], Siegel [A-98], and
Springer [A-99]. For details of topology on surfaces, there are further books by
Birman [A-18], Harvey [A-4lj, Chapters 1 and 6, Moise [A-75], Stillwell [A-101],
and Ziescha,ng,Vogt and Coldewey [A-114]. For algebraic curves, we refer to
the books by Arbarello, Cornalba, Griffiths and Harris [A-9], Grffiths [A-38],
Mumford [A-78], Namba [A-82], and Shafarevich [A-97]. The moduli space of
tori considered in $2 isstudied in the context of elliptic curves, elliptic integrals,
and theta functions. For an interesting exposition on this subject, see Clemens
[A-21], and Jones and Singerman [A-48].
For textbooks on Teichmiiller spaces,there are Abikoff [A-1], Ahlfors [A-2],
Gardiner [A-34], Harvey [A-41], Krushkal' [A-60], Lehto [A-68], and Nag [A-80].
For expository papers on this subject, consult articles by Ahlfors [8] and [11],
and Bers [22], [29], and [40]. The approaches to Teichmller spaces as in $4 and $5
are found in Earle and Eells [62], [63], and Fischer and tomba [7L], respectively.
 ' H J o ' J ' 3 s e c o t t n su u D u r e l y
a?rtn e1t lo auo o7 TualoatnbaQparydloruoptfq st acoltns-uuouaty peloauuo?
fi1du.tzsfueag (aqeox pue ?recurod '.r!"IX) 'tuaroaqtr, uoltBznuJoJrun
'(w6d '[y-y] sroylqy eas)
{$p }run aq} ot crqdrouroloqrq
sr lurod f.repunoq euo u"q? arotu qlra C ur ul€urop pelceuuot fldurts dra,ra
1€rll slresse qcrq/rr uraJoall ,utdrlou,t s.uuDur?ta ol Pa)nPer sI rueroaq? sHl'c
aueld xelduroc eqt ur sur€urop ro; 'r(gercadsg 'sac€Jrns uu€tuerlf roJ sploq uaro
-eql uollezlruloJlun eql
Pallec sl q?lq,$ ?oeJalqe{r€IueJ e }sq} u^lou{ 11ams! 1I
rrreroaql uorlBzlruroJlun'I'z
'6 snuaS;o tg aceds
rellnurq)Iel eql ql!,u PagluePl q ll }"qt alord pue'g-ngll uI lasqns e se td
aceds alcr.rg aql eu$ep aal '(6 l)f snueS3o sereJJnsuu€r.uarlr pasolc Surluasardar
sdno.rEuersrl?ndJos.ro1e.raua3;o suelsfs Ierruorr€cEursn'g uorltas ur 'fgeurg
'ralel pasn ele qtlq^\
'sdno.r3 uersqcr\{ yo satl.redord freluaurala euros a,rord airrr'7 pue t suolltes uI
'; dno.r3 u€rsrlf,nde Aq
H Jo J/H aceds luatlonb e fq paluasardar
q (Z ?)n snua3 ;o ereJrns uuetuerg pasolc fre^e leql epnl?uot a,rl 'dem srql uI
'dnor3 uersqrnd e 'relnarlred uI 'suolleuroJsueJl snlqgl
J II€r ell'' 11 = U uerl^r tr
'Il ro'C '?
;o Surlsrsuocdnor3 e sB g uo rtlsrionurluo?srpfpadord slce J pu"
o1 lualelrnba fllecrqd.rouioloqlq sr g, 'ruaroaql uorleznuJoJrun eql fg '6 uorlaai
ur palrnrlsuoc s-rJ dnor3 uorleur.r5gsue.rlSurra,roc sll 'U Jo U eceJrns Eutreloc
tg,
Iesra^run eql JePrsuo?arn aae;rns uueuaru frelrqre ue ol ueroeql uollezfluroJ
-run eql {1dde o1 repro uI 'g aueld-g1eq.reddn eq} ro '9 aueld xalduroc eql 'e
a.raqdsuu€rueq aql :sae"Jrns uueruenr eerql eql Jo euo o1 crqdrouroloqlq $ eceJ
-rns uusruarg palreuuoc fldurrs .,(Jea leqt slrass'e qcrqilr 'aqaox pue 'atecuto4
'ura1y o1 enp rueroeql uorlsznuroJlun aql urc1dxa er,r '1 uotlcag u1 'sdno.r3
u€rsqrnJ pue 'suorleurroJsueJl snlqgl [ 'sece3:tnsSurralroc lesrellun uo s]c€J f,Issq
'sace3:rns uu€ruerg 'asodtnd sn{l roJ
Jo ruaroaql uort"z-turoJlun eql apuro.rda,u
'd snua8
(e-rsg ur
;o eceds e{llq aq} pag"c fl rlcrq^{ }asqns e se pezrper sr (6 l)f snua3
;o aceds rellnurq)ral eql l"qt ^{oqs ol u .raldeqc luesard eql Jo esodrnd aqa
ar€ds a{rlqjt
u raldBrlc
26 2. FrickeSpace

Remark. These Riemann surfaces 0, C, and /y' are not mutually biholomorphi-
cally equivalent. The Mobius transformation tr = (z -i)lQ * f) maps biholo-
morphically 11 onto the unit disk 4, and hence we often use the unit disk 4
instead of the upper half-plane If .

Corollary. A closedRiemann surface of genus0 is biholomorphicequiualentto

the Riemann spheree . Thus the moduli space Ms of closed Riemann surfaces
of genus 0 consists of one poinl.

Proof. Since a closed Riemanil surface R of genus 0 is simply connected, the

uniformization theorem implies that .R is biholomorphic to one of the three
Riemann surfaces e^, C, and 11. Since .R is compact, it should be biholomorphi-
cally equivalent to C. !

For proofs of the uniformization theorem, we refer to books on Riemann

surfaces listed in the notes of Chapter 1. See also Ahlfors [A-3]. For historical
and expository accounts, see Abikoff [2], and Bers [29] and [36].
Among standard proofs for the uniformization theorem, there is a method
in which a mapping function is constructed by using Green functions. Let us
elucidate the concept of Green functions by using an intuitive example from
electromagnetism. We rega.rd a Green function on a Riemann surface .R as the
electric potential on R where a positive charge is given at a point p and whose
boundary is earthed. Mathematically, when z is a local coordinate around p
on R, we define the Green function g(.,p) on ,R with pole at p as the minimal
function in the family of positive superharmonic functions which are harmonic
in .R - {p} and have the singularity -loglz - z(p)l at p. The existenceof a
"capacity" of the boundary of rt and is indepent of
Green function depends on
the choice of a point p. For example, the Green function on the unit disk 4 with
pole at zo is given by logl(l-z;z)/(z - z")1. On the other hand, there are no
Green functions on C or C.
Now, assume that there exists a Green function g = g(,p) on R. Then we
obtain a biholomorphic mapping f : R'-'+ A;

f k) = exp(-s(q)+ ic.k)), (2.1)

where g* is the conjugate harmonic function of g on R - {p }. Note that g* is a

multi-valued function whose periods are 2ntr (n e Z) becauseof the singularity of
g and simple connectednessof R. Hence, / itself is a single-valued holomorphic
function on .R. By the argument principle we see that / is univalent, i.e., a
biholomorphic mapping of -R onto 4 (see Fig. 2.1).
Next, we deal with the case where there exist no Green functions on R. We
take a sequence{ n' }Lr of simply connected subdomains of E such that .R' is a
relatively compact subset of E +r for each n, that Uf=rR" covers.R except for at
most one point, and that every ftr has the Green function g,. with the common
pole p. Then, in the same way as before, we can construct a biholomorphic
mapping fn: Rn - Alor every n. By multiplying each /' by a suitable constant,
we get a sequenceof biholomorphic mappings F' : R- - { tr e C I lr.rll< r' } so
 'U
I€sJelrun y Jo acottns |ut.taaoclDsrearun" U pue'g 1o 6uuaao) IDsrearune
(A'o'A) II€) e^\ 'palcauuoe flduns sr U uaqm '.raillrnd 'U otuo g 1o uo4cato"tdeq|
pa11ec6qe sr z deur Surra,rocaql 'Ujo acn!.rns|uuaaoc e g iue 'g 1o |uttaaoc
e (A'v'U) IIec aaa'r1ooq srql uI 'crqdlouroloqlq q /? * ]1 :t deur palcr.rlsar
aql '11 p (A)r.-" a3eun asra.rlura{l;o 1 luauodruoc pe}cauuor qcee roJ leql
qcns , pooq.roqqSreue s€q A Jo d lurod fra,re y dout, Fuueaoc e eq ol pres sr
'sac€JJnsuueuaru aq pue
A - U : ! Surddeur crqdroruo-Joqanrlcalrns y Ur Ar ]erl
sdno.rg
rrorlerrrroJsue4l, Eurre^oC puB saceJrns Eurraaog Jo suor+Iugo1, 'TZ'Z
'e?sJrns uueruarg f.rerlrqre ue
Jo aceJrns Surrarroc
pelceuuoc fldurs € lcnrlsuoc aaa'uraroeql uorlszrruJoJruneql ,f1ddeo1 rapro uJ
stur.ra,ro3 lesJa,rrun'e'Z
'c ro oluo
c u
'Ur*n uo uorl?unJ fr-uliaqf leql
;o Eurddeu erqdrotuoloqrq parrsape sef,npur
'r'z'8tJ
l r > l m l l :v fldurrs e
[€ruJoJuot
--
- ((4t)"0 - (r)6 uort?unJuaarg erlt Jo qder3
lrnf/1 So1 (*)"6;o qder3
I
I
+---
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LZ sBurra,rog lesrel-ru1'Z'Z
 28 2. Fricke SPace

"highest" covering surface of all coverings of

covering of R mea,nsthat it is the
r? (cf. Theorems2.2 and,2.4, and the remark in $2.2).

Example I. We give a few simple examples of covering surfaces.

(i) Let r: C - C - {0} be given by r(z) = e'. Then C is a universal covering

surfaceofC-{0}.
(ii) Let r: H + A-{0} be given by r(z) - e2'i".Then I/ is auniversal
covering surface of A - { 0 }.
(iii) Let r: C -{0} * C - {0} be given by r(z)= zn, wheren is a positive
-
integer. Then C { 0 } is a covering surface of itself, but it is not a universal
covering surface.
(iv) For a given ^(> 1), set r = exp(-2r2/log,\) and A= {w € C l t < l.l <
1). Definer; H---+ Aby r(z) - exp(2trilogz/log.\), where logz denotes
its principal branch. Then 11 becomes a universal covering surface of the
annulus ,4.
( v ) t e t 4 b e a l a t t i c e g r o u p g e n e r a t e db y 1 a n d a p o i n t r € I / , a n d l e t r b e
the projection of C onto the quotient space C f fr. Then C is a universal
covering surface of the torus C/ lr.

Any biholomorphic mapping '1, fr, - E wittr ro^l = z is-called a coaering

transformalion of a covering (R,r,R). For a given covering (R,r, R), denote by
l' the set of all its covering transformations. By the composition of mappings,
l- forms a group, which is called the coaering transfonnation group of (,R.r,,R).
In particular, we call I the uniaersal coaering lransformation group of (-R,r,.R)
if ,R is a universal covering surface of r?.

(i)' f = (rr) with 71(z)- z *2tri.

(ii)' f=(rr)with71(z)=z*1.
(iii)' 1= ('rt) with 71(z)- z exp(2riln),which is a finite groupof order n.
(iu)' r = (zr) with 71(z)= )2.
(")' 7 = (T,72) -- f,, where7{z) = z * 1 a,nd"fz(z)= z + r.

2.2.2. Construction of tJniversal Covering Surfaces

First of all, we need several definitions. A path on a Riemann surface R means a

continuous curve C: I - R, where.I is the interval [0, 1]. The points C(0) and
C(1) are said to be the initial and lern'inal points of C, respectively. We also
say that c is a path from c(0) to c(1). Throughout the book, if no confusion
is possible, its image C(/) is also denoted by the same letter C.
fdolouroq € eleq am'f11eutg 'I ) n roy (n1)"g = (n)(c't)p fq g'uo (t't)p qled
e ausep a,r'7 x / f (s'?) fue ro3'uaqJ,'1 3 s due .lo;'d = (I)"f, = (0)'J
pue 'C = rI 'oI - og sagsrles tl'{ ("'.)uf = 'd } leql q?ns uaql uee^.rleq
rldolouroq € eq U * 1 x I ii p1 'o7' o1 crdolouoq sI C leql su€etu q?Iqtl
'fod'Cl -- 'q1ed pasoll " $ 'l"d'Cl,tq peluasarde.r
lod'ollleqt epnpuoa am C ecurs
sl C Jo lurod leurturel eql puie 'od lutod es€q IIII^a g uo qled Pasolee sI 5t uaql
'ei" - '[od'olTol crdolouroq q
C tnd [od''I] lutod eseq q]p\ g uo g qled Pesop
',r,r,o11
fierta 1eq1 aes ol luelrgns fl 1I 'Paleeuuos ,(ldturs q !f f€qt b,rord arr,r
'pelceuuoc q '[d'g] ol
U leql satldtut qclqar lod'oll uro+ U uo I qled
€ a^eq al,r '7 ) s fle,ra iog [(s)g'"C] = (s)g 3ur11ag'I ) 1ro; (ls)j = (rt"C rq
A uo'C Wed e eugep'1 I s q?ea ro,{'U uo qled e Aqlod'o1f ql.I^{ pal?auuoc
sl lI f [d'g] lurod i(ra^a teql A{oqsol sjcgns }l 'U Jo ssauPa}ceuuoc aq1 a,rord
ol1[t'0] - I ) ?,(ue ro; oa = (t)"1,(q paugap g-uo qled eq] aq oI p"I'too.t'4
'p?peuu@ fiylul'ts
puD pep?uuoc st 'aaoqo pautoldxa sD peptulsuoc 'g acottns ?qJ 'T'Z Btutuarl
'ur uo ernlcnrls
xelduroc parrnba.raq1 splarf {(!z'!2)},tgurel eql }eql ees err,r')Lodz = 4z turl
-les 'gg ur ureurop pelcauuoc fldurrs e s\ dn l€qt qrns (or'on) pooqroqq3rau
al€urprooc e e{sl 'U p [d'C] - gf lurod fue ro;'1ce; u1 'Surddeur ctqdrouroloq
'1xe11
e setuof,aqA * U:1, l€qt os Ar uo alnltnrls xalduroc 3 euueP a,n
'deur Eurra,roc e Jo uorlrpuoc aql sagql"s pue U oluo Ur yo Eutddeur
(uolllnrlsuof, eql ,cg 'a : (la'gl)r. rq
snonurluoc € sr l 1eql eas o1 fsea q 1l
ua,rr3 uorlceto.rd eql ee U * A:)L p1 'sceds 1ecr8o1odo1 JroPsneg € seuoteq
g ueql 'A u\ 4 Jo spoor{roqq3rau pluaurepunJ Jo uralsfs e ouuep s^\ 'd2 aseql
ig,'h p;" dn uea/$leq aauapuodsauoc euo-ol-euo Isf,Iuouef, e a^€LI e,t 'uteutop
palcauuoc ,tldurrs e sr.d2 acurg 'D o1 d uroq d4 ur pauteluoc qled frerlrqre ue st
';2 pw d4 ur e sr b 1eq1 .{eirrr
e qcns ul ul
lutod 2I lb'bC.9] slurod II3 Jo les aqt
4p fq alouaq 'U ul ul€ruop pelceuuoc fldurrs-e $ qtul^r d dn pooqroqq3rau e
lo
e{el 'g - {ue rog '9, uo ,(3o1odol e ecnPor?ul
Jo ld'Cl { lurod ol Peau an '1srrg
's,lrolloJ se
U Jo eceJrns Surra,roc l"srelrun e satuoreq qqt leqt ees eA\
B
'[d'g] sasselcacuale,rrnba
aseq?ileJo les eql eqU lef '(d'C) Jo ssplt acuele,unbaeqlld'CJ dq aloueq'g
uo tC ol crdolouroq sr j pue d - d !\Tuapanba erc (d' ,g) pue (d'9) srted oarrl
aseq; 'd o1 od uror; A uo C r{led fue pue U uo d lutod fue 3o rted e eg.(d'C)
'U eosJrns uuetuell{ ualrE e uo od 'ecsJJns ulretuelg e
te1 lurod es€q 3 xld Jo
'alotr1
ecsJrns Surre,rocl"srellun e i(lalarauoc lcnrlsuoc lleqs arrrsqled Sutsn fq
'd = (ilu
A uo CWed e sI Ar uo,, qled e o't11llv tlA u\ il,"r;3:"9:r|"';
61 pre6 sl q!. q d lurod y 'U ecsJrnsuueruelg e;o Sutrerroce eq (g')L'A) p"l
'0),C
lurod leururrel eql pue (0)C lutod prltut aq1
qf!^A U uo ,C . C rlled e 1aBaar 'rg;o lurod FIlluI eqt qq^a C;o lutod Ieunurel
eq1 Eurlcauuoc ,(q '(g),9 = (t)C lsq? qcns A ao tC Pue C sqled oarrlrog
s8urraaogl"sra^ru1'Z'Z
30 2. Fricke Space

F1r,";; I x I - E b"t*""n i andllo,polbysettingF1t,"; = [C1r,,;,r"(t)]

for
(r, s) € 1 x 1. Therefore, we conclude that E is simply connected. B

On putting these observations together with the uniformization theorem, we

obtain the following theorem.

Theorem 2.2. Fo'reoerg Riemann surfaceR, there exisls a uniaersal coaering

surfaceR of R, which is biholomorphic to one of the three Riemann surfacesA,
C, or H.

Throughout this section, 6 o universal covering surface E of a Riemann

surface r? we always take the one constructed above.
From the construction of such a universal covering, it is easy to get the
following lemma by an argument similar to that used in the case of analytic
continuation (Ahlfors [A-4], Chapter 8).

Lemma 2.3. (Existence and uniqueness of a lift of a path) For any path
C on R with initial point p, and for ang point F of R oaer p, there erists a unique
lifl C of C wilh initial point fi.

Ttreorem 2.4. (Litt of a mapping) For Riemann surfaces R and S, let

(R,Tn,R) and (S,trs, S) be their uniaersal coaeringsconstrucled as etplained
preaiously,respectiaely.Then giuen an arbitrary continuous mapping f : R- S,
there etists a continuousmapping it fr,--- S with forp= osoi. Thit mapping
- (1, where € fr. and
I is uniquety tletermineduntler the condition that i@) fu
4r e S are such that rs(Q1) = f brn(Fr))
Morvooer, if f is differentiable or holomorphic, then f is also differentiable
or holomorphic.

This mappine i t Fl.- ^9 ir called a lift of f: .R * S.

Proof of Theorem 2./. Setting fu = lCr,pr] and 4t = [Dt,/(pr)], we get a

m a p p i n g d e f i n e db v f ( l c , p l ) .f (C),/(p)l
_lDt.f (Ct)-t Jor all points [C,p]
in R. Then it is obvious that /(f1) - {1 and fSrp - nsol. Since zrp a.nd n5
are locally biholomorphic and / is continuous, / must be continuous. It is also
trivial that if / is differentiable or holomorphic, then so is /. the uniqueness
assertion follows from Lemma 2.3. D

Rernark. (Uniq:reness of universal covering) For any two universal coverings

(R,r,R) and (r?1,11,R) of a Riemann surface r?, there exists a biholomorphic
mapping g of R to r?q with Trog - n. See,for example, Ahlfors and Sario [A,-6],
Theorem 18A of Chapter L
e Jo uorl-rugep ar{} ur uorlrpuo? aql sessrl€s qclq,$ u ur d 3o 2 pooq.roqqStau
e esooqo 'ld'Cl = 4'@)" - d 1as pue 'g f gl tutod € a{€t '(rr) aes o5
" '(g),0 - i sagsp, 'l"C) -- L
', - o5l 3ur11n4 'A uo zg pue IC sqled euos rc1
t€rl? aas am IC . 7'C fd'z7l = p
pue [d'rCj = 4 a,re{ er'ruaql 'd = (!)y = (4)a 1eq1esoddns '(r) a.,'o.rdoa '{oo.t4
'Q*
X u ( y ) r p q l q c n s J ) L s l u a u a l a f i u o u t Q a T g u { I s o l l t?' o a . t ' oa " r ' a q y ' g
lo y TasqnsTcoilutocfiuo.to!'st IDW:ry uo fipnonu4u@srp fr.1.r,ailo.ti1 sSaoi (rrr)
'sTurodpat{ ou soy fiyquapt.ayy.tol
Tilacxa
1 lo yueu,a1q e ) D e ' " t o l n c q t o dq ' { p ! } - J ) L f r ^ r a a"ar o t Q = n U ( d L
? D q l 1 l ? n sU u ! 4 ! o 2 p o o t l . r o q q \ n u a l q l p n s o f l e r e q l ' U ) g f . r a a a i o g ( n )
'@)L=
D
ltlln J a L \uau.ta1a
uo s?srseatayT'(p)tt.= (4)v q?!nU ) !'q fruo.tog o
:sa4.tado.td6utno11otaq7 sa{stqos g acottns uuvur?tg
6ut.r,eaoc
o Io (U':r-'A) to .1 dnotf uorTout.tolsuo"tT losJeaNutueqJ 'g'Z BtutrroT
'a,rr1calrnssr acuepuodsa.rroc
O
srql ecueq pu€'.[C] - l, teql seqdrur7'Z ruaroeqJ'(d'A)ro Jo luetuele u€
sr [9] ecurg '(t'd'"tl).[C] = ["d'Cj = (l'd ''I])t reqr s^\oqs g'U €urureT snql
'flarrrlcadsar'g;o s1u1od
Ieurural pue Ierlrur aql ar€ I'd'Cj pue ['d'oI] pue',
-
Jo lJll € sl , acuaH'od lurod eseq qlu{ g. uo qled pesol? s sI Col, C l€I{}
sarldurr y JLov uorleler aql ueql '(l"d'"tl)L ollod'oll uroq Ur rio qled e al Q
'a,rr1celrnssr ecuapuodsarJoc slq] 1eq1 aaord o;
Ie.I'J 3 ,L luaurela ,tue a1e1
'err,r1celurst eeuepuodseJJo?sltl]
l€qt sA^olloJII'ed'a)rL Jo luatuale lrun eqt q [u ef,uaq Pu€'07 o1 ctdolouroq
sr op 'snq;'[t'O] = 1 ) t fue to1 od - (l)'l reqr qrns U uo qled eq] sl o1 ereq!\
'lod' o o "
If = fod' Cf = (l"d' tl).|' Cl
a^eq a^r
ueql 'J Jo lueurele lrun eql q -[?] 1eq1asoddns 'arrrlcefutq ]l ]€q] e,rord oa '.7
o1 (od(g)tv;o rusrqdroruouor{e sr ecuapuodserrocsrq} }tsqt pI^Ir} sl rI'loord
'(A'o'U) 0ut.taaoc
losrearun n to 1 dnot'6
uotTotu.totsuo.r,T
|uuaaoc losraarun?ql oluo A Io ("d'A)rv dnot6 pTuau,opunt aql
to tustrlilrotuost.
uo spyaffi-['d - log)acuapuodsauocaaoqDeyJ'g'Z rraroaqJ
'(A'v'A)
Jo uorleruJoJ
-sue.r1Sur.rar'oce sr 1r 'sl leql '..,1o1 s3uolaq -[op] srql 'uo1]-ruuepeql fq 'fpea13
'ld'c.'c) = ([d'c1).1'c]
ry> la'c)
fq g uo -[op] uorlce eql eugep e^{'(od'U)rv>['C] ]ueuele fue rog
'f,
1o (od'g)rY
dnorE leluaurepunJ eqt o1 crqd.rouroslsl J dnor3 Eurraaoclesrelrun slt l€q? aas
'p ace;rns uueuerg e
II€qs alll Jo (g'.u'9,) ece;rns EutrarrocIesJeAIunuarrrEe rog
sdno.rg uor+BrrrroJsuer;, EurreloC lesrallun'e'Z'Z
IT s8urra,ro3l"sra^rufl'Z'Z
g2 2. FrickeSpace

covering map in $2.1, and denote by U the connected component of r-r(J)

containing f. Actually, it is sufficient to take a simply connected domain U
c o n t a i n i n ge . l t 1 ( 0 ) n 0 + { f o r s o m e1 € f , t h e n t h e r e a r e p o i n t s f u , f u e 0
with f1 = l(it). Since ro7 = n, we get T(fr1) = r(4), and hence Q1- fi1,for
r is biholomorphic on U. Thus we have l(Ft) = id(Ft), where fd is the identity.
By Theorem 2.4, we conclude lhat 1 - id.
Finally, to verify (iii), assumethat there exists a sequence{ Z" }f,r consisting
of mutually distinct elements of l- such that 7"(1() n I{ * / for all n. Then
for each n, we can take two points [n,Fn € 1{ with fn = .ln([n). Since K
is compact, taking a subsequenceif necessary,we may assume that { drl1T=r,
{i" }Lr converge to Qo,io € /{, respectively, as n + oo. Since zro7, = ?r, we
obtain r(4") = r(f") and o(4") = r(i,). Take a neighborhood [/ of r(,i'") in .R
satisfyigg the condition of the definition of a covering map in $2.1, and denote by
U and,I/ the connected components of zr- 1(U) containing f, and fo, respectively.
Since { j"(q") }f-, convergesto fo, we hav,e.y"(y)n0 t' g for a sufficient-lylarge
n. Since ro7"(0) = (J,it follows that 7"(U) = 7, namely, ("tny)-|,1n(0) = 0.
By the assertion (ii), we conclude that 7,.11 - 7,. This is a contradiction. !

Exarnple 3. Here is a"nexample of a group which does not act properly discontin-
uously. Let a be a real number not equal to 2r multiplied by a rational number.
Then the group generated by l(z) = edoz does not act properly discontinuously
onC-{0}.

2.2.4. Representation of Riemann Surfaces as Quotient Spaces

We shall explain a way to construct a Riemann surface Rlf fro a Riemann

surface R and a subgroup l- of the biholomorphic automorphism group Aut(R),
where f is assumed to satisfy the properties (ii) and (iii) in Lemma 2.6, that
is, every element of f except for the unit element has no fixed points in E, and
acts properly discontinuously on E.
Two points F,C e Rare said tobe f -equiaalentor equiaalentuniler f if there
exists an e-lement.f e f satisfying 4=t@). Denote by [f] the equivalence class
of fi. Let R/f be the set of all these equivalence classesp], which is called the
quolient spaceof r? by .i-. Define the projection r'. R * R/f by r(fi) = \fl.
We introduce the quotient topology "n fr,/f . A subset U of R /f is said to
be open if and only if the inverse image o-t (U) of [/ is an open subset of E. the
p_rojectionr is readily seen to be a continuous mapping of E onto tr/f. Since
,R is connected, so is r?/f. Moreover, we see that Rl f is a Hausdorffspace, for
l- acts properly discontinuously on .R.
Now, we define a complex structure o" n/ f as follows: for any point f e E,
take a neighborhood. Up of I satisfying the property (ii) in Lemma 2.6. We may
assume that there exists a local coordinate zp on 0p. Then, putting p = r(fi),
Uo =,tr(0), we see that r: 0O - tJ, is homeomorphic. Hence, setting zo =
zpozr-r, we conclude that { (Up,zp)}rrrtl , definesa complex structure so ihut
 '29-r - (z)L
G'z) , -; ,'a
, s, u?lprn oslo st slttJ 'T = "lql - "lrl ,ltp^ ) ) Q(o anqm
,p+z!_k)L
@'z) 9t zo
ru.ro!o soq (V)nV to fi.r'aag(nr)
Tuaurap
'0*Dql?n
C)q'oanym
(s'z) 'q+zo=(z)L
ut.rolo soq (g)wy to Tuaurala tuaag Q1)
' I = " q - p Dq w n )
c P ' c ' q ' oa n a y m
(z'z) ,P*zc _k\L
Q* zo
fr"raag(r)
ur"roto soq (g)7ny lo Tuaua1a
8'Z stutuoT
:sturoJ 3utmo11o;
erll e^sr{ Il pue 'V 'C'Q sul"tuoP l€?Iuoue?;o surstqd.rouolne erqdrouroloqrg
srrrerrroq [BcruorrBC go sdno.rg rusrqdrourolny crt1daoruoloqrg'1p'8'Z
'
1 g ) t n vp u e '( v ) t n v ' ( o ) t n v ' ( q ) n y
'puttu ul qql qllft
sdnor3 ursrqdrourolne crqd.rouroloqlq aq1 fpnls sn 1a1
'g, uo flsnonulluo?$p fFadord eql roJ ldacxa g' ur slutod paxg
E?" Pue'fllluepl
'19)tnv;o dnor8qns 3 sl '9'A €Luluel urord 'ur
1noq1r,nslueruelaJo slsrsuo? J Jo
'i'Q
sursrqdrourolne-clqdrouroloqtqlo dnorE aql (U)t"V,(q alouap eAyI/ to
'ureroeql uorlezrur.rd;
seceJrns uuetuerg "".rq1 nq1 jo "uo o1 crqdrorioloqlq q U
-run aql Jo anlnl fq 'era11 '.7 dno.r3 uolleuroJsuerl Sfrueaoc l€srollun 8ll ,(q
Ur eceJrns Surra,roc lesralrun e p J/A eceJrns uusruarll luarlonb eqt fq Paluas
lerdar sr U eceJlns uu"IuaIU ,(re,ra 16q1 ueas aAeq eal 'uollcas Surpeee.rdeql uI
suorleurroJsuBl,I,snlqgtrAtr'8'U
'@)".--,W
acuapuodsa.u,oc?Ul repun. A o7 Tuapanba filloatydtotuoto\?q q J nq V k I /U
acottns uuotu?ty Tuat1onbeqt u?qJ 'tr dno.t6uotyont"totsuntT0uuaaoc losJearun
'Z'Z rrraroaq.1,
qnn A acottns uuour?rg o to |uueaoc losrearun o eq (A')L'A) pI
'uorlresse Surrrrrollo;eq1 ,(lalerpeurul el"q a \ ueql 'J ,(q acopns uuouery
tf 1o
TuatTonb eW J /A eteJrns uueruelg sql ilec eM'J /A 3o Euirarroce st (tr f g';u'g)
suorl"rurolsu?rl snlqol I 't'z
 34 2. Fricke Space

where0eRandaeA.
(iv) Eaery elemenlof Aut(H) has a form.

az+b
t(z) = (2.6)
cd+d'
w h e r ea , b , c , de R w i t ha d -, b c= I .

In (2.2), it is sufficient that complex numbers o,, b, c, and d satisfy the con-
dition od - b" # 0. However, 7 does not change when a, b, c, and d are multi-
plied by a common constant. Hence,-we may normalize the expression of
7 by
ad - bc - 1. Every element of Aut(e) is called a M1bius transformation or a
linear fractional transformalion.In particula.r, an element of Aut(H) is called a
real Miibius transformation or a real linear fractional transformalion.

Proof^of Lemma 2.8. First of all, let us determine the form of an element 7 €
Aut(C). If 7(oo) = oo, then in a neighborhood of oo, 7 has the Laurent expansion

tQ)=",+i bnz-n,

where a I 0. Then tQ) - oz is holomorphic on e , and hence the maximum

principle shows that lk) - oz must be a constant function, say 6. Thus we have
l @ ) = a z l b w i t h o + 0 . I f z ( o o ) = z o # @ , t h e n s e t t i n gt { z ) - t l Q - z " ) ,
we see that both 11 and lpl are elements of Aut(e), and 71o7(m) = oo. Thus
we havefolQ) = I/QQ)- z o ) = a r z * b r , w h e r e0 r , 6 r € C w i t h o , * 0 .
Therefore, 7 is expressedin the form (2.2).
Next, every element t e Aut(C) is extended to an element of Aut(e) if we
put 7(oo) - oo. By the above argument, it is obvious that 7 is represented in
the form (2.3).
Let 7 be an element in Aut(A). Set 7(0) - B. Then the Mcjbius transfor-
mation r(z) = (, - 0)/G - Bz) belongs to Aut(A). Hence .y2 - 1*.r also
belongs to Aut(A) and 92(0) = 0. Schwarz' lemma implies that 72 is a rotation
trQ) = eiqz,with real number d. Hence, T is expressedin the forrn (2.5). It is
easy to see that 7 is written in the form (2.4).
Finally, for any element 7 e Aut(H), taking a biholomorphic mappin gT(z) =
(z-i)/(z+i) of fI onto .4, we have an elementlr = ToloT-r e AutlA). Thus 71
is a Mijbius transformation and is representedin the form (2.2). Since 7 sends ry'
onto itself, we may assume that c, D, c, and d are real numbers, and ad- Dc ) 0.
Therefore, this 7 is written in the form (2.5). tr

For more on the fundamental properties of M6bius transformations, such as

transformation of circles into circles, and the invariance of the crms ratio under
them, we refer, for instance, to Ahlfors [A-4], $3 of Chapter 3; and Jones and
Singerman [A-48], Chapter 2.
Now, for every 7 e Aut(e) given by
 'slueruel€?s3urno11o;eql e^€rl a,r,r'uor1e1nc1ec aldurs e ,(g
'oz - (oz)L Surr(;sr1es
> oz
C IIs Jo tas aqt
'sl oz slurod pexgJo las aql eq (t)xrg 'r(1r1ujpreq}
ler{}1'L1o 1a1 }ou sr qcrqn
, I = c q- p D , ) ) p , c , q , o , ' . 1 1 , i=
@)L
Q*zo
.{q ue,tr3 uor?euroJsuer} snrqory e aq I 1a1
suorlBurroJsuBrl snlqgl trJo srrrroJ lBcruouBc 'z'e'z
'{1aar1aadsa.r
'(1'1) atnTvufts to dno.r,6fil,opun lonads eq1
plle 7 aa.r6ap '1)29 pue (U'6)79 araqirr
lo dno"r6nautl yonads lDa, eqt are (1
' { t+} lfi 'r)ns= G't)nsa = (v)wv
pue
'{ r+
}/(u'?,hs= (ll'z)tsa = (n)pv
a^eq a^{ 'flrelrurrg
'{(e)t"v
) Ll 6oLor-.{ } = (ra)lny reqr pue
' =
lz:ii';il -,
li:1,
|:;
l uorleuroJsuerl a.,rr1ce
ford
e o1 spuodser.roc(3)tnv Jo (p + zc)l&+ zD) - (z)1, lueurale ue 1eq1 ees e/tr
uaq;,'rd Jo eleulProoc snoeueSouoqe sr [tz : 0z] araqrrr'rz/02 = (ftz : ozl)g
f,q * rd :J Surddeur crqd.louroloqrqe euuep 'paepul 'rd Jo uorleruroJsu€rl
?
xalduroc
a,rrlcefo.rde o1 spuodsauoc (3)lny Jo luetuela ue '1d aceds err,rlcalo.rd
Ieuorsuaurp-euo aql qlra pagrluapl q C a.raqdsuuetuerg eql ueq1\ llrDureq
'(c'dts
ul yT sluauala o,rl!,1
,tq peluasarder sI ,L 1eq1elop "L Jo uorlD?uesa.tdat rt.tTou e
pelle)c$st(g)l"y 3 ,L luaruele ue rog (1,)r- W lo V lueuala wtr '4 aa.rfaplo dno.t6
toauq lotcads aar,Ttato.tdeql tr lpc pue {1+}/6'dlS = (C'Z)lSd tas aIA
' { r + } / 6 ' z ) t s= ( q ) w v
ursrqdrourosrue
secnpur (ruaroeq?
ltl tusrqdrouoruoqeql dq 'ecua11'xrr?Burlrun aql sI 1 ereq^r
'{ 'eloqe se y 'c'g 'o ereqrrl
f + 1 sl W Jo loura{ aql ueqtr, Jo saulueeq?er€p pue
'(C'Z)1S )>y .ro;(p+zc)/(q+zo) = (z)(y)W tq paugep(q)ny oluo (3'6)79
yo ;;4rusrqdroruoruoqe e^eqem'r(lasrarruo)'(C'dlS dnor3 reauqletcadsaq1;o
lp c1
l'^ -l =V
L q D)
luauele u3 aAeq e^r
,I =cq-pp (1__-i_
D+z) -
(z\L
qll^{ j > p'?'q'D
9*zo
9t suorl"urrolsu"rJ snrqol{'t'z
36 2. Fricke Space

(i) The casewhere oo € Fix(7),i.e., c = 0.

lf a/d = 1, that b, c - 6f = *1, then 7 has a sole fixed point oo and it is
written in the form
1e)=z*b,
where b is a non-zero complex number. On the other hand, if a/d f 1, then 7
has another fixed point zo, and is represented as

u-zo=\(z-zo),

where to =lQ), and ) is a complex number equal neither to 0 nor to 1.

(ii) The case where oo f Fix(7), i.e., c f 0.

If (a * d)2 = 4, then 7 has a sole fixed point zo and it is written as

w-%=;:1+o'

where to = lQ), and a is a non-zerocomplexnumber.If (c* d)' # 4, then 7

has two fixed points z1 and 22, and it is representedin the form
W - Z t
^, Z7 -- Z' l
",- tr-
where w = 1(z), and ,\ is a complex number equal neither to 0 nor to L.
Now, two elements7r,jz e Aut(A) are said tobe Aut(X)'conjugate or con-
jagale in Aut(X) if there exists an element 6 e Aut(X) such that 1z = 6o"ho6-t ,
where X is one of C, C, H, or A.
This leads us to the following lemma.

Lemma 2,9. Eoery Mdbius tmnsformation 7(f id) has otueor two f,xed points
on e , antl is Aut(e)-conjugate to the foltowing M|bius tmnsformation 7o:

( i ) I f t h a sa s o l ef i x e i l p o i n t t, h e n T . Q ) = z + d f o r s o m ea € C , a * 0 .
( i i ) I f 7 h a st w o f i t e d p o i n t s , t h e n T o ( z ) = ) , 2 f o r s o m e \ € C , ) + 0 , 1 .

We call this 7o a canonical form of 7. Matrix representations of canonical

forms in (i) and (ii) correspond to

[;?], tf ,f.^),
respectively.
A real Mobius transformation 7(l fd) whose fixed points a.rein fl = RU{ m }
is Aut(H)-conjugate to a canonical form 7o such that the entry a or ) of a matrix
representation.To is a real number.
 'peuueplla,lrsr (1,)rr1 sll
a.renbs '1,
Tnq fq flanbrun peurrurelap
1ousr (l).r1 snql'(p+D)- olw peretlesr ec€r1slr ueql'V- f,q pacelda.r
sr y
'.{. uorleurroJsusrlsnlqgl4le 'p -
;1 Jo nD4 " pelpc q qcg/'r * o (l)r1 1nd a14
' T= ? q- ,C , l \ ' ^ l= ,
PD ) p,c,q,o
L 9 DJ
:,L;o uorleluasa,rdarxrrleru " Jo ecerl eql
np+p tsql atoN 'Z+y/I+y= e , ( pa r ) u o r l e n b ea q l s e g s l l e sy r a q d r l p t u s 1 1
'ol,;o
lurod pexg e^r1?€r11ea{} o1 Eurpuodsarroc,L;o lurod pexg sJo alloq? aql
uo spuadep yy/I pue 1''a'r'l,yo.rar1dr11ruu aqt roJ sarroqr o,lrl e eq a64'l;o
.taqd41nut, e pallsc sl y slql'0'O* y'C ) y) zy - Q)'L uroJ Iscruouer € ot
apSnluoc-(g)tnv o. cqoqered lou sr rl?rqar ,L uorleurroysrrerl snrqotrtre 'alo1q
'g uo sTurodpae{ omy soq L fipo puo ctloqtedfitl s! ,t (H)
ta tt,
.zz = rz puV ,
*H
'H 'rz slutod par{ on\ sorl L
) zz ) rz pUl qtns zz tt fi1uopuo tt, ctTdqla st' L (r)
'g uo
Tutod pat{ alos o soy L lr fiyuo puo lt cqoqn.r,od sr L (r)
:p7or16utmo71olaq7 uayl
'fr,7t7uapt
?ql pu s, q)rqn uotgou.t.r,olsuorl
sntqory loar o eq L pT 'Ot'Z eurtuarl
'uor?ross€ aqt
3ura,ro11o; /tls"a urelqo ea,r's11nsaresaql Surulqurop
'cqoqradr(q ro 'cr1dt11aro 'cqoqered reqlla sI ','[1t1uapt
eql lou sr q?rq^r'(V)lnV ro (11)7ny Jo luetuale fra^a 1€ql ^\oqs ol fsea st 11
'fla,rrlredsar '1,
go lurod pexg a^rlrer11e a{l pue lurod paxg Suqledar eq} !o pue r; ,(q alouaq
'flarrleadser 'L elql pve Turotl pax{ 0ur11ada,eq} pell€,
1o yut,odpar{ aatyco.tqqo
elre ez pue rz uaqJ, 'I < lVl qll^ y euos to! zY - Q)'L ruroJ l"tluouec e Jo
oo pu" 6 qurod pexg eql o1 puodsarroa 'fla,rrlcadser'zz pu€ Iz 1eq1 asoddng
'l, uorleur.ro;suer? snrqoq cnuorpoxol e;o slurod pexg aql aQ zz pue rz lo.l
'seuo ?rloqredr(qapnlcur suorleurroJsusrl c[uoJpoxol eql
l€ql eurrrnss€ airr '4ooq slql uI 'crldqe rou ttloqersd .raqltau sl ?l JI cruoJporol
eq ol pres sr flrluepr eql lou s! qrlqa uorleurroJsuerl snrqory y'((oo'O] / V
pu€ I I lVl'C > f) zV : Q)L.{q ue,rrEsr aldurexauy 'cqoq.redfq rou 'cr1dq1a
'cqoqered raq?reu are qf,rqra suorl€ruroJsu"rl snlqol are eraq+
I teql aloN
'I+y '0 < y e r u o s r o Jz y = ( z ) o L u o r t e l l p e o l a l e 3 n f u o c s r l I ; r c t l o y , a d f i qq f ( U )
'(7
3 u) ttuT
- (r)'L uorlelor e o1 ele3nluoc sr ycr,Ttlqla q t (I)
* 0'1g )f g auos tol zsp ]I
'o+n'c>p
eurrros
roJ a + z - (z)ot uorlelsuerl e o1 ele3ntuoa s! 1l y cqoqotod q f (t)
'f1r1uapr eql
tou $ qcrrlAr uorl€ruJoJ
-suerl snrqontr e eq ,L 1a1 'sadf1 earql otq suorl"ruroJsusrl snlqotr tr fSsselc all
suorlBrrrroJsrrB.LT.
snlqg,trtrJo uorlBcgrssBlc '8,'8'z
LT suorl"urolsuerl snlqgl I 't'z
38 2. Fricke Space

By a simple calculation, we see that Mobius transformations are classifiedby

trace.

Lernma 2.LL. Let 7 be a M6bius transfonnation which is not the idenlity. Then
the following hold:
(i) 7 is parabolic if and only if tf (7) = a.
(ii) 7 is elliptic if and only if 0 f tf (1) < a.
(iii) r is hyperbolic if and only if tf Q) > .
(iu) r is lorodromic if and only if tf (1) e C - [0,4].

Finally, we define the axis of a hyperbolic real Mobius transformation 7.

Suppose that 7 is conjugate to a canonical form U@) - )z with ,\ > 1, by a
real Mcibius transformation 6. Namely, suppose that 7 = 6oloo6-1. The half-line
L = {iy | 0 < y < oo} in the upper half-plane .Il is the geodesic,joining 0 and
oo, with respect to the Poincar6 metric ldzl2I [m z)2 on I1 (see $3 of Chapter 3) .
The image 6(L) of .L under 6 is called the oris of 7 and is denoted by Ar. Then
,4', is the geodesicjoining the fixed points r,, and a., of 1, which is characterized
as a semi-circle which joins r., and o., and is orthogonal to the real axis. Similarly,
we define the axis A, of a hyperbolic transformation 7 in Aut(A).

2.4. Fuchsian Models

First, we show that a Riemann surface whose universal covering surface is not
biholomorphic to the upper halfplane f/ is biholomorphic to one of e , C, C -
{ 0 }, or tori. Next, we study some fundamental properties of discrete subgroups
of Aut(H), i.e., Fuchsiangroups.

2.4.L. Riernann Surfaces of Exceptional Type

Let us determine Riemann surfaceswhose universal covering surfacesare biholo-
morphic to either 0 or C.

Theorem 2.L2. A Riemann surface^R has a uniuersal coaering surface fr. bi-
holomorphic to lhe Riemann sphereC if and only if R itself is biholomorphicto
C.

Prool. Assume that .E = e . Sitt"" every element 7 of its covering transformation

group f is a M<ibius transformation, it should have fixed points. Flom Lemma
2 . 6 , a n y 1 e f - { r . d } h a s n o f i x e d p o i n t s o t t e . H " t t . e w e h a v e| = { i d } , w h i c h
implies that .R = R/f = C.
Conversely, suppose that ,R = e . Sitt.u e is simply connected, by the con-
struction of E in $2.2 it follows that E = e . tr

Theorern 2.L3. A Riemann surfaceR has a uniaersal coueringsurface biholo-

morphic to lhe complexplane C if and only if R is biholonrorphiclo one of C,
C-{0}, ortori.
 'zry =
tr @)rL ^q palereua3 sl J leql qcns Iy raqrunu
a.Lrlrsode slsrxe a.req1'g uo flsnonurluorsrp dl.radord s+re J ecurs .y reqrunu
aarllsod auos roJ zy - (z)L yr fpo pue yr o,Lqlyr e^rlelnuruoc fl (g)7ny ) L
lueuala ue leql ^{oqs ol fsea sr .19)WV ur uorle3nfuoc ,tq (g
,1 < oy) zoy
- (r)"L
leql aunss€ {etu a,u uaql
'orToqred{q sr oL ,,no11
Wql asoddns
'rq z = (z)rL fq pale.reua3sl
+ J teqt q)ns rg requrnu
a,rrlrsode s?srxaaraql 'g uo dlsnonurluoc$p dl.radord slce J a?urs .tI ) g auros
.rogg * z = (z)L urroJ aqt ur uellrrA\ sl f JI ,,l1uopue gr o,L {tgl a^rl"lmuurot
* (g)wV 3 l" luaurala u€ leqt ees ol fsea sr 14'(g)nV ur uorle3nfuoc fq
@*'q'U > o g ) o q + z - ( z ) o L r y q 1 e r u n s s ef e u r e a ru a q l , c q o q e r e ds o , L ; 1
'cqoqrad{q
.ro crloqered sr o,L 1eq1 saqdurr 0I'Z etuure1 'H uo slurod pexg ou seq ol, acurg
'p! oL qtl,lr o,L '{pgl1 .too.t4
* J 3 luaurale ue a{€tr * J leqt arunsss,(eu e11
'ct1cfics, u?Vl 'uoqaqos? 'H uo snonut?uocsrp
lN J II
fr4.rado.rd
s! J to uorl?o eW llUI q?ns puv g uo sTutoilpac{ ou sly {p?} - J
lo Tuaua1e fi.raaa Toqgqcns (g)nv .VTZ BururaT
{o dnolfiqns D eq J pI
'adfi7
TouorTdnr? lo eq ol pres sr
rrol ro '{ O} - C 'C 'C Jo euo o1 erqd.rouroloqlqq qcrq^\ ac€Jrnsuueuer}I V
'
.t / C ot cryd.toutoloqrq
s! A pW q?ns J dno.tf ac47ol D slstr,? a.r,aq1'g sn"to7fr.tana"lo3r .z(.re11o.ro3
D '3 o1 crqd.rouroloqlqsr snrol € Jo aceJJns
3ur.ra.,loc I€srelrun e e)ueH
'dno.r3erlc{c e aq pFoqs
J e qcns leq} slras$ qcrrl^r
(p1'6 eurtual) eurural 3ur,rlo11og eqt s1?rp€rluoc srqJ .g. ;o dno.r3 FluauepunJ
eq? o1 crqdrourosr sl J roJ (6 4uer;o dno.r3 uerlaqe aarJ € eq lsnur J uar{} ,.Fl
o1 ctqdrouroloqlqq U JI'snrol e q g 1eq1asoddns'fleurg'C = U leqt ^rou{
a , $ ' I ' Z $ y o 1 e l d u r e f g u r u a e ss e A rs V . { O } - C = A 1 a 1 , } x a N. C = A 1 a Ba m
'palcauuoc fldurrs fl 'C =A
C ecws ?eql aurnsselsrg,asra,ruoc aq1 lroils o1
'flalrlcadsa.r 'snro1 e pue '{ '9 o1 crqdrouroloq
0} - C
-lq sl J/C - '(II) pue '(ll) ,(r) sasecur ,e.ro;araqa
U ac€Jrnsuueuerg eql
'U re^o
luapuedepur fpeauq er€ qcrq^r
C f r g ' o g a u t o sr o y t g * z = ( z ) r L p r r s o g* z = ( z ) o l a r a q a r ' ( r t ' . t ) = J ( l l l )
'{o}-c)oq
oruos roJ oq*z - (z)ol uorlelsuerl e {q pele.reueErl (sr ,('tl --,t
J leq} (tr)
{ p t l = . t (r)
:(1'deq3 Jo Z$ '[t-V] sroJlqy ';c) sesecaerql 3ur,rao11og
aql rncco ereql l"ql elo.rd uec e^{ ueql '(9'6 eruuel ;c) g uo flsnonurluocsrp
fpadord slc€ em '.ra,roaro1,1i'g uo slurod
J teql [eeer pexg ou seq {pl } -,f > f
fue asnereq'l = D ' r a q l r n g ' ( O f " ' C f g ' o ) q + z o - ( z ) L t u r o Je q l u r
uellrr^,l\sl J ;l,L fre,re g'A"uure.I fq,(g)lnV;o dnorEqnse sl J acurg.dno.rE
uol+€ruroJsue.rl Sur.ra,rocl€sralrun st! eq J lel 'C = U leqt aunssy '{oot4
6t sIePoI{ u"rsrlf,nJ 't'z
 2. Fricke Space

2.4.2. Fuchsian Models and f\rndamental Dornains

The following is an immediate consequenceof Theorems 2.I2 and 2.13.

Theorem 2.L5. A Riemann surface R has a unioersal couering surface fr, bi-
holornorphic to H if and only if R is not ^of exceptional lype; that is, if and only
if R is not biholomorphicloany one of C, C, C - {0}, ortori.

If a universal covering surface E of a Riemann surface ,R is the upper half-

plane fI, we call its universal covering transformation group I a Fuchsian rnodel
of .R. In this case, f is asubgroup of Aut(H). However, identifying I/ with 4,
we sometimes consider a F\chsian model f as a subgroup of Aut(A).

Remark -1. By an argument similar to that in the proofs of Theorem 2.13 and
Lemma 2.I4, we see that the fundamental group of a Riemann surface R is
commutative if and only if .R is biholomorphic to one of C, C, C - { 0 }, tori,
the unit disk .4, 4- {0}, or annuli {z e C | 1 < lzl < r}.

In order to obtain a geometric image of correspondencebetween a Riemann

surface R and its Fuchsian model f, we use a fundamental domain for f. An
open set F of the upper half-plane 11 is a fundamenlal domain for f if F satisfies
the following three conditions:

(i) z({) oF = / for every 7 e f with 1 { id.

(ii) If .F is the closure of .F in 11, then

a = [J ,r(F).
7el

(iii) The relative boundary 0F of F in H has measure zero with respect to the
twodimensional Lebesgue measure.

These conditions tell us that the Riemann surface R = H /f is considered as

F with points on dF identified under the covering group l..

Emmple y'. For each covering group l- in Example 2 in $2.1,we define similarly its
fundamental domain. The following (i)", ..., (t)" give examples of fundamental
domains for covering groups of (i)', . . . , (t)' in Example 2, respectively'
( i ) " r - { , e C | 0 < I m z< 2 r } .
( i i ) " r - { , e H | 0 < R e z< 1 } .
( i i i ) "F - { , e c - { 0 } | 0 < a r s z< 2 r / n } .
( i v ) " . F - { z e H l I < l r l< f } .
( u ) "F - { , e C l r - a } b r , 0 < a < 1 , 0 < D < 1 } .

There is a simple way to construct canonically a fundamental domain for a

Fuchsian model of a Riemann surface r?. First, cut -Ralong suitable smooth paths
on ,R to get a simply connected domain Ro. Let .F be a connected component of
aa.rq13uo1e U ln? pue U 3 od lurod e e{e; 'tO pue 'zO 're self,rrc ea.rq1fq
pepunoq 'aue1dxalduroe eql ut Ar ureuop e 'g'Z '3ld ur pal€rlsnll se 'raprsuo3
'8'Z'8tJ
'V
I
'g alilu,oag
'z'z'Btr
€- )t
'6, u1
leeduroc f1a,rr1e1a.r
$ qcrqrr ureluop Fluarrr€punJ e ser{ J l"ql
l.I
smolloJ 'rslncur€d ul'?,'7,'3U ul patertsnll sB J roJ ureuop le]uetuepunJ e
sl ('U)r-l;o g luauoduoc pelf,euuoc V'oU ur€ruop pelrauuoe rtldurrse 1e3 aa,r
'lg pue fy
1yeEuop g,3ur11ng'od lurod aseq qlr&t salrn? pesolc alduns qloorus
il€ arp {g pue fy trqt qans (6 l) d 6nua3 Jo Ur eceJrns uueruarg pasop " roJ
(od,A)to Jo srol"reuaS;o ualsfs l"cruouec " nq,=f{ lg'lV } tet 'g a\duorg
'saldurexa aa,rq1Eur.nolloJ eql u-r"lqo aal 'fe,u, slql uI
'J IoJ uleuroP
IelueuepunJ e sI d slql 1eq1flrsea aeseAr'Z'Z$ul (A'y'A) Eurraloc lesJe^IuneJo
uorl?nrlsuoc eql ,tg'.u detu Sur.ranoceql rapun tA p (;A)t-! a3eurr esra^ur eql
TV sIePoII u"rsqf,nJ't'z
42 2. Fricke Space

smooth curves Ct, Cz, and C3. By the same argument as that in example 6,
we have a fundamental domain tr'for .R as is shown in Fig. 2.3. The elements
Ir,''lz € l- corresponding to the elements [At],[Ar] E q(R,po), respectively,give
a ca.nonicalsystem of generators of f. In $1.5 of Chapter 3, we shall describe
another way of cutting .R to get a fundamental domain for this group.

Example 7. As a limiting case of Example 6, let each circle D; degenerate to a

single point pi to obtain a Riemann surface,R biholomorphic to C-{n,pz,ps}.
A Fuchsian model of .R is conjugate to the principal congraencesubgroup f(2)
of leoel 2, which consists of all elements 7(z) - (o, + b)/(cz * d) such that
a , b , c , d € Z , a d - b c = l , a n d a = d = 1 , 6 : c = 0 m o d 2 . A s a s y s t e mo f
generatorsof f(2), we have fQ) = z *2 and fQ) = z/(22 * 1). The picture
on the left hand side of Fig.2.4 shows an example of a fundamental domain for
f(2). The picture on the right hand side of this figure illustrates a fundamental
domain for a subgroup of Aut(A) conjugate to l-(2). For details, see Ahlfols
[A-4], $2 of Chapter 7; and Jones and Singerman [A-48], Chpater 6.

----) I
z-t

a fundamental domain in .F/ for rQ) a fundamental domain in 4 for f(2)

Fig.2.4.

Remark 2. As canonical fundamental domains for a subgroup of Aut(H) acting

properly discontinuously on ff , we have Dirichlet regions and Ford regions. For
details, we refer to standard text books such as Beardon [A-11], Ford [A-31],
Jones and Singerman [A-48], Lehner [A-66], [A-67], and Maskit [A-71].
H )
on <- (oz)uL
leql q?ns sluatuela lcurlsrp I;:{ 'l ecuenbase pu€
J Jo Jo }
oz 'I1 uo dlsnonurluocsrp dpedord
H ) lutod e eAeq e^l ueql lce lou saop J
'f1asra,r,uo3'uor?rugap eqt ,tq snor^qo sr (r) seqdu4
leql aurnsse (ll) teql /oota
'g uo filsnonur?u@stpfiltadaul sTco J (II)
'uDtsq)nf, st (l).r
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to tr ilno"t\qnso ro4
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D ;o;oord eql
(r) ecuag 'elercsrp tou sr J '; go lurod palelofl ue lou sl J Jo p? luetuela lrun
eql ecws pue 'u fue .ro;pg iL r+uLor_("f) p* J J I+ul,or_(u,[) acurg .Q1)lnV
ul r-f o1 saS.rerluoctfi{ ,_("t) } W{t aes e,ra'suorleluase.rda.rxrrleur neql 3ur
-raplsuoC '(U)t"V I ,L luaurela ue o1 saS.raauosr{rrq^\ J Jo sluauela ?cultslp
I=":{ ul,} acuanbas ? s}srxa ararl} '/'roN '(l) serldurr (rr) ecuaq
Jo leq} arunss?
pue 'p1oq lou seop (rr) uorl.rasseeql ueql 'uersqcng lou sr J y'f1tea1a 'too.t4
'(11)wYuP
efitaouocWyln J to sTuau,ep purlstp fi11onynu.t
to sacuanbasou ?srseereqJ (s)
'dno.t6 uvrsqcnf, o s! (r)
J
:Tuaparnbaato 6utmo71otaq7 (g)ny .gT.Z BrrruraT
lo ,7 dnol0qns D ro4
'dno.t6 uvrsq?ng e se ol perraJer osle fl (V)l"V
l"
dnor3qns elercsrp '(C)lnV rc'(3)wV '(V)l"V;o dnol3qns elercsrp€ augep
V
eira'f1.re1turg'sluaurala jo Jaqunu elqelunoc e lsoru leJo slsrsuoc dnorE u€rsr1rr\f
e '{1tlqe1unoe Jo tuorxe puoees eql segsr}es (U'A)ZS ecurg 'dno.r,6uvrsycnl e
palp? q (H)InV;o dnorEqns eterf,srp O '19)tnV Jo leql uorJ pernpu! J uo
f8o1odo1 e^rl"ler aql ol lcadsar qlrar slurod pelsloflJo slsrsuoc J ''a'l'Gt)lnv
Jo lasqns alansrp e s.t J ! ?pr?erp eq ol pres sr.(11)7ny ;o .7 dnol3qns y
'oo ol sPuel u se
'dle,rrlcedsar'p pr. '" 'q'o o1 aE.rarruortp pue 'uc 'ug' ro yr fluo pue (U 'Z)I rrl
JI S
fl il=, ol saEre,ruoc
l"p "rl
-
t t " o l =o
qll,!{ (U,Z)IS lo t;3{ "y } ecuenbasaq1 ,ara11.(U,Z)ZS;o f3olodol
eqt,tq paenpursl (U'Z)ZSa;o fEolodol aql'I't$ ur ux\oqs $ sp uorl€rgrluepr
eql repun (1g'Z)lSa dnor3 ar1 eqtJo euo eql 01 luale,rrnbasr f3o1odo1 slql'oo
ol spual u * H Jo slesqns lceduroc uo I o1 .{pr.ro;run set.raauoc "L I (n)pV
I I ol saEre,ruoc 1g)lnV Jo I=J{ u,L} acuenbas e teql sueeru srql '{to1odo1
uado-lcedruoc eql ''e'r.'(11)WV uo ,(Eo1odo1Iernleu e Surugap q1ral ur3aq e11
(n)pV go sdnorEqns alarcsrq 'g'V'Z
t sIaPoII u"rsqsnd 't'z
44 2. Fricke Space

as n --+ oo. Since { r" }Lr is a normal family, taking a subsequence,if necessary,
we may assume that { 7, }p, converges uniformly on compact subsets of f/ to a
holomorphic function 7 defined in 11 . Flom the following lemma (Lemma 2.18),
this 7 must be an element of Aut(H). Hence by Lemma 2.16, f is not F\rchsian,
and hence (i) implies (ii). D

Remark -/. For a subgroup f of Aut(d), the discretenessof l- does not always
imply that it acts properly discontinuously on e . A typical example is given by

( az*b
.=ttQ)=*+d a,b,c,d.eZ+iZ\.

Lemma 2.L8. Let { f" }Pr be a sequenceof Aut(H) which conaergesuniformly

on compact subsels of H to a holomorphic function f defined in H . Here, f
admits a constantfunction with aaluea. Then either one of the following holds:

(i) / is an element of Aut(H).

(ii) / is a constant function c with c € R.

Proof. We consider the unit disk 4 instead of I/. Clearly, we have l/l S 1 on
A.If lf(2")l = l for some point zo € A, the maximum principle implies that /
is a constant function. Thus either l/l < I on 4, or / is a constant function c
w i t h l c l = 1 . I f l / l < 1 o n ^ 4 , t h e n / b e l o n g st o A u t ( A ) . I n f a c t , { ( r " ) - t h a r
being a normal family, taking a subsequence,if necessary,we may assume that
it converges uniformly on compact subsets of 4 to a holomorphic function g
defined in 4. In pa.rticular, we have gof = fd. By the same argument, we see
t h a t l 9 l ( 1 o n 4 a n d f o g = i d . H e n c e ,/ b e l o n g st o A u t ( H ) . D

Proposition 2.19. Let f be a Fuchsian model of a closedRiemann surface of

g e n u sg 2 2 . F o r a n a r b i t r a r yp o i n t ( € R - R U { m } , therc edsts a sequence
of f such that {6Q,)}f=t conaerges to ( for any point zo € H.
{ f" }Lppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp

Proof. Take a fundamental domain F for f such that the closure F of F is

compact in I/ (Example 5 in $a.2). By the definition of a fundamental domain,
we can pick a sequence{Zr}Lr of l- and a sequence{rr}f;=, of points in F
such that {l.Q^)}[, convergesto (. Since {'l'}Lr is a normal family, we
may suppose that {f" }Lt convergesuniformly on compacts subsets of ff to a
holomorphic function f defined in 11. Thus Lemma 2.18 shows that / must be
a constant (.

Remark2.Let L(f) be the set of all accumulationpoints of the set IlQ")lt e

l-], where zo is a point on f/. Lemma 2.18 implies that I(f) is independent
of the choice of zo.It is well known that I(f) is a closed subset of fr.. We call
I(f) the limit set of a Fuchsian group ,l-. iroposition 2.19 tells us ,(l-) = R
provided that ft = H/f is compact.
 uJoJ oql ur uellrr^\ sl "y lsql aas elt 'u raEalur errrlrsod ,(ue rog
- rluV pus y - Iy Eurllnd 'ol,;o uorleluasardar xrrlpru e q qclqa
,_(V)oV"V
' f ] 9 l= ' n
[I II
'I
tes e1l > lal > 0 qll,lr (1g'Z)IS 3 y uorleluasardar
K:<rrlsru
e seq I leql qcns J ) L lueuala u" slsrxa eJeql 1eql aurnssy 3[oo.l4'
'0
# c to1t paprao.ul
t ? l"l sa{nqos
| - ?g- p D 1 g > p 'c'q 'o ' l' ^ ' ^l = ,
Lq D)
uotToTuasa.til?J
ruloru o 6unoq 'l
,! ) L frtaaau?qJ a z - (z)oL uotyo1
-suDrln 0ututoyuoc dnafi uotsycri"l o ?q pI (lt1?,] nzturrqg) .IZ.Z BrrruraT
J
'uorlrrpsrluoc € ol speel qcrqal'alarcsrp
tr lou sr J
'91'6 eurural ,(q 'aro;a.raqa'sluetuale --?{
l?qlqp Jo slsrsuor ? } leql ease,rl
'l
+ y p u e ' 0 < y ' 0 f g o a c u r g ' o o -t s u w C t s ? u a q l , I < y J I . o o + t s u s e
-
I r o l ='
I'qt'; j
o1 sa3ra.iluoc
"t ueqt'I > y > g y'acua11
'I I o'l = '
| . ( , r ,- I ) e D; i
1eBea,r'u.ra3a1ur
arrrlrsod{ue.ro; u-VrBuVB - ug 3ur11as'arrolq'flalrlcadsar
, o* q e , u ) 9 , o , g] - g
[,;,
, r + y, o < y , l ' ; . _V
i]
dq uerrr3an g'L lo g'V suorle?uas
-e.rda.r
xr.rleur ueql '{ oo } = (g)*1.{ U (l)xrg pue { m'O } = (l)*tg t€rll eunsse
feur aar 'uorle3nfuoc-(Hhnv fg 'sp1oq (rr) rou (r) raqlrau l€ql eunssv 'loo.r,4
.0 = (g)xr.{
u (r)4.{ (r)
:sp1oy
furmoilo!
eyrlo euot"rl, 'plTg"r;r'::r:;"::,
s? L lI 'tr dno.r0uorsq?nf,o to sTuaualeonl ?q g puo L pI 'OZ'Z BruuraT
'ralel pesn ar€ rl?rq,a,r,
'sdnor3 u"rsqcr\{ sarlradord auros
;o luesard all
sdno.rg uBrsqcr\{ ;o sarl.radord Jaq}JqlI'V'?'Z
9t sIePoI{ u"rsqf,nJ't'z
46 2. Fricke Space

6".l
"o" -- l o n
l"n d nJ '

where o, = I - an-rcn-r, bn = (an-!)2 , cn = -(cn-1)2, and d,. = I * a n - ( n - t .

Thus it follows that cr = -"'n-t * 0 as n * oo. Next, setting M =
max{ lol,l/(L - lcl) }, we obtain inductivelylo"l S M for any n. Thus each
ant bn, and d, converges to 1 as n + oo. Hence, .Ar converges to Ao, which
contradicts the discreteness of l-. tr

Theorem 2.22. Eaery element of a Fuchsian model of a closedRiemann surface

of genusS (|=2) consislsonly of the identity and hyperbolicelements.

Proof. Since every element 7 e f - { id } has no fixed points on I/, it is parabolic

or hyperbolic. Assume that f contains a pa"rabolic element lo.By Aut(H)-
conjugation, we may suppose lhatT"Q) - z*1. From Lemma2.20, any element
.y (+ id) of .i- with f(m) = oo is parabolic, which is written in the form
= oo} is a
ilz) = z *b for some real number 6. Hence, ]-- = { j e f I r(*)
cyclic group. Replacing 7, with another element, if necessary'we may assume
t h a t 7 o i s a g e n e r a t o rf o r f t . S i n c ee v e r y 7 ( z ) - ( a z * b ) l @ z * d ) , ad-bc= L,
belonging to l- - ,i-- satisfies c + 0, Lemma 2.21 shows that lcl 2 1. Thus we
obtain
1
rmTQ)S 51
1r-;pp
for all z with Imz ) 1. Set Uo - {z e H llmz > 2}. Then any two distinct
points on [/o are not equivalent under any element of f - l--. Thus the quotient
space Do = Uo/f* is biholomorphic to a domain Ro in r?. since 7o corresponds
to a non-trivial element of the fundamental group of .r?,the closure E of R,
in R is not simply connected. Since Do is biholomorphic to the punctured disk
{ z e C | 0 < l " l ( 1 } , w e i n f e r t h a t 4 m u s t b e h o m e o m o r p h i ct o { z € C | 0 <
ltl S | ). This contradicts that R is compact. tr

Remark. This theorem is also obtained by using the hyperbolic geometry dis-
cussedin $1 of Chapter 3. We present its outline. Let dsz = ldzl2l(Imz)2 be
- H/f .
the Poincar6 metric on 11, which induces the hyperbolic metric on R
Assume that f has a translation 7o(z) - z * 1. For any positive number o,
denote by C" u closed path on ,R which is the image of the segment tro joining fo
and 1o(ia) by the projection r: H -.R. Let l(C")be the hyperbolic length of
Co,i.e., the length of .Lo with respect to the Poincar6metric. Then we see that
t(C") - 0 as n + oo. On the other hand, .R being compact, we have a sequence
+ oo and r(l'o") + po as r, + oor
{ o" }L[r of positive numbers such that dn
where po is a point on rt. Hence, if we take a simply connected domain u which
contains po, then the closed path C,. is included in [/ for sufficiently large n.
This implies lo - id, a contradiction.
 '/G ol
-,;,j"ii 1.j.,,i,",,;
i";:;"Jn
,,u",u^
,Hor{ro
tuale^rnba sr (,<)Y r"qr q?ns /U * A : ! Surdderu crqdlouoloqrq
/ Utt V
€ slsrxe ereqt ueqtr '6Jul[g',A) = [3',Ur] l€ql qcns uo,3 Bur4.retu€ pue
lr
6 snua3 Jo /Ar ec€Jrns uueruarg pesolc raqloue e{€I .6A.A uoxllsoilo.t4
lo !oo.t,4
'rldorloolgoln = lld 'fo] eraqm
r=!
'P?= 't"]L[
lld
u
uorrelaJ
,s.ro1o"raua6 uta7sfr,s
Ieluau"punJ alos eq? sagsrl€s qcrq.lr to IoJ.uouDJ slr se ol
parreJarrl I=;{ ld ' lo } s.roleraua3yo ualsfs eql .[3' ,g] acey.rnsuueruerll pesoll
pe{r€ru e Io pporu uorsqrnl peztlDturou eq1 .7 dno.r3 u€rsqrnd srq}
ilec e11\
fi.anbrun suortzpuor
s?K otTcailsa.r-q7rm ,"n frriJE":Hti:'{:ri:::r"'r:;'Y;::
ppolu uvzstlcngo lo t=ou[!d'ln] s.tolo.tauaf ,(27)6 snuaf
lo ua7sfrslD?tuouD)p
lo g acottns uuDuery pesop D uo g 6utt1.tou, uant6 D rol .gZ.Z uorlrsodo.r4
'(tt) p u n ( r ) s u o r l r p u oc
uorlezrl€rurou aq1 f;sr1es ud pun to lr.I? etunsse.r[eura,ll ,r(ressaceu y,(g)Wy ul
..,ir
Surle3nfuor'.raq1.rng'Q = (6d)xllU(to)xrg seqdrur0U.Z€unueT ,arrrlelmuuroc
ud pun to acurg 'cr1oq.red,tq
lou ere arc 6j pue to q1oq,Z7-(,tuaroeqtr dq ,1cegu1
'suotllpuoc uor?ezrlsruJouaql segsrlss
rIJlqA\u Jo lepo{u u"rsq)nJ 3 s}srxesferrrle
araql 'f snuaS;o a)eJrns uu€urerg pesop e uo 3' 3ur>1reuuarrr3e Jod .tlJDurey
'1
1e lurod paxg a^rlcerl?e sll ser{ t^a (I)
',{1anr1cadsa.r
'oo pue
6 1e slurod pexg a^r}ceJ}le pue 3ur11eda:s1 seq td (l)
:suorlrpuoc uorlezrleurou aq1 esodurl e,!\ ,U uo 3 3ur4.reurue,rr3e o1 J
Ieporu
uersqrnd e ,,{lanbrunu8rsse o} rapro uI .ile,lr se Ur aures eqt Jo lapour uersqrnd
e sl - dnor3 eq1 '(g)wv
r_9J9 ,.7 ) 9 fue ro; ,s1 ryql :(11)7ny go sursrqd
-rouoln€ .reuur{q pasnec ,{lrn8rqure egl seq ,lop
A Io J Iapour uersqcnd e
'6'"''Z'I = ! q c e e r o J ' f 1 a , r r 1 c e d s,e( .ord , A ) t o
q [fg] pue [fy] o1 SurpuodsarrocJ Jo stueuela oq1 ld pue fo fq alouap ,9.6
utrreroeqlur pelels A lo J Iepou u€tsqcnd e pue (od,U)Iz uae.nleqursrqd.rourosr
aql repun 'f snuaS;o U e)eJJnsuuetuerg pesol) e go (oa,g') t.u dnor3 plueur€punJ
aql Jo srolerauaS;o uralsds Ierruouec q ''e'l 'U uo 3urr1.reu n rl t=f{
- 'f snuaE [lS],[!V]]
3' eraq^r Jo [3''U] sec"Jrns uu€urarg pesol) pa{retu II€ }o s}srsuo)
tg aceds rellnuqrrel eqt ,I raldeq3 ur peugap se^.rsv
kZ) 0 snuaS;o Jo t$
'QZ) 0 snue3go
se)eJrnsuueuarg pesolc r; ecedsrefintuq)rel eql uo
Jo sel€urprooc e{]r.U pall€c
-os eugap 'slapour u€rsqcr\{ sroleraueS;o ue1s.{s
fteqs ellr Jo l€)ruorr€c e Bursn fg
oreds a{rl{,{ '9'U
L? acedg arpug '9'7
48 2. Fricke Space

where {ot;,01 }f=, it the canonical system of generators of a Fuchsian model of

.R' which iatisfiLs the normalization conditions with respect to ^D'. From condi-
tion (i), we have iQ) = )z for some l ) 0. Further, by condition (ii), a, and
a! have the common fixed point at L, and hence ) = 1, i.e, i = id. Thus we get
ai = ati and Bi - Fi. tr

Lemma 2.24. Let {oi,gi}o;=, b" the canonical system of generators of the
normalized Fachsian model i for a point lR, El in To. A an element t(z) =
(az + b)/(cz + d) of {o;, |i}t=, do"t not coincide with Bo, then bc } 0.

-
Proof. ln the case where 6 = c = 0, we have Fix(7) = Fix(Be) {0,*},
and hence 7 and Bn are commutative, a contradiction. Next, in the case where
6 = 0 and c * Q,we get Fix(7) = Fix(Be) = {0}. Thus, 7 and Bo being non-
commutative, Lemma 2.20 implies that f is not F\rchsian. Hence we have a
contradiction. By the same argument, in the case where b I 0 and c = 0, we
obtain a contradiction. tr

By this lemma, the canonical system loi,gi )f=t of generators of the nor-
malized Fuchsian model l- for a point [.R,E] in To is written uniquely in the
form

*, = ai di, ci € R, ci ) 0, aidi- bici= I,

T#,
atrz * b,,
9i = eF., "'i ) 0' dili - fiCi= |
o'i,our,C,
ffa 6i,
f o r e a c jh= 1 , i , . . . , 0 - ,
Now, we define the Fricke coorilinatesFo:Tn -* R6e-6 by
f o ( [ R , l ] ) = ( 4 1 ,c 1 ,d 1 ,a l , c \ , d 1 ,. . . , as- | t ce - t , dg - r , a ' o- 1 ,c ' n -r , d ' s- r ) .
The image Fn = fo(To) is called the Fricke space of closed Riemann surfaces
of genus 9. The topology of Fo is introduced by the relative topology of Fo in
R6c-0. In $2 of Chapter 5, we shall verify that.F, is asimply connected domain
in R6g-0. By the following theorem (Theorem 2.25), Fs is a bijective mapping
of ?o to Fo. Hence we define a topology on Q by identifying ?, with -Q under
of a closed Riemann
d. Therefore, a topology of the Teichmiiller space ?(.R)
surface -R of genus g is induced from that of ?n. In the rest of this book, we
assume that Tn and "(.R) are equipped with these topologies.

Theorern 2.25. The Fricke coorilinalesfo: To ---+R6'-6 is injectiae.

Proof. We need to show that every point fo(lR,t]) = (or,"t,dv,...,a's-r,

Co-r,ils-1) in F, determines uniquely the canonical system {oi,0i } of gen-
eiatoriof the normalized F\rchsian model J- for the point [8, E)eTo.
F o r e a c hj ( j = I , 2 , . . . , 9 - l ) , 6 i i s o b t a i n e df r o m t h e r e l a t i o na i d i - b i c i : t
with cr' ) 0, and hence oi is determined uniquely by fo(1R,4)' BV the same
argument, 0i U = 1,2,. . ., g - 1) is also determined.
n '(ls'al)U rq,u"
paururalap a^eq ellt.'aro;araq; 'ZZ'Z ureroeqtr slcrperluoc srql ureSy 'cqoqered
sr ,L acuaq pu€ '6 = p + D leql pug e,lr 'I = cq - pD uorlelel aq1 uror; 'snq;
' V 6 ' Z e : U u . U u i e l f q 6 c a s n e c a q ' I = q + p a ^ e q e ^ , ru e q ? ' I = p a a
OI ;r'are11
.onP-I -0" o-L
(erz) 'I-p+c
I-q+D
san€ (2'6) otq (UI'Z) pu€ (II'Z) Jo uorlnlrlsqns
(zrd_ .-P\ -al - -ro ^
, D _ I
(rrz) -
- ocq
'(Ot'Z) pue (9'6) uro.rg
1aBaan
'16l pauru.ra?ap
e^eqa^,recuag '(p - i/0 - o) - y pue
'I 'ZZ'ZvrarceqJq?rpsrluoc sSlJ 'cqoqeredu ,l
* p'l * e ryql s^rolloJll snql
1eq1sarldurrqclq/'{'} - (f)zrl ecuaqpue'I = p ueq}'I = DJI'(p - I)y = I - p
ol€q a^\ (O'Z) p* (9'6) uro.g 'qsrue,rlou saop 6c ro 6o Jo euo lseal le aculs
(orz) .0=tp(I-p)+6qc
(o'e) '0=ta(r_y-p)*6ec
(s'a) '0=6?q+6e(t-o)
:ploq suorlenba 3uu*o11o;aql 1eql aurnsse .[eur
'p- po* '"- 'q- 'r- ,(q p pue 'a 'g 'o Surceldag
arrr 'fressacau ;t '.,f1arr1cadser
' I - ? q- p D 'g) p'e'q'o , P + z c_ Q ) L
9tzo
'lld'fall=[U
IeS'rldo6po6g= 6noLaltsqe/$
= ,L 3ur11nd 'pl = '.raq1rng
lfd'!plr=!6lJ uolleler pluatuepunJ aql urorJ
'opa6c=6q+6o
Q'z)
eeuaq
pue'I 1e lutod pexu e^rlcertle sll mq to'J roJ (ll) uorlrpuoc uorl€zllsruJou aql
{g'I < y q}l^{ zy = (z)6! el"q a.&t'J.loJ (r) uorlrpuoc uorl€zrl€ruroueq} /tg
'(g'Ul)ot,{q paururralap ers 6d p* to qloq }sq} q ^roqs ol sureuer leq1\
6' aredg e:1crrg'g'g
50 2. Fricke Space

Notes

For historical and expository accounts of the uniformization theorem, we refer to

Abikoff [2], and Bers [29] and [36]. The original idea of using universal covering
surfaces is due to H. A. Schwarz (cf. Bers [29], pp.264-265).Complete details of
covering surfaces are contained in the books on Riemann surfaces listed in the
notes of Chapter 1.
The notion of a F\rchsiangroup was first introduced by Fuchs in the study of
analytic continuation ofsolutions ofcertain ordinary differential equations ofthe
second order (cf. Ford [A-31], Chapter XI). See also Yoshida [A-113]. For more
details on F\rchsian groups, we refer to Jones and Singerman [A-48], and Lehner
groups,
[A-66] and [A-67]. Discrete subgroups of PSL(2,C) are called Kletnian
which are intimbtely related to the theory of Teichmiiller spaces. It is most
regrettable that this interesting subject cannot be covered. Concerning Kleinian
groups, see Beardon [A-11], Berset al. [A-15], Ford [A-31], Krushkal" Apanasov
and Gusevskil [A-61], Lehner [A-66], Magnus [A-70], and Maskit [A-71]. For
relation between Kleinia"n gloups and 3-manifolds, we also refer to Epstein [A-
25] and [A-26], Fathi, Laudenbach and Po6naru [A-29], Morgan and Bass [A-76],
McMullen [154], and Thurston [231]. Poinca"r6[A-90] is his collected works on
Fuchsian groups and automorphic functions.
For the interaction between ergodic theory and discrete groups, see Nicholls
[A-86], Bowen and Series [47], Morosawa [158], Series [195], and Velling and
Matsuzaki [241].
Fricke spaces first appeared in Fricke and Klein [A-33]. For modern treat-
ments, see Abikoff [A-1], Goldman and Magid [A-36], Bers and Gardiner [42],
Keen [110], Saito [186], and Weil [243].
For a representation of a Riemann surface' we can use a .9cfioltky group
instead of a F\rchsian group, and we obtain a schottky space instead of a
Teichmiiller space. This topic is discussed in Bers [35], Hejhal [98], and Sato
[188] and [18e].
 sa{s4os V - V
: t |utddoru ctryl"toutoloyfr"taag (wlo ru:al s6{crd-z.re,*qcg) '1'g uorlrsodor;
'zz pup- Iz uee/r
leq
??uDlslp?rDourod eq1 (zz'rz)d llet e^\.aclr€lslp Jo $uorxe aql seuslles d ryqI
u^roqs sr.Il'zz pue rz ?ceuuoct{clq,$ 7 ut se^rnf, elqeul}leJ II€ sa^ou 3 'arag
rf c
'o
, l 'zi l' - t
i' l (zz'tz)d
/ - l u' =
lzplz J
'V tlz slu-tod orr,r.1fue log
las alrlr ) zr
'drlauroaS ueaprlcng-uou eJo lapotu e lrnrlsuoc ol clrletu stt{l pesn ?J€culod 'H
. z Q l '-l i =
"tP
"1'P1tr xuleu 9rv?utod eq}
sr euo luelrodrur leqloue pue 'rftp * "*p = ,ltpl -- es'pclrletu ueepqcng aql sl
ureqlJo auo'srrrla{u ..letrnleu,,Iere^es seq {I > lrl I C ) zI = 7 }tslP }Iun eqtr
crrlatr l ?rBcurod 'T'I'8
l(llaruoag rrloqrod/tH pue rlrlatr tr ?rerutod 'I'g
'uolsrnql
'A\ fq pasodorddlluacars€^rqcrq/!\'acedsrellnurq)Ial aqt uotlecyrlceduroe
Jo
elq€1oue Jo uorlf,nrlsuot eql Jo q)le{s e e,rr3 aaa.'p uorlcag ut 'fleutg
'urely pup a{?tJd suorle3tlsa,rul 'sq1Eua1
Jo Ieclsselcut ur3trosl! seq qctq,lr
crsepoe3go sueeru,(q acedsueaprlcngue olur acedsrallntuqclel eql JoSutppequa
ue ssncsrpa,n 'g uorlces uI 'e?€Jrnsuu€ureru pesoll e 3o ecedsrallnuq?Ial
aql uo 'saleurp.roolueslerNleq?uad 'saleurprooc uralsdse auuaPe1'r
Pallec ;o
'd.rlauroaEcrloqradfq 3urs11'scrsapoe3 esoql fletcadsa
Sutu.recuof,
6 uorlces ur
'serlredordcrseq{pn1spue elrlau ereculodaql eugepaiu.'1uorlcagut'1s.rtg
'{srp uuetuelg
}run eql uo crr}eruersculodaql dq pecnpulfl tlclq^rseceJrns
uo frleuroa3 cqoqredfq aq1;o slcedseaurosssnc$pII€qsa^\ 'reldeqc sql uI
salBurProoc
uoslarN-Iaqruad puB rt.rlauroa.D rrloq.radfll
t raldBrlc
52 3. Hyperbolic Geometry and Fenchel-Nielsen Coordinates

lf'.(:)l =. - l " r - z € a.
I - l f ( r ) l ' = 1+,
Moroaer, if the equality holds at one point in A, then f is a biholomorphic
aulornorphism of A, and the equalitg holds at any point of A.

Proof. Fix a point z in A arbitrarily, and set

w*z
.tt\w) =TlZw,

/ \ w-f(z)
lztwt=, -fz1w'

Then 71 and 72 belong to Aut(A), and ,F(to) = J2 o f " lr(w) is a holomorphic

mapping of 4 into 4. Since .F(0) = g attd
'l - l,l2
F,(o)=
ffif'(r),
we have the assertion by Schwarz'lemma. tr

When we denote by /-(ds2) the pull-back of the Poincard metric ds2 =

aldzl2/(l - lrl')' by /, Proposition 3.1 implies that

f* (ds2) < ds2

and that I.(dt2) - dsz if and only if belongs ro Aut(A).

/

Corollary. Eaery holomorphic mapping f : A ------A satisfies

p(f (zt), f (zzD 1 p(21, z2), 21,22 € A.

Remark. In general, the Gaussian curaalure /{(h) of a Riemannian metric

h ( z ) 2 l d z l z( h ( r ) > o ) i s g i v e n b y

4 fl2logh
,h(h)=-Fd

A simple computation shows that the Gaussian curvature of the Poincar6 metric
is identically equal to -1 on 4.
Moreover, we can see that, when a metric h(z)2ldzl2 is invariant under the
action by Aut(A), it is coincideni with the Poincar6 metric, up to a constant
factor.
 'y otuo
H lo (! + z)/(? - ,) = (z)1,uorleurroJsuert
snlqgl i eqt ,,(qv uo zspcrrleru ?r"curod eql Jo {req11nd aql 1nq3mq1ouq qclq,tr
, z(lu'l) = ,rrp
"l'Pl
3ur11as,(qpaugap sr g aueld-geq .raddnaql uo {sp crrlaur ar"curod eq&'tlrout?[
''V LV uo slurod oall i(ue Eurlcauuoc crsapoe3fre,ra'6'9
Jo rr"qns e q
uorlrsodor4 ,tq 'teql a?ou eJaH ',0 fq uorlce eql rapun luerrslur sr f,y uxe aq;
'L p'V sDr€eql palpc sr Ve oI 1euo3oq1.ro sr pue slurod asaql q3no.rq1sassed
qcrqa,llluaur3as auq eql ro alcrr? eql Jo y u1 lred aql l"ql Ip?eU 'Vg uo Lo prte L.r,
slurod paxg Irurlsrp otrl seq l, 'crloqredfq 4 (VhnV 3 ,L uaqal '1eq1 lpcag
tr 'lzz'o)
- = (zz'1)d acuag
7 luaur3es euq eq? qlr^r lueprcurof, sr Cyr fluo pueJI (rh
-
.2, I
xp7,
,W"[
",ol
eleq era 'zz pue g Surlcauuoo trts pesolc frala ro;'r".II
C
'U
f d elq€1lns qYal. (V)7nY P
zlz -t
= Q) L
#eP
'0 1 zz pue = rz
luauela ue fq tuaql Sururrogsuert /tq 0 1eq1 etunsse deur
en'(V)1ny fq uorlce ar{l repun lu€rrelur sr crrleru ar€curod eq1 acurg /oo.l4,
'v lo
sl puD zz puo rz q0norqt sassodt1cn1m7uau,6as
Vg fi.topunoqeql oI 1ouo0or17.to
euq eql ro el?Jr?eyyto ctoqns o s, puD anbtun st 7r |teaoanory'V ul zz puo rz
|utTcauuoc crsapoa0o slsNaeere1l 'V ) zz'rz fi^to4tq.toro,I 'Z'g uorlrsodor6
'(C)l = (zz'rr)d
eleq e^r JI '9z ul zz pve Iz $ullcauuoc (cr.r1eru
gr€oulod aq1 o1 lcadsar q1ra,r)ctsapoe0e 'V ul zz pue rz Surlcauuot'g cre pasolc
elq€Urlcar€ IIef, e \'V ) zr 'rz s?ulod orrr1fue rod'(r)/ fq 1r elouap pu€'C
p y76ua1cqoqtadfr,tlaql sp "[ lV, ell.'V ur , ]re pasolc alqegrlcer fre,ra rog
scrsaPoaD 'z'T't
t9 ,{r1auroag cuoqradifll pu" f,rrlel{ gr"f,u-Iod 'I't
54 3. Hyperbolic Geometry and Fenchel-Nielsen Coordinates

3.L.3. Hyperbolic Metric on a Riemann Surface

Let it be a Riemann surface whose universal covering surface is biholomorphi-

cally equivalent to 4. Consider a Fhchsian model I of ,R acting on /. Let
r: A - r? be the projection of 4 onto R = A/f. Since the Poincar6 metric
ds2 is invariant under the action by .l-, we obtain a Riemannian metric ds2pon
R which satisfies
r- (dszp)= d,s2.

We call this dsft the Poincar6 metric, or the hyperbolic metric on R.

Now, every 1 e f corresponds to an element [Cr] of the fundamental group
r{R,po) of ,R (Theorem 2.5). In particular, 7 determines the free homotopy
class of C7, where C,, is a representative of the class [Cr]. We say that 7 coaers
the closedcurue Cr.
When j € f is hyperbolic, it is seen that the closed curve -t, - A-, I 1l ),
the image on .R of the axis A, by zr, is the unique geodesic(with respect to the
hyperbolic metric on ,R ) belonging to the free homotopy class of Ct. We call L-,
the closed geodesiccorresponding to 7, or to C.,.

Proposition 3.3. Lel R be a Riemann surface with uniaersal coueringsurface

H , and 11 be a Fuchsian model of R acting on H. Let

az*b
tk) = cz*d'
a , b , c , de P - , a d - b c= 7 ,

be a hyperbolicelemenlof 11, and L, bethe closedgeodesic

on R corresponding
to 7. Then the hyperboliclenglhI(Lr) of L, satisfies

t.'(r) - @+d)2= 4cosh2

e)

Prool. Since t(L-r) and tr2(7) are invariant under the conjugation of 7 by an
element ol Aut(H), we may assume that 7(z) - )z (.\ > 1). We may also
assumethat o - t5, b = c =0, and d = I/\5.In this case,we have

((L.t)
= Ir^
+ = log) = 2log a.
Hence we have the assertion. !

3.1.4, Pants

Consider cutting a Riemann surface r? which admits the hyperbolic metric by a

family of mutually disjoint simple closed geodesicson R. Let P be a relatively
compact connected component of the resulting union of subsurfaces.If P contains
no more simple closed geodesic of .r?,then P should be triply connected, i.e.,
homeomorphic to a planar region, say
 'd
louoNeuelseueslerNaql Pellet sr d Pu€'d Jolaweq ueslerN erll Pall€l
'd
st 2r 'f11en1rq€H'-dJ fq paurunalap flanbiun ,, j '.pto^ reqto uI Jo slued
'2' ',,(pee13
;o rred anbrun eql s! plq^{ 3o aee;rnsqns € s'e pereplsuoc sl d
'(t'g '31.{ eas) 'pelcauuoc ,{1dr.r1
; Jo lapour uelsqcqil e q d.7 pue
ure3e sr 'acue11'lueuodtu6r ,t.repunoq qcee Suop uorSar palceuuof, .{1qnop
2'
elq€lrns e Surqcelp fq 4'uro.r; paul€tqo areJrns€ sI uaql 'a,t/V - d las
dr
ql/d -
d pue'suotleurrogsuerl
crloq.rad,tqom1fq pele.reue3dno.r3aa.ge s1 d.7 uaql 'd = ({)t }€tI} q?ns J Jo L
sluetuele yo Surlsrsuoc
1e J Jo dnor3qns eqt dJ fq alouaq '(d) r -! Jo lueuoduroc
pelceuuoce aQ aq1 aq JIV = U - V i )L pve'7 uo 3ur1ce
d 1e1'uorlcelord 'fpre.r1rqr"
U Jo lapour uersqcqE e aq J 1e1 g 3o 7 slued ;o .rted e xtg
'r'8'tIJ
4J/V:d
'U uo rlsapoe3 pasolc elduns € sl
2I ul d Jo frepunoq
e^rleler eqt Jo luauoduroc palrauuoc frarra 3r Pue Palceuuoc i(1dt.r1q d JI g'
'g
e IIef, e^\ '.re1;eara11
1o sTuod;o .rted e U Jo d eD€Jrnsqnslcedtuoc f1errr1e1e.r
Surppnqa.r.ro; secerdlseilerus eql Jo auo s€ pereplsuoc aq ue? d et"Jrnsqns e qcns
({i t rr- ",}^{i >rr+,r})- { z > l z l } = 0 4
frlauroa.g rqoqraddll 'I't
cc Pu€ f,rrlel{ grsf,urod
 3. Hyperbolic Geometry and Fenchel-Nielsen Coordinates

3.1.5. Existence and Uniqueness of P'-ts

We shall discuss the relationship between the complex structure of a triply con-
nected domain J? and the hyperbolic structure of P, the unique pair of pants of
O, induced by the hyperbolic metric on O.
Let L1,L2, and..L3 be the boundary components, which a.re simple closed
geodesics, of the pair of pants P. Let J-e be a Fuchsian model of the domain
O acting on A. Then'i-s is a free group generated by two hyperbolic trans-
formations, say, 7r and. 72. We may assume that 71 and 72 cover .L1 and L2,
respectively.

Theorem 3.4. For an arbitrarily giaen triple (ayaz,as) of positiae numbers,

lhere erists a triply connected planar Riemann surfoce Q such that

t(Li)=a1, i-1,2,3.

Proof. We prove it by constructing O explicitly.

Let Cr be the part of the imaginary axis in A. Fix another geodesic, say C2,
on 4 such that the Poincar6 distance between C1 and C2 is equal to a1f 2. On the
other hand, geodesics on 4 from which the Poincar6 distance to C1 are equal
to oBf2 form a real one-parameter family (i.e., the family of circular arcs Cl
tangent to the broken circular arc in Fig. 3.2-i)). Hence there exists a geodesic,
say Cs, in this family such that the Poincard distance between Cz and Cg is
equal to a2f2.

Fig.3.2.

Next, let 21 arrd z2 be the points in 4 uniquely determined by the condition

p(rr,r) = zr e Ct, zze Cz.

?,
Let L\ be the geodesic connecting 21 and 22. Similarly, let {z3,za} and {rs,re]1
be the pairs of points uniquely determined by the conditions
 lsrll eutrrnssp feur e,r. 'r(.ressacau.l uorleEntuot-(g)7ny ue 3ur:1et 'asodrnd srql
rog'r={{{o},(q peururralap,{lanbrun are zL pue I,L }eql ^\oqs o} seclsns U
'e? sraloc o zL) - eL 'I
,_(tf teql pue (e = 1) 17 s.rairoc{1, ?sqt arunsss feur aa,r
'ara11'0.7 srolereuaS;o rualsfs e aq 'I.L} 'g eueld-y1eqraddn eq} uo
Jo {zt leT
3ur1ce Jo lepour uersqr\{ e eq 0J pu€ 'd Jo uorsuelxe ueslarN eql eq d ?c,-I'd
d
Jo (g'Z'l = f) f7 lueuoduroc frepunoq aq1 ;o q1Eua1crloqlad,(q eql eq lp p"I
'fy.rer1rq.reuaarEsr sluedgo ned s 'too.r4
2, teql esoddng ('IIt'[Ott] uaay'93)
'4 cqoqtedfrq aqy fiq
lo sTuauoduoefi".topunoq perepro aq1lo st176ua7
p?aunrepp fryanbrunsa 4 syuodto .ttorl o to ernlrtuls aelilutoc ?ttJ .g.g ruoJoaql
'(g'g '81.{ eas) ace;rns peilsap " sr snqtr '0J ,tq uorlce eql rapun (O)tbnO
tr {Ji
go ,trepunoq eq1 Surf;rluapl fq paurclqo ?as eql Jo rorrelur eql sl (J ;o 2, slued
yo rpd anbrun arl? lstll pue 'pelceuuoc f1du1 sr.oJ /V = U leq+ realc s-rlt
'8'8'ttJ
.z,L pue rl, aseqt fq
pele.rauaEdno.rEaq1 aq o.ir1e1 '(V)l"V t" sluauele arloqrad,tu are zl, pue rl, ueq,L
'Vtoeb-zL tebsV)-rl-
'eslrlurod fg Eur,rraserd
les 3 go ursrqdrour
-o1ne crqd,rouroloq-rlu"aqt ''e'l'f^2 o1 qlr^r uorl?auer
laadsar eql;q (g'Z't = f)
lh p1 't=[{!,1'!c} fq pepunoq uo3exaq cqoqrad,(q pesolt eq? eq o p"r
('(fa'g 'ft9 eag) 'ez Pue ez Pue'?z
pue 8z Eurlceuuoc scrsapoaSeq1 'f1a,rr1cadse.r'!7 pve 1I ,{q alouaq 'flelrlcedser
'rC)sz'eC)sz , 7 , = (sz(s2)i
tp
' 8 8 8 8 8 C ) v z ( z C ) ,E zz - ( v z ' e s ) 6
Z9
L9 i(rlauroag ruoqradi(g pu" rrrlel l ?r"3ulod 'I't
58 3. Hyperbolic Geometry and Penchel-Nielsen
Coordinates

It(z)=\22, 0<)<1,
/ \ az*b
.r2(z) =;ii,, ad- bc- I,c ) 0,

and that 1 is the attractive fixed point of 12, or equivalently,

alb=sai, O<-!<t.
c

Then we see that fz(m) = a/c ) 0 and a + d > 0, since the middle-point
(a - d)/(2c) of two fixed points of 72 has a value less than Zz(oo).
Next, write
dz*b
(, 7 3\ -) 1- ',( ,z=) - u u A , ad-bz- 1-

Since (73)-l = j2o 7r, we may assumethat

6,=a\, 6=b1\, E-c\, d=a1>,.

In particular, d > 0. Moreover,the middle-point(6 - a11pe1ofthe fixed points
of (73)-1 has a valuegreaterthan (73)-r(x) = d/8. Hence,a + d < O.
On the other hand, by Proposition3.3, we have

() + l/r)' =4cooh2
(+) ,
(a+ d)2=4cosh2 2 / ',
f\ +)
@+ J:2=4cosh2
(+)
\ 2 /

Therefore,'y1 and j2 are uniquely determined by {or, az,as}. tr

We have proved that, for any triple of positive numbers, there exists a pair of
pants admitting a reflection (induced, for example, by rlr) such that the hyper-
bolic lengths of the ordered boundary components are the given triple (Theorem
3.4), and that it is uniquely determined by the given triple (Theorem 3.5). Thus
we have the following corollary (see also Fig. 3.4).

Corollary. Eaerg pair of pants P has an anti-holornorphic automorphism Jp of

order two.
M o r e o a e r , L h es e t F r r = { z e P l J p ( r ) = z } o f a l l f i x e d p o i n l s o f J p c o n s i s t s
of thrce geodesics{Di}|=, in P satisfyingthe following condition:
For eueryj (j = L,2,3), Di has the endpointson, and is orThogonalto, both
L i a n d L 1 ; r , w h e r eL + = L t .

We call "Ip described in this corollary the rc,fl,ectionof P.

 .6J
uo selDuzpron ueslely-leq?ury pelle;. sI sel€ulprooc;o rua1s.{s€ qcns 'sacerdaql
an13o1 pasn sralatuered 3ut1stall pellec-os arll Jo las aql pue slued olur uorysod
-ruocep e^oqe eql ur pesn scrsapoe311e;o sqlSualJo les aq1;o.ued aq1 'rg aceds
rellnurqcral aql roJ sel€urproo?;o ue1s.{s e se '.reptsuocue, a^\ 'ecue11'f1qe1tns
secard3ur11nsarIIe 3urn13fq palcnrlsuocer sI U leql r€elc sI lI 'g'g ura.roaq; ,{q
1r Jo scrsepoe3,{.repunoqyo sqlEual cqoqradfq eql Jo a1dtr1aq1 fq paunurelep
.{lanbrun sl g. Jo slued ;o rred qcea Jo ernlf,nrls xelduroc eq} }eql II€reU
'p. yo qued '1as uado Surureurereql ul
3o .rrede eq plnoqs ecard drarraueql
paureluoc U Jo s)rsepoa3pasolc alduns eroru ou are areql uaq1yg, uo {sp f,Ir}aur
crloqrad.rtqaq1 o1 laadser qllr* srtsepoa3pesolc aldurts 1u1ofs1p flenlnur 3uo1ey
3ur11ncraprsuoc'eroyaq sy'(e {) f snua3Jo af,eJrnsuu"ruerg pesol?e aq Ur lerl
uorlrsodtuocaq slusd'1''Z'e,
'.re1deqc$r{}
Jo rapulqurer aq1 ut fleeq suollJasseeql esn
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'g-fgll o7 ctr1d.r,ou.to?uo?!
puD e-oell a!
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'.{1e,rr1rn1ur
reql€r 1nq 'o3e aurrl 3uo1e pelrecuof, sehruaJoaql Euro,o11o;
eq1 're,roarohtr'e-6etlJolasqnse sl tdr ecedse4crrgaql'flsnoue.rd pa1e1ssy
'.{rlaruoa3crloqred,tq Sursn ,,lq 6g o1 saleurproo)
Jo
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'eceds ueeprpng tg lasqns
l€uorsueurp-(S-0g) learJo (eceds e{clq aq1 parueu)
* * (Z ?) f snua3 ;o tg aceds rellnuqtlal aql peluasardar am,'6 reldeqS u1
sa +B ur P r o o cu a sla r N{ a q r u a J' z' 8
'?'8'ttJ
sat"urProoc uaslarNlaqruad'z'8
60 3. Hyperbolic Geometry and Fenchel-NielsenCoordinates

Now,. we grve a precise definition of these coordinates, and verify that they
give a system of global coordinates on To.
For this purpose, first fix a point [.R,.D] of ?r. A set 4 of mutually disjoint
simple closed geodesics on .R is termed matirnal if there is no set 4' which
includes 4 properly. We call a maximal set .C = {fi}j!, of mutually disjoint
simple closed geodesics on rt a syslem of decomposing curaes, and the family
P = {PxW' consisting of all connected components of R - UltLi the pants
decompositionof R corresponding to L.

Emmple. When g = 2, there are the two kinds of pants decompositions shown
in Fig. 3.5.

Fig.3.5.

Proposition 3.6. Let L = {li}l=, be an arbitrary system of decomposing

curaes on a closed Riemann surface R of genas C (>-2), and letP = lPxlf=t
be lhe pants decomposition of R concsponding to t,. Then M and N satisfy

N=3g-3 and M=2g-2.

Proof. Cut r? along an element Ly of L. Let n1 be the number of connected

components of .R- .t1, and 91 be the sum of genera of all connected components
of R - tr1. Then we have

9r-nr=(g-1)-1.

Clearly, the number of boundary components of ,R - -t1 is two.

Moreover, we can see inductively that, whenever we add a cut along a new
element of 4, the number of boundary components increases by two, and the
sum of genera of all connected components minus the number of connected
components decrea^ses by one. Hence, we have
gM __2N and 0_ M =(g_1)_N,
 .l.r!t!"^ -= (7)!6
(t)!t-"
1ag'(1ou rc (7)17 Jo 1eql qlrar alqrleduroc s1 (3)fuJo uorteluerro eql raqleqa ol
Eurproace a.,rrleEauro a,rrlrsod sg (3).r.r.1eq1 os) (l)l,l,l" (l)f, qt3n"t cqoqred,tq
pau3rs eql eusap ust e^l 'lI lo l"ql uro+ peururalep uorleluarro l€rnl"u eql
seq (l)fZ acurg'(3)z'fc o1 (3)t'fa urory (3)f7 uo f,trepatuerro eqt aq (t)fap1
.(ic'ta
Jo uorlcagar
aqlgo lurod pexss sl (U'I = t) (1)t'!c qcee uaql'(l)f7 uo Ot't1;o lurod aq1
(ic'ft fq pue '{t3ua1 prurunu qtyn (1)r'12,ur (7)t'!7 pue (1)f7 Eururof crsapoa3
aq1 (1)r'fc, i(q alouaq 't'17 ol Eurpuodsarro) (i't'!d;o luauodruoc frepunoq eq1
eq (7)t'!7 p"l'1'14 u1 tr'!7 fes 'luauoduroc f.repunoq raqloue pue !7 Sururof
r'f6. crsepoe3 aq1 yo f7 uo lurod pua a{} sl (Z,I - q) t'fc qcee }€ql IIeceU
'f1a,rr1cadsa.r'z'!4 pue r'14 o1 Surpuodsa.uo?(tU;o slued a.re qcrq,u,)(l)fZt=Jn
- ? Jo sluauoduroc palcauuo? aql aq (iz'fa pue (1)t'f4' 1a1'f, pue l fra,re rog
''d.rl ';;o 'a.ro;aq sy
I {rara.rog 1o1 Eurpuodserroc lurod aql aq l,3'rA) 1a1
'(g'g'3t.{ aas) f7 uo uol}sluerro us osls
"g'r'fa,tq t1
alouep pu" '(e'I = {) r't, qcea rc1 !7 uo Y Jo lurod paxg " e{"I 'g'g ureroaqJ
o1 fre11oro3 eql ^q 'flarrrlcadse.r 'zf pue r/ uorlcager aql lrurpe z'!4 pue t'14
'z'f4 - r'.r2'a.raq,r,r
es€l aql ,&roll"e^r areH'lueuoduroc drepunoq e
leql II€lsU
g" f7 Eul\eq d ul slued;o s.rred oiu.1aq z'!4 pue r'fd 1a1'/ fra,re roy 'lxaN
sralaruerBd Eullqar;'g'Z'g
'6d uo cr1fi1ouo1oa.r,
st (l)h uo4cunt y76ua7nsapoa| fi.taag 'Z'g BuruxaT
serTdur ueqy t7 rc1uot1cun!
6'9uorlrsodord vtfuq ?*?po;fflttftTopH iU
uo 'flluelerrrnbe.ro) 6g uo uorlcunJ € se (1)f7 raprsuoc eM'(ib fq fldrurs Ol7 p
((l)!l)l qfual cqoqrad{q eq} elouep eiu'f l(ra,repue td ur 3 itre,re ro;'aro11
'f, fra,ra q (!1)tg sreloc qcq/rt ,J
Jo luatuala u€ Jo slx€ eq1 ;o uotlcafo,rd
aq1 sr (1)f7 leq? eloN'1fq paluesardarrgrJo lepow u"rsqcr\{ eqt aq tJ ta1
.rar uo
salrnc Sursodruocap;o uralsfs e sr t--;f{11;t1\ = rj'eoue11 ',1 + | uaqar lurofsrp
.r(11en1nur ere (7),17 pue (3)f7 l€rl? pue 'eldurrs sr (1)f7 ?€rll aorls ot llnclgrp tou
q lI
'? uo (!7)r1 a^rne pasole arlt
Jo ss€p fdolouroq eerJaql ur crsapoe3pesolc
enbrun aql eq (l)fZ f"t 'J ul !7 {ra,re rog '(y'1 uraroaq; 'Jc) tU - A : tt
ursrqdrouroauroq Eur,rrasard-Eur4retue alel tr(1arue11 'tgr uo selrnf, Sutsodurooap
I=J{(t) l?} = ,J urelsfs e ,tlanbrun aunurelap uec er$'t".II '? o1 Eurpuodserroc
Jo
t; ur aqt
lurod lt3'
"U] ,tq alouep e$'6,tr a*ds aqcrq4eqt ul t fra,ra rog '3. uo
selrnc Eursodurocepf" tlf{fZ} - '6J
7 ure1s.{se pue lo [g'g,] lurod e xld
suorlcur\{ q1Eua1 crsapoaD 'Z'Z't
'uorlrasse aql ,(1dun qcqaa
I9 u3,{'z't
seleuProoc uaslarN-Iaqf,
62 3. Hyperbolic Geometry and Fenchel-Nielsen Coordinates

Dt,z

D;,r

(P.;,1: Pi,z)

Fig.3.6.

Then 0i(f) is well-defined modulo hr. We caII01(t) the twisting parameler with
respect to L1.

Lemma 3.8. For eueryj, exp(id1(t)) is well-definedand real-analylic on Fn.

Proof. Ftx 1. For every f in .Fr, let fi be the Fuchsian group represented by t.
Take an element of 4 which covers tr;(l), and denote it by 71(t). Next, for each
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&(=
1,2),Iet 7i,x(t) be the element of [ which covers L1,x(t) and satisfes that

the geodesicDi,n(t), connecting ,41(f) and A1,*Q) with the minimal length, is
projected onto Di,*(t), where,4i(t) and A1,r(t) are the axes of 7i(l) and T,x(t),
respectively(see Fig. 3.7).
Here, we may assumethat the fixed points of 7i(t), ti,t(t), and 7i,2(t) move
real-analytically on d. Hence, when we take aconjugation of ,Q by an element
o f A u t ( H ) s o t h a t 7 1 ( t ) g o e st o f u ( t ) ( z ) = . \ j ( r ) . z ( \ ( t ) ) 1), the fixed points
of fu,*(t) corresponding to 7i,1(t) move also real-analytically on Fo for each #.
Now, c1,1(t) is the projection of the end point Zi,r(t) "t fu,x(t) to A1Q).
Ifence, if we show that 6i,x(t) moves real-analytically on Fr, the assertion follows
by the definition of 11(t) and Lemma 3.7.
To show this, fix /c, and let p1 and p2 be the fixed points of ii,i(l). Set
c13(t) = iv* (v* > 0). Since

'7*(ry)' =(o'to')'
,
we see real-analyticity of ci,r(l).
 .([tqz] pue ,h-yl
1.rad1o44
.Uo{lqy
';c) ursrqd.rouroe$lpe sl
g_ogtl x ,_rg(ag) - 6l : 'dgenlcy 'IrDur?A
4i
'(sa,r.rncEursodurocep;o uralsfs eql qtyr\ 'to)
7 d uotltsodtuocap slued aql
rl?-rrA
paler)osse t;;o selouxprooxueslery-Ieq)uef ^seler;rprooc asaql II€r elA
.6a uo
nuaq puD'6,I uo sa?Durproo? 7oqo16 uI 'e-oellX
lo ue7sfrro saat64i'.to7nc4.r,od
6g 'OI'8 tuaroaql
e-re(+U) oTuo to rusttld;oruoeuoq e s? 4 6utddnu, s?ttJ
'uaroaql 3uralo1o; eq1 erro.rd,r.ou 'le,roelotr41
ilBqs aru
'uf uo ctTfipuo-pat st
( ( l ) " - u " a ' . . . , ( t ) r0 , ( t ) e - u e T. . . , ( t ) r t ) = ( t )r t
ueqJ '! tuaaa ut 6g uo (7)lg
nTatuo.tod 6ut7stm7aqyto qcun"tqsnonurluo? panlna-e16utsD ottr '6'g eurtrrarl
:3ur,r.lo11o;
eql e^€r{ e,lr snqtr '(uraroaql ftuo.rpouour eql) t/ uo r{ou€rq
snonurluoc panp,r,-e13urs € s€rl (3){6 frarra',{13urp.roccy'uleurop paltauuof, .{ldurrs
(pueq raqlo aqt uO
e s-rtJ l"q1 sale?s(91'g ura.roaql) ura.roaqls(rellnuqclatr
'{f = t} - +lI 13seA\ereg
Itl I C > t} = rS pue tO < t lu>
' (((r)t-rtOl)dxa'. . .' ((1)t6r)dxa'(t)e-aq . .'' (t)rt) = (t)'t
6tr : e Paugepeleq ax\ '.re;o5
:e-re(rS) x e-oe(+tI) - 4i Surddeu cr1.,{1eue-1ear
salBurPlooc uaslalN-IaqcuoJ'v'z' I
't'8'ttd
Q|'r,
(t)z''g (t1z''t
U7t'rt
t9 sal"urprooc uaslarN-leqf,uaJ'z't
 64 3. Ilyperbolic Geometry and Fenchel-Nielsen Coordinates

Prool. First, we show thatitrr is injective. Suppose that fr(tr) =rir(t) for some
t1 and t2 in Fo. Let Ra, be the Riemann surface represented by t; (with the
natural marking), and A = {P}(i)};s=;" b" th" pa^ntsdecomposition of &,
correspondingtoP, for each f (= 1,2).BV Theorem 3.5 and the assumption,
there is a conformal mapping, say g&, of P7,(1) onto P1(2) which respects the
boundary correspondencefor every /c.Moreover, the proof of rheorem B.b implies
that
dsl = (si4.@sl).
Here, dsl (f = 1,2) is the hyperbolic metric on &,.In pa.rticular,every 9r is a
hyperbolic isometry of the closure of Pi(l) onto the closure of Pp(2). Since

|j(tr) = ?i(tr), j = 1,...,39- 3,

all g1 can be glued together into a ma^rking-preservinghomeomorphism, say h,

of rt1, onto -R1r. Since lr is holomorphic on r?1, except for a finite number of
analytic curves, so is h on the entire .R1, by Painlev6's theorem. Hence, h is a
biholo-morphic mapping of -R1,,which implies that t1 = lz. Thus we have proved
that P is injective.
Next, we show that f is surjective. For this purpose, we begin with fixing a
point (4a1, .. . ,eas-s,e1t. . . ,ass-z) of (R+;sc-a x R3s-3 arbitra.rily.For every
P3 in the pants decomposition P of R, denote by {Il,i}i=, (C .C) the boundary
components of Pp. From $1.5, there is a unique pair of pants, say Pto,such that
the triple of the hyperbolic lengths of the boundary components of Pf is equal
to the given triple {ou,i}i=r.SetPt= pil and pi,2 be
{P;}ir=lt.As before, let
the elements of P neighboring each other along .Li for every j, and let pj,xbe
the element of P/ correspondingto Pip (l = I,2). Let Ci,2be the point oii th"
boundary of Pjp correspondingto ci,t for every j and l.-
Now, by gluing Pj,1 and P/,2 suitablV along curves corresponding to ,Li for
every j, we obtain a Riemann surface, say r?'. We need to choose a suitable
gluing (and a-suitable marking of .R') so that R/ corresponds to a point t, of
F , s u c ht h a t f ( t / ) i s e q u a lt o t h e g i v e n( a 1 , . . . , a 1 s _ B , d l , . . . , a s s _ a ) . T h i s c a n
be achieved by gluing Pr{,1and Pj,2so that the twisting parameter becomes the
given ai for every j.
We shall explain this procedure more rigorously by using Fuchsian models.
In the rest of this proof, we consider only the case where Pil t' pi,z, for the
other case can be considered similarly.
Fix j, and let 4,r be a Fuchsian model of the Nielsen extension P|,r "t fj,t
for each &. Here we assume that every 4.,r acts on the upper half-ptanl f , aird
that the transformation

l(z)=\2, )-expai)L

belongs to both 4,r and li,z, and 7 coversthe boundary component, say Ll1r, of
Pj,r corresponding to.Li for each & (& = 1,2). We also assume that the nilural
orientation of the axis ,4 = {z € Hl, - 'iu,y ) 0} of 7 corresponds to the
prescribed orientation of .ti, and that the point i € /l lies over cl,x with respect
to li,* for each /c.
 'Z-6?,'...'I = "la =(qa)rl
{
'eroJeq "'fa
* pue r'{" 3urn13
l€tll q?ns ,U oluo A p rt tusqd.rouroauoqe xrJ
fq paurclqoec"Jrnsuueuerg eql sq ,A 1eI"tr;o dlrrrrlcaf.rns;oyoord er{l Jod
('r 'dtq3 '[tz-f] tl{se4 acu€tsulroJeas'sruaroaql
uorl€urquo) .rog'(saaeg.rns om1Surlaauuor.rog)uuoeql uorlDurquocs(uNelNse
ulrou{ flpcrsselc q slqtr) '!/A Jo uorsuelxeueslarNeql Jo Iapou u€rsqcr\{ e sr
I'lJr {q paleraueEdnorSuersqf,ndaq1'sprornraqlo uI'{ rl"€a roJ
,-gz'!J9, l ' pue
! ,
tt'!4 uo '?"p ,It!^ s (a,unaf.repunoqEurureura.r {.raaaEuole'}'I$ ul
lueprcuror
r'la p uorsuelxe uaslarN aqlJo uorlrnrlsuor eql ur pasnse^rqf,rq^\'ureuropEurr
elq"lrns e 3urqce11e fq lnt urorJpeurelqoec"Jrnsuusuarg eql ''e'l) fr14ureurop
3ur11nsar ?ql uorsuelxeueslerNeql uo f,rrlerucqoqred,(q"ql'(H)?nV 3 9 acurg
Jo
'fo olnpou fp3o1 ot r'fa uorJ
lenba sr z'!p oI {fua1 uor}elsusrlarlt }erll qcns
t'l,l z'!4 pue t'fa p 3urn13e e^eqe^{ueqJ
1z'!,7pue to uorlecgrluapleql ,(q)
'8'8'EtJ
'nJ
|;e
('g'g'q.{ aag) 't'1Jo tuetuelerrc se pareprsuoo,LJoy srxe aq} uo (")g qft^
z'!tr p lueutueleue se pereprsuoc,LJo y srx€ eql uo z f.tete,tg11uap1'(n)WV lo
'ztp - (z)g
0 < lp
luauale eql raplsuoopue'(r,6f lofo)dxa = fp 1eg
99 sal"urProoc uaslarN-Iaqf,uad'z't
66 3. Hyperbolic Geometry and Fenchel-Nielsen Coordinates

Then [rR',h-(t)] determinesa point of To.Let l'be the correspondingpoint of

.Fo. From the preceding construction, it is clear that

l i ( t ' ) = a t , i = I , " ' , 3 9- 3 ,

and that
).t
0 1 ( t ' 1 : ^ : I " e d 1 p o 1 ) ( m o d2 r ) , j = t , . . ' , 3 9- 3 .
uj

(Note that, at preseni, we cannot say that 01(t') = ai, because the choice of
branch of 0i is not unique.)
Hence, letting Ti; R' ------R'be the Dehnlwist with respectto trl , the curve
on.R'corresponding to.ti, we can find integers ftrt.'. ,fl3s-3 such that

[R :,(T i 'o...orti :i" o h) .( t) ]

corresponds to a point, say ttt, which satisfies

, i r 1 t ,=
, 1( o r , . . . , a s s _ s , o t r . . . , o s c _ s ) .

Thus we have shown that fr is surjective.

Here, the Dehn twist Q with respect to.Lj is, by definition, a homeomorphism
of R' onto ,? corresponding to the following surgery: cut R' along L! a.nd reglue
after a rotation of 2zr (see Fig. 3.9). Note that applying Ti, we can make the
value of di increase by 2r while every other 0i U'+j) remains unchanged.

o0 o

twist

Fig.3.9.

Now, we have proved that fr : Fo -------+

(R+)sr-a x R3r-3 is bijective. By
Lemma 3.9, tit is also continuous. On the other hand, Teichmiiller's theorem
(Theorem 5.15) states that Fo is homeomorphic to R6c-0. Hence the following
theorem, Brouwer's theorem on invariance of domains, implies thatV is actually
a homeomorphism. n
aldurrs (anbrun) aql aq lV m 'raqtrr\{ 'IV tq tr alouap pue '17 s])asre]ur qcrq^r
fr14ur crsapoaEpasolc aldurs e xrg 'z'f4, n lI nt'!4 - lr14 ps'f fre,ra rog
('7"{d = I'fd teqf as"r eq} ^{olls e,lr'ure3y) 'luauoduroc,trepunoq e se lI Eur,teq
'J '7 o1 Surpuodserroc
dJo slueuele eq1 a'f4, pue I'ld' fq elouep > lI {rarra rog
U Jo uorlrsodurocapslued aql aq d +aI'U uo selrnc Sursodurocapgo 7 uelsds
e pue (6 l) f' snua3 Jo Ur ersJrns uu€ualu e xg 'uorlces snor,rerd eql q sY
'uorl€zrJlerue.red;o pur{ raqloue arrrS '21'9 uorlrs
leqs aira.
-odo.r4 ur 'ra1e1 'suorlrunJ
{lEua1 crsapoa3o^\} qll^r sa}eurproof,ueslerN-leqrueg
paxg q relaurered 3ur1sral1qcea Surcelde.rfq '6g go slurod aleredas suoll?unJ
'a.re11
{}8ua1 esor{^\ scrsapoa3 pesolc aldurrs 6 - d6 Jo }es e lcn.rlsuoc aa,r
'(FOt] IIBAToSpue eleddag ';c) elqrssodurr
q slql '.rala,no11'oJuo selsurprooc pqo13 a,rrEsuorlcuny qfual asoql( srrsapoa3
posolt aldurs g - 69 Jo les € 6?ilrererll ;t elqsrrsap lsoru eq plnoa lI 'areJrns eql
eururalep sqfual crloqradfq asoq^\ k ?) 0 snuaS;o af,eJrnsuuetuarg pasol, e uo
scrsapoe3pesop eldurrs;o 1ese Surpug;o uralqo.rdeql replsuor e,n 'uotlaas qql uI
tu r p p e q tu g u la lx- a { r l4 4 ' g ' g
')
o1 lcadsar {1a r_4;o flmurluor;o;oo.rd }cerrp € arlr3 osle lleqs a1ys3urddeu
IeuroJuocrsenb Sursn fq g reldeq3 ur adfl $rll Jo uorleruroJep eq1 ele3rlsaaut
Upqs a1yuotTotu.totap u?slerN-Ieycuadre pelpr sr elrnf, " qf,ns ,tq pelueselder
ac€Jrns uu"tuerg e Jo uorlerJel eql 'tJ ur eAJnf,snonulluot e o1 spuodsauoc
( { U > I | ( € - 6 s o t. . . r r * l n , J ' t - ! n , . . . , I r 2 , 8 - 6 t D. ,. . , I p ) } ) r _ 4
e3eurre.rdeql '0I'g ueroeqtr dg 'sralaure.red3ur1sr,ra1 eqt yo fg
e u oe { € l p u e ' n - r s ? I x e - n e ( + u ) ; o ( e - E e o ' . . . ' r D ' s - 6 8 D' . ' . ' 1 o ) l u r o d e x r g
'uollJasse aql a^eq arrr "{rerlrq.re
!
sr f erurg'IO uo snonurluocsl r-d pue'O;o lurod rorJelur ue sr f '.re1nct1.red
uI'IO qlr^r luaprf,uroceq plnoqs d dq g Jo g lul rorrelur eqf Jo (g' 1u1)d e3eur
aq1 'acue11'pelrauuoc s\ -,lI ler{} u^roqs eq u"? ll
'pueq retllo eq} uO
fI
'/s'
Jo uleluop rolrelxe
eql pue ureruop rorJalur eql 'fla^llredsar 'zO pue IO {q alouaq 'slueuoduroc
pelcauuoc o,r.l s€q ,S - .rll (uraloeql s(u€pJof leuorsueurp-, "ql fq 'acue11
'rll ul 'fle.rrrlcedser'ereqds pcrSolodol e
pu€ IIeq pesol) 1ecr3o1odo1 e erc (gg)dt - rS pue,g're1ncr1redu1 '(g)dt = ,g
oluo €r go ursrqdrouroeuoq € s.r g uo o1yo uorlculsar aq1 'lceduot sr Br aculs
'r reluar qll/rl pesop e f1tre.r1tq.re xg'(f)r-d - o pue'f1t.re.r1tqre
5' ileq las
'[ZI-y] sreg 'y3) '(qc1aqs y)
O q n lurod e xIJ ('[98-y] ueu^\eN pue too.r4
'o oluo
'utotuop o s.t ("g)dt -
;g to tustrliltoutoeuoU o st d) puo O ueqJ ' iy olu! uE
'onl uDlI ssq
to uo4catut snonur?uo?p eg uE {_ ull : 6 7a7 lou ta,a\ut. uo
eq u pI (sureurop Jo acuBrJBlur uo uraroaql s6rar*no.rg) 'tt'B uraroatlJ
L9 turppaqurg uralx-a{f,rrJ't't
68 3. Hyperbolic Geometryand Fenchel-Nielsen
Coordinates

closed geodesicwhich is freely homotopic to the simple curve obtained from 4!

by applying the Dehn twist with respect to,ti (seeFig.3.10).

(Pi.r: Pi,z)

Fig.3.10.

For every t e Fc,let [it1,&] b" the correspondingpoint of ?0. For every
closed geodesicL on R, we express as I(t) the corresponding closed geodesicon
ft1, and denote by l(L(t)) the hyperbolic length of I(t). Set

ti(t) = t(Lj(t)), tuo_"+i(t)= t(al(t)), = t(Aj(t))

tao-a+i(t)

for every j, and set

I 1 t 1= ( r ( t ) , . . . , / g o - s ( r ) ) .
Wehavethe following:
-s.
Theorem 3.L2. The mapping L it o proper embedding of Fo inlo (n+;se
(That is, I is a homeomorphism onto the irnage t(F), and the preimage of any
compactsel in (R+)ee-s under L is compact.)

To prove this theorem, first we fix a point ts of Fs arbitrarily, and write

= ( o r , . . . , e 3 s - J , e r t . . . , o e g - s )€ ( R + ; a s - t x R 3 c - 3 .
fr1to1

Fix j, and for every s € R, define a point t(s) of d by

t(s) = fr-'(or,"' ,a3s-s,Qrt"' ,a!-rtoi + s' o.i+r,"' ,asc-e).

Then we have the following Proposition.

 alsq era acueg 'f1a,rr1cadse.r
',? pue og ol pue 0z spues pue '? slt<eeq? qll,r{ crloq.redfq
,z luetuele e s rLoeL
uorltsoduror aql uaqf 'slurod paxg se'f1a^rrrleadse.r'0rn pue oz er.ie-qqcrrl^it,olrr1
raPro Jo {H)?nV Jo slueruala arldqla eql eq zl pue Il, }al 'pueq reqto aql uO
'(,V'
, m ) d| ( , m ' , z ) d ) ( , 7 ' , z ) A
'(,n',?)d - (n'z)d 'suorlrugapeql ,(g
teql r"elc s! ll prr€
.II'8'IIJ
"I
m
om
('0 = or leql aunss€ puts {srp }run aql fq p aceldar era eraq^a,11.g.3rg aag)
'(rtrlatuoa3 cqoq.radfq erll ,f1e,rr1cadse.l
,02
Jo asues eql W) orn o1 lcadsar qlral
pue',2'z o1 crrlatutufs slutod aQ 0z pue '?',V Ie.I '0o1pu€ oz r{SnorqtSurssedg
uo crsapoe3aqt aq I Ie.I'F f z ueqll. dlqenbeur aq? ilroqs ol seclgns 11'loo-t4
'tm=ffLpuo - z fi1uopuD spyoyfrp1onba ay1t.taaoa.to141
F lt fi
'fi4ao4ceilsat'(acuoTstpcqoqtadf,tl ayl o7
Tcadsa"t
\lln) p puo m to puo F puo z to sTutod-aypptut?Ul ^tD om pup oz ?reqn 'splo1
(m'z)d * (,m',z)d
) (on'o116
f r T q o n b a u?tU l ' z I ) , 0 1 , ' t fnr . t a a a
puo rI ) ,z'z fi,.taae.tot
'frpualoatnbg'{"1> m'r7 ) z I zC) (n'z)} uo &?auo?fi17cVr1s sr (m,z)d uat17
'uaa$ aq .7I.g BurrrraT
H q zI puo rI eusepoa| yu.to[sppQpnTnut onl prl
'ur.ro; SurmolloJ eqt ur pe?"ls sr urn+ ur qcrqaa 'd
ecu"lsrp ?Jecurod eq1;o {1xa,ruoc Eursn fq pa,rr.rapaq ileqs uorlrsodo.rd srq;
'urnunutur sp sulnllo { t1cryn 7o s
'.r,o1nc4,toil
uI '(E o7 taulilout o so) g uo ..tailo..til
puo
to aqoa anbtun o fl ?r?Vl
uauor fi17cg"r1s
q (((s)l)jill = G)t uotTcun! aatTtsoil?ttJ .tT.e uog11sodo.r4
tutppaqurg u-ralx-a{rlrd't't
70 3. Hyperbolic Geometry and Fenchel-Nielsen Coordinates

2p(zs,ws)= p(zo,2s)< p(z', 2').

Thus we obtain
2p(ro,*o)1 p(r', w') + p(z,w).
tr

Proofof Proposition3.19.Weconsider the casewhere P1,r * Pi,, and ^4! inter-

sects ,Li at two points. The other cines can be treated similarly.
Let l's be the Fuchsian group represented by ts, and 7i be an element of l-e
which covers Li(to). On the axis,4; of 1, fix a point zs which is projected to an
intersection point, say p, of Li(t6) and al(to).Let 6l be the element of l-o which
covers Al(til and whose axis passesthiough zs, ar'd Bi be the ax-isof 6f .By
the assumption, the projection of the geodesic.I contained in Bi and connecting
zs to zto= 6l (zo) should intersect Li(to) at some point g other than p. Let z1 be
the lift of qbn 1, a.nd,4j be the lift of Ii(ts) passingthrough z1 (seeFig.3.12).

Fig.3.12.

For any point z on an oriented geodesic -t on I/ and any a € R", let z(a)r
be the point on tr obtained by translating z in the positive direction along .L bY
 Eurdderu € eleq elvrueql ', o1
Surpuodsa.r.rortgr uo sselc fdoloruoq ea+ eql ul t, crsapoaSanbrun oql Jo (t2)l
r{l3ue1crloqrad{q aql aq (d!)-l }el
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I
uueutrrarlleq? eq ,A tel'6,4:l l r(rar'aJod '(6 {) f snue3Jo Ar er"Jrns pesolc € uo
Jo
selrn? pasolcelduns sassel?,fdolouoq ae.r;II€ Jo Surlsrsuoc1asa{} g ,(q alouaq
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("2 + s)rr'(s)rr) --+ s
Surdderuaqt'tI't sr (s)/ eeurg
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e^€q e1'r'f, .,(.ra,ra
ry (7)17 Euole 1srm1uqeq eqt Surfldde dq (l)jy uo.ry
paurelqo e^rn, eql o1 crdolouroq flaery q (l){V &urs'AI'6 uruoeqJ lo !oo.r,4
'uorlress€ eql aPnlcuo) a^{ 'eroJeq peuorsuetusB
tr
(g)- = (s)rf acurg '11 uo .rado.rdpue xaruoc ,{11cr,r1s st (g)u, ?eql ^\oqs o1 f,sea
sr 1r 'arourJeqlrng '1urod auo fllcexa te (g)u/ urnturunu eq? su.rep€ ll 'relncrlred
uI'l,V y ly uo rado.rdpu" xaluo? rf11cr.l1s sl (g'rn'r),I'g paxg,{ue roJ snql
'g yo drepunoq
aql o1 spuel ol ro z raqlra s" oo+ - (rr"'z)d Wql tceJ aql ruorJ uaes.{lsea eq
u€f, s€ 'rado.rd sr g 'os1y 'xeluoc ,t11crr1s$ J teql aas uec ar\{'tl't eurural ,{g
.
( r r v r l e l s ; 1 2 ) j e, . ) a q ( , v 1 s - 1 m , 2 ) d- ( q , ^ ' r ) , 4
3ur11as,tq U x |V * lVuo (s'rn'z)g uorlcun; ? eugap alr 'acue11
. = (r)!
o ,,y]i"iu't"'
{ ( t r r r f r l s ) 1 2 7 [ s , i v ( s 1 n* )@
leql aas ue? a/r{
'g = s((07)t7)7!3
" r
{fua1 crloqladfq fq (01)f7 3uo1e3ur1sr,r,r1 ,(q 0? fq palueserder e?eJrns
eql ruo.t; peur€lqo er€Jrns pe{reur aq1 sluasardar (s)1 acurs 'la q13ua1cqoqraddq
TL uorleryrpeduroC s.uolsrnqJ'?'t
72 3. Hyperbolic Geometry and Fenchel-Nielsen Coordinates

/.(1):S-R*

for every t e Fs, or equivalently, we have a mapping

[: Fo -'--* (R+)t

of ,F'ointo (R+)s. Ilence Theorem 3.12 implies the following:

Corollary. The mapping I*: Fo - (R+)s is a proper embedding.

Moreover, this mapping remains an embedding' even when we take the quo-
tient space P(n+;s = (R+)s/R+ as the target space. In fact, letting Pl* be
the composed mapping of /* with the projection n of (R+)t into the projective
space P(R+)s, we have the following theorem.

Theorem 3.15. (cf. [A-29], Expos6 7) The mapping Pl, : Fo - P(R+)s is

an ernbedding.

Next, there is another natural mapping of 5 into (F;s, which is defined by

using the geometric intersection numbers of curves. Here and in the remainder
of this section, we set [T = {o € R I e 2 0}.
For any two o1 and o2 € S, the geometric interseclion number f(o1,42) of
a1 and o2 is, by definition, the infimum of the number of intersection points
of .L1 and tr2, where ,Li moves in the free homotopy cla^ssof ai for each j. In
particular, i(ay,a2) = i(oz,ar). 4lro, note that f(o'o) = 0 for every o € S.
Define a mapping i* :.9 -* (F)" -
{0} bV setting

i*(oX.)-i(o,.), o€S,

where we denote {0}s simply by 0. Then we can show (cf. [A-29], Expos6 3) that

Pi* - zro i* ;.9 -----*P(F)s

"
i:3:""T: to a mappingof R+ x 5 into (R+)t - {0} bv
that i* is extended
setting
i - ( c ,a ) ( . ) - a . i ( a , - )

for every (o, a) € R+ x S. It is clear that

" (am;O- {o})= PLIs).

Now, we know the following:

Theorem 3.16. (cf. [A-29],Expos64) The subsetFr](S o/P(R+)s is home-

omorphicb SGs-7- {s € R6s-6 | lol = l}.

Remark.The set I.IFD - {0} can be identifiedwith (and is written here-

after as) the set Mf of all Whitehead equivalenceclasses(or more precisely,
 'uorlJesse aq1 saqdurr
0
qarqn 'r > (l)rt leql qcns ? a rnc pasolo alduns € eleq e^\ acuaH ',| 1e spua pue
q}-I/'astlsls qcrq^r,Jr Jo J3el 3 Jo cr€qns e sr areql 'uraroaql ecuerrncer s<?Jscurod
,(B'r > (L)rl ryq1 qcns I cr€ l"srelsrrerl e a{el'0 < I frane.ro;'t:eIul'JW
>(rl',1)-dfra.rlaroJ0otBurEra,ruocecuanbasesureluoc{S>ol["]rl]]esaql
'uraroaql acuerrncers(gr"curod Sursn ,(q (pu€q Jaqlo eq} uO
+eql aoqs u?c e^{
(3 uo Sutpuedap) luelsuoc e,ttlrsod e
fq rrolaq uorJ pepunoq ars (S 3 o) (o)(l)-/ sanlel aql 't4 3 3 {ra,re rcg.too.r4
'"(tg) ul lW u-ro.{7arctnp q (6[).1a6our ay1 'zr'g uor+rsodor4
'g-rsll o1 atqdlouroeuoq eq ol uaou{ $ urnl uI q?Iq^,r
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paqtrasard e qrrqra Jo J"?l f.raaa Euop 'uorleqo; e $ 'arnlcnrls xalduroc e qty(
paddtnbe fl U uaq^{ 'g uo uorlerloJ parns?eu e yo aldurexa pcrdr(1 v 'A IJoueA
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lW ) (rt',i) = d leraua3 e rog
ua,ra (g ) d) @)(d)., se uatlrra{ s\ [d]d 'uo ereq uroq{ '(7)r/ d)'Ilur = ldlrl areq^r
'g>d '@)("'D).!-ldlrl
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qll^ar uo
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Jo scJ"qns lesrelsuerl II€ Jo las aql uo arnsseru e sl 3, .ro; r/ e.rnseatulesJelsu€r?
e '1xa11 '0 = z .{lrreln3urs eq} r"eu '1 re3elur a,rrlrsod etuos q}ua errllrsod sr
'{O} -
zzp,tz q)qM Jo Jeel ,f.razra3uo1e C uo uorlelloJ e Jo teq} s? eJn}cnJ}s
elqellueraJlp l€ool atu€s eql e eq ppoqs qolq^rJo qcea 'sarlr.repSurs pelelosr qlr^r
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Perns"au s Jo uorlluuep aql lle?er e^\ Jo e{es eql roJ
'Gw)" -- Jwd
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74 3. Hyperbolic Geometry and Fenchel-Nielsen Coordinates

Now, the crucial fact to construct Thurston's compactification is the following

theorem.

Theorem 3.18. (cf. [A-29], Exposd 8) For eaery system L = {Lj}?s-13 of d'e-
composingcurues of R, there is a nalural homeomorphism

qx : l*(F.) -. U(L) C Mf ,

where

U(L)= {p=(F,p,)e MF(c (R+)") lp(Li)>0 for every Li e L}.

The construction of qa is as follows. Here and in the remainder of this dis-

cussion, we use the same notation both for a cutve and for the free homotopy
class of it. For every t € Fs, we can construct a measured foliation Pt = (fi,p'r1
such that F1 is transversal to Li for every j, and that

l,(t)(Lj)=i.(p1)(L1), i = 1,"''3s -3,

or equivalently,
l(Lj(t))= ttrlLil, i =1," ',39-3,

where,Ll(f) is the geodesic, on the marked Riemann surface represented by t,

which corresponds to Li as before. We set

q2(1.(t)) = Pr'

It is known that this mapping ga is actually a homeomorphism onLo U(L).

"projections" qL, *u can derive the following:
Using these natural

Theorem 3.19. (cf. [A-29], Expos6 8) The subsel

Pt.(Fs)U PMT

o/P(FF)s with the relatiue topology is a compacl manifold wilh boundary.

Moreoaer,Pt.(Fs)UPMf is homeomorphicto the real (69-l)-dimensional
closed ball {c € Rog-o I l"l S l}, and the boundary is coinciilent wilh PMf
(which is homeomorphicto Soc-7).

we shall show how to construct local coordinates in a neighborhood of an

arbitrary point of the boundary PMf .
Fix p[' e PMF and ps e "-t(p[.) arbitrarily. Then there is a system I =
lfij|5" of decomposing curves of ,R such that

f . ( p s ) ( . L t )> 0 , i = I, "' ,39 - 3.

(See [A-29], Expos6 6.) Fromthis 4, we construct afamily {Li,A?,A}}}n=1" "t

simple closed curves which gives an embeddingof Fo into (n+;s0-e as in $3.3.
For every e ) 0, set
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ut ('[t-V] .Uo{lqv 'acuelsur ro; 'aag) '(g)g aceds rellnuqcratr eql yo s3urppequra
s(ulaly-a{?rrd pue sa?surprool uaslarNlaqcuad eqt 'g$ pu" U$ ul suorlrugep ol
dl.repurrs 'augap uer ear 'arlleur cqoq.radfq aql slFupe U ereJrns e q?ns Jl
'(u'0) adfiyaTru{ fr11ocryfr1ouo
Jo eq o? pres sr (0'u'6) edfl;o aceJrnsuueruerg e'.re1ncr1.red uI'(ur'u'0) ailfiy
'srlsrp pesolc u, pu€ slurod u
lo acoltns uuourerq e lurolsrp ,(1en1nur3ur1a1apfq
f snua3 Jo ar€Jrns uueruerg pasolc s ruoq peur€lqo 'ace;lns uu€tuerll e IIel e \
saloN
tr 'r-o1 tuor; peurclqo sl @Jo asre^ul aqJ
'Surddeur-;1es flrll repun ?uerrelur f1.rea1carc IWd pun (61)*ld'a.reg '"(+U)2,
;o p Surdderu-Jlassnonurluo? s sacnpur ef,uaqpue J1as1rotuo StJo uorlce I€rnleu
e sa?npur Jleslr o?uo A Jo d ursrqd.rouroatuoqSurrrraserd-uorleluarro fra,rg '{oo.t4
'l1asp oTuo D saonp
IWd n(6g).ru = (i)*ld lo u.rsnld.tou.toau,oq
-ut .f.tu11otog
t1asyzopo A lo utstrltLtnuoeuoq fun.taserd-uorlDlueuo fi^teag
:3ur,uo1o3aql ,(q u^roqs aq feur uorlecgrlcedruoc $ql yo ecuelrodurl eql
'6a p fi"topunoqspolsrn?J pell€c s\
lWd ,(repunoq slr pue '6a 1o uorToc{9ycod
-ntoo s.uo?srnqJ peIV) sr tg aceds rallnuqclel erll
Jo uorlecgrlceduroe srq;
'od
Jo pooqroqq3rau e uI seleurproor l€col se,u3 F
ecuaq pue 'a3eurr slr oluo ursrqdrotuoauoq € sr d Surddeur slql leql a\oqs ue) e^r
'(t'7)p) a 'H+(o)((c)7b).!) (")r > (o)((c)20).r
l€q} qcns y ?uelsuo) e sr eraql
'S g ,c ,(rale ro; '1eq1 sa1e1sqcrqu, '.{lqenbaur pluaur€punJ e Sursn fq 'rn.{I
(ivx(')'b)'t
((rtl"lrr 47b)*t+ + (D(@)qb)*r) '(4'n",)=
3 -) o*"
((a)t)d
'(t'7)n
1nd e,rll, 3 c ,(rarra .rog
'M)q '(o'd)=(4)o1
e eugep
se(t'ol x l4 olur(r'f,)2a n /A lool Eurddeur "'1urf'"j;f""tfi:i[i
$srr, l"ql 3ul1ecag '(ol)Va Jo ernsop eql ur uado sr (r'l)fla n1t4 lerlt raoqs
osl€uec eM'.1A= (Q'7)n)tb o I pue '(u,I)*ld ur uados\ 'f1rea13
Q'J)t)a
'(0)d" - rA pue(("1)n)" = Q'7)nd
'{g-fg, ...,1= , t < ( f 7 ) a l ( u , t ) . 1 fc } = ( r , 7 ) 1
!
saloN
76 3. Hyperbolic Geometry and Fenchel-NielsenCoordinates

(g,n,^) is homeomorphic to g6s-6*2n*3m. Abo, Thurston's compactification

is considered for such a surface (cf. Fathi, Laudenbach and Po6naru [A-29]).
Relating to $3, we recall the inverse problem, of whether we can determine
a closed Riemann surface by the length spectra, i.e., the set of the hyperbolic
lengths, of all simple closed geodesics on the surface. This problem is equivalent
to the problem of M. Gel'fand: whether a closed surface is determined by the
eigenvalue spectra, i.e., the set of all eigenvalues,of the Laplace-Beltrami oper-
ator on the surface with respect to the hyperbolic metric. On this problem, see
Venkov [A-110], McKean [152], Sunada [218], Vign6ras 12421,and,Wolpert [246].
For Fricke-Klein's embeddings, we further refer to Keen [110] and Okumura
[173]. The argument in $3 follows that in Fathi, Laudenbach and Pc€naru [A-29],
Expos6 7, which is due to A. Douady. As for more advanced investigations on
convexity of geodesiclength functions, see Kerckhotr [112] and Wolpert [256].
A survey on Thurston's compactification by Thurston himself is given in
Thurston [234]. Fathi, Laudenbach and Po6naru [A-29] is a good introduction to
measured foliations and Thurston's bounda,ry. See also Gardiner [A-34] Chapter
11, Strebel [A-102], Hubbard and Masur [101], Marden and Strebel [137], and
Masur [144].
As a generalization of Fenchel-Nielsen deformations, the earthquake defor-
mations have been considered.See Kerckhoff [112] and [114], and Thurston [233].
We also cite Bonahon [a5].
Finally, there are many proofs of Teichmiiller's theorem stated in this chapter.
For example, see Chapter 5 and Notes of that chapter. There are also proofs by
Wolpert [256] using geodesic length functions, and by Fischer and tomba [74]
from a differential geometric viewpoint.
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:srxe f.reurEeurreql ol ro srxe I"eJ eqt ol reqlle lalered
ar" seprsasoq^{ ul '"] x
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lsorule)
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3f Jo esn€)eg
aruosur ztrl - z1 uorlenbenueJtleg eql segql"s 1nq'alqerlueresrp fpressacau
lou $ qtrqa 3[ ursrqdrouroauoqSur,,rraserd-uorlelueuo ue reprsuor o? lu"^r eM
sturddel4l luurroJxrootsen$ ;o y uorlrugaq c11,(puy .l.t?
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p.r3alur anEsaqal ;o froaql aql ul $uaroaql plueurepunJ lereles esn e \
'sJaB '-I pu" sJoJIqy 'rI ol anp 's3urddeur
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?8 4. QuasiconformalMappings

Remark .1. An absolutely continuous function .F(t) on an interval 1 is differen-

tiable at almost every t € /. Hence, when a function f (z) on a domain D is
ACL, the partial derivatives /, and fz of f are well-defined and finite at almost
every z € D. It is not difficult to show that they are measurable.

Now, as a natural generalization of the notion of conformal mappings, we

make the following definition:

Analytic definition A of quasiconformal mappings. Let f(z) be an

orientation-preserving homeomorphism of a planar domain D into the complex
plane. We say that f (z) is quasiconformal (qc) on D if / satisfies the following
conditions:

(i) / is ACL on D.
(ii) There exists a constant & with 0 < & < I such that

lfd S klf"l a.e. on D.

SettingX = (l+k)/(L-/c), wesaythat f is K-qcon D. Wecalltheinfimum

of 1((> 1) such that / is K-qc the marimal dilatation of /, and denote it by I(y
or K(f).

Example -1.A conformal mapping of a domain D is quasiconformal on D. Since

we can take 0 as I in the above condition (ii), a conformal mapping / is l-qc
and K1 - 1.

Example 2. An affine mapping f(r) = az *bz * c (a,b,c € C,lbl < lol) is

quasiconformal.We can tal<elDl/lol as &, and hence Ks = (al+ l0l)/(ldl- lbl).

Emrnple 3. For a given lc, we set

( z. ze H
f (t)=
\ r + i K v , z = x * i y e c - H ,K > ! .
Then / is a quasiconformal mapping of C, and Kt = I{.

Remark 2. Set
I(,)=T:Ep, z€A.
Then / is an orientation-preserving diffeomorphism of the unit disk .4 onto C,
but not quasiconformal. Actually, there are no quasiconformal mappings of 4
onto C. See Proposition 4.32 later in this chapter.

Remark 3. Let f be a K-qc mapping of a domain D onto another domain D',

and g be a conformal mapping of D'. Then the composite mapping I o / is K-qc.
In fact, it is easy to see from the definition that g o / satisfies (i) and (ii), and
that KsoT - I{y.
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leql osl€arunss deurerrr',,(lessacauJrg rell€urse3ur1e1'luarun3re.repturse,,(g
'g ) n pue >
9 lrl qtt^ z .,l.ra,reto1lzll"t> (z)t leql q)ns 9 e,rrlrsode sr araql
'l ((o )u/
- ( *)u t)n+l
l (s)'tx- ( o ) /- ( ") / l -
l@)utn- @)l - @p+ n)tl ) Q)1
ef,urs
'l ( o) o /n
-ft),l a -(o) / - ( r ) { l=( z) t
1eg'dperlrqre I > L I 6 q1r,ul,l xrg
'0- 0z
?eq1eunss€ ar*'flrcqdursJo a{es eq} rod'02 }e elqelluareJrp,tlelol
sl / ?eql ^roqs Iprls e \ pue 'lfi! + oa = 0z lurod " qrns xlJ ('"? ;o slurod
dlrsuep eugap e^\ 'fgelnurg 'ofrg lo uorlcunJ orlsrralr€req, eql fl onal araq,u
'r - *p(r)oor, '*#,i"
,:*"""'[T
ong 'flerrrlcedse.r
J\ Jo lurod flrsuap e sr 0r 1eq1 ,{es ealr,e.reg)
'{g pue 0n!+o u ) n} = ong
> fi!+0r I u ) fr) =o"g {s ) I
slesqns aq1 go slurod ,(lrsuep a.re 0f pue 0r 'g ) ont * 0e dre,ra lsorule
ro; 'pq1 dldun uraroaql s.lurqng pue rualoeql ,,{lrsuap s,an3saqel '1s.rrg
'f.rerlrqre sr r ro;'g uo
'e'e elqetlueragrp ,t1e1o1sl ^roqs ol secgns 'uorlresse aq1 a,rord o5
/ leqf 1r
'snonurluoc sr .rog'g uo
;l'
snonurluoc erc nt pue t/ 1eq1sarldur ecueS.ranuoc ruroJrun aql leql aloN .Ar ue
q)ns xU em Joord srqlJo 1sa.ratll uI'0 - q se fl uo.,(1uro;run (r)uI o+ se3ra,ruoc
VI (?) I - @! + z) l) teql etunsseosle {eu aar'1uarun3.rer€lrrurs€ /tg'0 1- q e g
uo flurrogrun (r)'l ol sa3raruoc,t/(@)l -(rt+t)l) teq? pue r u€q? ssel$ rr-O
Jo €are er{} }?ql qrns o Jo ar lasqns elqerns"eeue puu uer e,r,r't}{"6} eeuenbas
eql ol ueroeql s,go.ro3g Surflddy 'oo + u se (I uo 'o'e 0 * uf ?sq? aloN
l u ) q ' u l r > l q l >- o
- I dns (r)"0
It't't Q)l - ? t+,)l I
'u 'f1tre.r1rqr€,
1as draae .rog 1u€lsuoc
e,r111sod
e xld 'eer" alrug e s€q O ueq^\ uorlJass€eql a,rord o1 sargns ?;''/ oo.t4
'O uo 'e'D alqn4uaufitp fi11o7o7
st t uaqT'g uo 'a'o ut pu, 'l saatToau,ap
1ory.r,od
eql sDq C ory! e urDtuopDIo I tustyiltotuoauoq Dfi .tV uorlrsodo.r4
'peurtslqo uaeq seq olqarl pue
Sur.rqag o? enp llnser elqe:lreurar Suro,olloJ eqt 'stusrqdrouroeuroq Jo ese) aql
ur '.rale.tro11'uorle3rlselur JaqlrnJ o1 alqecrldde ;l';o sarl.radordpoo3 aalue.ren3
o1 qEnoua 1ou sr a/ pue ,t salrlelrrep lerlred ar{} Jo ef,uelsrxe 'leraue3 u1
sarlrador4 ,(reluauralg pu" suorlrug:aq 'I't
80 4. QuasiconformalMappings

Further, taking a smaller 6 if necessary, we may assume that, for every z =

a * iy with c, y ) 0 and lzl < 6/2, there exist points x1t r 2, iy1 , and iy2 of E
such that
Q - rt), < nl < e < x2< (1 +4)c,
(L-q)a (er < alUz<(I+q)y.

(Note that oo = 0 and ys = 0 a.redensity points of Euo and.8ro, respectively.)

Then, 1(z*) < qlz* | for every z* on the boundary of the rectangle ,R = lx1,x2)x
tyr,yz). On the other hand, the maximal principle holds for /, since / is a
homeomorphism, and hence is an open mapping. Therefore, for some suitable z*
on the boundary of .R, we have

I(r) < lf (r.) - /(0) - 0f,(0) - y/y(0)l

< I(r') + l, - r.l (l/,(0)l+ l/y(0)l).

Sincelz - z*l<r7lzl,weconclude
that,for everyz with c,y ) 0 andlzl<6/2,

I ( , ) S 2 q l z l ( r+ l / , ( 0 ) l +l / r ( 0 ) l ) .
A similar argument shows that the last inequality still holds for every z with
- o
lzl < 612, which implies the total differentiability of f at zs 0.

Proposition 4.2. If f is a quasiconformal mapping of o dornain D, then the

portial deriaatiues f" and ft arc locally squaTeinlegrable on D.

Prool. First, we have a completely additive set function ,4 by attaching the area
A(E) of f (E) to every Borel subset E of D . Let J y Q) be the density function of
,4 with respect to the twodimensional Lebesgue measure dxdy. By Lebesgue's
decomposition theorem, we have

A(E)
l"t,p1a,a,s
(4.1)

for every measurable subset E of D.

On the other hand, by Proposition 4.1 we see that / is totally differentiable
at almost every z € D, and at such a point z we can show that

JyQ)= l f" (r)l ' - lf,( ' ) l' .

Since the condition (ii) on / implies that

lfA' slil' s *rt a.e.

on D,

the assertionfollowsby (a.1). tr

Remarky'. Actually, the set function.A in the aboveproof is absolutely contin-

uous,and hencethe equalityholdsin (4.1).SeeLemma4'12 in $1.3.
 el€q a^r uaql '(f)zd(t),d *toJ qlr^1,uollrunJ
e a{€}'((oo)tl)"$CJo }uetuala ue sv'r o1 leadsar qg,rtr/Jo elrleArrep 1er1.red
'W'")xlor'of = (or)U f"r pue ,[g,o] uo 0c
Fuorlnqrrtsrp eql ["/] ,(q aloueq
'fgrerlrqJe e xg ,esod.rndsrqt roJ
lurod e xrg O ur W'rlx [g'r] = g, e13ue1ca.r
'1CY
sl ./ l€rl? /roqs ol secgns t! 'y uorlrugep eql Jo esues aql ur leuJoJuocrsenb sr 3l'
leql ^\oqs oL' ,V uorlrusap eql Jo esuaseql ul O uo leuroJuocrsenb aq / la1
'/H uorlrugap aql
Jo esueseql ur I€ruroJuocrsenbsr
'eaua11'r(r) uorlrpuoc arll sess-rpsy uorlrugep
/ aql Jo esuesaq? ur / Surddeur
.loo.t4
IeruroJuo?rsenbe 1eq1 t'7 pue 6'p suorlrsodord ss uiroqs fpee.qe a^"q a \
'Tuapatnba
fr11on7nu.t
a.to s0utddou loru.totuoctsonblo rV puo y suotytu{ag .7.? uraroaql
'O uo'e'€
l'tlq)lttl
? s q l q r n s I > { t 0 q ? l i a{ } u e l s u o c s s } s f f e a r a q l ( r r )
'6r uo'f1a,rr1cadsa.r'rt pnt "/ suorlcun; alqer3alur r(1eco1fq paluasa.rda.r
aq u€? Z pue z o1 laadser qll,lr / Jo salrlelrrep 1er1.redlsuorlnqrrlsrp aql /(l)
:suorllpuoc oall Eur,rnollo;eql segsrlesI y O uo lout"loluocrconb
sl / leql ,(es e711'uorl"luarJo se,r.resardq?!q^a C olq O uretuop e yo ursrqdrour
-oeuoq s eq .sturddBru
/ 1a1 [BturoJuocrsenb Jo ,v uol+rugop c1+rtpuy
:s^{,olloJqrrqa auo a{t se qcns 'sEurdderu leruroJuocrsenb go y
uoltlugep eqt Jo uorlecglpour e raprsuocu?c a/r4,'g'? pue
6'7 suorlrsodo.r43ur1o11
s8urddel4l lBruroJuocrsen$ go /I/ uolllugaq c11,tpuv .2.T.?
's1rcd ,tq uorler3alur z(q .no11o3
O
suollrasse aqt 'TCV st ;f aaurg 'sp.r3elur paleeder e{l se ue}lrr!\er eq uec (g'p)
pue (Z'7)Jo saprsprrerl Ual eql(ureroaql s,lulqnJ pue Z,'Vuorlrsodor4 Ag.loo.r,4
(e'r) 'fi,pxpz61 'ttf
ttil - - fi,papdt
I
puD
(z'v) 'frprpzdt
t"il -=ftpapdt,t"lI
'sq.toililns
Toqysnollol 7t Tcndu.tocypm
0 uo suotl?unt qToorus11oto 7aseW'(O)JC to dt Tuauala fi.r,aaa .tot 'frputo7J
'uorryqpprp zt saatToauappty.toil
to asuaseUIur ?soql Vpn lu?pN?uroJ?JD,l puo
?t#'O urDurop o lo I Futrldoutlouttotuoctsonbfuaaa JoI .g.V uorlrsoilo.r6
T8 sarlrador6 freluauralg pu" suorlrugtag'I'?
82 4. Quasiconformal Mappings

=-
v)et@)e2(v)dtdv f v)(p r)' (c)e 2(y)dxdy.
| | *outt'lte' | l ro., @,
Here, let rp2(y) tend monotonously to the characteristic function of (c' a) (4 €
[c, d]), and we have
fq lso fn lxo
=-
lf"l(r,y)e{x)dxdv f@,0(pr)'(x)ddv.
J" J, J" J,
Since 4 is arbitrary, we conclude that
"
liltr, y)ev(x)dad,v= - I "' f (r, v)(pr)'(x)dr dv
| ""
for almost every y on [c, dl. Next, for every sufficiently large integer n, take as
gt = gr,n in the above equality a suitable function which is identically 1 on
la*If n,rs-lf nl, and is monotonouslyincreasingand decreasing,respectively,
on [o,o +l/n] and -I/n,rs]. Letting n + oo' then by the above equality,
[cq
we have
fto
I lLl@,y)dxdy= f (xo,il - f @,v) almosteveryy e1",4. e.4)
Ja

Here, the exceptional set of y depends on 00. To get rid of this dependence,
consider the set, say -8, of all rational numbers in [a,b]. Since,E is countable,
(4.4) holds a.e. on [c, d] for every o0 in E. since both sides of (a.a) are continuous
with respect to rs, and since .E is denseon [o, D],we conclude that (a.a) holds a.e.
on [c, d] for every cs in [o, b]. Note that for every y where (4.4) holds for every
xo, f(x,y) is absolutely continuous with respect to o, and that [/'] is coincident
with the usual pa,rtial derivative f, a.e. on [o,6].
As for the partial derivative of / with respect to y, we can confirm a similar
assertion. Thus we conclude that / is ACL on D and that the distributional
derivatives are coincident with the usual ones. tr

corollary L. Let g be a confonnal mapping of a domain D onto another Dt ,

and f be a K-qc mapping of Dt. Then f og is a l{'qc mapping of D.

Proof. Let u) = rtr* lu be the variable on D' . By the a.ssumption,there exist the
distributional derivatives /. and /,5, and they are locally integrable on D' .
Since rpo g-1 belongs to Cff(D') for every I € Cf (D), it is easily seen that
there exist the distributional derivatives (/og), and (f "c)r, and that they are
coincident with locally integrable functions

(f. o g).g' and (f* " g)'7,

respectively, on D. Moreover, the condition (ii) for / o g clearly holds with the
same /c as in that for f. Thus we have the assertion. tr

Corollary 2. A l-qc mapping is conformal.

 '0 - npnp
dl"Ut) - "H)lt [ [ T;lli
J J
'g uo
t"ql (g'?) 3ur1ou ,tq ,uoqs u?c eilr ecurs pue
zt = z(lb) pu€ ,I = "(tb)
acurs 'oo ts u se g uo fprloJrun 3f o1 saSrerr
-uoc u/ pue 'u a3rel rflluarcgns fraaa lof (O)JC o1 sEuolaq '.reloe.rotr41
$
(g'f) .t]h) * "dt = z("1) pu€ "(ttt) * "d = "("t)
eleq eilr 'u fleaa roJ uerlJ
')) n 'npxp(z)!(z)t(, -*)"d,"[[ =@)(!u)*udt - (m)u!
J J
Pu€
'(zu)6.ru-(z)"dt
C)z
'u .re3alure,ulrsod fre,re ro; 'reqlrng
1es
vf f
'1=npxp(z)dt
| |
JJ
'{srp 'e.rag
leql os , lu"lsuo, e esooqC }run aq1 sr y
'v-c)z '0)
,("+-)
v>z d x ae
]=?)d)
les eA\
'O vo o1 3uo1eq pue lsrxa
a7
z(lL) pue z(/lr) 'raq1.rnd 'O ul l.roddns lceduroc e seq 'd
ll-t uaql Jo poor{roq
-q3reu euros ur 1 o1
lenba {pecrluapr sr qctq^r (O)"$.e ) lr luaurela ue ng'too.t4
's= nprpolz!
-,("!)l"lf *tf
(q'')
'o - npap - ,('!)1"[[ *tf
al"!
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tDq?puD f uo fiyl^tolmn t
o7 safi.taauoe"{ p1t
Vcns (q)}g u? r-;j{"!} acuanbasD s, areql ,O lo I lasqns
Taodu.toc tuana.tot ueUJ'CI uo a1qo$ayur fi,11oco7
ato alzllpuD alzllll?t? fils1,7os
'fr,pu.rou'e uo fr11oco1 zt
^to puD "t senqDtuuap pqlod puorlnquqtp esoqm
aI
'uaafi eq .g,V Bururarl
O uxprilopn uo uotTcunlsnonuNlu@D ?q t 7a1 l<dpI
'etutual uorleurrxordde Suurrolloyeql esn e^rd
eterqut'outtual s,fiap1 ;o;oord e elrS e.,n'acuarualuo? Jo e{€s aq? ro; ,ere11
'1fa6 go €rmuel eql ,iq crqdrouoloq sr 'ecua11'uor]nqrJlsrp
D l€crssrlc 3[
- z/ sagsrles .too"t4
Jo esuas eql q O uo 0 O ur€ruop e Jo I Surddeur cb-1 y
sarlrador4 freluauralg pu" suorlruyae 'I't
 4. Quasiconformal Mappings

and
lim I I l$"), - Qtf)rlo
ardy= o,
N-6 J JD

we obtain (4.5). tr

Hereafter, we call such a sequence {/.} * in Lemma 4.5 an LP-srnoothing

seqaencefor / with respect to F.

Lemma 4.6. (Weyl's lemma) Let f be a continuous function on D whose

distribational ileriaatioe f2 is locally integmble on D. If fz =0 in lhe sense of
distributions on D, then f is holomorphic on D.

Proof. Fu a relatively compact subdomain Dr of D arbitrarily, and construct

an .tl-smoothing sequencefor / with respect to 4 as in the proof of Lemma
4.5. Flom the construction there, we see thaf (nf)z = 0 in some neighborhood
By (a.6), we see thar (f")7 = 0 on D1 for every sufciently large n. Thus,
of E[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[.
/,. is holomorphic on D1 for every sufficiently large n. Since /' converges to /
uniformly on I as n --+ oo, / is holomorphic on D1 . Since D1 is arbitrary, we
obtain the assertion.

4.L.3. Geometric Definition G of Quasiconformal Mappings

We give a geometric definition of quasiconformality. For this purpose, we first

introduce the notion of quadrilaterals.
The closure of a domain bounded by a Jordan curve is called a Jordan closed
domain. A, quadrilateralis, by definition, a pair (Q;qt,9z,Qs,Qq) of a Jordan
closed domain Q and four points 8r, Q2,93, q4 on the boundary 0Q of Q which
are mutually distinct and located in this order with respect to the positive orien-
tation of 0Q. We call each q1 a aertexof the quadrilateral. If there is no confusion,
we denote a quadrilateral (Q; er,8z,Qe,qa)simply by Q.

Proposition 4.7. For euery quadrilateral (Q;Cr,Q2,QB,qs),lhere is a homeo'

morphism h of Q onto some reclangle R = [0,4] x [0,b] (a,b ) 0) which is
conforntal in the interiorlntQ of Q, and satisfies

h(gr) : 0, h ( q 2 )= a , h(c") = a*ib, a n d h ( q a )= i b .

M o r o u e r , a f b i s i n d e p e n d e no
t f h.

We call the value alb the module of the quadrilateral (Q;qt,!2,Q3,9+)' and
d e n o t e i t b y M ( Q ; 8 r , Q z , e e , Q e )o, r s i m p l y b V M ( Q ) .

Proof. First, by Riemann's mapping theorem, there exists a conformal mapping

h1 of Int Q onto the upper half-plane H. By^ Carath6odory's theorem, h1 is
extended to a homeomorphism of Q onto fl U R. Here, by composing a suitable
Miibius transformation, we may assume that
 sa{stqosO uroulopo lo { tutililoru cb-51fr.nog'8'? BurtnaT
'erutuel 3uuro11o;aql e^"q eir ueqtr,
'(vb)!' ...'(ID)/ seclllel rllllrl Plel"Urpenbe t" (O)f lePlsuotaru'3 olut @;o
/' ursrqdrouroauoq e pu" (tD,ab'zbtrb1fl) le.Ialeyrpenb,(.ra,ra ro; '.rary:earag
'l'? uollls
tr
-odo.r4Jo uorlress" puoceserll se[du4 qclqa '0 = p pu€ g 4 a ]e{} aPnlf,uocert.r
'0 < (zb)y '0 < (b)q '0 = (ID)tl= (b)t!
Pu€
A?UIS
'(O 'P
f"I ) z) P * Q)t1c = (z\rt eleq e,rr Pu" t sreqrunu xalduoc elqellns qlr^1'
'acue11'(c)pV 'flpaleedar
to lueruela u€' o1 papue1xeaq uea , -V o V leqt ees a,u
'2'7 uotltsodord uI se suolllPuoc aures eql
aldrcur.rd uorlcegar (zJs^rq?SEutflddy
'lxap
sessrles qcrqa'rEurddeu raqlou" aq [g'o] x [g'o] = v *- @ : q le1
.I'?'EIJ
s a
: T ! T
I '
ffi
"q
x+'l
<_
I't
'(t'f 'EU) Eutddeur
P?rrsaPe sI
'b)z 'x*Q)tq"zr1-@)rt
.(0 '0] x
leql eesel'aaruaH < ,y,x) l,x [y'>l-]
a13ue1cer auos Jo rolralul eql o?uo g ;o Sutddetu lsruroJuoc 3 sr zV ueqJ
-il
'H)z ,Qt"rt--lG,
z P z | =e)",
-
Pue'(sr;tq7l { ?aS
't < (vb)rq- = (80)It1 pu€ '1 = (zb)tq 'I- = (ID)rtl
98 sarlrador4,{rcluauralg Pu" suorlruyeq'I'}
60 4. Quasiconformal Mappings

KM(Q)<MU@))<KM(Q)
for all quadrilalerals Q.

P r o o f .F i x - m a p p i n g s h , Q - R - [0,o] x [0,6] and [ | f1(-) - R -

[0,2] x [0,6], presentedin Proposition 4.7. Then
F=-hofoh-r

is a quasiconformal mapping of the interior of R onto the interior of E which

m a p s 0 , a , i b , a n d a * i b t o 0 , A , i b , a n d 6 + i D , r e s p e c t i v e l(yc f . R e m a r k3 i n $ 1 . 1
and Corollary 1 to Theorem 4.4). In particular, .F(z) is ACL on Ii, and hence
for almost every y € [0,D], we have

iv)drl=
a < lF(a + iv) - F(iy)l =
l,' #o + 1,"F"t+ l.zt)dr
Since /J* Jpdrdy S ,4(n) = dD (as was stated in the proof of Proposition 4.2),
integrating both sides of the above inequality over [0,b], we obtain

-< ( [ [ "Ur,l+l+Da"av)
@b)' \"r.h /
- JJ^,1r1:77d'oa'JJo," ''
-. [ [ I ( d x d- y . [ [ t o o , o y ! K ( a b ) @ b ) .
JJn' JJn'
Here,we setl? = {tr,'e ,RlIF"(*)l I 0}. Thus^we
haveM(f@)) < KM(Q).
Next, replacingf' = h o f o h-r by (ih) o f o (ih)-r (or considering
(Q;qr,qs,q+,qr)),we can showby the sameargumentthat
I K
W@Ds Ma)
Thus we have the assertion. tr

Now, by noting Lemma 4.8, we give another definition of quasiconformal

mappings without using partial derivatives.

Geometric definition G of quasiconformal mappings. Let / be a homeo-

morphism of a domain D into C which preservesorientation. We say that / is
quasiconfonnal on D if / satisfies the following condition:
(iii) There is a constant K > 1 such that

MU@)) S IiM(Q)
holds for every quadrilateral Q in D.
 'a.rolaqso ftpnp{ilt11 = @)V alaqm 'g lo g ?esqnselglrnsoelrz fri,aaa.ro!
sf f
Q'v) (s)v= nprpQl'll
- ,l"lD
IJ
fuaag 'ZT'V r.urrrroa
sa{sr7os CI utvluop Dlo I |utddoru Totu.to{uocrsonb
'oraz ear? seq ((A)/)r
D -t = g
'91'7 ureroaqJ
les aqt wq+ zI'v eurtuerl {q ureSeees e/lt Jo (l) fq pu.ro;uocrsenb
osle sI r-l eculs 'orez ear€ s€r{ (ar)/ }as eql '71'V eluuo.urc1 }xeu eql dq acuag
'A uo'e'e "t
0 = zt pu€ elqernseeu $ A ueqJ'{0 = I O ) z} = g pg'too"r4
'o
uo 'a'o 0+ "l ueql'(I utDu.topo uo lout"toluoctsonb
s! I lI 'II'7 uolllsodo.r4
',) uollluuecl
tr ruoq r€al) sI PJIqI eql
'(2'7 uorlrsodo.r4go yoo.rd aq? aag) 'appour ar{}
Jo e)u€rJelur leurJoJuocaql ,(q
ueas sI puo?asaqtr'{reureg Eurpace.rdeq} urorJ s^{olloJuorlresse lsrg aqa /oo.l2,
'cb-eXrX st '(O)l
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'ab-y oslo s? ?q?'e oluo O to t |uzrldout
t_\o I oU 0utddou.tpasodu.t,oc
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'fi1atuo111
'Tuottiaut fi11ow.to{uocst fiTtfoutoluoct,sonb-y (r)
Tout^totuocfi.taaa.tot
'cb-y oslo st Outildou cb-y o (r)
to as.taauraytr
'0I'7 urorooql
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o1 1 frego.roC pu€ I'I$ q I {reureg se perlord.{pearle ueaq s€q gl'f ureroeqtr
Surmolo; erll Jo (11)wut II"csU) '6'? ureroaqJ prre 5l uorlrugao Jo sarrsllorot
'a.rag 'y'1$ ol
Ierelas e,rr3 e.r,r. 6'? ruaroeql yo goord aq1 auodlsod geqs all
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loru.totuoctsonblo g puo V suotTru{ap onJ
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0l€replrrpenb .,(.re,ra
@ ) w > r > ( } i l w > @ wI !
l€rll qcns I < >I lu€lsuoc e st a.req; ,(ttt)
:euo
Surr*o11o;
eql ol lualerlrnba fl uorlrugep Suro3e.ro;eql ul ($) uorltpuoC 'qrDuaq
't
to t X uorlet"llp lerurxetu eql ol lenbe sr jyr qlns Jo
turuugur aq? 1eql aasa^{'ra1e1pa,rord$ qrrqa gI'? €ruurarl pue 8'} eurural {g
L8 sarlrador4 dreluarualg pu€ suorlluu:aq'I't
88 4. Quasiconformal MaPPings

Prool. First, we consider the case that E is a rectangle contained in D and that
/ is absolutely continuous on the boundary 0E of E.
In this case, in view of Proposition 4.2, we find an tr2-smoothing sequence
put /' = un* ian.
{/"}Lpr for / with respect to E' (cf. Lemma 4.5). For every n'
By Green's formula, we have
tt I
I I {@^),(an)v
- (.,-)r('")"} dxdv - u^d'an
J Jn J| , E

for every n and.m. Let m * oo. Next, to the right hand side, apply the formula
for integration by parts for the Stieltjes integral. Letting 7r *'+ o9, we obtain

- uuo,)dtdy-
t[ t [n Uf"P- lf1\ara,- = [ [ (u,oc
- [ uda.
Jan
JJn'

Here, we write / = u+ia. The right hand side of the above equality is interpreted
as the line integral of uda along the Jordan curve df(E) on the w(- u*ia)-plane.
By the assumption, Af@) is rectifiable. Hence, we can show that
t tl
= = A(E)'
Ju""o' JJ,r"rdudo
Thus we have the assertion in the case stated at the beginning of the proof.
Since / is ACL, every recta,nglecontained in D can be approximated by such
rectangles. Hence, (4.7) holds for every rectangle contained in D. By a routine
argument, it is proved that (a.7) holds for every measurable subset E of D. tr

Now, by Propiosition 4.11, for every quasiconformal mapping f of a domain

D, we can consider a quantity
f,
rtt=T
a.e. on D. This pt b rbounded measurable function on D, and satisfies

lptQ)l< 9+
ess.sup < r.
zED tfy*L

We call prythe compler dilot'ationoff on D.

proposition 4.13. For eoery qaasiconfortnalmoppingf and g of o domainD,

the complexdilatation pso!-t of the mappingg o I-r is giaenby
composed

. f, Fo -!!_, a.e. on D. (4.8)

lrsol-r"I=TI_-trrlrn

proof.By (i) and (iii) of Theorem 4.10, gof-L is quasiconformal on /(D). Hence
by proposition 4.1, g o f-r is totally differentiable on /(D) except for a subset
.O of ,rr"""rrre zero. Applying Lemma 4.12 to the quasiconformal mapping /-1,
we see that f-r(E) is also of measure zero. Hence by Proposition 4.1, both /
 '1purs dlluatr
leqt atunss€ feur aaa
-gns & 3ul{"t 'U eql uo snonurluoc
}as lceduroc ,(pr.ro;tun sr 3f acuts 'alo11
('e't 'St,f aeg) 'oo - ll uaqn tlt Aq
.{lrlenbeur eq} Jo eprs pueq lq3rr aq1 acelda.re^\ pue 'llq'lr) = {J 1es ein 'era11
I={
'Z/,-!,1?lr-q)-{)13
Pu3
(4+!q)I =2 , ( o f r ?!+e ) l = o )
1€rl1q?ns({on} x ft)/
(0 <) r pue f xrg
uo slurod r=l{{)} }esalruge sr areql ueq; 'f1.re.r}lqre
Jo
'd1e.rr1cadse.r'({on}
x ft)/ pue f7 1osqfual eqt eq !,1pu, ll t"j '{ f.rer.aro;
(A)t = lO pue fft(ofrlx !7 - lg
'[g 'r] r--,I{!il ,tlF tJ ellug e a{el
les pu€ Jo sle^ralurqns 1u1ofs1pf11en1ntuto
'6 < & 'uo a.requrorg
leql erunss?
'on - n - & (orf- /t e qcns xlJ'[p'af
) ff frale lsotule l€ alq€ItuereJlp sI
1aspue
g 'uor1cun3Sursea.rcap-uou e sr (f)g ecurg '[p'a] uo /t f.ra,re.roy([n'a] x [g'r])/ Jo
eer€ eql (n).I fq aloua(I'fp,re.ryq.re0 qW '"1x [g'rf =A e18ue1cer exr.g'too.t4
'O uo ICV sr g uorTtu{ap aq7
''I'' Bruurarl
to asuas?W u? CI utDtuop D lo t |ut,rldout Toutlotuoctsonbfinag
'(g) p"" (r) suorlrpuoe aql segslles gr uollluuep
eql Jo asuesaql ur Suldderu leuroJuocrsenb e lsql ^ oqs gI'? pue ?I't s€ururaT
3ur,uo11o;eq1 'dlesre,ruoC'($) uorlrpuoc eqt segsltes y uolllugap aql Jo esuas
aql q Sutddeu leuroJuoclsenb ts 1eql 8'' eururerl uI u^roqs fpeerp e^eq el6
'v'T'v
6'7 tuaroat{I Jo Joord
'uorlresse aq1 fldurr sarlrpnba e^oqe eql snqtr, 'O J z ,'hala
tr lsorul€ roJ
O*1"^G-t"6) pu€ '0*'6 '0#'l
leql
fq ,raoqs
Zl'V evutej pup II'f uo11tsodo.r4 uet e^t 'luaurn3rerelltuls e 3ursl
'g). -'0
lo t(r_/o f) *'l' I o'(,_1o 6)
Pu€
"!' "t(r-l" 6)+'t' ^G-t o6)= z6
I t o
eAeIIa/rr'(r)I - ^
Eur1r.r,n'r{lEurproccy'p[e^ q elnr urcq?eql (z lulod e qcns ?V 'O uo z frale
'flarrlcadsar'(z)rf
lsourle .ro; ?s pus z le elqellueraslpf1p1o1a.re1-./ o d pue
sarlrador4 dreluauralg pu" suorlruyaq'I't
90 4. Quasiconformal Mappings

Ir Ir

r5 0 r> 1

Fi9.4.2.

lf(ro+ i(yo+€)) - /("0 +;vil S *

for every cs on [o, D] and every { with 0 < € < 4. Take any curve L in Ri
connecting two sides of )Ri which a"reparallel to the y-axis. Then we can see
that the length ol f(L) is not less than

I,=il(*-(*-,1-
i.
&=1

On the other hand, let f, be a homeomorphismof somerectanglefr.1= la1,6il x

l\i,dil onto the quadrilateralQi which is conformalin the interior of Ei and
respectsthe vertices suitably. Then we have

/ ,6; " \2 ,6;

Ii s | | tlt'ta,)s tai- ai).t |'ai li,'t'a,.
\/a; /

Integratingboth sideswith respectto y on lei,dil, we obtain

S s u{oi).4i.
Here, we denote by li the area of Qi.
Now, suppose that / is K-qc in the senseof the definition G. Since

u(Q)<KM(R)=o+,
we get

(l-)<tV\,,=.ryPT,,
 'ft)"lq j 'f11ua1e,rrnbe
ro
6)tl
-
,$),t - 6)'l <
(oETl6)"/ )/
'6 'snq6
13ql epnlcuoc a,ll o+ puel r 3ur11a1
'(t)o
+ffi ? (dDw 7 ('a)wx
:x
ul"tqo r '(g'' f '[Og-V]ueuelrr1
pue olqerl'ecuelsurro; '';a) flrpnbaur s,1a3uag
fq'acua11'g?*e = (0)/ eraq!\
' [, ((o)"/- (o),/)+ s's]x P((o)"/+ (o)"/)+ D'Df
elEuelce.raq1 flaleurxo.rdde sr ('g,)/ .t"ql 'a elrlrsod
frarr.aro; [r'0] * [r'0] = 'g a13ue1rere raprsuoC 'ur3rro sqlJo pooqroqq3rau e ur
(lrl)o
+ z'(il'l + z'(o)"1+(o)/= ?)t
se papuedxa q ./ l€rll elou 'asec srql uI
o < (o)"/ teqt
aurnsss
arrr'acue11
'r?elc$ uorlrassB
eql ueql'o = (o)"/JI'(0 <) $)tt 7(il"t
'6'7 uorlrsodordJo;oord eq1 ur pelou e \ sy'anrleEau-uou a.re(g)z/ pu€ (0)"/
(20
l€ql eurnsspJeqlrnJ feur an pve Id sraqurnu leer alqelrns qq^a (z . "sre)t . ,6re
Sutreptsuoc ,(g '0 = oz Ie-qI'flqelaua! Jo ssol lnoqtl^t 'eurnss€ feur er* ara11
'oz = z e q?ns xld 'O 'acua11
) z f.rcrlo lsorul€ le elqerluaragp f11e1o1sr 3f
'1'7 uorlrsodord 'loo.r4
Jo uorldurnsse aql segsrles / teqt saqdur yl't €ruural
'0+x)10-x)=qer?qn
'O uo'e'o
l'llq > Itll
uayl 'N uor?Dlolrplourroou eUl ypn g uotTru{apaqy
'St'V BtutuaT
{o asuas ?qI u? CI urvulop o to 0utddoru Tou.totuottsonb p sr I lt
'O uo rIcY sr
D
'[g'r]
/ reqr epnl)uof, ar'l snqtr, > 0c .frerralsotup ro; d ;o uorlcunJ e se [p'a] uo
snonurluoc {1e1n1osqe* (fi'oa)l }€q} ^\oqs uec ea\ 'luaurn3re eures aq1 fg
'o
Jo uorlrunJ * * [g'o] uo snonurluoc
flalnlosqe 4(fr'r)!'flluanbesuoC'0 * llt--,t'3se 0 - !,lt--,j31€rll apnlruo?
e.!r', - lA? '6
\e?urs'ellug l€ql ees rr€c ea\'relncrlred u1 <- & se
sr f7 r(.ra,ra
anl€ etlug e ol spuet (ofr - q/((on)a - (n)A) '0n te alqeltuereJlP sI dr e)uts
I6 sarlrador6,(rcluauralg pup suorlluya('I'p
92 4. Quasiconformal Mappings

4.L.5, Other F\rndamental Properties of Quasiconformal Mappings

We state here, without proofs, two of the fundamental and important properties
on continuity of quasiconformal mappings.

Theorem 4.16. (Mori's theorem ll57D A f is a K-qc mapping of the unit

disk A onto itself with f (0) = 0, then

- f (rz)l < t6lz1- ,rltlK ,

lf (rt) 2 1 , 2 2€ A , z 1 f 22.

Theorem 4.17. Eaery sequenceof K-qc mappings of C onto itself firing 0 and
I conlains a subsequencewhich conaergesunifonnly with respectto the spherical
d,istance.
Moreoaer, the limil function of such a subsequence
is again I{-qc.

For proofs of these theorems and further information on quasiconformal map-

pings, see, for instance, Ahlfors [A-2], and Lehto and Virtanen [A-69].

4.2. Existence Theorem on Quasiconformal Mappings

We have seen that a quasiconformal mapping / of a domain D induces a

bounded measurable function pJ on D which satisfies ess.sup362lttt!)l < L.
In this section, we shall show the converse.Namely, for every measurable p with
€ss.supz(DlpQ)l < 1, we construct a quasiconformal mapping whose complex
dilatation is equal to p.

4.2.1. Preliminary Considerations

We denote by I-(D) the complex Banach space of all bounded measurable

functions on a domain D. Here, the norm is given by

llpll- = ess.supz€Dlp!)|,
p e L*(D).

Let B(D)1betheunit openball {p e L*(D) | llpll- < 1} of L*(D), andcall

any element of B(D)1 a Beltrami coeficient on D.
First, we note that a quasiconformal mapping with the prescribed complex
dilatation is essentially unique. More precisely, we have the following:

Proposition 4.18. Let pr be an arbitrvry elernentof B(D)1. Supposethatthere

erists a quasiconformal mapping f wilh the cornpler dilatation pJ = p. Then for
eaery confortnal mapping h of f (D), the cornposedmapping ho f has the same
complex dilatotion p.
Conaersely,for euery quasiconformal mapping g with Fg = H, the composed
mapping g o f-L is a conformal mapping "f f (D).
( o ' r ) ' c r ) ' ( c ) )atzt ' o p (, p
1 -+ ) e t u " f+l -=o ) q a
3ur11es,tq (C)aZ uo d roleredo reeutl € augap eA\
'uotllesse eql aAeq e^r
tr
'@me u se 'flartlcadsa.r '(g)a7 ul zt * "("/) pt" 'g uo ttpuroyun / +- u/ aautg
,Pv,Pffi"il+-ffi"f
+=e)"!
se,rr3elnurro; s(uearp 'u fla,ra rog ',tpe.r1rqre g ) ) lutod e xg
pu"'g o1 lcadsar qgi'a / roJ I*{"/} aauanbesSutqloours-o7 ue a4e1 '1xa1i
'flqenbaur s(raploH fq s.uo11o; uorlresse aq? 'g uo alqe.rEalulsI rl() - z)/11 acurg
'I = b/I 'trsJ u1 'alqer3alur f1a1n1osq€sI apls
+dlI fq paugep aq (Z >)D lal
'1sq1g
pueq lq3rr eql uo turel puo?es arll Jo puer8alut eqt l"ql a?ou erlr /oor2r
'C u! g tlnp uado tueaa .tot
a)),nP,pfi'ff
+_#"'[,+=o)/
sa{s4nst uaqJ '(dn Io
PuorlnquqrP esoqn C
tt puo lt s7uau;1afr,qpeTuesaul^teJo searry)auap1otq.tod
uo uotTeunt cnonutluoz o ?q I pI '@ > d > ?, qfn d qI 'At'V uollrsodorg
'uralqord-g aql e^los ol
Frluasse x opru"tot s,ntadtuo4 letrsselc Euu,ro11o;eqa
'(r)ar),t = oil,ltl
ot,(np,por:[f)
,(q uarrrEfl rurou aql eJeqA{'C uo
alqerSelur a.re alll 1etll qcns c uo / suollcunJ elq€rns?au 1e 3o aceds qc€ueg
xalduroc eq+ eq (C) n lel 'oo > d ; I qll^{ d f.ra,ra rog 'uolleruroJsuerl fqcne3
'pueq Jaqlo eql uo
aql m ua\our1iflecrsselc u e/ urog / lanrlsuooar o1 fem e
'uorlenba ruerlleg ua,u3 aql p ((rl)grl)9 = t
''l pue r/ uaaallaq
uorlnlos e ur?lqo a,r,r,'(r/)g = zt tjd'rol aql u-r 11 3ut1t.ra,rag
'(trt)C='el)g=zt
uoll€lar e e^sq aruue{}
'et)C - ',t1en1ry 'zJ' ue^€ eq? urorJ
/
/ uorleluaserdarelqellns e 1eBa,n3r
elqelrnse Surpug''a'r 'tualqold-g..If Eunlos 1srgrePlsuocea.'asodlnduq1 rog
'"lrt - zs
uorlenba1er1ue
-regrprtu€rlleg eql e^losol lr.roqreplsuoceaa'I(C)B 3 r/ ua,r€ {ue ro;',tlo1q
't'? ureroeql o1 f.re1oro3 ,(q 'rb-1 sr
tr 6 leurro;uoc8I etueq pue
'-Io61€rll s&olloJtl'gl't uotltsodor4fq (O)/ uo'e'e g ol lenbas.r'-lotrl acu-ts
'1xatr1'rl = trl - {ottil e^eq e/{'tI'} uo11rsodor43o;oord aql uI s€'1s.rrg/ool2'
stu-rddery l?uroJuof,rsen$ uo uraroaql eluetsD(g 'Z'?
94 4. QuasiconformalMappings

Then we have the following:

L e m m a 4 . 2 O . F o r e a e r yp w i t h 2 < p < q a n d f o r e u e r y h e L p ( C ) , P h
is a uniformly Hiilder continuousfunction on C, wilh erponenl (7-2/p), and
satisfiesPh(0) = 0.
Moreouer, Pf satisfies
(Ph)a = h
on C in lhe senseof distribution.

Prool. First, as in the proof of Proposition4.19,we shall show that the integral
on the right hand side of (4.9) is well-defined.For this purpose,defineq by the
equation\/p+I/q = 1. Since
1 1 C
z-C--r=r1r-q
belongsto Lq(C), Hcilder'sinequalityimplies that
1 a
I P A ( C );ll<l h l l "l l ; * n l l c ( @ .
Further, when ( I 0, by changingthe variable,we have
trt .t tQ
, fll 1 lo,
II l--:--- l axay=lCl2-z'II l--;----l d,rda.
J J c l z ( z- C ) l J J g l z ( z- L ) l
Hence, there is a constant I(o depending only on p such that

l P h ( ( )Sl K r l l h l l o ' l c l ' - ' t(o€, c , e + 0 . (4.10)

SincePh(0) - 0 by the definition,(4.10)is valid evenwhen ( = 0.
Next, set hr(r) - h(z + Ct).Then we obtain

phlCz-
(,)=-+il"h(z+c,)(4+_6- l) o,o,
1 f f / 1 1 \

zrJJc "\z-(z z-Q/

= Ph(cz)- Ph((r).

Combiningthis with (4.10),we concludethat

lph((r)- pn4)l S Kollhllo

'lc,- crlt-'to, cr,czQc, (4.11)
or equivalently, that Ph is a uniformly Holder continuous function with exponent
| - 2/P'
To show the second assertion, take a sequence{h"}Lr in Cf (C) such that
- ---+oo. (Such a sequenceis constructed, for example, as in
llh h"llo * 0 as n
the proof of Lemma 4.5.) Then for every h., we have
 '(C)"3C q ,trerraroJ (C)-C o1 sEuolaqqd IeqI
)
leql pu€
(gt't) p"* (Zt'f),(q aasu?c aa,r'1xa11'(tt'l) paglre^,(pea.rpe^"q eM'too.t4
(qrr) 'zllqll
= zllutll
puD
'C uo rtJ = "(Ud)
ftr'v)
sa{s4os(C)JC ) t1tuaag 'TZ'7 Bururarl
'(c)"3c
>,1' {**fft*rt-4t11i-}"i =o),tt
1er?e1urrelnEurs eql ,iq
'acua11'lerluasse $ lurel
peugap ; roleredo r€eull aql ol uorluelle .rno fed am
puores aql '0 e , sB 0 ol sa3rarruocapls pueq lr{3tl aq1 uo tural }srg aq} eculs
2
. { r r u , r z ) - z )t " t t - " l \ [ [ ? " +
(4,1 -r' o
( z1,)'ut , = l ) - z l [r y g ] n i =
f.-' lJ | I Y)
)-zcffz:t6 =
(tn) zPvzPGfi o))('1a)
ll ;
sarrr3elntu.ro;
s(ueerC'asec stql uf (C)"3C o1 s3uolaq q eJaq^l esec aql eulurexa aal.'asod.rnd
elqsllns e ul€lqo ol Peou ear'1xa11
slql rod '"(qa) roJ uollsluasa.rder1e.r3a1ul
'uollresse
tr Puoces aq1 pe,rord e^eq e/rl snqJ
cf f )f f
'(c)Jc>a'fipxpz41''ld -=npxpdq
II
I J
||
J J
seat3 ,(1t1enbaa^oqe aql
'oo + u '(Ot'l),tq
lal e^r ueq/t'acue11 C (lo slesqns lceduroc fue uo r(luro;tun
''a'r) uo .{pr.royrunrtlpcol t12,o1 seS.rar'uotut14'oo s u se 0 F oll"U - qll ecutg
'frPaPz4'''
"'ld"[ - fiPxPdtu;t
J J
[ - J J
t
'(C)JC lt d .{rerraro3
'relnctlred u1
1eBa,ra.
.()),q= rpY*{=tt-zt!
' (z)"tl +t;ri = (illeltd)
I t
se,rr3elnurro; s.uaalg ecueg
)-z cff v
'np,pG)1",1
Jlt-=
lzt'v) (^0.r6{;s"ll
+)# =eFyta)
96 s8urddel4l l"uroluof,rspn$ uo ruaroaqJ af,ualsrxg 'Z''
96 4. Quasiconformal Mappings

-*
1rh17= AdZ
ll;ro>"r-rolzdz
= AdZ
+ Il"ph.(-ph),,d2
=
* ll"ph (h)zdz
^dz
= -+ Ad2= llhll1.
ll"nenl,dz
Thus we haveproved (4.15). tr
Lemma 4.21 implies, in particular, that the operator 7 is extendedto a
boundedlinear operator on L2(C) into itself with norm 1. Sincewe have con-
sideredthe operator P as that on LP(C) with p ) 2, we consider? also as
such an operator on .tr(C). Then we see by the following classicalCalder6n-
Zygmund'stheoremthat ? givesa boundedlinear operator on U(C) (p > 2)
into itself.

Proposition 4.22. (Calder6n and Zygmund) For eaeryp with 2<-p 1crc,

Cp - sup ll"hllo
n€c8p(c),llallr=l

is finite. Hence,the operalorT is edendedto a boandedlinearoperatorof Lr (C)

into itself with norm Co.
Moreoaer,Co is continaoaswilh respecllo p. In parlicular,Co satisfies

lim C. = 1. (4.16)
P-2

In $4, we shall include a proof of this basic result for the sake of conve-
nience. Here, assuming this proposition, we solve the Beltrami equation. Note
that Proposition 4.22 gives the following:

Proposition 4.23. For an arbitrarily giaen p (> 2) and euery h e U(C),

(Ph), = Th

on C in the sense of dislribulion.

Proof. Take a sequence {h"}8, in Cff(C) approximating h in Lp(C) (cf. the

proof of Lemma 4.20). For every n, (4.14) implies that

f I tl
I I rn".gdxdy= - I I pn".g,dady, p€Cf(C).
JJc JJc

Here,Ph,, - Ph locally uniformly on C by (a.10)and Thn - 11, in 7r(C) bV

Proposition4.22,respectively,as rl + oo. Hence,we obtain
epnltuoc a^r eunual s,1fa6 r(q ure3e'ecua11'C uo'e'e zD = zt salrE osle uorlenbe
rurerlleg eqt uaqJ'C uo'e'" "6 =,! 1eBaar'uorldtunsseaq1 fq 1 ) dg1 ecurg
' oll'0 -' I Cq ) dll("
llo 6,t),t- $ rt),tll= dll,6 -, tll
ul€lqo e$'ZT,'V uorlrsodor6 fg
'l*('6rl)a="0
aA?r.l
arrr'arroqe se 'ueq; 'f uorlnlos l€rurou Jeqloue sr areql 1eq1 asoddns 'uorlnlos
'(gf 'f) uorlenba Sursn '1xa11
Ier.urou eql Jo ssauenbrun er{} ^roqs n"qs eAr
(st'r) 'l+('tilh= "t
uorlenba eql ulelqo
fleug all^'tC'V uorlrsodor4 Eurlou pue z ol lcadsar qlr^{ sa^r}e rrep eql Eur4ea
(trv) 'C)z ' z+(z)(zt)d=?)t
e c u e qp u e ' 0 = o a A " r Ia ^ { ' 0 = ( 0 ) / a c u r g ' ( 3 ) D ) D + z - ( z ) I ' ' " ' ! ' I - (r),,tr
'I - '(C)al o1 Euolaq (rt)l = '(t)a
l"eql epnlcuoc usc a^r snql d saop os
pu€ I - J ecurs (pu"q raqlo eql uO 'C elor{A{ eq} uo crqdrouroloq q (z),9
'acua11'uorlnqrJlstp eql
1eq1 sarldun (9'7 eururel) eurural s,1fa7y1 Jo esues eql
ul 0 = cdr rraloerol tr 'O = (O),9 pu" snonulluoc sr (z)g '96'7 eurural fq ueqa
'c)z '(r)(l)a-Q)t=Q)t
tes
'(Da reprsuor ue? e,r,rsnqJ '(C)d? o1 sEuolaq osle zt '(C)al o1 sEuolaq -
1 f
eculs pu" 'lroddns lceduroc e seq ztd - ?'J'acurs 'i(;sr1esplnoqs rl rc1 uorlnlos
I
"/ elllellrap '1s.ng
I€Lurou eql Jo 1er1.redaqt qcrr{irr uorlrpuo? € aArrap aaa /oo.l2'
purrou eqrv.''iluaroeqtr,r,lrl#rlojii"o"
I*Iluara'rprurertag aqrrouorwlos
'suor,ppuo?asaqTfrq frqanbtunpeurulJepp sy, uo. qcns 'taaoa.to14J
I
'uotlnqu?s'P esueseql u'
to J uo
- z1
lrt
sa{n1os t puo '(3)67 o7
sfuo1aq - 't '0 = (0)/
I lDUl Urns t uotTcunl snonuNluo) D slsrr,eanqT 'l,.toildns
'I > dCtt
Tcoilutocq?tn puv { > -llt/ll ql4rr"r(C)g ) rt tuaaa .tot uaqa UWn
k <) a aarTtsod,o ?tloJ'fr1g.to"r.7gy,n
I > { t 0 toql qrns q a!.{'VZ'V urarooql
'tueJoeql 'mo1q
lelueuepunJ Eurmolloy aq1 alo.rd o1 {pea.r are alr
suol+nlos [BurroN aql Jo acualsrxg 'z'z',
' ( c ) J cr a ' f t p r p z d t , " " [ - - f i p x p d t , t " i l
f
L6 sturddul4l l"ruroJuorrs"nS uo uraroeqJ af,ualsFg 'Z't
98 4. QuasiconformalMappings

that /-gand l-g u r . h o l o m o r p h i c o nC , w h i c h i n t u r n i m p l i e s t h a t f - g

should be a constant. Since /(0) = S(0) = 0, we conclude that / - 9, which
implies the uniqueness of the normal solution.
Finally, the existence of the normal solution follows also from (4.18). In fact,
repeat substituting the whole right hand side for /, on the right hand side. Then,
we have the following formal series for f" - l:

f" - | = Tp * TjtrD + T(p,r@Tp))+ . .. .

This series actually converges in ,Lp(C), since the linear operator which sends
h € Lp(C) to T(p.h) € ,p(C) has the operator norm not greater than &Co(< 1).
We set
h=Tp+rfurfi+.... (4.1e)
Then h belongs to trp(C). We shall show that

f(')=P(p(h+I))(z)+z
is a desired solution.
In fact, tt(h+ 1) belongs b Lr(C), for p has a compact support. Hence,
Lemma4.20 implies that / is continuous,"f(0) = 0, and 7, = p(h-t 1). Moreover,
Proposition 4.23 irnplies that

f"=T(p(h+1))+1=h+1.
Hence, / satisfies the Beltrami equation fz = pf,, and f" - 1 belongs to Ip(C).
!

4.2.3. Basic Properties of Normal Solutions

From the construction of the normal solution in the proof of Theorem 4.24, we
have immediately the following:

Corollary l, Underlhe same circumstancesas in Theorem/.2l,lhe following

inequalitieshold:
I
ll|illp S *L - / I ; V p llpllp, (4.20)

and,
l/((r)- f&z)ls fi^lrllpl(r - czlt-ztp+
l(r - (zl (4.2r)
for euery Cr,Cz€C. Herv, I{o is the conslanlgiaen in Lheproof of Lemma y'.20.

Proof. Let h be as in the proof of Theorem 4.24. Since h = T(prh)*Tpby (4.19),

we have
llhlloS kcpllhllp
+ collpllo.
Since f/; = p(h * 1), we obtain (4.20).
Next, by (4.17) we have
 '(c uo
'a'o) rl - trt sa{sqos puo'5to |urddou o st rl
Tottt"totuoetsonb .tol I uo\nlos
'fA'f uteroeyJ u, sD snuolsurnrrn eutDseV?repun .gU.'
IDttltou eW uraJoaqJ
'3;o Surddeu 'g1as1r
leuroJuocrsenb e sr erueq pue oluo C Jo
rusrqdrouroauoq e '1ce; u1 'sr uorlnlos l€urrou eqt teql ^\oqs ileqs e,u,,inolq
tr 'g uo fprro;tun
/ o1 sa3ra,ruor Y fnqf
Jo
epnlf,uoc aan'u {ra.re roJ oo pooqloqqftau paxg e ur crqdrouroloq sr ,f - $ acurg
'oo <- u se "! .C
C uo rlprroyun f1eco1 t * lsql aes eilr snqJ I ) {ra,le ro;
"l) - "Illt + dll' l(,t - ,t)ll}ox }
* -rl)l {dll'(
l()X'(V)-'l)al = l())Y- O)/l
urclqo e,rn'(0I'?) pue (ZI't) fq 'txaN
'(ZZ'V) 'oo
1aBa,r,r, * s se 3 uo 'a'e r/
o1 seS.ra,ruoc
url ecurspue 'pepunoq,tpr.rogrunetr- url
1e yo slroddns eql ecurs
.dllz!(uil
- ql:"T; t, dll,('!)- "!ll
al"q ell 'acue11
'd llz l(d- ,t )l l o c+ d l l '(" 1-)' lllo cq )
oll("led-,t)).r,ll+ oll(('(V)- "t)",t)l;ll, oll'el) - "!ll
selr3 (91'7) 'u .,(.rarre
ro3 '1srrg 3foo.r4'
kz'v) '0= dll,!- "(Y)ll?i,r"
puo 'a + u so 3 uo fiTnttotr,unt +- uI ueqJ
.rt t ot uo,4n
ros * * r.J
:, :, :, "r:" : " ::,, :;" ;r: : ::," : r,:^::," :, rr,t
puo 'u to Tuapuadapu!W luolsuo)
elqo?rnsD y?!n {W > lrl I C ) z} u? pauwtuo? T"toddnso soy url tuaaa (n)
'u tuaaarol tt > *ll"rlll (t)
:suot?xpuo?
6utmo17ol aq70utfitstTosr(C)g
ur acuanbaso aq r/{ur'} nf
'fa'f uero?qJ u, sD eq d puo t1pI .Z it.relloaog
'sllrolloJ s" sluarrlgeoc
rtupJ]leg eq] uo suorlnlos leturou eql Jo ecuapuedap eleq a^\ 'arourJeq]rnd
'$6V) pu" (II'p) fq s,rao11o3
(16'y) acueg
!
'lz)- r)l+l(z))('l)a- ())el)dl t
l(z))/- (r))/l
s8urddey4i l"urroluof,rssn$ uo uraroaql af,ualsrxg 'Z't
100 4. Quasiconformal Mappings

To prove this theorem, we need the following generalization of Weyl's lemma

(Lemma 4.6).

Lemrna 4.26. Let u and o be continuous functions on a simplg connecleil

domain D whose distributional padial derioatiaes can be reprc.sented, by locally
integrablefunctions. FurTher, suppose that u2 = u". Then there edsts a funclion
f which is continuously differcntiable (i.e., of classCr ) and satisfiesfz = u anil
fr=u.

Proof. Ftx a rectangle R in D a^rbitra"rily. Take an .Ll-smoothing sequence

{,rr}Lt and {or}f;=, on rR for u and o, respectively, with respect to r? such
that (u")7 = (u,)" for every n. (This is possible. See the proof of Lemma 4.5.)
Then for every n, Green's formula gives

-
[ 6 ^ a r * u ^ d z ) =J[J[R {("")t - (o^),} dz A dz 0.
JAR

Hence, letting n --+ oo, we have

I pa, * udz)
J8R
= o.
Since ,R is arbitrary, we conclude that the indefinite integral of udz * udZ is
well-defined, and gives a desired function. tr

Returning to the proof of Theorem 4.25, we take a sufficiently large M so

that {z e C I lzl < M} contains the support of p, and fix it in the rest of this
proof. Fix also a sequence {p"}flr in Cf (C) with llp"ll- ( * such that the
support of p, is contained in {z € C I l"l < M} for every n, and that p.n - 1t
a.e. on C as n --* oo. We denote by /. the normal solution for ptnfor every n.

Lemrra 4.27. In the foregoing situalion, fr: C ------C is a honteornorphism

belonging to Cr(C) for euery n. In particular, euery fn is quasiconformal.

Proof. Consider a function g with 9z - pngz. Set

tt = gz and a = gz = I,tnt-r,

To show that 9 belongs to C1(C), it suffices by Lemma 4.26 to see that u is

a continuous function which satisfies u7 = (lt"u)r.If we set a = logu, this is
equivalent to proving that o is a continuous function which satisfies

cz=Fncz*(tt")". (4.23)
Now, differential equation (4.23) is solved in a similar way to the case of
the Beltrami equation. In fact, first as in the case of (4.18), we can construct a
solution h in IP(C) of the equation

i, =r1p^rt1+T((p),).
 'C
) e z t r z f r r e a er o t
l(zr)"1- (r)"ll +
ftz'v) +r(4 - t) pz - r71
a1"-rl(zr)'!- (tz),!111'r11ft )
sa{s4os ut fuaag '62'} BrrruraT
:3uraro11og
eql pe?u e,u 'arourraqlrng
'ursrqdroruoauroq
tr
" q./'snql ''C eloq!\ eql uo qeu"rq panle^ e13urse *{ r_/ pq1 serldurr
uraroaql {ruo.rpoirour l"rrssrlt aq1 'peleauuoc fldurrs sr m3 acurg 'nC uo eAJn?
fraaa 3uo1eflecrlfpue panurluoc eq uec rl Jo qcuerq fue pue 'mg ;o 1u1od
fue;o pooq.roqqSraue ur seqf,u?rqarqd.rouoloq wq r-.f 'uolldurnsse fq mop
('crqd.rouroeuroqf1pco1 s1 ,f roy 'pa8ueqcun sr z3 uo f3o1odo1 aq1
'1
1eq1a1op) raldeq3Jo I'7'I$ ul s€ '? uo ernlcnrls "q1 1c*q 3uq1ndfq 'C uo
ernlcnrls xalduoc alau e Surcnporlur ,tci auop aq uec stlJ 'uorlcun; crqdrourbloq
e se / raprsuoc o1 sr ursrqdrouroeuoq € sl / ltsqt aoqs o1 ferrr auo '1xa11
''? = (e)t "?
1eql apnpuoc a,ra'(,p)/ sr os o?uaqpue'lcedtuoc sl
ecurg'uado q ("?)/'Surddeur uado ue sr 3f acurg'flarrrlcadsal'/;o 1aEle1aql
pus ulsuutopeql ere qcrqn sareqdsuu€tuet1l aqt 'C,tq pue '9 fq eloueq'too.t4
'C oluo g o fi11onyco
lo tus.tyd.touro?uto!
sl
sr t uayT 'crqtuoruoatuotlfi11oco1 <- g :i uotTcunl o fi 'gZ'7 BururaT
?
'Jleslr oluo go ruslqdrouoeuoq s sl
! 3 V 1eq1 salldun eurual lxau aql
'aro;e.reqa'C eloq^{ aql uo crqdrouroaruoqf11eco1osl€ sr ut (@ = z
1e alod aldurrs
e wq V acrirg '3 uo crqdrouroeuroqflecol q V 'ereq,nfterla earlrsod sl V Jo
"eel.(el"dl- r) = "lr(I)l - "l"et)l
uerqocef eql ef,urs'rl11eurg
'1c sselcJo sl "/ - 6
t€q? apnlcuor ellr snqJ,'"1 +eql
serldturuollnlos leturou eqlJo ssauenbrunaql'acua11 '(C)al o1 s3uoleq I- r0
'g **"u41 pu€ oo - z
leql aes aal 3o ecroqc eq1 ,(q 1 = @)t lo pooq.roqq3rau
e ur crqdrouroloq sr t = zD aours '0 = (0)t l"ql ewnss? feru arn 'ara11
'(rurl -1z6url - z6 Surfgsrles(C)rC
] f uorlcun; e slsrxa ereqt leql sarldurr
gA't surua'I snql '"(t"rl) - zt Pue snonulluoc sI r uaql ' oe = ! 1as 'u,o11
'GZ'V)
Jo uollnlos snonul?uoce flenlce sL slql
'"("rt) pu€ rl = ((rl)
* qurl = zo * qurl)a = ,o
"".rrrl'oo = z Jopooq.roqq3rau
e ur crqdrouroloq sr r leql aloN)'0 = (z)o -*"urll l€ql os C esooqc alu\ereg
'C+(eil)*q"rt)4 - o
1as'1xep
TOI s8urddell FruroJuof,rsen$ uo uraroaql af,ualsrxg 'Z't
702 4. Quasiconformal Mappings

Proof. For a fixed n, we can see from the proof of Lemma 4.27 that (/,)-1 is of
class Cl. Also, (/,)-r is quasiconformal by (i) in Theorem 4.10. By Proposition
4.13, we obtain

tt(J.)-,ofn=-*'r,.
lh)'
In particular, putting un = p(I^)-t, we have lr"" f"l = ltr"l (a.e.).Thus we have

tf ll
| | lv"lpdxdy - l(f"),12)axay
= I I lp"lo(l(f")"1'
JJC, JJC

t [ | l,,l,l(f^)"l2drdy= [ [ U,^l'-'l(f^)zl2drdy
JJc JJC

/rt \'t' /rf \;

dadv
= (//" lu"lP dxdv
) \J J"l$"),lP )
Then (4.20)in Corollary 1 gives

S 0 - kc)-3 . lle"llo.
llr"llo
Thus, applying (4.21) with / = (.f")-t and (i = f"Qi) (, = 1,2), we con-
clude the assertion. !

Proof of Theorem 4.25.Let {p"}T=t and {/,}Lr be as defined before Lemma

4.27. Then /,. converges / to uniformly on C by Corollary 2 to Theorem 4.24.
* --* 4.29 is still valid when we
Since llp"llo llpllp (n oo), $.2\ in Lemma
r^eplace/, and pnby f and,p, respectively. Hence we conclude that /'0 -----
C is a continuous bijection, and therefore is a homeomorphism. Next, since
f , - | belongs to Lp (C), so does f z = Ff ,. Thus, / satisfies the assumptions in
Definition At, and hence is quasiconformal. tr

4.2.4. Existence Theorem

We have shown the existence of a quasiconformal mapping with complex dilata-

tion p when p € B(C)l has a compact support. This conclusion is valid for a
general p e B(C)r as well.

Theorern 4,3O. For eaery Beltmmi coefficientp € B(C)1, lhere exisls a home-
omorphism f "f e onb e which is a quasiconformalmappinC of C wilh compler
dilatation pr.
Moreouer, f is uniquely determined by the following normalization condi-
tions:
/(0) = 0, /(1) = 1, and /(oo) = oo.

We call this /, uniquely^determined by the normalization conditions, the

canonical p-qc mapping of C, or the canonical quasiconformalrnapping of C
with compler dilalalion p, and denote itby f u.
 'C
Jo ,tt Surddeu ab-r/ lecruoues eqt slstxa araql'gg'7 uraroaqa
.,(qacuag 'I(C)g Jo luauala ue se r/ pre8ar ue? a^r 'V - C uo 0 - r/ 3ur11es
tg'lrl - r/
1aspue
'O +
V: 3f SurddeurIeuroJuocrsenbe qcns xyg'!oo.t4
'O oluo tusyldlouoauroy D ol pepue?se s?
y, lo CI uxDttropuDprof
p oluo V qslp pun ayl .tt.7 uolllsodorg
to 0utddou.tlou.t.totuoctsonbfri,ang
'(69'p uraroaq;) ureroaql
eruelsfxa aql Jo suorlecqdde lereles elels ar\ 'uorlcas slql Jo pue aql ?y
'auo pansap aq1 s f 'acua11'suorlrpuoc uorlszrlerurou aql sagsrles
O
d'f1.ree13(rl = 6il 1"qt os zrl peuufapeler1ea\'g1'7 uorlrsodo.r43ur1ou fq'1oeg
u1) '('a'e) d - 6il leq? eas u?? a.rapu" 'gl't tueroeql ul (H) fq leurro;uocrsenb
sl ,r/ o ",tt = f 'ra,roarotr11's?stxa osle 'lroddns
"n/ lreduroc e seq zrl s3u1g
{tz'v) 1_(.'rl)"(#H)=",
'slslxe '{srp
?as osle aM rrrJ ler{} u^roqs e^€q e^\ uaql lrun aql fl 7 alarl/I{
'v)z ',3\=
$zv) '(r)rt u*
v-c)z
(es€) slql
las e^r uI '?uarogeor rrrr€rtlag lerauaS e u r/ 1eq1 asoddns 'dleurg
'euo palrsep aql
sl / leql epnl)uoc e^t eoueH 'suorlrpuoc uorlszrlerurou eql seg$les / 'r(pea13
/z\ -7
'C uo'e'€ (z)r= t ( = l l C- a = Q ) { i l
rl/ zz
eeq
e.rrlsnqJ 'elnr ursrl?Pnsn eql fldde uec a^r leqt os elqerlueregp,t1e1o1osle sr
-?/r)rl
;=(z)l
Surddeur leuroJuocrs"nb aq1 'zf 11ur.odqcns fra,re 1V 'C uo'e'e elqerlueregrp
,t11e1o1sl il 'fV uorlrsodor4 ,tS '? go nrf Surddeut cb-rl l€?ruorr€c aql slsrxe
araql 'aro;aq se acueg 'lroddns lceduroc e seq pue r(C)S o1 sSuolaq d uaql
'))z '5G)d=Q)!
{gz'v)
+aseAr'r/l= (z),0 uorleuroJsrr€rl snlqgltr eql ,fq d laeq 3ur11nd,asec
slqt uI 'ur3uo aql Jo pooqroqq3reu aruos ut ('"'r) O = r/ leql asoddns '1xag
'euo pensep e{f sl (I),r,4 /?)n,t teql salldur gZ'V l.uu'er
-oaql ueql'r/ ro; uorlnlos 'asec srql u1 'lroddns
lcedruoc
lerurou aql aq a,iI pl
e seq r/ reql asoddns '1srrg 'at Jo ecualsrxe eql .&oqs il"qs e^a 'acua11'suorlrp
-uoc uorlezrleurrou eql pue 'too.t4
8I'? uorlrsodo.r4 fq sArolloJssauenbrun eqa
t0I sturddery l"ruroluo)rssn$ uo uraroaqJarualsFg 'Z''
104 4. QuasiconformalMaPPings

-t
Set g - f F o f . Then g is a quasiconformal mapping of D. By Proposition
4.13, we seethat Fg = 0 a.e. on D. Hence, Corollary 2 to Theorem 4'4 implies that
g is a conformal mapping of D. Since /p(4) is a Jordan domain, Ca,rathdodory's
lh"or"* gives the extension of g to a homeomorphism of D onto ;r'14;. Since
I = g-' o f t', we obtain the assertion.

mappingsof A onlo C.
Proposition 4.32. Thereexistno quasiconformal

Proof. Suppose that there exists such a quasiconformal mapping f : A -

C. Then,f-1 is also quasiconformal.We set p = pJ-t;then there exists the
c a n o n i c a l p - q c m a p p i n g f P o f e . I f * u s e t g = f P o f , t h e n p , = 0 a . e .o n 4 ,
and hence g is a conformal mapping of A.
On the other hand, since g-1(C) = A, Liouville's theorem implies that g-I
should be a constant, a contradiction. D

Proposition 4.33. Let p be an arbitmry element of B(H)1. Then lhere exists

a quasiconfonnal mapping w of H onto H wilh compler dilatation pt.
Moroaer, such a mapping w (which can be edended to a homeomorphism
of H = I/ U R onto itself by Proposition1.31) is uniquely delermined by lhe
f oI Iowin g n o rrn ali zalio n conditi ons:

tr(0) = g, to(l) = 1, and ur(oo) - m.

We call this unique to satisfying the normalization conditions the canonical

p-qc mapping of H, and denote it by ut'.

Proof.The uniquenessfollows by Proposition 4.18 and the normalization condi-

tions as before.
To show the existence. set

z€H
t ( z )= { ; : ' ' z€R
I t(t, z€H*-C-8.

By the uniqueness theorem, the canonical ;l-qc mappi.tg .ft of e satisfies

fi(r)=74
p(H) --
In particular, we see that /a(R) = A. Since /P preservesorientation, f
I/. Hence, the restriction of /i onto l/ is the desired one. tr
 .21t r7-
tu>l"l>z/rir'l
n u
#,1'-##l{'"''*il*l l l = ( , t ) r )
:s^rolloJse
uorler3elur;oureuop eql apr,rrpeaa'asodrnds-rqtrod '?/t)al /t = ?),r,tr eraq^,r
{ z > l " lrl r
'npxpalr-,Gd)l =ttlr
IJ
{1r1uenbaqt eterurtseo} secgnsq 'I .- (I),r,4 pue (r lt)r,l /fi)n2, = (z)n./ acurg
(ez.r) - ,G)ltz>vtrfI
.0*- -llr/ll = -lldll se g * fipapoll
JJ
teqt aor{s llerls a/y1'0 poorlroqqfteu aruosur qsru€ d IIe teqf asoddng
Jo
'0 pooqroqq3raupexg aurosuo
Jo
rlsrueA d U* I ,{1uopue Jr papunoqfpr.ro;run a.rer/ 11ego slroddns eqt leqt e}oN
'(gg'7 ura.roeql;o
;oo.rdaqf Jc) C lo il Eurddetueb-r/lecruoueceql u 7/ uaql
'(72/"21' - pue (r/;.)nl /t = (,)a!
?l:.)rt (4'!,t = (r)d
'lxeN
las
0 -- -llr/ll se O- Y'dllt-'Gt)ll
1eq1sarldurr(ZZ'V)
'VZ'Vruaroeql o1 fre11o.ro3
6 ,tq
-llr/ll $a I ts (1)ng ecurg'fi)ng/?)a,t = (z),tt a^eqa^. '69'7ura.roeq;,yo
0-
'rl qcns fre,ra rog
;oord eql ur palets seit.rsy ,/d uollnlos leturou er{l slsrxa araql
'-llr/ll ,C. -llrlll acurg'fpre.r1rq.re(6 a)
lpus {lluarcgns q}l^ar/ fre,ra roJ I >
d xrg 'papunoq ,(prro;run er€ r/ 1e ;o sl.roddnseql 1"q1 etunss?'1srrg /oo.l2'
o,u: = v'dttqtl
0,,(oo,o I I)
puor(C)g3danym
'0 * -llt/ll 80 - Y'dllt- "Gl)ll
0
'(Z <) d finaa tog 'tg'7 BurruaT
'eurual
3ur,rao11o; aq1 errord ?srg e^n 'n1l' lecruouec eql roJ 'lZ'' ureroeql ol 6 ifre11o.ro3
ur r/ o1 lcadsa.r {lln ;^{ suol}nlos Isurou aq1 ;o ,(lmulluoc u^{oqs fpeaqe a,req
ai!\ 'rl luerf,Ueoc nu"rlleg aql uo ;3f ;o acuapuadap ure?uo? q lo il Eurddeur
I?ruroJuof,rspnb lecruouec aql uo st?eJ InJesn pue luelrodul tsotu eqt Jo aluos
sluerJsaoc ilrrBJlleg uo eruapuedeo '8'?
90t sluarf,SaoC ur"rtleg uo acuapuadaq 'g'7
106 4. Quasiconformal MaPPings

Notethat,for asufficientlylargeR,everyFts isholomorphicon{z € C I lzl > R}

and Fp converges to Fo(z) = z uniformly on {z e C I lzl ) i?}. Hence,we can
seethat Iz - 0 * llpll- * 0. On the other hand, since

. =
tt fI l z 2 1 1 r u 1 " 1 -z )1 ) , z2 ,'ll P d x d y
i '
J Jt'tr.t,t."tl-lFu(')r @t'(z)Y lu
Corollary 2 to Theorem4.24showsthat 1r - 0 * llpll- - 0. Thus we obtain
(4.28).
Finally, for a generalp, set

uQ)' z€A
u(z\=[
10, z€C-4.

Letting /v be the canonicalz-qc mappingof C, we set gF = f Po(f')-r' Again,

by Corollary 2 to Theorern4.24,tv '--+id uniformly on C as llpll- --- 0. Hence
we may assumethat everyf'(A) is containedin {z € C I lrl < 2} and contains
{z e C I lzl < t/Z}. Then by Proposition4.13,everyper vanisheson somefixed
neighborhoodof 0. Further, since

(f p)" = (gF)"o f, .(f,)" * (c\, o f' . (V),,

and sinceeither (/'); = 0 or (gp)t" f' =0 a.e.on C, we have

ll(f')" - 1llp,a - 1)" f' '(f')"llp,a+ ll(f'), - 1llp,a.

S ll((su)"
Express the right hand side of this inequality as /3*/a. We have already shown
that .Ia * 0 as llpll- --* 0. As for -I3,we obtain
"l
ll
( t " ) os = : - I I l ( s u ) "- \ P l ( f ' ) , " ( f ' ) - L l P - 2 d x d v
L_tc"JJy"1ay

(rt ^ I x d Y ' l l ^ l t r l " l ' o - ' d]''dr v' |

.- _-t t l l l'."
( s,-r ) , - l l 2 p d . x d y . I l l ( f ' ) " | ' o - ' '
| kz tJJtt,t.rt
with ft = llpll-. Hence, by using (4.28), where we replace iF and pby gts and
2p, respectively, we can show that .I3 * 0 as llpll- * 0. Thus we have the
assertion. D

To investigate dependence of. fp on;r, first we shall derive the following

integral formula for f P.

Lemrna 4.35. Fix p with p > 8 arbitrarily. Let p be an elemenl of B(C)1

satisfuingllpll- . Co 1 I. Then the canonicalp-qc mappins Ip of C satisfiesthe
following integral formula:
 - rl 112) { c = l " lrl
( g t ) o =l)zW T all
I
'arag
1eq1saqdrur(gg'p)
( ) z - 1 ) " ( ( z ) a { ) ' vff
'nnxn::----)?)-#: -t@)n!'onI
_ _),
Jl ,, zp z I
leql 6I'? uorlrsodo.r4goyoo.rdeql ur se ees u€f, e,lr ,e1nurro;s(uearC Surfldde ,(g
'{t (9
> l"l > g I C ) z} = ey tes enrysod geurs flluarcgns fra,re .ro;'irro11
'leus dlluarcgns sr -llr/ll *
3uo1 se r/;o luapuadepur $ u, t"ql alou ,.raq1.rng.(Og'l) sa,rr3qrrqal ,ur3r.roaq1
Jo pooqroqq3rauauros ur snonurluoc raplog-(d/Z- il.1 r_(,r1) leq+ epnlcuo?
e^r snql 'ge't uraroeql;oSoord eql ur u^toqs s€^ s? ,ur3rro eqtJo pooqJoqq3reu
eruos ur snonurluof, rep19g-(d/6 - 1),tpr.royrun sr ,prnq Jaqlo eq? uO
'utErro aql ,_(21)
Jo pooqroqqSrau aruos ur snonurluoc zlrqrsdrl fpr.royun a?ueq pue
'leur.roguoo.l .ur8rro aq?
r_(V) l€ql ^rou{ e,lr ueql Jo pooq.roqq8raua(uos ur
saqsruel t{rl pue poddns laeduroc e serTc{rl ,f1aue11 .gg.t ureroeql go;oo.rd
eql ul se fl.repurrs peugep aw lt eraqa.r,'rl ozt s (z)7/ esodurocap ,1ae; u1
(oe'r) 'A> z'
k _ q t d l z l tZul ( r ) n l l
/pooqroqqsreuers,xeareqlffilX'&'.T":':11..i':.1"T:
lou se^eqeq (r)n! /r leql {raq? plnoqs ar* 's1q1op oI 'epturoJ s(ueer9 fldde aar
'7 uo ?er€ ue fq aprs pueq aql uo
1e.r3a1ur lq3rr ler3alur aq1 acelde.ro1 ,,rno11
'sluelsuo? ar€
€r pu€ y'eraH
. ) z- t G ) a ! o n [ +v=
zP z )*)s
I"
- I vQr - onf -, onf
,o (), * r.
. \ , " ) " r zl \) (/ z.\ t J "l/= ;Qf ,f i t ) , l =_ ,_r^ )b ) , rJ
e^eqe^racuag'Q)nI /, o1 pnbe * n/(n)nl uaqa.zf 1- m
ol z elq"rr"^ aq1a3ueqc'asodrndqq1 .16g'V - eare elq€trnse dq
C uo 1e.r3a1ur
tsrg eql acelda.r
aprspu"q 1q3r.raq1uo 1e.r3a1ur plnoqsen ,uorlresseaq1anordo;
v)) ,op,pffi"ff o+=Q)a!
+-;e"'l
serrr3(61'puorlrsodo.r6)
"lnuroJ s,nreduro4'lsug'too.t4
'Q/t)nt ,V nt
/t = Q)r! a.raqm ) ) fr^taaa
op,p u(, "--
. (' ,)--r- !;) \'=l'!)"[[
il r
\ ,") / (r)'G!)
Gz'v)
n- n ,(e \zr _ 1r +- z; - ,) - z \ , . - . - . v f f y
) ( , ) ' G It I) t - ) = Q ) a t
r0I sluerf,saoC ru"rllag uo acuapuadag 'g'p
108 4. QuasiconformalMaPPings

as 6 - 0. Since p > 8, we can show by Htilder's inequality and (4.30) that the
area integral on the right hand side converges absolutely as 6 -* 0. Hence we
have

U'),Q)0,0,,-c'
t - ; l l a j[[
Gu),(')--L,d,ay
\ s / - 2 " i -!r J tt
rrp((\=o!?c Ja z-\ t'@yl-rc

for every C g A.Moreover, since both sides of the above equality, considered
as functions of (, are continuous on ^4, the equality still holds for every C e A.
Hence, by using the normalization conditions that .f'(0) = 0 and /p(1) = 1, we
obtain the desiredformula.

Using integral formula (4.29), we prove the following:

Proposition 4.36. It 1t conuergesIo 0 in B(C)1, then the canonicalp-qc nxap'

ping fP conaergesto the identity mapping locally anifonnlg on C.

Proof. F:xp > 8. Since llpll- * 0, we may assume that, for every p considered,
.Cp 11, and hence (-4.29)in Lemma 4.35 is valid. Writing the right hand
llpll-
ria" or 14.20;as( + r11;+ i(C), weshallshowthat both 1(() anai(1; converse
to 0.
First, since
(fp)r=p((fp)"_1)+p,

we can find, by using H<ilder's inequality, a constant M such that

l M ( l l ( f r )-"l l l p , a + l ) l l p l l - ,e e a
l / ( OS
for every p. Hence by Lemma 4.34, we see that .I(() converges to 0 uniformly on
4 asllpll* -* 0.
Next, recall that V and rn in (a.30) can be chosenuniformly with respect to
p. Thus we can find a constant M such that

l M $ G \ " - l l l p , a + l ) l l i l l - ,e e a
l i ( ( )<
for every;r, where! is definedby(a.25) in the proof of Theorem4.30.Sinceir
is the canonicalp-qc mappingof C, and sincellpll- = lllll-' we seeby Lemma
4.34 that i(C) - 0 uniformly on .4 as llpll- * O.
Hence,we haveproved lhat f rt - id uniformly on 4 as llpll- -'- 0.
Finally, for everypositive r (< 1), set p',(z)- tt|/r) (z eC), and consider
the canonical,rr-qc mapping fl" of C. Set

f,(r) = fP'(rz)l fP"(r).

Since p1.(z) - F,Qz) = p(z) (a.e.), and since /" satisfiesthe normalization
conditions,the uniquenesstheorem gives /" = fP.On the other hand, since
fp" - fd uniformly on ^4 as shownbefore,so doesf, on {z e C I lzl < Ilr}.
Sincer is arbitrary, we concludethal f tt ---+fd locally uniformly on C. tr
 o1 saSrerruoo?/ Q)rl |€rll ees uef, ara'V ) ) frarra.ro; y uo alqerEalur
dlalnlosqe s1lue.rofeu sql ecurs 'yg a?w1r(lluaragns elqelrns " qll,$ 3 fra,ra ro3
( l )-lr )
v > ) , l , - r l'ffa-qtdz-lzlw
lueroleur e seq 1e.l3a1uraloqs aq] go puer3alul
aql teql sarldurr(gg'y) aleurrlsauroJrun eq1 'raql.l\{ '0 *- t s? y uo ,t1u.ro;run
t
g+- \fipxp (r-t _ ) r - r \ z ( @ ) a , r ! ) ""f _ _ \ |
f _
r \z) ,r)) Q)t ttrJ O)'^/
eqru-rreqlol rerrurs
;oo.rd luaurnEre
"" fi1:Tfi:{Lt-?ffii:jl,il
'Qz/rz1'Q/i"=Q)c
Pu"
Qz/ "21'Q/i!),t = ()'!il = G)(t)d '1xap
1as
'0-ts"f,Zuor(luroyun
(se'r) **(*+T-.) @:[f+-
o1 seEreruoct/Q)\ leqf gg'? uorlrsodor4go;oo.rdeql ur leql
ol relrrmsluaurnSreue,tq,noqs usc e,r\'0 - I se 0 + -ll, - l/(l)rtll e?urspu€
='(<r>nl)
(t)a+ $ - "QsrlD(r)rt
erurs 'lsJrJ
'O)'^r+())'r+)"'
(3)r/rol (66'p) elnutoJJo aprspueq 1qEr.reql ssa,rdxg'1frara.rol (3)r/- r/ qq^
p1e^ q (OZ'f) t"qt erunss?feur aar 'gg'7 uorlrsodor4 ;o ;oord eq1 u sy 'too.r4
et.v) .cr ) ,oo,oWUy"[;- =e)t^l!
:uotlvlu?seJdat,pliayut aqy soq lnlt
'.teaoato141
'3 uo tu.tottun 'C)
Qpcol * acue6.taauo?e1l puo ) fi.r,aaa"tot sTnia
(re'r) t'ii'' = (:)t"lf
=--*-----. ,
)- O)r,l,r/
ueqJ
'0 *- s? ts -ll(l)rll
r 0 rour u?ns (c)-z ) (7)t puo (c)-z ) n ?lqopncqnn
c ) z'(z)(1pr* ( z ) ' t y= ( z ) ( 7 ) i l
nt^totaq1u, u?I1r.l,r.l"
sl ''a'l'0-
Q)il tID elqv?tua.ta$ry
q G)rt
'TnTaunroil aalilu.roc
tayt puo'0 *- l sD 0 {- -ll(l)rlll 7oq7asoililng o ro IDar
o uo |utpuadapsTuarc$aoc runuH?glo fr,1gutol o aq {(7)d} pI .Le.? ruorooq;,
60t sluarf,Ig:eoC rurcrllag uo acuapuadaq 'g'p
110 4. Quasiconformal Mappings

_ ! t f . . / 1 \ r ((r= /,\
c , _ -fr1a'ao
" JJ^"1;)t G34)
locally uniformly on 4 as I * 0.
Thus, changing the variable z to If z in (a.3a) and adding it to (4.33), we
have (4.32) for every C € A.
Finally, the same argument as in the last part of the proof of Proposition
4.36 showsthat (/p(t)(()-./)/t convergestothe right hand side of (4.32) locally
uniformlyonCast*0.

Corollary. Let {p(t)} be a family of Beltramicoefficienls dependingon a real

or a complerparametert.Suppose att =0, i.e.,p(t)
lhat p(t) is differentiable
is written in theform

p Q ) Q )= p ( z ) - t t v ( z ) + t e ( t ) ( z ) , z € C

w i t hs u i t a b lpe€ B ( C ) 1 , v e L * ( C ) , a n de ( t )e . L - ( C ) s u c ht h a t l l e ( t ) l l -- 0
as t ---+ 0. Then

1 t,(r)1=1 ;Iu (0+tj t'l u l( O+o|r l) , ( € c

locally unifor"rnly on C as t * 0, where

i'vc)=-+|1",v,ffi0*0
Proof. Set 1, - 7u(t) o(.fr)-t.Then the complex dilatation ,\(t) of fl is given by

' \ ( ' =t'r,=

) / t'(t)-t'%) ' , r u/, - ' '
\i:Fmffi)u\r
Hence, .\(t) is written as

. \ ( r ) = r i + o ( l r la) s r * 0
in.L-(C), where
( f P ) "\
^\ -=( ( , - tuP
(*:)o(ru)-'
Apply Theorem 4.37 to this family {/r}. Then we conclude that (fi(() - C)/t
convergesto
(((-1)
/ t i l ( (=) - 17 tJ[J[c ^ t az \-; 1 ) k - C ) a x a v
locally uniformly on C as t * 0. Hence, changing the variable z in this integral
to (f r')-r(z) and noting that (/r(t) - Ir)/t = {(/, - fo)/t} o f u, we have the
assertion.
 ) - r ['<ll-,ll f y o*,
(qe'r) u I ) 'rpG)a = (?)dn
/ t*r
frq pau{ap dtto dtp uotTotu.totsuvr?peql?H aqt '(U)J,? ) d'tfitaaa.rol (g)
puD 'I - zV puo 'd o7 TcadsatVpn snonutluoa st.dy (r)
dy
?Dtlllons TuoTsuoc o s, ^reql'(2 1) d frtaaa.tog (zsar11) .gg.7 BrrruraT
'u1(ou{
'uorleuro;suerl
11eirr,tlecrsselc ere qcrrl/rr lJaqlrH eql Jo sarlJado.rdssncsrplsrg
'(66'7 uorlrsodor4) ureroeql s,punur3,{Z-ugJepleCa.rrordo;
[eqs a^r eroJalaqt
'uorleuroJsusrl
?reqlrH
'esec
Ierlss€1f,eql sl J srrll of Surpuodsar.rocrolerado aq1 leuorsueurp-euo eql uI
'atl = g uo pr3alur reln3urs e s€ paugap ser
T,?,'V
uorlrsodo.r4ur 7 .role.redoeqa
tuoroaql punrutfz-ugrapl€C Jo Joord 'p.?
'o'"all .ll ur.roueql ol
lradsar qll^{.{ll€rlr{d.rouroloqro f11ecr1.{1eue
-leer ? uo spuadap (r),// ueql ',t1arlr1cadsa.r
'fllecrqdrourolor{ ro f1ecr1,{1eue
-leer ? .relarue.redxelduroc € ro 'elourraqtrnd
l€er e uo spuedap (l)rl uaqin
"''"llf..tp1
'o- ,
(torn.f) r llo*,
llL(o)Dl
- - -ll urr
uaql '? ralaurered
xalduoc e ro I€ar e o1 lcadsar qll/tr 0 = ? le elqerlueraJrp st (l)r/ uaq,rl '1xe11
'0 *-
t se C uo f1u.ro;run
,t11eco1 o1 sa3reauoc
n'"slln! -
;rf u1 'oo + u sB *
,73f '.re1ncr1red 0 "nlll
ueql 'oo <- u s€ C uo'e'e d <- url teql pue u.r(.ra.rre
roJ { > -ll"r/ll
leql qcns s?uerrlgaoorurerlleg 3o acuanbase eq IT{"d} tel'reroarotr41
p,* 'Tti"i"l';
e q {{ t -ll/ll | '''slln/ll} uaqyr > oCrtpq1 asoddn,
tlll^{ { xlJ 'Z 4 d pue ) Jo I SurddeurIsuroJuorrsenb lecruouec ,tra,re roy
/ a 5 l " l rr \ / all"lr r\
a/r\
l o p , p o l , rllrll l/ * l o p , p o l ' {r lrll l/ *
a/r\
r"r
,qr.
/ r_ 1; ",- ::) ,u ir e "f = , , "s1l/ ll
l(zz)I- P)tl
'ar
las luslsuoc erlrlrsod e xrg :([91] sreg
pue sroJlqy ';c) s11nse.rEurmollo; aq1 e.rrr3suorle3rlse,rur radaap aurcS 'qJDuaA
'C
f ) paxg fra,re roJ t ol lcadsar qlr,u crqd.rouroloqfl Q)fr>nt uaql 'l ralaurered
xalduroc eql o? lcedsar qt-ra aleqa{Ja^e elqerlueraJlp q (l)r/ ''a'r 'fllerrqd.rour
-olotl ? ralaurered xalduroc e uo spuedap (irt uaqm. '1eq1 palou eq ol sl 1I
III uraroeqJpunurt.{2-ugrepFCJo Joord 't'?
ll2 4. Quasiconformal MaPPings

salisfies
< Apllpllp,n,
ll//pllp,n
wheru ll .llp,n meansthe LP'norm on R'.

prool. Since the assertion for the complex-valued functions follows from that for
real ones, we may a.ssumethat I is real-valued.
First. set

r(()= u(C)+ =+
iu(() ( =€* itt,n>
0.
I:*0,,
Since u(() is the Poisson integral of rp, it is harmonic on the upper half-pla^ne
.F/, continuous on I/ U R, and coincident with rp ott A. Th" real part u(() is also
harmonic on ,E[.Moreover, since

,(o=*l:d#e@)do
=! f P G + , ) - ' P G - o )^ " = d ,
rJo t x'+no

for every( = €+a4 with ? > 0, we seethat u((*f4) * neG) as ?--* 0 for
every( € R.
Next, set
-f,t"t}Y.
w(0=lr(c)lo
Then we obtain by simple computation that

azw ,*, = -2
l " ( ( ) l P - 2 ) l F>' (0c,) 1c2e H .
ffi,G) f,tlrtc)lo-2-
Hence, applying Green's formula on the domain

D e , R = { ( ef f l n > r , l c l < f t } ' 0 < e < E ( o o ,

wehave
f ( i \ a l-uc
y
o<>o'
J,o.*(j,
Now it is easy to get a rough estimate
, , , , _ 1 t (l(l-*).
=o(cl-')
law |
lal
Hence, letting .R + oor we have

t Yuso
J 1r1=eyotl

Note also that another easily obtained rough estimate

 'eturuel Surirrolo; aq1 sarrr3
gg'7 eururerl'g.ro1e.redoqql ol lcadsa.rqll1\'(C).35) 3 a1pue c I ) araq^\
' ftztz
f i Q + ' 1 4{t<t,u
SyIq g;i" =
Jt I
{;4lcllg3ar^ \
/ , 'l
opey-,(*O;;ooe +'*'i)""1|=,t,^t
,ro1erado
aqr,.a..r "urr"oirT:i"*t:f?lHJ,[Y"1.::*t'T:[i
,,a3?*elerncrr),,
aql o1 U uo uorlsuroJsrrerl 1reqllH erllJo suorlezrl€raue3aq1 Jo euo sV'C uo
uoll)unJ e se dtg p.re3ara,n'elqerrea xalduroc e s€ l Surraprsuo3'(qg'l) "t
? -, = q oI e alqerr"^ aq1 a3ueqc pu" (C)JC ur d uorlcun; e aqel'mop
'd ,{.ra^rra
JoJlu€}suoc peJrsepe sr
(- /r-a\\
"to\'- ot"\T))
-o-,
'acua11
-!"
-,,('-,r,(#))
.a'a114511zlax t - -,
tu'dlldflll
sa,rr3eururel s(noleJ '0 ol puel r 1e1',{1eutg
-'t'(#))
'?par(,p
+ il^r*f "''(t +?),r*[
t tu dre?
l€q} aPnlruoc e^\ snql
*
+ tq * + ))nt
",,{,,"(rrot('r /) ","(*ur'p :/) }
fq papunoq $ aprs pueq lJel eql leql aas er\ 'flqenbeur s(r{srtro{ur4 fq 'a.ra11
'JpalQt+ *-[ -7
t)nl + ltudllp+l).rl
o J t - J
'p.r3e1ur
?€ql apnlcuocaar'(oo'r] uo lr o1 lcadsar qlrm Surler3alur'acua11 1se1
aql uI uollsllueres1p pu€ uor1e.r3a1ur Jo repro eq1 e3ueqc uec e/r pq1 sa11dur1
qcrqal, 'lr o1 lcedsar ql1,u ,(1turo;run ,t1eco1 sploq '.Ztl e3.re1dlluarcgns e qlr^r
'u>l ' , - ( I +" l ? l ) w
l ftr., r # r l
TII uraroaqJ punurtfT-ugrappC Jo Joord '?'t
ll4 4. Quasiconformal Mappings

Lemrna 4.39. For a giaen p (> 2), lhe inequality

llsell,< ioollollo
holds for eaery I € Cf (C).
In particular, lhe operator S is extendedlo a bounded,linear operator on
LP(C) into ilself.

Proof. For every 9, set gs(z) - 9Qei0). Then

llsello.*z | e'uo
lo,rl
llneellp.

On the other hand, for every d, Lemma 4.38 gives

= [* ( [* Wrrloa,\av
lneell!,
'
J-o \J-o /
f @ / 1 6 \
< AF l .JI- -
- l\ .l/ - - l e s l P/ d x l d y
"

=allleelll
= elllvlll.
Hence,the assertionfollows. 0

theoremis reducedto the following

The first assertionof Calder6n-Zygmund's
lemma.

Lernrna 4.4O. For eaeryI € Cfl(C),

Tp = -S(Sp).

Prool. First, by Green'sformula we obtain

't tt a /-2\
sp(0= lg n +();
JJrr,r,r,Pe \a )o,oo
t (
=n^11[[ e " e * c"' l l a , a- y +J [ lPQ,\)or\
.*o ur "l>,J lzl 9"p,1 2 lzl )
["/"/11
1 | tt 1
=;I t t + = * C)
JJ.e"(z C)^a'av ; I J.peQ ^dxdu
= L ? ( [ [ e ? ) . d "" /d , ) .
r0.,\JJclr-Cl
As in the case of the operator P, we replace the kernel Lll, - (l of the integral
on the right hand side by
1 l
k ( t , C=) z,(e c'
l, - ..l- A'
 .(oo
- u) ry-- l*-a- tl of@- zLln
- z)g- =
) L o P u " t a I
*''^-n',,1
*
(E;Y'n'uu
[[) +=(W
lsql alq"lr"^;o a3ueqc fq aas a,u,'urJa1lsrg eql roJ sY
-,tt>l{a>ttt}S
ze -.)ll)- zl {u;t*-ttt ) --a'
I l> I _ln SS's
t-rt;p ll Q--tplp tt ni-u
fq aprs pueq tqSy aq1 aceldag
[) +
[?] *r =(,,wffi"[
{**F*{a'n-)| 'acue11'oo {-
1eBeaa U s€ C uo f,prroyun d1eco1 g o1 se3ra,ruoc
/ 11_21{a<tn_tnss\
1g-
f"etefu)t u/ e
tlsrtg
tgq? eas uec arr,r
**m"lI 'ale11
1er3e1ureq1 yo f111q€Iluareglp prl.red eql {caq? o} Peau aal
(ze (**F#"1[) 3 ,4^"[f]++- =(rn)(ars)
r) {oo,o
'c
urelqo aa,r'e1nullo; s(ueerc Sursn ,(g ) n dra,ra .ro;
(**F#"[u,"
{0,,0 [) ^"|[ ] ry+=
^"t
(E#u," "f
{uo* t)('')h[] ry+=
( )f f\ morL
I I I it=('xas)s
\uotr@')ho)as
'ecue11'(C)JC > a
1eql ueroeqt s(lulqndSursn,(q easar\
d.ra,re
ro; (C)al o1 s3uoleqdS tn,{t saqdur 68't €IuureT'ptreqraqlo eq} uO
rrerr,a
ro;pte^ ;?l{"1'1
,"ur,Xll,t'lJ:l{;":ffi:Jffitffi?
IIII'q(ge't)
aq1 ;o ecuaEtreluoc et{1 aalu€r"n3 o1 sr uorlecgrpour srqa)
I al frarra .ro; 1e.rEa1ur
(ge'r) ' (owor|z)q(z)dt"il) o)ds
++= a^eq uaqr
a^a
9II uaroaqtr punurtd2-uoroppC Io 1oord '?'t
116 4. QuasiconformalMappings

Similarly, we obtain

!0z
( tt :{4:) - - oz 1
\'-p * --/'
m).
l.,ll,- Cl)
\J Juetsny
Hence. we conclude that

*(ll"f*"*)
exists and is equal to

z-r=-'
Now, going back to (4.37), we have shown that

=* | l.ora(* - i) **\
s(s,p)(,o)
{+
a ^
=-i;,rr(w)=-Te@).
Thus the assertion follows. tr

Finally, the last assertion of Proposition 4.22 follows from the continuity of
Co with respect top. Noting that Co ) 1, which is verified easily, the continuity,
in turn, follows from the following Riesz-Thorin's convexity theorem.

Lemma 4.4I. The funclionlogC, is conuet wilh respecllo llp on (0,I12).

Proof. Fix p1 and p2 with pi ) 2 for each j. Set oi = llpi and Ci = Cpi
(j : 1,2). It sufficesto show that

llrfllu" S C,'-'.cl.llfllq.
h o l d sf o r e v e r ya = ( 1 - r ) o r + t a 2 ( 0 < t S 1 ) a n d e v e r yf e t ' r 1 " 1 C 1 .S i n c e
I t l
llrfllu' ' sdxdv
rrlJJ"Tf
s6Ltt(t-a1rllirn,r.,-.,
by duality, we shall estimateil"f f .gdxdy.
First, we assumethat / and g are step functionswith compactsupports.For
every complex value (, we set

f,
r(O = 177GY'
t/l
and
e
G(O = ;r1(t-a(e))/(t-d
lcl'
whereo(O = (1 - C)ar + Caz.Clearly,,F'(O and G(() are alsostepfunctionsfor
every(. With suitablereal constants.11, we can write
 'y xtPuaddY;o
p u e ' g r a l d e q 3 J o s e t o N a e s ' o s 1 y ' [ 9 1 6 ]u e a r t l n sp u e ' h O I ] e m e 3 e g ' [ 6 9 1 ]s a u o l
'[gg] Surrqag '[99] ut.*tq 'lttl'ltZl s.rag '[61] sroJIqY '[gO-V] raqoqts '[tO-V]
r€{eN pue orreg '[16-y] rauaqc,(g pue uuerulag '[Sg-V] zfztypve zcrr*oufrinel
'[qg-V] Surrqag '[gt-V] ralqceqos pu€ uqof 'srag ees'aldurexa roJ 'suollnqlrlslp
'sace;rns uueruelg
enl€A Jo pue 'suorlcunJ luel"Alun ;o 'sdnor3 u€Iulely ;o Jo
salroaql aql s€ qtns elqelJe^ auo srsfleue xaldtuoc Jo splag snolrel uI osle lnq
Jo
'sacedsra[nuq)IeJ;o ,t.loaq1aq] ur fluo 1ou paqdde pue '1oo1l€]uau€punJ pue
'luelrodurt '1n;asne se paztuSocar's{eperrrou'are s3urddeu
1eu.lo;uocrsen$
'[gSa].H.\t
Pu€'[69I] !\otsotrl'[g] pre3y ol uolluel]e ll\€rP osle
e/11'[60I-v] gpslg1 'actrelsut ro; 'aas 'sSutddeur leuroJuoJrsenb prleds rog
'[Og-V] uauelrt1 Pue otqarl se qtns s3utddeur leturoJuo?Isenbuo s1xa1
prepuels aas 'sar1.rado.rd ctseq Jerl?opue suolllugep asaql roJ 'pasn flluanbaq
'1
osl€ are 'q13ue1l€ruallxe eql ,(q euo Pue (7$ .ra1deq3jc) uorlel"llP lelncrl) eql
'[6-y]
fq auo 's3urddeur leuroJuocrs"nb;o suolllugep luale^Inbe reqlo 1o aurog
alou ern??alpaterqelac (sroJlI{YJo A Pue 11 s.ra1deq3uo paseq st laldeqc stqa
saloN
'uollJass" aql sa^IraP
D luaun3re uolleunxo.rdde
eurlnor e 'slroddns lceduoa qt!^{ suol}?un; dals frerltq.re ere f pue / acutg
'?=)W
. " / ' l l / .l \l c . , _ I cI l ( t ) o l
l€ql aPnlruot II€? era
,D/rlUll?ol - c7?o1j- r28"r(l - t) - lO)olsot
zpl+tp(l-r)
uorlcunJ truowreqqns aql ol ,fllcallP
'acua11
eldrcurld leurrx"ru aq1 turrtldde fq ro 'uraroaql sauq-?arql l€elss?lc eq] /tq
',
r,C I tlltll)zc> l())ol
ulelqo "^'{I = } | C ) )} uo'{gePu15
.,1,,(ttlvll),c> t'"-r)/rll())cll'"/'llo)a-rll
t l())ol
aeqaa{'{0=llC>)}
uO'{I > ) > O I C > )} uo crqdrouoloqpu€ papunoqq ())O'relnrrlred u1
'fiptp0.la
"f
| =r,t,
'(oo >)
l"qt snol,rqosI lI 7,9,(ra,raro3
'{11uenbasuo3
{W > l}ll C > bp+ I = )} uo arqdrouroloqPrrePePunoqtI O)O
"[l
'(tunsalruse) O).r.2 = OW
2,rara! = ftpap())g.
LTI seloN
 118 4. QuasiconformalMappings

Recently, quasiconformal mappings have played a crucial role in new inves-

tigations in the complex dynamics. A new notable result, called the improaed
\-lemma, has been proved, the statement of which, for the sake of convenience,
we include here.

The improved )-lemma. Let E be a subsetof C, and tet f (\,2): Ax E - e

be admissible,i.e., let f satisfy the following condilions:
(i) /(0, z) = z, z € E,
(ii) for eueryfired \ e A, the map /(), .) : E - A it on injection, and
( i i i ) / o r e u e r yf i r e d z e E , t h e m a p f ( . , r ) , A - e is holomorphic.

Then there is an arlmissiblemap iQ,4 i Artsx e -----*A such that f - i on

A t t e x E , w h e r eA, t t s = { } € C l l l l < 1 / 3 } .
Moreoaer,for eaery fixed \ € Atls,l(f , .) is a quasiconforrnalhomeomor-
phism of A oilo itself.

The second assertion is the contents of the so.called ),-lemma. For the proof,
see Bers and Royden [43], and Sullivan and Thurstonl2lTl. See also Slodkowski
[20e].
As for related papers in this field, we further cite Blanchard [44], Douady
[52],Douady and Hubbard [55],Mafr6,Sad and Sullivan[135],Shishikura[206]
and [207],and Sullivanl2l4l,l2I5l, and [216].
 'asodrnd qql 'ace;lns aseq
1U f11eeu s3urddeur IsruroJuocrs€n$
eql uo sernlcnrls xelduroc aqt Jo 1as a{l se aceds reilnuq?ral eq} reprsuoc e^r
ueqin 'sa.rn1cn.r1sxelduroc eqt Jo suorlJol$p eq? ol uollrpuo? sseupepunoqruroJ
-Iun aql esodurrol sI qqt op o1 ,teu aug 'sacedsrellnurqcral eql
Jo uorlrugep eq?
ur 'sauo pcrSolodol rrcql rer{?sr 'suorlrpuoc c1!t1eue pu€ e^r}f,rJ}seJeJoru reprs
-uoc plnoqs em 'q3noua suorleErlsarr,u!eq} e{pru o1 'acuanbesuoc s sV
InJtln{
'C uo 'y uo
lou op lnq lsrxa suorlcunJ crqdrouoloq
pepunoq luelsuocuou pue suorl?unJuearC s? qcns suor??unJcrseq 'f11en1cv 'sarl
-.rado.rdctytleue xalduroc luaregrp snorJ?Ae^€q lnq 'crqdrouoagrp f11en1mu are
y {slp lrun eql pue C aueld xalduo? aql 'acuelsur .rog 'srs,tleue xelduoc 3o
'fpureg a13urse ur se?sJrns crqdrouroegrp flpnlnur
lurodalar,r aql urorJ ts?al 1"
1e eceld o1 q3no.root sl 11'secegrns uu"ruerll praue3Jo esecaq1 ur'ralemog'(I
raldeq3 yo g$ ees) sEurq.reurse sdno.r3 l"luauspunJ eql ueealeq sursrqdlourosr
qlgm paddrnbe g, o1 crqdrouroagrp sac"Jrns uueruarg (paryeur) il€ Jo las aql 'g.
'pa.raprsuoceler{ eru'9, ace;rns uu€ruerg pasolc e rod
;o eceds rellnurq?ral aql se
sacedg rallnuqrlel Jo uorlrnrlsuo3 cry(leuv 'I'g
's8utddeur railnuq?IeJ pa11ec'sSurddeur
I€ruJoJuo?rsenbpurerlxa eql Jo sseuenbrun pue ecuelsrxe eq1 sr;oord eqt ;o ,ta4
eq; 'aceds ueapqcng l"uorsuaurp-(g - 0g) I€ar eql q II€q lrun uado eq1 o1 crqd
-Joruoaruoq q (a ?) f snuaS;o ec€Jrns uu€tuerg pasop e go eceds ralpuqcreJ eql
'ruaroeql s(rallnuqcrel arrord plr€ '(Z () 6' snua3
}€q} sel€ls qcrqin Jo sat€Jrns
uusruerl{ pesolc Jo esec aq1 ele3rlselur ear 'g pue U suor}ces u1 's3utddeu leur
-.ro;uoarsenbEursn fq a?eJrns uuerueql frerlrq.re ue
;o aceds Jallntuqrle1, eql Jo
uorlruuep areu e arrrSaal '1 uorlaaS ur '1srrg 's3urddeur l€ruJoJuocls€nbEutsn
fq f1e,r 1eure11esaceds Jallnr.uqcral lcnrlsuoc II€rIs eiIr 'reldeqc $ql uI
saJBds Ja[[nuqJ.raI
g ra+dBqc
120 5. Teichmiller Spaces

5.1.1. Teichmiiller Space of an Arbitrary Riemann Surface

Fix an arbitrary, not necessarilyclosed,Riemann surface.R.For every quasicon-

formal mapping f of R onto anotherRiemannsurface.9,considera pair (^9,/).
I
We say that two pairs (S1,fi) and (Sz, fz) are equiaalentiff2o f , is homotopic
to a conformalmappingof 51 onto,S2.DenotebV [S,/] the equivalence classof
(s,t).
We call the set of all such equivalence classes lhe Teichmiiller space of R,
and denote it by "(r?). This "(,R) can be identified with the secalled reduced
Teichmiiller space ?#(I) of a Fuchsian model I of R, as shall be seen in $1.2.
Letting idbe the identity mappingof .R, we call [.R,id] the basepoint of "(A).
The topology of "(.R) shall be introduced in $1.3 by means of the Teichmiiller
distance.
In this definition, we have used the notion of quasiconformal mappings
between Riemann surfaces. Since quasiconformality is a local property and con-
formally invariant, we can naturally define quasiconformal mappings between
Riemann surfaces. However, there is another way: namely, by the uniformiza-
tion theorem in $1 of Chapter 2, we define them from quasiconformal mappings
between plana,r domains as follows.
For every Riemann surface E, take a universal-covering surface ,E of ,R. By
the uniformization theorem, we may assume that I is one of C, C, or the upper
half-plane I/. For every homeomorphism f of R onto another Riemann surface
.9, by Theor em2.4,there is a homeomorphism /, a lift of /, oj E onto a universal
covering surface .9 of 5 (which is also assumed to be one of C, C, or Il). We say
that / is qaasiconformalor K-qcif the lift / is quasiconformalor /(-qc. (Here a
quasiconformal mapping of d means a canonical quasiconformal mapping of e
composed with a M<ibius transformation.) Note that by conformal invariance of
quaslconformal mappings, this definition is independent of the choice of a lift f.
First, we discuss briefly the Teichmiiller spaces of the exceptional Riemann
surfaces (cf. $4.1 of Chapter 2).

Example.l. Suppose that E = e. Then fr.= R = 0, and the only Riemann

surface homeomorphic to .R is^e . Moreover, every quasiconformal mapping of C
is homotopic to id. Hence ?(C) consists of a single point.

Example 9. Suppose that E - C. By Theorem 2.I3, Ris conformally equivalent

to one of C, C - {0}, or tori. The image of C or C - {0} by a quasiconformal
mapping is conformally equivalent to C or C - {0}, respectively. Moreover, every
quasiconformal self-mapping of C is homotopic to id. Hence ?(C) consists of a
single point. Next, every quasiconforma.l self-mapping of C - {0} is homotopic
to id or to the conformal mapping z e lf z. Hence, fG - {0}) also consists of
a single point.
Finally, in the case of a torus .l?, we can show by the same argument as in $2
of Chapter 1 that ?(R) can be identified with the upper half-plane .EI.
 '7'I ureroeqJo1 spuodsarroc euruel 3urmo11o; aq;
' r.7 sserdxeosp e1y rJ / H = S
t-! .t ! .n
pue 'rJ dnor3 uersqrnJreqloue oluo J;o Jg ursrqdroruosr ue elsq e&ruaql
'J)L 'r-!oLo!=G)!g
^q PeuseP$ qcrq^r
'(a,'z)rsa
* 1:!6
ursrqdrourouroq airrlcalur ue aA€q a r '/ UI Ie?ruoue, aq1 Sutsg
'tr o7
Tcadsat
qryn I to l,ttlulonuouw eql / qqt II€c a1l ('g ot g;o Surddeu leruroJuoersenb
B Jo uorl?rJlser aql s.rprr€ 'flanbrun pau[uralap sr 3f ue qcns 'gg'7 uorlrsodor4
fS) '- pue 'I 'g;o qcea saxu qcrq^{ ,g *- U : ,f Surdderu l€ruJoJuocrs€nbe;o
'asrmreqlo al"}s '{p!} -
H +- II : / lJll eql reprsuoc s,{e,rnpam lou op e,raJI J Jo
'0Jo rpso
?uarualaauiosSolurod paxgs sr oo pu"'I l"ql aurnssefeur ea,r'mo11
'02'Z eululerl ,tq tf
Jo slurod
paxg eqlJo rlc€e tuo.r; lcurl$p sl zlJo lurod paxg /tue uaq?'eqoq.radfq s-t'I,L fes
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lcurlsrp fgenlnur are
'cqoqered ere f,L
?eql eas uec aal'f,LJo turod paxy enbrun aql eq fd Surllel ueql
'(0I'A pue g'U ssrutueT '3c) aqoqered .ro cqoq.radfq raqlra sr f,L frerra
IIe JI letll
/r\ou{ eAr'oqy'e,rtlelntutuot-uou are t={{if1 Jo o!\1 fue uaql 'zLorL - ef }es
'.reroero141'rL ozL * zLo t,l qtyn zl, Pge Il, sluaurale o11rlsul,gluoc .1"1ce3 u1
'slurod ee.rq1
ls€el 1€ sureluoc {pp} - J Jo slueuela yo slurod paxg il" Jo }es aq} l€q} a}ou
'esec srql uI'e^rlelnunuoc-uou sl
J leql arunsse sfemle aar'I'I$ ur uorssnf,srp
eq1 3ur,llo11og'g aueld-g1eq.raddn eql uo 3ur1ce U Jo J Iepour uersqo\{ e xrJ
dno.rg uursqrr\{ u 5o acudg roilnurqclal 'Z'1-'g
'(*+'t)
Ie^ralur
uedo eq1 qlr,lr pegrluepl q (U)J 'ecue11'lualerrrnba {1pru.ro;uoc flpnlnur lou are
s luaragrp o1 Eurpuodsarrocsuretuop Eur.rlsq? apnlcuoc eu, 'aldrcurrd uotlceger
eqf dq'ranoarotr4i'zf s +t z Eutddeur leturoJuoc eql o1 ropxo? crdolouroq sl .gJo
Surddeur-;1as leuroJuocrsenb fre,ra lsql pue'{" > lrl > I I C ) z} =S: uleuop
3ur.r raqloue o1 luapltnbe dleur.roguoc st Eutddeur leturoJuotlsenb e fq gr go
a3eun eq1 leql iraoqsuer e11\'{t > lrl> I I C ) z} =U }"qt esoddns'1xa11
'1urod alEurs"
Jo slsrsuoc ({O} - V)1, p* (V),1
'pr o1 crdolouroq q
Jo qlea eruag U;o Surddeur-;1esFr.uJoJuoctsenbfrarra 1eq1
pu€ 'U o1 lualerrrnba ,tlpurro;uoc sr Eurddeur leuroJuo?rs€nb e itq g;o a3eurl aql
'6
leq? eas ot llneurP 1ou s! 1I'to) - v =a tol = u ?"ql asoddnS a\du'oag
'{(* >), > -
l r l > I I C ) z } s u r c u r o pS u t r . r o ' { O } y ' ( q s r p l r u n
aql) y Jo auo o1 luele,rmba flpur.ro;uoe sI U JI ,t1uo pue Jr u€Ileq" sr g ;o dnor3
'es?c slrll
IelueruepunJ eIIl ?sqt 6 laldeqg Jo U''$ m I {retudg uI Palou aA"rI a^r
u1 'aue1d-;1eq.reddn eql 'Il = U. ler{t arunsse sfea,lle e^a'uo araq uro.r;'snq;
saezdg re[lurqf,ral '1'9
tzr Jo uorltrnrlsuog rr1,{puy
I22 5. Teichmiiller Spaces

Lemma 5.L. Two points [Sr,.fr], lSz,fz) € "(n) satisfy [Sr,.fi] = [S2,f2l in
f@) ,f and only if 0i, = 0i", where fi is lhe canonical lift of fi for each
j (= I,2).

Proof. Finst, suppose that [S1, ft] = lSz,/z]. By composing a suitable conformal
mapping of ,S1onto 52, we may assumethat .S1= Sz, and fi is homotopicto f2.
A homotopy between .fr "nd /2 is written as a l-parameter family {.fr}r5r5, of
mappings of l? to 51 . Let /, U" th" canonical lift of fi with respect to f . Then
the homotopy {ft} bas a unique continuous lift, say {F1}, under the condition
that F1 - fi, and {fl1} gives a homotopy between fi and alift F2 of f2.
Fix an element I e f and z € Il arbitrarily. Then both of the paths {f'1 o
{z) | ! < t < 2} and {it " t " i;r1rr1z71 | 1 < t ( 2} havethe sameinitial
point fi o7(z), and have the same projection {f, I L < t < 2} on 51. Hence,
both paths actually coincide with each other. In p-arlicular, the terminal point
F2"7Q) of the former is coincident with hoto ir'6'rQD. Since z is arbitrary,
we conclude that
F 2 o 7 o F ; t= 0 i , 0 ) .
Since 7 is also arbitrary, and since each of 0, 1, and oo is fixed by some element
of f -{id}, we see that F2 fixes 0, 1, and oo. In fact, assume,for instance, that 0 is
the attractive fixed point of a hyperbolic element 7s. Then F2"1so Flt = 0i,(to)
is also hyperbolic, and has 0 as the attractive fixed point. Hence, we see that
r2(0) = 0.
Thus we have shown that F2 is coincident with the canonical lift f2 of f2
with respect to f , and hence 0 = 0
i, i,.
Conversely, assume that 0ir- 0ir= d. Then, for every 7 € f we obtain

iiol=0(t)"ii, j=1,2.

For every t in the interval [0, 1] and every z € fI, letting !" be the geodesic
frith respect to the Poincard metric) connecting fi(z) and fz(z),we_denote by
f ( r , t ) t h e p o i n t w h i c h d i v i d e sg , i n t h e r a t i o t : ( 1 - l ) . T h e n { f i = f ( z , t - l ) |
1 < t S 2] is a homotopy between fi and /2. From the above, we have

ftot =0(t)" fr, I e l, t € [1,2].

Hence, "n".y /, is projected to a continuous mapping fi of Rinto 51 - ^92,and

we have a homotopy between f1 and f2. E

Noting this lemma, we set

f#Q) = {ei l/ ir u .utronical quasiconformal mapping of C

such that eiQ) = if i-t is a Fuchsiangroup).

We call this "#(l-) the reduced Teichmtiller space of l- . It can be also re-
garded as the set {d;(f) l0; e T*(f)} of Fuchsiangroups equipped with iso-
morphisms to l-, or lquivaleirtly, the set of "marked" Fuchsian groups obtained
as deformations of f by canonical quasiconformal mappings of C.
eql ul se / qcns fraaa ro;'lxaN'I'9 €uruerl fq ar'r1cafutpue'paugap{le^r sl
a^oqe se G)+,t> !0 ol (2I)J I U',g] tutoO e spues qerqn Surddeut aqa'!oo.t4
'(.7)t rttp^ oslo
pa{t'7uapt sN (a)l,urrlt'Tcodutoc s? A fi'.t'aqTtng
'(sles so) (,t)*Jyr?n pe{lwew s?
a Io (d1 acods.ta11nu'w?eJ eql
'8'g uollrsodor4
ueqJ 'A aao!.tnsuuDutaty o to Tapotuuocsq)nl D eq J pI
aql apnl)uot e^\ snql
:3ur,no11oy
t r ' U
uo c! - V r"qr aos e,rir'frerlrqre u ) acutg 'Q)"1 = ())! wUt apnlcuoc utsc a^r
'(oz)!! o ("L)e - (oz)uLo ll
acuIS
') uorlrun; t?{",t} ecuanbas
llr€lsuoc e ol I/ uo r(prro;run {1eco1 se3la,ruoc
'rerroa.rot{ ') = (oz)"t -*'tu-Il
e qcns leql saoqs 8I'U eurtuarl;o ;oo.rd eq1
I=J{"f} ecuanbas s slslxe eleq} 'U I ) ttla.te .ro;
'61'6 uotls
leql qcns J ul
-odor4 r(g'g J 0z l u r o d e xld'd ='!9 = asoddns'f1asra,ruo3
)
''! g - '! ! ,e WW
g susatu y?lq,ll 'J 3,L freaa .rog
"!6 -'!g 'ecue11'u
uo reqlo qt€e qll^{ }ueplf,ulo, arc (L)'!g pue (r)Yg suol}eru
-roJsu€rl snlqgl tr'J ) L frarra ro; ueqtr 'U uo z! - V teqt asoddns '1srtg /oo.l2'
'vuo z! =r! "!e='!6 frlstlos
(7,'l= f) lS *A
puo!?
fi fi1uo
'Z'9 BtuuraT
: I s|utddoul lotn.totuousonb om1 'Tcodtuocs, A 7oq7 asoddng
:3ura,l,o11og
eql a^€q ear 'f1en1cy 'e?eJrns uu€uelg
'are11
pasol, e q J I H - Ar ueq!\ (t) +J qll^{ luaPlculot sI (J)J leql a}ou altl
'(,f)Z
f" aceds pacnpar Jo PUI{ € sI
'(t)*J1o
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etues eql Surururrelep s3urddeur o,lrl l"ql r€elf, sr 1t'4reureg e^oqe eql tuoq
('fem eures eql ul J dnor8 uersqcng ,t.re.r1rqrslre roJ PaugeP eq uec (.7)7
aceds rallnurqclal eql 1eq1 elop) '1 1o acodsrelptaq?Nal eql (J)J II€c aA\
'{Q)cbe-l[rn]]=Q)t
les 'rnJo
ss€lc acuel€Arnbaaq1 fq elouaq 'lI uo eot = rlt reqlo qcee ol Tuapatnba ate
[nr.] JI
'sdno.r3 uslsqlnJ osle are r-rnJrn }eql
Q)Cb ) zm'rm sluetualeoA{1}€tll ,tes a6
qcns C ;o ar s3urddsu IeurroJuoctsenb lecluou€? IIe Jo les aqt eq (l)CCI l.l
'sa\olloJ s€
J laPolu
uersqf,ng aql Jo (.7)"1' aceds re[nuqcla; aql eugap e^{ rPu€rl raqlo aq} uO
'(6 ,ra1deq3 ul 8't$
aq} uo
Jo Z {rsrudg ur uartS s?^\ uolllugap esoq,r,r)J Jo (U :t) ("f)Z }as lIruIT
"!6- V6
z! = rlgr,{po pue y. r(;sr1es(?,'l = D lS r-g : f s3urddeur leur.ro;
-irocrs6nbo Ll l"q? 'rnolaq U'g eurual 3o;oo.rd eql q se 'noqs usc aM 'tlrDureg
ctlfpuy '1'9
tzr saoedg rafilrurlf,ra.1 Jo uollf,u]suo3
124 5. Teichmiller Spaces

definition of T#(R), we set \ = gi(f). Then /is projected to a quasiconfor-

mal mapping.f of R = H/l onto'^9 - H/\, and hence determines a point
[S, /] e ?(.R). Thus the original mapping is also surjective, and we have the first
assertion.
The second assertion follows by Lemma 5.2.

5.1.3. Teichmiiller Distnnce

We shall now introduce a topology on "(.R). For this purpose,we define a dis-
tanceon ?(,R).
point [,S,fj e T(R). Let py be the complexdilatation of the canonica]
lake a
lift / of / with respectto l-. Then we have

0 i Q ) o f= i o t , 'rer.
Hence, for almost every z € Il, it follows that

10i0)'" f) . f" = (f, ot). t'

and
(oi0)'"h.i,=(iz"i.V.
Thus we obtain

pi = jti " t)|/l a.e.on ff, t ef . ( 5 .1 )

Conversely, if (5.1) holds for every 7 € f, then we can see that 0i0) =
i"l"i-'is a holomorphic homeomorphism of 11, i.e., belongs to Aut(H). Hence,
we conclude that d;(l-) is a Fuchsian group, which implies that / is projected
to a quasiconformal mapping of .R onto a"notherRiemann surface H/0iQ).
We call a bounded measurable function 1t on H satisfying (5.1) with p instead
of py a BeVrami differentialon I/ with respect to f. We denote by B(H,l-) the
set of all Beltrami differentials on 11 with respect to l-. F\rther, we set

B (H ,rh = {p e B (H ,r) | llpll-< t} .

We call any element of B(H, f)r a Beltrami coefficienl on H with respect to l- .
Simila"rly, we call a measurable (-1,l)-form p = p(z)d//dz on R such that
llpll- = ess.supz€Rh(r)l < - a Beltrarni differcntialon r?. Denote by B(R) the
set of all Beltrami differentials on ,R. Further, we set

B (R )'= {p e B (R )'I lpll- < t1.

We call any element of .B(^R)1a Beltromi coefficient on R.

Remark /. By the definition, B(.R) and B(H,f) are canonically identified

togather with norms.
Also, for every quasiconformal mapping f of Ronto another Riemann surface,
the complex dilatation Fi e B(H,l-)1 of the canonical lift / of / determines
 '0 < I f.ra,ra .rog 'P aruet$P Jellnurq?Ial eql
1eq1 sarldurr p Jo uorlgsep eql
'too.r'4
o1 lcadsa.rqty( (lI)J ul r1:{[V ''S] = ud] acuenbasfqcne3 krc a4ea
'ecualsrprallnuty?tal ay7 o7
Tcadsa.tql.tm
aTayihuoc
sy (os1o (,t) *J acuaqpuo) (g)a acodsreIInu'UcNU eVJ '?'9 tueroaql
'y 6't {rare ro;
{sp }fun aq1 uo ecu"?srparccurod aq1 sr d araqar'(g')pO)
(6d ' Iil)d df,' 't'"=
-\ / (lttA- rl . ,\ ) H
i l l n - r l_ t)
I A tu,r (,-ro'r)v3o1
t \l - {,t I I VAlt)}3o1dns'ssa=
1eq1saqdurr91'7 uorlrsodord'6 ,lJDu?A
'n raldeq3 '[gg-V] olqel elus]sul roJ aas '.1 dnor3 uetsqcng preuaE e
'uorlsrgrluepr qql repun (U),2
Jo (J)J uo r(3o1odo1e roJ f" leql ,(q PeugeP sI
'acuel
("f),2 oo f31odo1 e '(t'9 uorlrsodo.r4) (U),2 qt1,r.rPeUIluePIsl (J)J a?uIS
-srp ra[ntuq]lal qqt ,tq (u,)-t uo f3o1odo1 e eu$aP errr 'lcedutoc sI Ur UaIIA\
'zd = rd
1eq1 saqdut sq;
'J ) L 'r - (.t)'-!!"t e
13ql aPnlluoc el\{
'NI u'J ) L'(L)'!e=(L)'-!:'{o
e?urs'pu€q
raqlo eql uO '.& uo .,(lurro;runf1pco1 pr o1 saErarr,uotuQ lsql 98'7 uorlrsodor4
"0rl
urorJ s1r^olloJl!'oo 3 r, s" -
0 e?uIS'u,tra,ra ro; Q)'lg o1 lcedse.rqlrrlr
"f u0 1:r.-l'oo - u se I - ("6))I leql qcns
zt'r{1 u1
Jo IJII Iecruouec eql aq
t;:{"f} ecuanbes€ sr areql leql e}oN '0 = (zd'td)P tet{t asoddns',t11eutg
'(26)>t
.(4X '?xa1q
) (0" t6')y teqr l)eJ eql ,tq sno11o;flqenbaut a13uetl1aq1
'crrlaruurfs sr p eruelsrp Jellnuqlletr aql terl? I'g sururarJ;o;oord eqt ul
'1srrg
se luaurn3re aq1 Sutsn fq aas u?c a,ri\'1e.raua8ul (t-t))I = (6)X ecurs
'ecuelsrpJo suorx" eql sausrl€suorlcunJ sII{l }eq}
{caqc o1 oaau aa.zd
pue IdJo se^rleluesa.rdar eqlJo etlol{f, al{lJo luapuadeput { (zd'Id)p pqt aas
o1 fsea s-r 'zd pu" Id uee!\laq (U),2 uo e?uDIsrPr?nntuq?try eq1 flrluenb stql
tI
''a'l) dJo uolteteilP 'arag
IIe? a11\'(f .lo tltt e Jo l€q1 Isurxeru eql slr€atu (6)y
z1'tt r)6
'(f)y so1 - (d' ril)p
'
las eA{ FV o zI
o1 crdoloruoq ere qclqa zS' otuo rg ;o sEurdderu IsturoJuortsenb IIe Jo las eql
eqz['tI1 ]al'(U)J ) lzt'zg1 = zd'lrt 'IS] = Id slulod o,r,r1fue ro3'lltop
'{d fq
lt e}ouaP PUB
't 'I(u)g 3 r/ lueurala ue f11e.rn1eu
1o Tuatc$eoc,tuo4pg aq1 r/ slt{t IFc e^t
ctp{puy '1'9
9Zr sacedg raflnruqf,Ial Jo uollrnrlsuo3
126 5. Teichmiller Spaces

we can find a sufficiently large N. such that, for every n, rn ) N., there is a
quasiconformal mapping, say fn,^, homotopic to f^o fi-l and satisfying that
llp",-ll- ( e, where pn,^ = pl..^.In particular, we can find a subsequence
{l"r}pr and a sequence{fni,n;+, }p, of quasiconformal mappings such that

l ? tn r'n ,*Jl<- z-i , i = r ,2,3,""

Next, let ps be the base point of T(R). Since {d(ps,p")}Lr is a bounded
sequence,we may assume that K(/r) ( 1( for every n with a sufficiently large
1( (> 1). Since
1Lr-j
K(fn,,n,*)s#<r+4.2-i
for every j, we see that

gi = fni-r,n; o fni-z,ni-r o "'o fnt,n, o fn,

is a quasiconformalmappingof R onto .9,.r,homotopicto /r' and satisfies

i-r
K ( s i 3) K . l l ( 1 + 4 ' 2 - i ) .
j=1

Hence, {f(gi)}r_4, is a bounded sequence.We denote by Kr the supremum of

{rcki)}.
Now, let ii be the canonicallift of gi with respectto l- for every j. Then
Fj = lii; belongsto B(H,f)r, and llpill- ( &1 = (1 - K')10a Kr) (< 1).
Also, we have
1"" " rr -llPi*'-Pill
,llui- rr+rll-slll:F;r,,.rll_= llru,,"i+,ll-
(2-r
for every j. In particular, {pi}p, is a Cauchy sequencein B(H,l.). Hence,
pr = limj**ti exists in B(H,f), and satisfiesllpll- S et.
Let / be the canonical p-qc mapping of 11. Then we can show that / belongs
to QCQ). Let p = [S, /] be the point in "(.R) determined by d1. Since

^ ^ , (I d- ( p " , , p ) \ - l l p - p i l l
,tann I
,, ,r
\ ;:)sllT:wll- s Tl6yttt'i- r'tt*'
we see that pn, convergesto p. Since the limit of a Cauchy sequenceis unique,
p, also convergesto the same p. This implies the completeness. tr

Now, fix a point lPa-1_,ftl

€ T(R) arbitrarily. By setting

[.f,].([S,/]) = [S,f " f{r], [S,.f]e r(R),

we can define a mapping lf1l. : T(R) - "(Rr) of "(E) onto the Teichmiiller
space ?(.R1) with base point [R1,fd]. Moreover, we have the following proposi-
tion.
 'lertuereglp alprpenb crqd.rouroloqpell€r-os € Jo e^Il€luesardat e se
'.le1e1ureldxa 'e.la11
pereprsuo?aq uec urroJ stql ul a(r?) ,t1r1uenbaq1 II€qs a^\ se
| . ., I
ltutz\'qlt,
' + )pl"l,,tl
lJr 20q) l''
zl
sauroceqzlzpq+ zpl w1t eesa^r
'()),t = z Eurddetu e fq z ralaure.red
l€r.uroJuo? l€?ol eql 3u€ueqc uodl'.leP{
+ zpl + )/)) uroJ eql seq repun aueld-areql uo
/ .lrnpl ctrlau ueapqcng
zklfi 'I<
eqlJo {teq-1nd aq1'(t + >f)/(t - N) = { les erlruaqo,'acue11 >I auos roJ
z J--frp+ex<---12
-z r - ) I ' a ,
l+>I
uroJeql
ul ?)t allr^t uec aarr. 'aue1d-rn eql o1 (Eutsse.rduroc .ro) EurqclerlsPue uollelor
elq€lrnspue'aue1d-zeqt of uoll"lor alq€tlnse 8ur,t1ddy'9 3o Sutdderueuge
Sur,rrasa.rd-uort"lua-Iroue aq (15/[< lol'C > d'o) 4d * zn = (r)l - n Io"l
'716 snuaS;o as€c eql lo; s3urddeur rBIIluIs
((lecluouse,, ssn?$pfleqs eA\
'3;o Surddeu aulgpEut,rrasa.rd-uolleluelro u€ Jo uollf,elordaq1rapun
I; ur lurod raqlo rtue ol lues sr'1 snueS;o acedsreilnruqcletr, aqt'U ur lurod
fue lerll ueeseleq s,lr 'auo snua3go sa?€JJns uu"tuerg pesolc'-t.ro1 ;o aseceql uI
slerluara.DlqcllBrpen$ crqd.rouolog'I'Z'g
srrroroaql s6rallntuqclol pue sturddel4l rallnuqr.ral'Z'9
'1 raldeq3 ur paugep esoql qlla luePlruloc
aJ€ uorlres sql ul PeuueP 6J Pun (g),, t*qt uollces lxeu aql uI ^^.oqsoA\
'k?) 0 snual eq11-III€c Pu€'t;.'(q aceds
lo acods;a11nuqz??J
e qcns alouap feru a,s.'ecue11'1urod aseq aql Jo luepuadapur $ Ur qcns ro3 aceds
rallnuqcrel aq1 '{laurep '(27) 0 snue3 atues eql Jo U sac€Jrnsuu€tuaw pesolt
ge ro3 crqd.roruoeruoqfpenlnur are (g)g 1eq1saldu1 g'g uorlrsodotd'6 qroueq
'(g); aceds rallntuqtlal er71
1o Tutod asoq
aqTto uorTolsuvrt e (rA)t * (U)Z : *[t/] srql se qcns Surddeur e ilec aiA
..,l.r1aurosr
ue sr _[r/] ]erll Jeal,
tr
sr lr ocueH 'r-rto6'r-r{o/^/ qtl^ seplf,utoce?uelslp rellntuqclel eI{} Jo uol}IugeP
e'41q 6'tl rtlT,o*Jeql '(U)J I [f ',,S] =b'll 'S] = d slurod orrtl fue .ro;']xaN
'uorlcafrq € sl -[V] fpealc
'-[V]Jo Surddeu esreAuleq1 sar-r3(U),-f -- (,U)-f : -[r-VJ ecurs'1srrg 'too"t4
'(a),f, ot nr1ifu,ou,oatuotts? (rA)J'.topcr,7.tnd u1
'se?ullsrp rellnruy?t4 aq7o7
Tcadsa"t qTtmutstyd.t'ou.to
-euroq (A),t : *lrll |utddDur styJ '9'9 uorrysodo.r4
lvrNrleuros, uo n (rg)a -
LZI sueroeqJ s.ralFurq)ral puc s8urddel4lrallnurq)ratr'Z'9
I28 5. Teichmiiller Spaces

A family p = {pi} of holomorphic functions pj on zi(Ui) for all coordinate

neighborhoods (t/i, zi) of a Riemann surface ,R is called a holomorphic quadratic
differtntial on .R if it satisfies

p*(rn) = pj o z1r(zx).(z1e'(21,))o
2n Ui fiU3, (5.2)
where zi* = zi o zk-r.
We express (5.2) simply as

e*Qp) = elQi)(lzi /dr*)'.

We also write
g = 9e)d,22.
Denote by A2(R) the complex vector spaceof all holomorphicquadratic
differentialson r?. A holomorphicquadratic differentialcorrespondsto a holo-
morphic automorphicform of weight -4 with respectto a Fuchsianmodel l-
of .R acting on the upper half-plane1/. Here,a holomorphicautomorphicform
p(r) of weight -4 with respectto ,f is, by definition, a holomorphicfunction
9Q) on Il suchthat
p\eDt,e), = e(r), z € H, 7 e r.
We denote by A2(H,l-) the complex vector spaceof all holomorphic automorphic
functions of weight -4 with respect to f .

Remark. From these definitions, Az(R) is canonically identified with ,42(I1,f).

In fact, any element of A2(H,,l-) clearly determines an element of ,42(r?). Con-
versely, for every p = {pi} e A2(R), formula (5.2) implies that the family
{piQi o r)((21 o r)')'}, as a whole, determines exactly one single-valued holo-
morphic function on I/, which belongsto A2(H,f). Here, r: H - R= H/f
is the projection.

5.2.2. Teichmiiller Mappings

As a "locally affine" quasiconformal mapping of .R, we take a mapping / such

that for some constant &(0 < & < 1), it satisfies

fz = kf"
for a suitable local coordinate z around almost every point of -R. More precisely,
we discuss a quasiconformal mapping / whose Beltrami coefficient 11 satisfies
that
w = kl e&l
with a suitable p e Az(R).(See Proposition 5.19 below.)
Let a positive & (< 1) and I e Az(R) - {0} be given. Then we call a
quasiconformal mapping f a formal Teichrnilller mapping of ,R for the pair (ft, p)
 'oqy 'arrlcefu1pue peugePlla^{ q 34i leql f1dutl 96'6 tueroeqtr,Pue
t"qt ilecer
'I'9 "ruuarl 't=[{(llgD.l '(tfy])Y} = (S).1eraq^r
96'6 uorlrsodord 1"qt eloN
'(a),t>ll'sl '[(r)Y's]= ([/'s])3o
,(q ue,rr3
o,!J* (a)1, so
(pueq .raqlo
Surddeure a^"q aa,r'g,uo t=[{[t7]'llV)] = 3' Surrgeur€ Eqrxg
eqt uO 'ursrqd.rouroatuoq a rlrefrnse sr oI ,- orlJ, oJ ?eql os 6 raldeq3 go g$
ur.o,!J uo f3o1odo1e ernporlul e { l€q} pus 't'I tueroer{I uI Palels n ,r"(A)J
IIll^{ pegrtuapr.4 pl"J teql IIsctU 'g 3o sursrqdrouoaslPSur,uase.rd-uolleluelro
'(e
Sursn,(q 1 .ra1deq3 Jo g$ ul paugep?sq1q pp(A),t Pue ?) f snuaE1osacsJrns
uusruarH pe{rcu pesolc aW sl 'fleurep 'ra}}sl eql roJ
lle Jo tes priJ o,!J pu"
'uotlaasslllr uI '1 raldeqS ut
pp(a),t uollelou eql e6nea,r PausaPesoqlqll^{ PeU
lit,r"pl are .raldeqcslt{l w pel?nrlsuoc 'J put (U)Z r"qr ^{oqs11"qsem '1srrg
'6 raldeq3 g$ ul peugaptg
Jo
aeedsa:1cr1E eql esn aal 'asodrnd $q? roJ 'ursrqdroruoauroqarrtlaalrnse u (gt)J
+ t(g)zy : 7 Eurddetusrrll leql ^toqsol $ uorlcesslqlJo esodrndulerueq;
'0=6
to! p.r- / pue'0 I dt tolEutdderure[nuqclal € sl (U)/ =,9 - g' : 3f araqm
tt(g)zy ) dt '$'Sl =
Qt)-f
fq paugap
(U)-r *- r(g)cy :1
Sutddeur € eA€q am ',uo1q
'aceds
('leuorsueunp auo sr (A)"V'g' snrol e Jo es€eeql w l"tll ilersg)
rolf,el xalduroc leuorsueurp-(g-rg) e f11en1ce{ (U)zy teql s[el rueroaq] s.qoog
-uueruerg 'laloeto141'tll . ulou slql qtl/'t acedsqeeueg xalduroc tssE ParaPlsuoc
ll
'(Z
q (U)zy pue '(U)e!. ) dt f,ueroJ ellug q llldll 'esec stql uI <) f snuaE;o sace;
-rns uueruerH pasolc Jo es"c aql ,(po rePrsuoc eal 'uolssncsrp Eurmollo; aql uI
'dt ro1 |utrltlout rqlnutlcyaa e (dt '1) .rred qql roJ Eurddeur railntuq?Iatr,
'r(A)zV 9 d
I€nrroJe IIec e^ytlldll = { leqt arunssefetu am luaurala ue rod
W\uil se flduns uelllr^{ ualJo sI 1e.rta1ursrql)
"[[z='llall
'npxpl(z)d>l
'"zp(z)dt = o5Eurltraa 'uo araq uro.rg
1nd eru
.{r > Illall
| @)"v ) 6} = r(a)zv
tes
e,,nueq,opaiueqcun
qlrmdc dq o5aaeldar q ld',lldttrto;lffolt:;"Jtif;:";
asec aql o1 puodsarroc q?Iqa 'sEurddeur Jallnurqclel leuroJ se oqe s3utddeur
'Vllaq o1lenba sI
I€ruroJuospreSar an'ara11 /Jo /r/ ?uapgaoo rurerlleg aqlJr
suaroaql s.rallnruqtral put sturddel4l ra11ltnq]ral 'Z'9
6Zr
130 5. TeichmiillerSpaces

the identification betweenT(R)'td andTftd was given by the same @s. Hence,
@e is clearly surjective. Thus we have the following lemma.

L e r n m a 5 . 6 . T h e m a p p i n g s i D y : T ( R ) - - - - - - T ; ' oa n d F s o i D y : T ( R ) + Fg are
bijectiue.In particular, Fo = Fo oAy(T(R)).

For the sake of simplicity, we set t = fs o(Dy o 7. Then we obtain the

following:

Lemrna 5.7. The rnapping t : Az(R)t - Fc is continuous.

Proof. Let {p"}f;=r be an a.rbitrary convergent sequencein A2(R)1, and rps be

its limit. For every n,let fn be a Teichmiiller mapping of .E for gn, and fn be the
canonical lift of /. on fI with respect to f , where f is the normalized Fuchsian
model for [,R,I]. Set

f^= i,f i;r, n=0,I,2,...

Then t, =i(g)_is a point of 1, representing /l. by definition.

We set lrn in o /;1 and Fn = pi1^ for every n. Then we obtain
=

,,=(r'i^-'i, ' @) oi;r.

\'- l'r. Fi" (fo)"/
Sincelim,,*- llp"llt = llpollr ( 1, we can find a positiveI < 1 suchthat

- r (t =0,1,2,"').
llp"ll<
When gs = 0, then lim'-- llp"llr = 0. Hence,by Proposition 4.36, f,' .orru"rg".
to id locally uniformly on I/. Even when gs f 0, we can show the same assertion.
In fact, since lim'-- llp"-pollt = 0, Qn(z) convergesfo tfisQ) locally uniformly
on f/, where Q^Q) is the elementof A2(H ,l-) correspondingto rp,. Hence,letting
H' = {z e H I ti'sQ) I 0}, we can show that pr, convergesto 0 locally uniformly
on Ht, which is enough to show the locally uniform convergenceof {h"}[1 on
.I1. However, since it needs a fairly long argument, we first finish the proof of
Lemma 5.7.
Since f,, converge-sto id locally uniformly on I/ in any case, i- " t " f;t
convergesto iso"l" i;L for every 'l e l, which implies that t, convergesto ts.
Thus we have proved the assertion.
Now, we return to the proof of the locally uniform convergenceof {i"}p,
to id on.F/ even when gs f 0.
For every n, we set

z€H
I u"Q),
v"(z)=\0, z€R

Itla, zeH*
tr '(t)".t
l?)"t = (r).ul
saop os a)uar{ pue'g uo r(pr.rogrunf11eco1pe o1 saS.ra,ruocuy roJ ",_{uor}nlos
'y .reldeqC 'acueg 'V - 'e'e ol
Ierurou eql Jo g'U$ ur 6 f.re11oro3fq ure3e C uo 0
sa8rerruocosle uy ?eql ees o1 fsea q ll 'C uo flur.rogrun,(11eco1 p.r o1 saS.re,ruoc
"r/' e?uls 'oo 1- u s€ y uo 'e'e ol saEra,ruoc"y
0 l€ql ux\oqs a^€q e.f$,snr1J
'y uo 'e'e g o1 seS.reauo" un
,_(Irl) o 1eq+epnlcuo? e/d
'{,H
) Z to rH ) z lV 3 z} uo fpuroyrun f11eco1g o1 seS.reruocun acurs'os1y
'y uo sorez ou ser{
r(:"/) r(t"nn ecurs'y uo flurro;run,(1eco1 1o1 sa3raluoc
/ ,(t^l) \
,vQ'l)"{-r
\ ,\i,I) )
,acuag.3 uo
flurro;run f11eco1pr o1 saS.raluo, ,_(ynl) 1eq1luaurn3re prspu€ls e fq rrroqsuec
arrr'os1y 'g uo fpure; I"ruJou e sr acuiq pue 'snonurluocrnbafgeool pue papunoq
.{1uro;run ,{11eco1 I?{r-(1"/)}
{ ,(tg"l eql leq} eas uer eM'gi.,'V tuaroaqJ, Jo
'7 .ra1deq3 (VZ'V) segsr?esr.,!' drerra aours 'alog
;oord eq1 uI pel€ls se,lrs€ Jo
'3 uo {puroyun f1eco1 pr o1 sa3rearioc osp "r,f }eq} ,raoqs
'popunoq fpuroyun a.re uy 're1ncr1.redu1 'u d.ra,rero;
Ileqs a A ;o sl.roddns aq1
( v ) i ^ l- c ) ' 'o
)
/ty"D \
,r_(i^l)"\ffi-) )=(r)"Y
(v)i^t>, )
ueqJ 'irl o "r/ se "r3f esodtuocap'u fraaa rog 'lxaN
'p uo {pr.ro;run d11eco1pr o1 seS.re,ruoc(z l1)ug lG)g = @)l^l
'oo ol spuel u se
1"q1 aes o1 fsea $ lr ueql C uo fpr.royui pl "i se3rer'uoc
u4 tol
11, uotlnlos leturou aql '7 ratd€r{C Jo g'6$ ur 6 ,(re1oro3 fq 'ecueg '3
uo'e'e oo - u s€ 0 +- u/t pue u frara roJ { > -ll"4ll 'f1.rea13.@/1)"a{lI
= (z):^t leql ^rou{ a/rrpue'y ur paureluo) sr urt,f.tare;o lroddns aq} uaqf
e Qr=G)'l
'v-J), 'u*;j
=Q)i^
v)z
lASA^r'U Are^e rOJ
'1s.rl,{'09't uraroeqtr yo yoo.rd eql ur s? .rjf esoduroeap arrr'esodrnd srql .rog
'p raldeq3;o
6$ ut pa1e1ssuorlnlos l€urrougo serlredo.rdesn dluo aM roJ'qceo.rdde ,(reluaurale
raql"r 1nq 3uo1 fpre; .raqloue e{el aal '1ce3 slrl} Jo yoo.rd e ua,rr3 1ou eler{ e,!r
ecurs 'rela,!ro11'flalerpeurrur uorlrasse eql urclqo eilr '7 .raldeqC g$
Jo Jo pue aql
'c u.l leql
le {I€Iuau aq} ul 1"3J eql esn eai!,Jr'aeua11 uo'e'e oo <- u sp 0 +
pue u drarra roJ { > -ll"rll leq} aou{ a.tr 'os1y '(gg'7 uorlrsodor4 ;o;oo.rd aq}
'Jc)
I/ o1 ? Jo ,r/ Eurddeur cb-un lecruouef, eql Jo uorlcrrlser aql $ "? uaqJ
III srueroeqJ s.rallnruq)reJ pue s8urddeyq rallBurqf,ral'Z' g
132 5. Teichmriller Spaces

Simila,rly, (but more easily by applying Proposition 4.36) we can show the
following lemma.

Lemma 5.8. The mapping f s o@2 :f@) -- Fe is continuous.

5.2.3. Teich-iiller's Theorems

The injectivity of t foilows from the following Teichmtller's uniquenesstheorem.

Theorem 5.9. Let f he a Teichmiller mopping for an element 9 e A2(R)1,

and letT(p) =fS,fl. Then eaery quasiconformalmapping h of R Io S which
is homolopic to f satisfes

llpr,ll-> llprll-.
Moreoaer,the equalilyholds if and only if h = f .

A proof of this theoremshall be given in $3, for it needssomepreliminary

discussions.Returning to the proof of the fact that T is a surjectivehomeomor-
phism, we note the followingcorollaryto Theorem5.9.

T and t are injectiue.

Corollary. The rnappings

Proof. By Lemma 5.6, it sufficesto show the injectivity of 7. Assume that

f (pt) = T(pz) for somepr,pz e Az(R)r. Let /i be a Teichmiillermappingfor
gi and.T(pi) = [Si,/i] for eachj. Then the assumptionimpliesthat there is a
conformal mapping h of Sr onto ,92such that h o /1 is homotopic to /2. Thus
Theorem5.9 gives
ll- = llttnoy,ll-
llp,r, > llp,t,
ll-.
Similarly, since h-l o.fz is homotopic to fi, we have

l l p r " l l2- l l p r , l l - .
Hencewe concludethat llp;,oy,ll- = llprrll-, which impliesthat h o h = fz
againby Theorem5.9. In particular,F!, = Fiz.
Thus if pt = 0, then 92 = 0. If 9r * 0, then ll91ll1 - llrpzllr,and
n/lprl = pzllprl a'e' on R. Hencewe concludethat 92/91 is positivea'e.
on.R. Sincepz/pt is meromorphic,it should be a constant.Namely,there is a
positiveconstantc with gr = cgz. Sincellrpllll = llpzli, we concludethat c = 1,
i."., pt = 92, which showsthe injectivity of 7. tr

Lerrrma 5.to. The imaget(A2(R)) of A2(R)r undert : Az(R)r -------+

Fo is an
onto its irnage.
open set, andt is a homeomorphism

Proof. By Lemma 5.7 and the Corollary to Theorem 5.9, we see that t is a con-
tinuous injection. Since,,{2(,R)ris homeomorphicto R6c-6, Brouwer'stheorem
on invarianceof domains(Theorem3.11)givesthe a.ssertion. D
 '(t@)"v)t)r-(soo o.d)= ((a)zv)-t = a
'0I'g pue
1aBaru 8'g seurueTurord
'-L to1uorlress?eql ^loqsol seclgns 'g'g eurural 8ur1ou[.9'too.t4
1r
.69 = (r(g)zV) ,(A),r
[. ruo
= (I(U)zy) 1, 'Qauto71'aatTcaftns
?ro -L puo -L sfutddpru ?ttJ .gT'g BrrnuaT
'pe1)euuocosle $ '.{ '1xag
tr t*.{l ,tldtur g'g ptr€ g'g seurural
'p91?euuocasl/rrJI3
sl (U)Z snr{I'[.f ',S] prr [p!'lf] fuloa es€q aql uea^r?eqstceuuor qctq,rl (g)g ut
{t I l;0l[t/'rg]] a , r . r n cs n o n u r t u o c eu r " ] q o s a a u e q t r ' @ ) r l = r g 1 a sa / v y r / l
q ?uel?Ueoc rur€Jllag esoq!\ g;o Eurddeu l"uroJuorrsenb e aq T lel'I > I t 0
'too.r4
qll,r{ 3 fra,ra rog 'd - Iil tas pus'(A),f,>'[/',S] futoa f.rergqre u" xld
'p?l??uuo?ero 6l puo (Ah secoilseUJ 'ZT'g BtutuaT
:3urao,o11o;
eq? ilecal am '1srrg '7;o ,(1v'tlcekns eql r'roqs ileqs aal 'fgeutg
'snonurluoc q -t ?3r{} aPnpuos ein'{rerlrqre s o1acurS
'urErro eqt
ts snonurluo? st t; snq;
'(oo
- u) o-- ((4)ra'6)'t')p
+l4ll+?o1'
elsrl a/$'u fra,raroJ (Illuf ll - I)/(Illutlll + I)
o1 pnba s1 u4l ro; Surddeurrallnuqrral e Jo uorlelepp Ieturxeur aql aculs 'oo
- ttrs€ <- rll"/1ll q?ns r(ry)zv ul r?{ ",/l} eauenbas fue ar1e1 'nog
0 t"ql
'ur8rro eq? (sEurddeurrel1ntuqcrelSursn,(q o1 ,{pelrurrspauyap)
ts 7
(-U)-f + t(rg)zy : 11 to1enrl osle sl slql yr dluo pue JI a51e snonurluocsr
'acua11'aEeurr slr oluo ursrqdrouroatuorl € s-r pue 'o1
1, Jo pooqJoqqEtauatuos
ur peugap{lam s r t ( t g r ) a v+ r ( U ) z VI L o * l f l " r - ( l r ) = t*Ut
Io,-(!)
saqdur 0I'g surureT'(O)? = (a1)/.acurg'trJo esecaql ur se fe,n etrrcseql uI
t,tr- r(rg)zy :r1o Keo ul =
,!lU)o V
Surddeur" eugapeA\
'f.rlaurosrarrlcelrnse q '[I/] g'g uorlrsodor4fq ,raouqe^{ ueqJ '(U),1
f"ql
'1urodes?qeql
Io Wg'tgr] lurod es€qeqt o1 d spuesqerq,r Jo (IU)J .- (g)Z
: *[t/] uorlelsrrerle reprsuoC'[V'IU] = (6)L - d 1aspue'fprerlrqre r(U)zy
3 d lurod e xg 'asodrnd stql rog 'snonulluo? q 7, lsql ^roqs ol sulsrueJ?[
'3r uo snonurluocsl
r--r. ryqI ,(1dung1'g pue
g'g spurrrurarl'(Keo ul) o '(r(U)zV)I =
,_L = r-L a?urs A uo paugapjla^rsr
'loo.t4
r--L leq} s^{olloJ1-t'6'9ureroaq; o1 drelloroCaq} {q e,rtlcefutsry a?uIS
'afputt,
s?, oluo rustrldlnutoauoq o q (U)J 1- r(A)zV : l,0utililout eVJ '1.1-'g BurrrraT
ttI suaroeqJ s.ranlruqrlal pue sturdduq ralllurqf,reJ 'Z'g
134 5. Teichmiiller Spaces

which is an open set in ?(,R). F\uther, Lemma 5.12 implies that 7(r?) is con-
nected. Hence the assertion follows if we show that the relative boundary 0E of
E in T(R) is empty.
Now, suppose that AE * 6. Take any [S,/] e d,E. Then there is a sequence
{p"}L[r in,42(R)s such that T(p") .* [,S,/], and llp"llr ---- 1as n .---
oo. Let /, be a Teichmiiller mapping for gn. We set T(p") = [S,,f,].By
the assumption, there is a quasiconformal mapping h, of S, onto ,S which is
homotopic to / o fil for every n such that llpl"ll- .-* 0 as n I oo. In
particular, for a suitable & < 1, we have

l l P r " l l * < i ,n = I , 2 , " ' ,

where g, = h;L o f.
On the other hand, since g,, is homotopicto fn, Theorem 5.9 implies that

l l p r" l l *2 l l trt" l l -= l l p l l -- 1 (n- oo) .

This is a contradiction. Thus we conclude that 0E is empty. tr

As a corollary to Lemma 5.13, we obtain the following Teichmiiller's eristence

lheorem.

Theorem 5.14. For euerg quasiconformalmapping f : R - S, there edsts a

Teichmiillermappinghomotopicto f

Lemma 5.13 finishesa proof of Teichmiiller's lheorem. Namelv. we have

provedthe followingtheorem.

Theorern 5.15. The mapping T: A2(R)1* "(Ii) is a surjectiuehomeomor-

phism.
In parl.icular,T(R) is homeomorphicto Az(R)r, and,hencelo Roc-o

In the course of this proof, we have also shown that all representations we
have considered as the Teichmiiller space of a closed Riemann surface of genus
S P_2) are mutually homeomorphic.

Corollary. The spacesf@), T(R)otd, Ts,T;td, Fs, and R6c-a are mutually
homeomorphicto each olher.
,tlluarcgns" qly{'{t > lrl > 0'!?, > z?rc > O I C a z} ureurope sdeur) srql
leql Jeplsuoc{eru ear'{errrfuy'0dJopoor{roqqftaufue ur panlerr-a13urs
eq }ouue?
er(z+*)z = rD
= zlrd"onf
ry ?"q1
ees aA\ 'acua11'od lo l) pooqroqq3rau etuos uo z eleutproot lecol elq€llns € roJ
- 6
'zP*z
ruJoJ
eql ur uellrru. sr d 1eq1pa,ro.rdq 1l'(I {) u^llepro p 61o '0d fes'oraz e 1y
('61'g uorlrsodo.r4oqe aag)
"
#'=$'=
1eq1 uorldurnsse aql urorJ sl',rolloJsnll
. m l l r r=/ l1l , ) t t + ) =
O)s
,{q uaar3 g Eurddeur euSP u€ se
,{11eco1
paluese.rda.rsr a1.ro; / Surddew railntuqcretr e 'seleurprooc-ol Sursn fg
('sapurprooc IerolJo luapuedapur ele a1;o soJezleql lecag) '(4 ur 'ro) 0d punore
aTourp.tooc-6e Surddetu qqt IF? a7yyC o?q 72 ;o Surdderu leruroJuoc e sarrr8
'zlt6
"oof
2 >d = "'
fq peugep uorlcunJ eq1 pue(od
Jo , pooqroqq3tau auros ur qcuerq crqdrouroloq panl€^ e13urse seq zp"1rQ)dt
= "1rdt ueql'dt 1o oraz € lou sr A ) 0d JI'{0} - t(A)"V 3 d luaurele ue xlJ
crqd.rouroloH B ,(q pacnpul 'I'g'g
r(rlouroag
IBI+uara.SrC crlerpun$
'fgatrq 'uorlcesqns
((crtrleru,e qf,ns ureldxa aru. lxeu
eql uI 'rtllncgrp ou qlr^r pernporlur aq u€c tl13ua1pu€ €are s" q?ns suorlou eql
'reae,no11'dt go orcz.r(.ra,re sale.reue3ap 'Surddetu Jallntuqcrel
1e (f,rtr?eur,,srqS
uarrt3 aq1 o1 Surpuodsarroc I(U)uy Jo luauala eq1 x "zp(z)d - o5 a.raqr* '9.
uo "lzpll(z)61 = "sp ((crrleur,, eql raprsuor ain 'crrleur e qrns sy 'Surddeur
Iellnluqcletr uartrS aql qll^{ pel?I?osse cularu eruos 01 lcedser q1r,n scrsepoa3
raprsuoc ol lernleu aq feur l.r 's3urddeur rellnuqcrel Jo eseo eql ul uelg 'rrJ
-1eu ueeprl)ng aql o1 lcadser qll/'a scrsepoa3e.re
C uo seuq teql ileceg
'Eurdderu
rellnurqclel e o1 lcadsar qll^{ (seull, ;o turueaur eql ssnrsrp aill '1srrg 'seur1
ol saurl puas ,{aq1 leq} sl s3urddeu euge Jo sellradord elrsrcep eq} Jo auo
's3urddetu re[nuqoretr pa11ecsSurdderu,,aug:e
d1pco1,, 3ur,t1dde fq uear3 are ,,fcuercge,, lsaq aql q?!la seJnlcnrls xalduroc aq1
Jo suorl"ruroJep 1eq1 slrasse (6'9 ue.roeql) uraroaql ssauenbrun s.rellnuqcrel
uraroaql ssauanbrun s6rallntuqrlal 'g'g
Jo Joord
uaroaqJ ssauanbrull s.rall$uqrral 'g'g
98I Jo Joord
f36 5. TeichmillerSPaces

small r, conformallyonto a "domain" {( e C | 0 < ""g( < (-* 2)t, 0 <

lClcZrt^+')lz/(rn*2)) spread over the (-plane.Hence, we may alsocall ( a
g- coordinalearound p6.
Now, we considerthe "metric" ds2 = lgQ)lldzl2, which is nothing but the
pull-back of the Euclidean metric on the (-plane by an arbitrary grcoordinate
c.
To make discussions clearer, we consider the lift Q € Az(H,f) of I on the
upper half-plane ff with respect to a Fuchsian model I of R.
For every piecewise smooth curve C on I/, we put

9 b = [ l,vQ)lu2ldzl.
JC

We call this lCl,p the Q-lengthof C. For any two points 21,22€ I/, denoteby
L"r,"" the set of all piecewisesmooth curvesconnecting21 and z2in H. We set

do(rt,rr)= cr9!,,,"1c1a.

We call itlhe Q-distcnce between 21 and 22. An element Cs of L2r,7, is called a

t/-geodesicbetween 21 a\d z2 if lt satisfies

lColo = d,v(21,z2)'

Now, we describe how a r/-geodesic looks. Assume that there exists a t/-
geodesic
',i, C6 between 21 and z2 in H. For every P € Co which is not a zero of
tn" lenglh-mlnimaliiy implies that G should be a segment nea,r ((p) on the
(-pla,ne, where ( is a rlcoordinate, i.e., the composed mapping of a g-coordinate
and the projection of I/ onto.R. At a zerop € Co of rf of order n)0, C6 may
be broken. However, the angle at p should not be less than 2tl(m* 2). (See Fig.
5.1.)

-
yi

(lctlo < lCol,pfor 0 < 2r /(rn + 2))

Fig.5.1.

We call a closed arc -t on H a tf-segmenl if, for every interior point p of.L, L is
mapped by a r/'coordinate at p to a segment. By the definition of a tf-segment, it
 'syutoil pua sp 6u4cauuoc crcapoaf-dtanbtun ?Ul s? ,I 'z(.re11orog
Tuau0as-dty
'UOllf,IP€rlUOC
e SarttSqCrqar
(zz .ro
D
rz ol Eurpuodserroc 1ou f, fre,la roJ (Z + !u)/t7 { fB ,ra,ra,nog .s,f aerqt ls?el
1e rog (6 + !u)/vZ ueql ra1ea.r3lou aq pFoqs !0 wql s,rrolloJq'0 < N eours
t=!
'k+ til"Z=(e(Z+!ut)- "dZ
r€rrt apnrcuo,"^1"r.t"" 'luaur3as-de uo
0=Qp?w)p7+Q)QEwp
leql 1lrou)I ellr 'raqllnJ
I=f
'tty= (t6- ")T + Qparqpoef
er\eq ern 'pueq
raqto eql ug '^r(1rcqdr11nur
Surpnlcul O q dt 1o sorcz Jo reqr.unu aql $ l.r ereqru
t - f
. t t = o e f
't0[ut'3+ rLNT,
- (z)/t?wp
I
'aldrcutrd
1€IIt ^{oqs us? e^\
luatun3re eql ,(g'f,.,tre,ra roJ O u-r t+!7 pue f7 uee,lrleqa13ueaq1 eq (0 <)fd tat
'os1y 'oraz aqol !s, irro1€a^{ pu" I? - t*-I araq,u'f, frarr.ero; r+!7g ll +n 4
t--,j{|il fq uraql alouap pue 'O p
Jo sorezJo rapro aql eq lur p"l'Q 7 u") Oe
f.repunoq eql Jo uo.rleluerro elrlrsod eq1 o1 lcadsar qlr^r Japro us ureql e,rt3 e7y1
'sluaur3as-dJo raqunu elrug sJo zC prre rC(eroJeq uees ueeq seq sy
ls.rsuo?
'H ul
CI ureruop ueprof e spunoq e, n I, uaqJ
'{zz'tz} - zCl) Ig teqt r(lqereua3Jo ssol tnoqlr^{ erunss€{ew au'.,(ressaceu;r
slutod3o red e1qe1-tns e qlytr zz pue Iz Sutcelder ,fg 'alduns arc zC pu€ rC ',t1.rea1c
ueql'cz pue rz Eurlceuuoc zC'rC scrsepoeS-al o,rr1ere eraql tsql asoddng ;l'oo.l2'
'anbtun s! zz puo rz futlcau
-uo? crsepoe6-0"rtt ' H ) zr'rz slutod l?urlstp omy fiuo rof, .gl.g uorlrsodo.r4
'crsapoaS-de;o ssauanbrun3uuao11o;aq1
aleq elr 'os1y 'uraq1 turlcauuoa crsapoaS-q!s slsrxa araql 'Il ;o slurod oa,r1f.ra,re
ro;'relncrlred u1 'acuelsrp4 sgt o1 lcadse.rq1u,relelduroc q I/ teql noqs r(lsea
u€f, e^\ uerlJ 'u eceJrns uutsuaru pasolc € Jo es?? aq1 ,(1uo Jeprsuor aiu 'are11
'0 < ur repro Jo otez e 1e (Z + *) l"Z
ueq? ssel 1ou a13ue ue e{€ru slueurEas-d qens o^rl l"ql uaes elsq elr.r'ra,roaro141
'61o sorc2 to'zz lo (Iz raqlla are slurod pue esoq$ sluauEas-ol Jeqr.unualrug
Jo
s Jo slsrsuoc .g ;o slurod olnl Surleeuuoc crsapoaS-d fra,ra 'Suro8aro; eql uroJ.{
'(t - z i Suop 116olnpour e sr (uo
> I 5 O) (l)z I luaurEas-ol,tue luslsuoc
eraq uorJ zzp@)QEre su uatlrr^r fldurrs q qclq,lr) "(l),r((l)r)fEre 1eq1 r"ep sr
1,8I uaroaqJ ssauanbrull s.rallgruqf,ral Jo Joord 't'g
138 5. Teichmiller Spaces

Now, to prove Theorem 5.9, the following lemma due to Teichmiiller plays
a crucial role. To state it, we prefer to returning to ft and rp. In particular, the
g-Iength lll, of a curve L on R is defined by

l L l v =J[Lv f , ' .
The projection of a rf-segment to -R is called a g-segment.

Lemma 5.17. (Teichmiiller) Lel h : R + R be a quasiconformal self-

mapping of R homotopic to id. Then lhere is a positiue constant M depending
only on R, h, and g such that

l h (L )l ,2 l Ll*- M
for euery g-segment L. (Here, h(L) may not be reclif,able,i.e., it may happen
that lh(L)1,- x.)

Proof. Let h b" th" canonical lift of h with respect to the canonical Fuchsian
model f of .R. Then it suf;Hcesto find a constant M such that

li'G)lq>lLl,e- u
for every rlsegment L r" n.
First, by Lemma5.1,it followsthat 7'rol :1oh fo, every7 € f. Hence,
connectingz and h(z) for everyz € H , we have
letting C, be the rp-geodesic
-_
lC"lo lCrpllo

for every1 e f . Since-Ris compact,we seethat

M=2sup{lC"l,ilzeH}

is finite. (Note that lC"lq _is continuouswith respectto z.)

Now, let a rf-segmenti be given.Let z1 and z2be the end points of i. Then
the curve C"r.ir1L7. Cr"-'aiso connects21 and 22. Sincei i. . rf-geodesic
connecting21 and.22,we obtain

* lc""lqs li6)la+ M.
lLlos lc",lq* li,G)lo
Thus M is a desired constant. D

5.3.2. Preliminary Considerations

A prototype of Teichmiiller's uniqueness theorem is the following Griitzsch's

lheorem,which treats the casewhere .R is a rectangle {z = x*iy eC | 0 < c <
r,0(y(1).
D 'l = rl 'sl 'p! - 6
leqJ WLll
saoqs l'? uotlrsodor6 ;o ;oo.ld ar{}Jo JIeq puoceseql ul se luaurn3re arueseql
'g 'S' ecueqpue 'cb-1 sr
;o secrlre^[e saxg d ecurg Jo rorrelur eql uo l€r.uroJuo?
- d lsql saqdurrqqtr 'U uo 'e'€ = 'trt l€r{l aese^\ snrll 'U uo 'e'€
,-t o rt I
l"(V)lt= l"(V)l
Pue
' l ' ( V ) l +l " ( V )=l l ' ( V )+ " ( V ) l
ul€tqo e^1, ueql 'sp1oq,{1r1enba aq1JI '}xaN
('g'7 eunual;o;oord eql qll,r.ra.reduro3)'tl < rtl lerll ',(lluap^Fba
to'y = .rls < r)1 1eql epnpuor arlrarueH '(tq - t)/$t + I) = rX areq,$
,s. (.rrrr)l
-,y$0"[ .
np,pel,(!)t
[( uo,offi [I t
ar f \
|np,p(l'(t)l+
l'('/)l)JI JI )lt "'
z (
sa,rr3dlrpnbeur(zre^rqcs'z(tl) *'(!) ='(t/) acurg
'nprylasy11"U
t, JJ
1aBa'r'r
'[1 'g] .re.,rof o1 '[I '0]
lcadsal q]l^\ seprs qloq Surler3e]ul 3 n fra,ra 1sou1e ro;
of
opl@t+
')"(V)l t Koul''t
- @t+r)r/l = s
il
'1sug'too.t4
leqt a?ou
'l =
V Il fi1uopuolp snoq fiTtpnbaayy'taaoato1tg
'q<rq
'! 'p 'fr1aatycedsa.t
't puo '? + r'r'0
7oq7snopol l! puD + s's'g o7
sdotupuo 'g to .touaTu!?q?ao cb-(tq - t)/Fq + I) sl q?lyn S <- g : tt
utstyd.toutoau,oy
fi.teaa.tot :fi1.tado.td
purerp? 6utmo11ot ay1sa{st1ost urrm
'I > (I +
X)/ft- X)={'I <'t/s- X
pql peutnsso
st 7t'a.tep'g lo.touaTu,eql uo cb-y st,ycryn
'tu+sx=#=?)!
fiq
pau{ap 'O] x
[t ["'0] = g a16uo7ca.r
pesop re1?ouoo7 f1'0] x [r'0] = U a16uo7
4N, pesop o {o 0utddotuTotu.toluoctsonb
au$n uo aq t pI 'g1.'g uorlrsodo.r4
6tI ueroaqJ ssauanbrull s.ralpruqrral Jo Joord 't'9
140 5. Teichmiller Spaces

Thus an affine mapping as in Proposition 5.18 is extremal. Returning to a

closed Riemann surface R, we find that any Teichmiiller mapping looks very
simila,r to an affine mapping. Actually, we have the following proposition.

Proposition5.19. Firg€Az(R\ a r b i t r v r i l y .L e t f : R + S beaTeichmiller

mapping for g, and set k = lltpllt (< l). Then therc etists a unique holomorphic
quadmtic differenlial tlt on S satisfging the following conditions:

(i) tf p is a zero of p of order m, then f (p) is a zew of r! of lhe same order m.

(ii) Let p be an arbitrary point of R which is not a zero of g, and ( be a 9-
coordinatearound p. Then therc erists a $-coordinateu at f(p) such lhat

u o f=
' C+n( (5.3)
L- n

We call cp and ry' in Proposition 5.19 the initial differential of / and the
Ieryninal differcntial of f, respectively.

Proof. For every p which is not a zero of g, we define a mapping u = up i\ a

neighborhood of /(p) by (5.3). Then in some neighborhood U of p, we have

,dc , p
F r o ! = t ca 7 = E ; i '
@\ lYl

Since p.o1 = kpllpl for every local coordinate ur on /(t/), we see that u ottt-r
is l.qc, and hence conformal on f(U). Thusar is also alocal coordinate around
f(p).
Next, for a zero p of g of order rn, we have seen that g = z^dz2 with a
suitable local coordinate z. Define a, as a continuous branch determined by

z ( m + 2 ) 1I2 1 , 2 @ + z ) l z
,"f=(
1-& )2t(n+2)

Then we can see similarly that c..ris a local coordinate in a neighborhood of /(p).
Finally, consider (fu)' in a neighborhood of every point /(p) such that p
is not a zero of rp, where @p = u is as above. Then we can show that these
(fu)'give a single holomorphic quadratic differential on ^S,which we denote
by /. From the construction, ry'clearly satisfies (i) a,nd (ii). The uniquenessof ry'
follows at once from (i) and (ii).

5.3.3. Proof of Theorem 5.9

Assume that the assumptions of Theorem 5.9 a,resatisfied. Let r! be the terminal
differential of / obtained in Proposition 5.19. For every p e R which is not a
zero of rp, take a g-coordinate ( a,round p, and a ry'-coordinate r.r around q = f (p)
"horizontal dilatation"
as in Proposition 5.19. Consider the
 sff
'"prps f f l4opr(b'6)y
lJ lJ
u-relqoa/',r'(g'g) o1 flrpnbaul (zreaqcsEutfldde '1xep
(z.q) .a uo.e.e @)('!)r'x> + (o)lr('/)l)) ,@,r!)u
,(tolt:tv)l
1aBa,nuaqa'r(6)lJ('/)l
- r(o)l)('/)l= @)(rilt
p u e ' 1 - )6 r t o o = V ' ( I { - i / $ t + I ) = t ) r ' ' - l l ' I r l l l = r 1 1 a sa m ' t s r l . {
aues
aqr,(q "^.,0p",8Id.
o.suaroaqr ;iltff"Hi"i:i:lii ;iT'":.t:iT#
(g's) '"r"0 t4op(b'qy
fl [[
o1 lualerrtnbaq (t'9) flrlenbaur aq1 'aeua11
sf f
'tpop(b'6)y
IJ
L= upy1a,'nu
4op((b)r-!,'nutfl ll
aleq e^r 'bplpy - tpop acurs 'U J d ,{.ralalsourt€ roJ
(q.s) (d,tt)u= (@)1.6)yN
segsrlsspue'elqernseaur
sf lI'S'uo'a'€ pausapu f;o
..1 oo I
tollffil =(r'r)v
(uorlel"lrP
.!.t+o = r'l pu" .frpxpl(z)dtl= bp?pareq/{
leluozrroq,,eql ueql ,_I ort = f 1a5
'tptpN"fl,hp''p@'.ny
||
:U Jo eJnlcnrls xalduroc eql Jo uorleurroJap ro; ,,fcuarrge,, lseq eql
seq / Eurdderu rellmuqcle;1 e l€ql lceJ eql luese.rdar o1 ,(e.n euo s? ,(lqenbaur
3urmo11o3aq1 preEar feur e,n '91'g uorlrsodor4 ;o ;oord aq1 Suqlecar 'no61
'@ - 'uorleas slq? 'U
t)/Q + I) = l9r las air Jo 1se.ratll uI f d fre,ra lsourp roJ
ffi =(o) = =(o'r).
|1ojjy)sltor
|#DI
urclqo e,n ,o pue ) o1 lcedsa.rqll,rrr/ lo (d,/)V .(uorlelelrp
'1eq1 selldurr 'uorlcunJ alq"rns
Ieluozrrorl,, erlt roJ 6I'9 uorlrsodo.r4 leql II€ceU
-sarue s.rprrp'g uo'a'e peugap q (d'V)V slqJ'ra pue )ot leadsar qfl,r VJo
'trt
* ?=)'tol115f;;aal=(o'v),
uraroarll ssauanbrull s.ralpruqf,ral 'g'g
I?I Jo Joord
t42 5. Teichmiller Spaces

Hence, (5.5) and (5.7) give

ff , - f f (^$r,d\'
s JJ"(tf-, Kd(drt
JJ,ooo'
t+ il "t (r,)(p) ='# | I,o,o,
d(dr1
Thus, K1 2 K, and hence &1 ) /c.
Finally, if &r - t, then both equalities in (5.7) should hold. Namely,

= l(/r)e
l(/r)e+ (n)el(o) l(0)+ l(/,).1(0)
and
l(o)= &l(/r).1(0)
l(/r)e
a.e. on -rR.This implies that py, = kQ/lpl.Hence, 9 is l-qc, i.e., it is conformal
on R. Since g is homotopic to fd, the canonical lift of g on H is coincident with
fd by Lemma 5.2. Thus we have h = f .
Now, to prove Theorem 5.9, it remains to show the following lemma.

Lemma 5.2O. The inequality (5.6) holds.

Proof. lt is in this proof where we need Lemma 5.17.

For the sake of simplicity, we assume that rltlz has a single-valued global
branch on S, which is a holomorphic Abelian diflerential on S. If not, take any
local branch of rrLl2, and continue it analytically as far^as possible. Then we
can construct a two-sheeted branched covering surface S of S, with a branch
point at every zero of t! of odd order,such that ,ltrlz becomes a single-valued
(holomorphic Abelian) differential on s. Applying the argument below to this
differential on S, we have the assertion for the general case.
When rl.'Llz has a single-valued global branch, say d, which is an Abelian
differential, we define the geodesic flow {.F1 | t € R} on S with respect to the
"metric"
ldl. To explain the construction, we always take

u = irrr(q)= t
loo
as a ry'-coordinatearound p which is not a zero of ,!.We continue the inverse
mapping tr;l along segments on R in both directions as far as possible' Then
we get a locally biholomorphic mapping, which is denoted by the same notation
V;l , ol a domain containing an open interval 1o = (r1,ur)--of.R into .9, where
-'oo ( u1 1u2 ( oo. we set flo =vor(I). This flo is called the |-horizontal
lize passing through p. It is also called a horizonlal trajectory of r/. (See Fig.
5.2.)
Note that, when we trace along flo in one direction, either flo ends at azero
of r!, or lc.rltends to oo.
In particular, restricting ty'-distanceon Hp, we can identify.[/o either with a
circle or with a subinterval, say /o of R, preserving orientation and length. Let
 'lfil "l
1eBarrr lradsa.rWIm oraz
alq€rnseeue s (?'D'd)y ueqa
€ere spq u - s - or ecurs'u x et uo uorlDunJ
'u I
? ' U ) b ' ( ( b ) , u l ' 6 ) y= ( t ' b , 6 ) y
'1xag
1esa.n
'S'uo seJ€,,
eqt s€ tpop
.(lueruala aql
srql esn e.rrr,uoa.raquolg .ltil ((crJleru,,
o1 lradsar ql1,rnSura.raserd-eare
q t4, ''a.l ,U Jo X ?esqnselqernseeufraaa ro;
xrr (x)urr
rpop ll -"pop ll
JJ JJ
'.re1nar1redu1 'saleurproo,
leql aes o1 .,(seasr 1r
-@ o1 lcadser qlr.&rI i{q
,,uor1e1sueJ}
I"luozrroq 1a11e.red,, eq} sluesa.rdarqcrqrrr
'6
;o Surdd€ur-Jleselq"rns€aru arrrlcaftq e sl ?d fraaa 1eq1 ees uec elrr uer{I
'U)d 'U)?'(t)dV=@)tg
3ur11as,tq rg augep eAyA - S - t;i las pue 'arogeqse eq gr p1 .lfil (clr?aru),
'a,ro51
aql o1 lradsal qll^{ S uo {U ) ll tdl ^rog crsapoe3aq1 augap yleqs e,r,r,
'S uo
ldl ((crrleru,,
aql pue U uo )rrlatu u€eprlcng aqt of lcadsar qlr^\ rrrler.uosr f11eco1sr qrlq&l
'd = (0)ol 'dH *-
E,dl
Eurddeu
€ ur€lqo a,u 'ul ,!n = d7 3ur11as'fl - S 3 d f.rala roJ snqJ .lr7tl,,crr1eur,,eq1
o1 lcadser ql-r.{ oraz "ere s€rl 3' }eqt ees uB) e1r{,sotrezJo Jaqrunu elrug e fluo
seq qt aeurg 'U Jo Ie raturqns radord e sl dI leql qcns S ) d Jo tes eql eq A
(g p ol:,z aldurrs p rpau saurl pluozrroq-p) 'z'9'tlJ
\\
\
l - -
,l,
r
\\ t| t/r,-
/
r \ ll l
tlI uaroeqJ ssauanbrun s(rellnruqf,ral Jo Joord 'g.g
t44 5. Teichmiller Spaces

,= dt (5.8)
I"(ll,^r,t,t)dodr)
=l: 1,,,',)(g'
c)a"a')
at
"(l
= dt= 2L
dodr) q)dodr
l:"(l l,^r, d I l,^ro,
for every positive .t.
and henceis ACL, we seethat
On the other hand, sinceg is quasiconformal,
Fubini's theorem gives

, =I I,(l _"ur,t,iat)aoar (5.e)

=
ilrls(Lr)ledodr.
Here,weset.Lo- lr([-t,.L]), andhencelLolq=2L.
Finally,applyingLemma5.17,we conclude from (5.8)and (5.9)that

2L [ [ \(s,q)dodr>(21- tt1 [ [ a"a,-

JJS JJS

Divide both sides by 2L, and let ,L tend to oo' Then we obtain the desired
inequality (5.6). tr

Notes

For the reduced Teichmiiller spaces,see for instance Earle [57].

When f = {id}, we denote by "(1) the corresponding Teichmiiller space
?(f), and call it the aniuersal Teichrniiller spoce.see Lehto [A-68], Chapter-III.
The fact that "(1) is contractible was firstly shown in Earle and Eells [62]. In
Douady and Earle [53], it is proved that "(f) is also contractible for every f.
For investigations on the Teichmiiller metric from the differential-geometric
viewpoint, see Kravetz [128] and o'Byrne [169]. The Teichmiiller metric on
?, is not smooth. See Earle and Kra [65], Royden [184], and Gardiner [A-34]'
"curvature" with respect to the
$9.4. Moreover, ?o does not have non-positive
Teichmiiller metric, as is proved in Ma.sur [142]. See also Theorem 6.21 in Chap-
ter 6.
Teichmiiller's theorem gives another compactification of the Teichmiiller
space ?e, which is called Teichmiiller's compactification of 4. This is differ-
ent from Thurston's one defined in chapter 3. see Kerckhoff [111] and Masur
lr46l.
- .itr"
original *proof' of Teichmiiller's theorem is found in Teichmiiller [A-
106].The proof in this chapterfollows that in Bers [23]. We also refer to Abikoff
 '[Orz] '[Oea]qcea1 pue ,[666]rqcn8ru€J ,[67I] ,[gtt] ,[rtr] ,[qrr] ,[Wt]
rns"trAtr'[gtt] "I[*S pue msstr l 'goqqo.ray ,[lg] pr"qq.,H pue ,(penoq ol reJar
osp a \'[ZO1-V] Ieqarts pue'[Z]-V] sur{uaf ,[lS-V] raurpreC ol reJer a^{,g$
ur se sl€rlueJagrp )rlerpenb crqdrouroloq Jo setpnls lecr.rlauroa3 .rog ,flpurg
seloN slr pu" y xpuaddy ur pelels
are sef,eJrnsuueruorg praua3 yo suorleuroJep FuJoJuotrsenb uo scrdol aurog
'[291] ue4eg pue'[08] .raurp.reg'[62]
ue{es pue uueurlqeJ '[Og-V] (p{qsnry alr) e,tr,s3urddeurleruroJuocrs€nb1eure.r1
-xe uo suorle3rlsa,rur raqlo sy'[016] Iaqerls pu€'[0/I] a{"tqo,[gg1] ue11nrycry
aes 'l"uerlxa dgressacau lou $ e?eJrns Eurrarloc e o1 Surddeu l"urroJuocrsenb
'alourrarlllng 's3urdderu
Isuerlxe u€ Jo lJrl e IsruroJuocrsenb leurerlxa Jo sseu
-anbrun uo s?lnser ureluoc ,I"l"U pue treurfell ,os1y
[961] sareqles pue,[6]
'[gg1] 'l€tuer]xa
1aqa.r1spue qcleg eldurexe roJ aas ,(lanbrun aq ol lou paeu lr
'leurarlxa sr Surddeur ra[nuqrral e ua^g 'letuerlxa fpressacau
FurroJ Jr ]ou arts
s8urdderu rellnurqrreJ aIq.,rr 'sSurddeur
l"ruroJ leur.ro;uocrsenb leuerlxa flanbun
'ece;.rns uueuarg
Ilrls a.rc s3urddeur rellnuqcrel lelauaS € Jo es?r aql uI
'qrstep e.rour roy
[gg-y]
otqerl pus .reurpreC ees '([I ';r) auo e oEe sr uozlrpuo?
[pg-y] IA] leqarlg tuercgns
spollnang slql 1eq? pa$oqs pue qrrsg ,la,roero141 .uaroeq? sseuenbrun
leqarts
s(rellnur{f,ral alord o1 ruaroeq} s(uollrru"H slql asn uec a11t .Fuerlxe aq ol
Surddeur leruroJuof,rs?nb e .roy uorlrpuo? fressaceu e srsfleue IsuorlounJ Sursn ,tq
pe,lord [69] uollueg '(asuas eruos ur purrunu)
Itsuerlxa sr Surddeur JellnuqcraJ
e Jo luel?lgaor nueJllag eql leq] sa]€ls rueroeql ssauanbruns(rell3ruqtlal .[I-y]
ItI seloN
Chapter 6

Complex Analytic Theory of Teichmiiller

Spaces

We introduce a natural complex manifold structure of the Teichmiiller space

"(R) of a closed Riemann surface R of genus C(> 2), which is realized as a
bounded domain in C3s-e. Furthermore, we prove that the Teichmiiller mod-
ular group Mod(R) acts properly discontinuously as a group of biholomorphic
automorphisms of ?(,R).
In this chapter, unless otherwise stated, we assume that l- is a Fuchsian
model of a closed Riemann surface of genus S (Z 2) and that each of 0, 1, and
oo is fixed by an element in l'- {i,d} (cf. $1.2 of Chapter 5).
In Section L, following the idea due to Bers, by using Schwarzian derivatives,
we prove that the Teichmiiller space?(.1-) is realized as a bounded domain Tn!)
in the space A2(H. lf) of holomorphic quadratic differentials on the Riemann
surface H*/f , where 11* is the lower half-plane. The Riemann-Roch theorem
shows that A2(H. lf) is a complex (39 - 3)-dimensional vector space. Hence
TaQ) is regarded as a bounded domain in Csg-s. Identifying "(l-) with Tn(f),
we see that T(f ) has a complex manifold structure of dimension 3s - 3.
In Section 2, we show that this complex structure of "(f ) is independent of
,| , that is, ?(f) is biholomorphically equivalent to T(ft) for another Fuchsian
model f' ol a closed Riemann surface of genus g.
It is verified in Section 3 that the Teichmiiller modulat group Mod(f) of
f acts properly discontinuously as a group of biholomorphic automorphisms of
"(f). Thus we conclude that the moduli spaceMn =T(l)lMod(f) has a nor-
mal complex analytic space structure of dimension 3g - 3. In Section 4, we shall
explain Royden's theorem which assertsthat every biholomorphic automorphism
of "(f) is induced by an element of Mod(f).
Finally, in Section 5, we give a brief exposition of the Thurston-Bers theory
on the classification of Teichmiiller modular transformations.
 ,tq uarrrSe * ? :/ ursrqdrouroeuoqe el€q elrruaqt '11 uo ,rn - ,1m11 'too.r6
' nn = nn (rr)
*H uo
'U uo
nn = tn (\)
:luel
eW'r(J'H)g
-oamba a.r,o6utmo11ot omy fi.uoJotr 'T'g BrrruraT
> n'rl s7uau,a1a
'fle,rtlcedser 'n.t nJ
l!,U pue ld H o1 crqd.rouroloqlqarc
'uotlezrurroJlun snoeuellnruls
*U Jo U a3eurr .ror.rrureql pue S ?erll epnlf,uoc errr
'/ 'trl - r/ 'S o1
,s.reg ,tq ueqtr Jo luelcgeoc rurerlleg aql tas *2f ;o / Surddeur
'U;o
IeuroJuocls?nb e ar1e1Pu€ *gt e3eurt Jorrnu eql Jo J lepour u€IsqcnJ e rlctd
'1ceg u1 ',S pue g flsnoeuellnurls sazlurroJlun qclq^r /.7 dno.r3 uetsqcng-rsenb e
pug e r 'f snuaS;o S pue U sec€Jrnsuuetuelg pesolco,ra.1 due ro; 're1ncr1.red u1
'([76] srag aes) uotToztrulolrun snoaunlputs.sreBr q slr{J,
Pelle?
'd.7 dnor3 u€rsq?ng-Isenb e13urse ,tq ,(lsnoeuellnuls pezluroJlun er€ ttg
+Urpu€
saceJrnsuuerualu orrrl'f1e.,lr1cedset'd1flg pue nJ/nH,{q peluesarderer€ *Ur
pue ttg saceJrnsuueualg o,lrl eculs'lltt = g;o e3eun rorrflu et{t sl *2f eraqlrr
'Ulln oI = dA o+ JIH
Jl *H = *U Jo Surddeur crqdrouroloqlq e pu€ h/nn
= g' Jo Surddeur leuJoJuoclsenb e sacnpur trn, Surddetu leuJoJuoctsenb eq;
'in put rtg qloQ uo slurod
paxgou seq {pl} -nJ Jo }uatuala f.rarra1eq1eloN'paxg C uI elrnf, pasol) eldurts
palcerrp € sa^eel q)lqrtr (c'z)lsa 'uorlrugap fq'st dno.t0
3o dno.rqnsalarcslP e
uDrsqcnl-rsnnDe 'a.re11'sdnor3 uelsqcnJ-Isenbgo eldurexa lecrdfl e sr d.7 dnort
e q?ns'GH)n^ - ltl pt* (U)'* = "-t1 qtoq uo {lsnonurluo)slp.{1.redo.Id slce
q c r q , n ' ( 3 ) l n v J o { J ) L l ( L ) ' X } = n J d n o r 8 q n s€ e l e q a ^ \ s n q l ' ( q ) t " V 1 "
''e'r'uorleurro;su€J1snrqotr^tr e sr (1")/X leql easeu'g raldeqCJo t'I$
luerueleue
ul ?eql o1 SuruosearrBIIruIsfq 'r-(/rn)o Lodm = (1,)/X 3ur11nd'J f ,Lfue rog
"_' m
.{q 1r alouep a,u '(gg't uorlrsodo.r4) H lo ,tn Eurddeur ob-r/ lecruouec eq} uorJ
Surddeu IsurroJuotlsenb srql qsrn3utlstp ol repro u1 'flerrtlcadse.r'pexg oo pue '1
'6 saaeal pue '/ uorlel€lrp xelduroc eql seq qrlq.tr go Surddeur leruro;uocrsenb
?
e ''a'l '? 3o Surddeur cb-r/ lecruouec e dlanbrun slsrxa areql '08'? ruaroeql tuord
'H-c.)z
=?)d
,(,)2\
H>z
les e1(
'J roJ ''e'l'r(l'n)S
Ff uo r/ luercgaor rruerlleg e 3 r/ lueuele uarr,rEe rog
'*H
aueld-;1eq re^\ol eql uo leuroJuoc er€ q?rq^\ C a.raqdsuuetuelU eql;o s3urdderu
's.reg Surrrrollog
IeruroJuocrs€nbfq (.7)g aceds rallnurqclel eql luasardar lleqs elri
uol+BzrruJolrrlf snoauBllntllrs'T'I'9
arBds rallntuqrraJ,
Jo arnlrnrls xalduoC aql pue Eurppaqtug (srag 'I'g
LVI Surppaqurg,srag'I'9
148 6. Complex Analytic Theory of Teichmiiller Spaces

z €H
f (") =
{(")-t"''(")' zeIl*UA.

Since (tot')-rotul is quasiconformal on C, we see fhat f is ACL on C. Thus, by

the analytic definition A of quasiconformal mappings ([1.1 of Chapter 4), / is
quasiconformal.Hence,g = wpof o(wr)-1 is a L-qc mapping on C, i.e., a Mobius
transformation. Since g leaveseach of 0, 1, and oo fixed, g must be the identity.
Therefore, we have up = u, on I1*.
Conversely, if wu - IDv on I/*, then utt = It)y on Iy'* U R. Thus we obtain
a quasiconformalmapping h - wpo(wp)-Low,o(w')-L: H - H.By the same
argument as before, it follows that h must be the identity, which means that
wF = w' onR..

Now, for two elementsp,v € B(H,f)1, wu and'wv are said to be equiaalent

if wu- w, on H*. Denote by [ror] the equivalenceclass of wrfor every element
p e B(H ,.1-)r. Let fB€) be the set of these equivalenceclasses[tor]. Lemma 6.1
shows that the correspondencel*,) * [tor] is a bijection of "(l- ) to "p (f ) . The
topology of TBQ) is induced from that of "(f) under this correspondence.In
other words, this correspondencegives a homeomorphism of 7(f) onto fBQ).
In this way, we can identify fpQ) with "(f) as topological spaces.We also call
fp!) the Teichmiiller spaceof l.
Let B be a mapping of B(H,f)r onto TBQ) given by 00t) = [or]. Then by
the definition of topology olTB(f), we immediately obtain the following.

Proposition 6.2. The mapping B: B(H,f)1 * fBQ) is a continuous surjec-

tion.

One merit of the Teichmiiller space TB(f) introduced by Bers is the applica-
bility of the theory of univalent functions, i.e., conformal mappings of H* .

6.L.2. Schwarzian Derivative

A quasiconformal mappin E u p 6 defined in $1.1 is conformal on the lower half-

plane 11*.
Now, assume that wu is a Mcibius transformation. Since uru leaveseach of 0, 1,
and oo fixed, tuu must be the identity. Thus we have [tou] = [rd] in fBQ).It may
be considered that the diflerence between [tou] and liQ in fpQ) is indicated by
the difference of the conformal mapping wu on H* from Mobius transformations.
To measure the difference of a conformal mapping on I/* from a Mobius
transformation, we shall find a differential equation which all Mcibius trans-
formations satisfy. Let 7Q) - (az +b)/(cz * d) be a Mijbius transformation,
where c, b,c,d e C and ad - bc = 1. Take derivatives of 7 to eliminate a,
b, c, and d. Since j'Q) = @z + d)-2 and l'(z) - -2c(cz + d)-", we obtain
l'G)/t"Q) = -z12 - dl2c. Thus we have (lf (7" 1t'))' = -1/2. Consequently,
we get
pruroJuor e Surugap uer{J'*Il uo ndt - ndt leql arunsse'f1as.ra,ruo3',I/ uo
ndt = f,dt 1eq1 sa11dur1
{rpla'.II uo not - drn ueql '(,1)d,t ul ["m] = [dt]lI
'(6'9) elnur.roJe eq a.trsmlJ'*I/ uo
{r'n^} = "(z),L{(z)L'dm } 1aBa,u 8'9
"urrrutrrerl
Aq(rt6ortL - LodmJo e^rle^rrap uerzrs^{qcs eq1 3ur:p;'t(;(g)g ut st
'loo.t4
r/ asnecaq 'uotleurro3.suer?sntqoni e sr ,-(/rn)oLodm = dl uaql 'J > L 11
'*H uo nd - 'td) fi1uopuo
fi
fi Q)gl,q [,n] = [n.]'t(J'H)g ) , 7 ' t t e t u ? u e p o m yf , u o . t o t ' t a a o a . t o 1 4 1
'J
/ ,H acottns
',1 o7
uuoulery D uo lorlueta[ry c4o.tponb ctyd.toruopy o co papto|a.t st 7t puo
Tcadsat,
q??n *H uo V- Tq|nn lo ut.tot ctyrltou.toTtoatyiLtoruopy o sN ndt 'fipu.to7J
(z.g) .*H)z ,(t)nd="(z),L((z)L)d6
ueql 'J ) L lI 'V'g BturuaT
'3urmo11o;aql e^er{ e.&rueqtr,
'*H)z '{z'dm}=(z)ddt
las e,/rr'r(J'H)g 3 r/ r(re.rltqre rog
acudg
ra[nurqcral xeldurog 'g'I'9
Jo arnl"nrlg aql PrrB Eurppaqrug 6srag
'uolleturoJ
tr
-suerl snrqontr" q / feqt apnlcuoc aan'uorlenba FlluaraJlp slql 3ul^los 'O uo
-,,((r),!sor)
o= r{,((r),!sq)}f - {''!)
l e q ?l n o s u r n ll r ' O u o 0 - { r ' I }
'O uo = '/} sagsles uotpurlo;suerl snlqotr{€ 13ql uees
;r'flasreluoC 0 {z /
itpearle e erl e1yuorlress? tsrg aql sn sarrrSuolleln?Fc preruro;lq3ler1s'rg'loo.r'4
'O u o 0= {t't}
o 'teaoa.r,o141
sn qory o s? CI{o furddout'Tortt"t'otuoc
19fi1uopuv fi uotyout.rotsuorl
(r'g) 'Q) z '{r'l}+ 'f
"(z),t.{Q)t } = { z'to6}
u?tll
'(O)l
'fi1aat1eailsa.t pu, q to s|utildotu lotu.totuoc atp 6 puo I It 't'g BtutuaT
(94\s-!',)'Ii={,'!}
,\(r),J ) t (z),,,!
,(q / lo {t'l } aaqoarrePuotzrDnqrs
aqt auuep e^{ 'C uI ururuop e uo 3[ Surddeu l€trrroJuoc frerltqre ue rod
(r),L
( (z),L
, - . \ I ; ' Z )\ ET,- G l J ,
6'I Suppaqurg .srag 'I'9
150 6. Complex Analytic Theory of Teichmtller Spaces

mapping F: wu(H*) - u,(H*) by ,F = w,o(uu)-L, again by Lemma 6.3 we see

that
g,(z) = {Fowptr} = {F,wuQ)}'.'uQ)' + pp/)

on 11*. By the assumption that g u - g v on H *, we have { F, z } - 0 on uu(I{' ).

Thus .t' must be a Miibius tra.nsformation. Since f leaves each of 0. 1. and oo
fixed, we see that F is the identity. Consequently, uu = '.i)v on f1*, that is,
l.ul= [u'"]in TBQ). tr

Let A2(H*, f) be the complex vector space of holomorphic automorphic

forms of weight -4 on -I1* with respect to f . Since it is identified with the vector
spaceA2(H- / t) of holomorphic quadratic differentials on H* f | , the Riemann-
Roch theorem shows that A2(H*, f) is a (3S - 3)-dimensional complex vector
space.
Now, define a mapping B of :tBQ) into A2(H*,f) by B(lwrl) = pu, where
g p = { u p , z } , t h e S c h w a r z i a nd e r i v a t i v e o fw u o n f I * . T h e n , b y L e m m a 6 . 4 t h i s
6 is well-definedand injective, and that is called Bers'embedding.The mapping
iD: B(H ,I)t ---*Az(H* , f ) given bV @(p) = 8"0(p) is called Bers' projection.
In $2.2 of the previous chapter, Az(H* , f) was considered as a complex
Banach space with trr-norm. In this chapter, in connection with the next sub-
section $1.4, we introduce on A2(H* ,f) the hyperbolic -L--norm by using the
Poincar6 metric dss.z = ldzl2/(Imz)z on f1* as follows. By formula (6.2)
and the inva,riance of the Poincar6 metric under P.9.t(2,R), every element
peA2(H.,f)satisfies

(Im1Q\2le(.r("))l= (Imz)zleQ)1, z e H*, 1 e r.

Thus, (Im r)2lp(r)l is regarded as a function on .R* = H*ll. The hyperbolic

L* -norm of 9 in Az(H* ,l-) is defined by

llpll* =,s.S.(Im
z)'leQ)|

Here, note that the supremum suffices to be taken over, not the whole If*, but
only a fundamental domain in 11* for .l-. In our case, .R* being compact, we
can pick a relatively compact subset in f1* as such a domain (see Example 5 in
$4.2 of Chapter 2). Therefor", llpll- is finite for any p € A2(H*, l-), and hence
Az(H*,f) becomesa complex Banach space with this norm. Throughout this
chapter, we assume that A2(H*,1-) is equipped with this norm.

P r o p o s i t i o n 6 . 5 . B o t h B e r s ' p r o j e c t i o nQ : B ( H , f ) 1 * Az(H*,f) a n d ,B e r s '

embeddingB: TBQ) - A2(H* , f ) are conlinuous.

Prool. Note that { p"}T=t convergesto <pin Az(H*,f) if and only if {p"}f;=r
convergesto g uniformly on compact sets on f/*. Hence, Proposition 4.36 implies
that @ is continuous. By the definition of topology of Tp(f), it follows that B is
also continuous.
 I=l
7r - u7_r7l"ql"
3
N
1eq1 seqdur qcrqrrl
t =
'o- / -\ - "v
l\ , r - ' " 1o" s 1 " 3"/ t l o
al"q eA\ ' gz?J= m rc1 mf ".t - qr,3ur1ou 'snq;
"3f
'@),rp@)t"l
- J *I = " ,
fq ua.,rt3sl iC ,tq pepunorrns uretuop pepunoq eql Jo 'y
eere aql 1eq1 sarldurrelnuroJ s(ueerD ueqJ 'd repun { .r = lnl I C > .l = "C
elcr.nreqt yo a3eun aql aq ',C 1el 'I < .r ,{.rerlrqrero;'1ce; uI'I t |tql ,r"qt
( e' g) ' +t*t*oq*m=(rn)g=)
fq ua,rr8q rf JI 1er{} aes lleqs e 'y
A {slp lrun aq} Jo rorre?xe
eql 'y - - '*V uo '1srrg
? *y ereqa Jr uorlcunJ luale^run € Jeprsuof,aiu 3foo"r4,
'H)z
'! z ' { } 1 " ( z wd1n) s- * l l { " ' / } l l
tr; l{
fr,Tqonbaue
ayl
sa{sr,7ns*H uo uotTaunt lualDarun fitaag (snutx puB r.reqag) 'Z'g BrrruraT
'sneJy pus rJ€qeN ol enp sr rIJrrIA\'*Il uo suollounJ
luale^Iun ro; ,(lqenbaul ue Jo ecuanbesuoeel€rpeuurr ue sr rueJoeql slt{I
' 1 f g s n t p o " pr u D
0 r ? l u n q ? g n( J ' * H ) G V
u? nvq uado aql u, peurDlu@ s? (ilal acoils .tapnu,?pl4 eUJ 'g'g uraroaqJ
'(J'*H)zV ur ureurop pepunoq e sl (J)sJ l€rl1 slrroqsuraroaql 3urno11o;eq;
ssaupapunog .t.I.g
Q)slJo
('9'6$ aas 'oqy 'asec l€uorsueurp-auo eql JoJ leql ol relrturs sr ploJrrr€ur
xelduroc Ieuorsueurp raq3rq s Jo uorlrugep eqJ) 'J/H = Ar eraq/!\ 'sp1o;rueu
xelduroc Ieuorsuaurp-(g - 0g) se peraprsuoc osle are (g),, p"n '(l)gJ'(I)t
sacedsrellnurqcral aql '(J)aJ qlr^r uollecgrluepr rapun '1 1o acodsrelpu.tqcteJ
aql palleo osle sr (l)sJ slql '(J'*H)zV Jo ernlcnrls ploJrueur xalduoc aq1
slrraqur (l)al,'aceds rol?el xaldtuoc leuorsueurp-(g - 0g) e sl (J ',p.)zy ecurg
'uruqdrouroeuoq e q (J)sJ --
Q)d,l:g prre'(J'*H)zV ur ureruop e sr
(J'*H)zV * (t)d,f,:g uorlcafursnonurluoceqlJo (J)sJ a3erureql1eq1se11dur1
sureuopJo ecuerJsAuruo rueroeql s(rea{norgsnql'(.i,)ag sr os pue'g-ogtl ol
crqd.rouroauroqsl (J)J areds rallnurqclel aql '91'g ue.roeql ur pelels sV
'I'9
Surppaqurg,sra6l
I9I
152 6. Complex Analytic Theory of Teichmriller Spaces

for any positive integer N. Letting r * 1 and then letting N'--+ oo, we obtain
the inequality

i"'ul, s 1.
n=L

This is the content of the so-called Bieberbach's arta lheorem. In particular, we

have lDll S 1.
Differentiating the series in (6.3) term by term, we obtain

{ 4 , }=- # 0 , * i # , weA*-{*}.
Hence, we get

. 1 4 $ l . ,r' ,{ . } l = 6 l a r l 6<.
Now, let / be an a,rbitraryunivalentfunction on I/*. For a givenpoint zo =
ro * iao € H* , first supposethat f (r.) * oo. Taking a Mcibiustransformation
T: H* ---+^4* definedby "(z) = (z -Z;)lQ - zo), we put

F(u)=r@w*, w€A*.
Then F is a univalent function on A*, and has an expansionas (6.3). Flom
formula(6.1),we have{ f ,r} = {F,T(z)l.T'(t)" on I1*. ThusnotingT(t") -
oo and T'(r)'= -4v|fQ)alQ - %)n, we concludethat

l { f , r , } l= , l l l }l"{ r , r p 1 } . r , Q ) r l

l*n{r,, }l.,!g"
=.rgg
& S#"
Next, supposethat f(r") = oo. Then by the relation{f,tol - {Ilf,r"}
and the aboveargument,we see again that l{ f,zo}l t Sl!yl). Sincezo is
arbitrary, we completethe proof of Lemma 6.7. o

6.2. Invariance of Complex Structure of Teichmiiller

Space

Let us prove that the complex structure of "(f) which is introduced in the
preceding section is independent of the choice of the Fbchsian model ,l- of a
closed Riemann surface of genus c(>2).
(g'g) 1-\bru-zultt
eleqeir\'*I1uo g= ,(lltrlt,- z&l&)eculs
't = (t-)zu = (l-)
(q'g)
I& \
O= Q-)It" = (p-)rh )
uorlrpuor uorl"zrlerurou aq1 f;st1es zb,pue It t"q1 etunss€ a,t. 'ata11
(r'g) 'g=bdt9q,,tt
uorlenba lertueragrp freurpro repro
-puo)es aq1 'd
;o z& pue tlr suorlnlos arqd.rouroloqluepuadapur fl.reauq a4e1 e,rr1
-e^rrap uerzr€^rqrs qll,lr '{oo.r,4
*I/ uo uorlcunJ luele^run 3 Irnrlsuoc o+ repro u1
'dt = (l"dnl)g
sa{n1os d>uto.{ p?prul.suo? 6111o4uau$rp Nravrqeg ?Nuoruroy?Ul '2,/I > -lldll
qlr,n (J'*H)zV 3 dt Tuauale fiuo.r,og (tU"rf4, pue sroJIqV) 'O'S tuaroaqtr,
ttt'",ttt 1""
sroJlr{y or anp ruaroaq} Bur,u.o11oy
aqr Jo acuanbesuoc "r"ro"**,'|lJl
'p! = ,utddout ctyd.tou-to1or1 o
ttrog \?pm
''a'!'A<- '(l)dt ut
2 : g l o e s r e a u f, 1 6 u ro s ! / ) < - A i 4 p u D T u t o da s o qa y 1 / o
pooty,oqq|nuuedo uo s! (A)4 - 2 'uoqon7ts|utpaca.tdell repun '8'g uraroaql
'6'9 uorlrsodoJd ruo+ snonur?uocsr qtlq^r
'[^n*) - (d),n
tq Q)d,t +- A i 4
Surddeur€ euuape,tlsnql ' A ) o\ itra,raro3.1,o1 laadsarqll^{ }uenlgaor nuerlleg
e ''e'l 'r(t'n)A o1 sEuolaqdrl ueqa '(l'*n)zv ur urSr.ro eql Jo pooq.roqq3reu
n'{Z/t > -lldll (t'.n)"V ) 6} = 'crrteru eq} fq pecnpul
| A1e.I ?r€f,urod
roleradoruerlleg-er"1de1aq1o1 lcedsa.r qlr^aurroJ(t 't-) cruorureq€ sr lI ef,uls
'p4uataSrp ,urDrlleg?ruouuDqe pell"c osle st 'o1uror; pelsnrlsuo,
11 lo4uetal
-lrp tutotTlag.sreg eq! pellsc sr "/.HI'(*t'n)A 3 drl luarueleue ulslqo aa{
'H ) z '(z)dt"(zwl6- =Q)drt
3ur11es snql 'J/.F/ uo lerluareJrp rurerllage s zp/zp(z)dtr(zul = Itp/"r!Q)fi_
ueqJ'II uo rrrleru er"f,uroderll eq ,(zu4)/"lzpl = Itp p.I'H 3 z fue .roy
'(J '
Q)a = Q)fr fq paugap(l'tt)"V ) ql luatualaue 1aB"^ *H)zV 3 al luaurela
fre.rlrq.reu€ roJ 's,raolloJ * (,1 ';J)g 3 drl luarualaue qlra (tr' .11)cy ) dt
'(;)ag ur urSr.roeqt e ur (,t)s,l
luauela qcsa elercossee,ra Jo pooq.roqqSreu
* (l)d,l:g Eurppaqure (sregJo asralur crqdrouroloqe f1t1c11dxa lcnrlsuo? oJ
tmppaqurg 'l'Z'g
6srag Jo asralul IBcoT
t9I aredg rallnurql-ral Jo ern?f,nrls xaldurog Jo af,u"rr"^ul 'Z'g
t54 6. Complex Analytic Theory of Teichmiiller Spaces

on ff*. Set /(z) = ,nQ)lrtz(z) for any t e H^*.From (6.6), we see that / is
a locally biholomorphic mapping of 11* into C. A straightforward calculation
gives{f,z}=9onH*.
Now, we put
F(z)=ffi, z€H' ( o . {)

Then ,F' is a real-analytic mapping of /1 into e , b"""n." its numerator and

denominator do not vanish simultaneously from (6.6). Bv a simple computation,
we see that Fsf F, - Hv on I1. Since llprll- ( 1, the Jacobian of P is positive
on 11, and hence F is locally diffeomorphic on 11.
Next, we set
:. \ | F(r)' z€H
I\z)=l/(r), z€H*.
We need to prove that f exte^ndsto a quasiconformal mapping of e onto itself
in such a way that upn = So/ for some Mijbius transformation S, which implies
that{up,,z}=p.
For this purpose, first suppose that g is holomorphic in a neighborhood of
,F1.U fr. in 0 and lp(t)l = O(lrl-n) as z ---+oo. Then ?r and qz are defined on
a neighborhood of the real axis \, and so are / and F. Since f = F on R,
we obtain a continuous mapping f of C into C by putting f = f on R. This
extended mapping f is locally homeomorphic on a neighborhood of R.
In fact, for any point z on R, choosing a small disk D with center z, we see
that both f : D--- /(D) and F: D---+ F(D) are homeomorphic,and f = F on
DnR. Since both / and F are orientation-preserving,f(Dn I1*) and F(DnH)
do not intersect, which implies that / is injective on D. It is easy to see that f
is an open mapping, and hence f^: D --- /(D) is a homeomorphism.
Moreover, it is proved that f also extends to a local homeomorphism on e
as follows. Since l9(z)l = O(lzl-a) as z'--+ oo, r/1 and \z ate expanded near oo
in the form
qte) = a1z* bt + O(lzl-r),
nz(z)= azz* bz+ O(lzl-L),
where c162- a2b1= 1. Hence,f = rylnz is a univalent function in a neighborhood
of oo, and .f(*) = at/az. On the other hand, we have

atz*bt+O(lzl-1)
F(z) = (z * oo).
a2z!b2+O(lzl-t)
Thus F is an orientation-preserving diffeomorphism on a neighborhood of oo
with ,F(oo) - ar/az. Therefore, putting l(o") = at/az, we see that / is a Iocal
homeomorphism of 0 into itself. Then Lemma 4.28 implies that i: e --* e it u
homeomorphism.
Applying Painlev6'stheorem t?.r,o(.f)-1, we seethat there exists a Mobius
transformation S with wp, = Sof .
To remove the hypothesis that g is holomorphic on R with zero of order at
least 4 at oo, we pick up a Mcibius tra.nsformation fl. given by
 uorlenba rtuerlleg aq1 3o (1'9) ut.to;
eql ul uoltnlos e pug ol poqlau cll$rnaq e ureldxa ol e{ll plno^^ eM'6 qrvueq
'lcedtuoc sl
JIH leqt srsaqloddq eql asn lou plp
a,r,r;oordaql q ecurs'.-;'dnor3 uetsqcng.,(ueroJ sploq 6'9 tueloaqJ,'[ slrDuev
'6'9 ueroeqJ
! ;o Soord eq1 salelduro? slqJ
' -
*H uo 6 {r'los} = {z'6rim) = (l^'^l)g
'3 'drnor-5
urelqo eal 'ra,roe.roy41 uo Surddeu leturo;uoctsenb
€ o l s p u e l x a / t e q t s e q d t u rq c l q , \ { ' l I - C u o
^amor-S =
;l'pue'(q)nV u1
"S ler{l eesarr,r'relncryed uI 'U - C Jo slesqns lcedruoc uo (orrleur lect.raqds
S - '?l.l
'.{1a,rr1cedsa.r
'uorlcnrlsuoc fq snqa
eql o1 lradsar qp.,u) fpro;run 3l <- $
ud t'o1(7'9) uotlenbe
pu€ Il, oI *H Jo slesqns lcedruoc uo ,{pu.ro;tun a3ra,ruoc
u'zb pu€ u'rl, suollnlos pezllerurou eq? 'pueq raqlo eql uO
I€rluereJ-rp"ql p
'C ^dot *- "dotr
Jo slasqns lceduroc uo flurro;tun
'.{lluanbesuoC'C ud teq} ees am'2'9
Jo slasqns lcedtuoc uo fpruo;run P! *
'ecua11'U -
eurrreT ;o goo.rd eql ul se luarunSre atutss eql fq 3 Jo slesqns
"6rl '.t"ql
lcedtuoo uo ,{prroSrun 0 * Wql sarldtur gl't uoltlsodor4 ur (8't)
r > (?llalF
+ I)/-lldllt; -ll"u'lll
urctqo a { snql 'z{(-lldllA - I)/(*lldllZ + I)} J uotlelepp l€ulrxeur
'r-(^ilm)o"dm = u6 3ur11e1ug
e seq 'f leql ees e/tr 0I'7 ueroeqJ uror.;:
'u5 uotleu.roJsuerl snlqgl u{ous = "drn 1eq1 qcns
tr etuos roJ
"! Surddeur tol 'uant3 uollrnr]suoc
Jleslr oluo e J" ler[roJuocrsenb e sernpord
t"6rl = 'rl 3ur11nd'rrlo1q
a q t , { Q ' e c u e 1 1' t > - l l a l l Z S - l l " d l l Z = - l l " t / l l 1 e Be r ' t
' 9 t - l l r l l;
T
L
l(@"t)al.11z;2 ur1;f,riJ;
l(r)"otlr1rqlf,,i."= -ll'dll
e^eq e.!\ snql
. ,.\, ,z((t)";*I) =eQutl)
-fFtt-'
*H)' r
'1'g
1eEa,r.r, uotltsodor4
'oo
de'*11 ) Gn)"t Eur1otr1 le ? ls€el 1€ reProJo otaze seq Pue'(p'),l,Z.lo
"6
aprslnopaugep uollcunJ crqdrouoloq e sr ud>teql aes el.l.'"(z)ia' (Q)"a)d =
"J pue '
3ur11ag'oo F u s€ pl o1 C Jo slesqns lceduroc uo ,tpu.ro;run sa3re,ruoc H
ueql'u.re3alut arr.tlrsod,'{ue ro;
Jo ur€uropqnslcedruoc flarrtlelar e sr (g)1lj
u7 -t zl
= (z)".L
?-zuz
'Z'9
991 acedg rallnurq)-reJ ]o arnlf,nrls xalduroS Jo af,u"rr"^ul
 156 6. Complex Analytic Theory of Teichmriller Spaces

I,
w, = _ z)2ee)w,
)(z
on fI for any p € Az(H*,1-) with llpll- < 1./2.Thisis due to ShigeruFuruya,
and the authors learned it from K6ta^roOikawa.
setting z - y and z = sin the aboveBeltrami equation,we have apartial
differentialequation
L
w,=i@-x)ze(o)wu.

Denoteby w(x,U) = C with an arbitrary constantC a generalsolution of Ric-

cati's differential equation
I
u'=-|@-r)2p(r).
Then this u gives a solution of the above partial differential equation.
Putting u=U- o, weget

u'+r
t - - rIv @ ) '
Thus, settingu= -af a/, we obtain the second-order
differentialequation
I
u , ,= _ ) v @ ) a .

Take linearly independent solutions [1 and rp of this equation. Then we see that

--. -. - T t + ( Y - ' ) n ' r

ffi|;--;rt'
and hence we obtain F' in (6.7).

Corollary. For eaery g e V, therv ezists an element p e B(H, f)1 such that
w, is real-analytic on H and B-r(p) = lup).
Mortoaer, eaery point [S,f] of the Teichmiller spoce f@) "f R - H/f is
r e p r e s e n t e d b y a r e a l - a n a l y t i c q u a s i c o n f o r m a l m a p p i n gosf R l o S , i . e . , [ S , . f ] =
lS,slin r(R).
Proof. In the proof of Theorem 6.9, we saw that tnp, = S"i, i is real-analytic
on ff , and B-t(p) - lwp,), which shows the first assertion.
Let us prove the second statement. Denote by D the set of all points [S, /] g
?(R) such that [^9,/] is represented by a real-analytic quasiconformal mapping
of .R to ^9. Let [So,f,] be an arbitrary point in D. From the first assertion,
we find a neighborhood LI of the base point in "(Sr) so that every point of
[/ is given by [S, /] with some real-analytic quasiconformal mapping /. Then
1[S,f"f,] | [S,/] € U] is a neighborhoodof lSo,f,l in "(n) and contained in
D. Thus D is an open subset of "(,R).
Next, let { [S",.f"] ]Lr b" a sequencein D which convergesto a point [S, /] e
"(,R). We may assume that each /, is real-analytic. Since [^9,,f^of-tJ converges
 taE
tdor.acurg
aar'seueselqnopuo rueJoeq?
(ss?rlsrale1turor;'*g uo crqdrotuoloqsr
(o'g) uoy?-ffo ,^"[[ !r- = e)v]q
araq.n 'g (- ?'se c Jo slesqns lceduroc uo dluro;tun
(7)oa (z)lnlp?* z - (r)'n*
eler1 a^\ '19'y ura.roaqa 'tg'loo.t4
(e'g) * H) z , t f i p % ? . [ =e)ta]06
;-
fiq
rol 'Ol'g uraroaq&
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'0 = tt ereqr$ es?t aql JaPlsuocairn'1srtg
'II'9 ulaloaq; ur ue,rt3 sr
'uol]?as Eurpacerdeql uI turou
[n]nO lo uorleluasarder ler3alur pu" ef,ua]slxaaq;,
-oo? crloqredfq eq1 o1 lcadsar Wlu ecuaS.raluocrurou st acuaS.re.tuoceql areq^r
'((,t)o-P|d: ?-fi'=[nlne
t
,tq paugep q [n]dO ueqJ '0 {- I se g..- -ll(l):ll P* '("1'g)g
o1 sSuolaq n araq^r '(l)al + r1t d' - trl
+ leql qcns ur8rro eql Jo pooqroqq3rau
e ul I reqtunu xalduroc fue ro; paugeP t(t'n)S uI lueruala ue aq trl 1a1
'Q'n)g :l z pue r(J'n)g I r/ fre.rlrq.re
'lro11
ro; r/ 1e z uorl?arrp eqt ul O p [n]dO e^IlsAIreP eq] eugoP of qsIA{ arrr
uollcaford 'z'7,'g
6srag Jo uor+Bl+uara:gTCI
'6VT,-ZV1, 'dd'[Og-V] 3eplo o1
{ooq eq} ol reJarear's1te1ep.rog'uap,tcrg
enp pu€ elr€g ol enp ere qf,rqrh ueJoeql qqt o1 saqceordde reqlo ere eraql
'([6] srolgy prr€ 'gtI-IgI 'dd'[e-V] sroJIr{Y aas) (;)a;
ur lurod fue ;o pooq.roqqSrau ? uo O Jo uoll?as pcol crqdrouroloq " ltnJlsuoc
(uorlceger 'uorpes
o1 elqrssod sr 1t leruroJuocrs"nb Sursn ,tg 11a1y-s.tol1qyeq1
pallsc fl qc1q,r,r'(;)a; ur lurod as€q aqt Jo Poollroqq8rau e uo 6rt <-+a1 uorlcas
'E
pcol crqd.rouroloqe seq O uorlealord (srag 1€ql selsls 6'9 rueroeqJ, ,lroue[
'(U)Z of
tr lenba aq lsmu O'palaauuoc q (U),2
'snql'(U)J
ecurg'(g)gJo tasqns pesolce q O ecuaq Pue'6'ol s3uolaq [/'S]
ur [u/orJf 'S] = [/',S] Pot cl$pue-par sr "/o,lf snqtr'u e3.re1f11uategnsdue
"s o1 ud Eurddeu
.ro3["f',u5] = fr_to"t,".g] q]l^ s;o l"uroJuoarsenb c1ld1eue
-leer s slswe eJeql 1eq1 saqdurr uollrasse lsrg eql '(,S); lo lutod eseq eql ol
acedg .ralpurqrleJ Jo ernlf,uls xalduro3 Jo ef,u"rn uI 'Z'9
L9l
158 6. Complex Analytic Theory of Teichmiiller Spaces

*'rr=I*tiltfu]'+o(r),
- ' 1 , , = t r b f r ]+" o ( t ) ,
t'1,',=trbfv)"'+o(t)
uniformly on compact subsets of .F/* as I ---+0. Thus we see that

i D ( p r )= { u p , , z } - t t t f v ) " ' + o ( t )

uniformly on compact subsets of f1* as t - 0. Since f/./f is compact, it follows

that iDs[v] exists and is equal to rblv]"' . Further, formula (6.9) provides (6.8). tr

T h e o r e m 6 . ' L L . F o r e a e r yp e B ( H , f ) t a n d v e B ( H , f ) , t h e d e r i a a t i u eQ r [ u ]
erists and is giuen bg

ouv'11'v=f-*
lLmaea,t]-u1"1' , zeH* (610)

Proof. Set f = *r, !11= wprowrl , and \t = pcr.Then we have

A , (' -c )(=L f 'r -- ,F p 4)) "" 'r - , ( ( ) ,c € f ( H ) .

\E
Thus, putting
)\ / (l \ o =/\ ;f "L d'"' r -\ ' { c ) '
we get
)t = l) +t6(t) on /(f1),
wherel16(l)ll-- 0 as I + 0.
On the other hand, from the relation

O ( p , ) ( z=
) {s*f ,r} = {gt,f(z)}.f'(r)'+AQt)(z),

we obtain
ib,1,11,7=
hi"r1{n,,tel}1f,k)r, z € H*.
Lr+u, I

Then by the same argument as in the proof of Theorem 6.10, we see that @r[u]
exists and is represented in the form

f
ibu1,11,1= t
l-9" l [l 1[ q 1 -fg-'.,n ' ' Jy'e')2,
( C - f Q ) ) ' alartl
"' ' z e H*.
,
Therefore, by substituti"g /(O for ( in this integral, we obtain the integral
formula (6.10). tr
sr C acurs'(.t)al> ('*DA lurod fue Jo pooqroqq3reue ur crqdrotuoloqlqsl d
-
1eq1arro.rdo? peeu am'crqdrouroloqlq8I r-go*(rr))org d }€ql aesoa'too.r'4
.(r,t)al, - (J)sJ :
r_Ao*(o)or1
,(Il)dt * (1)0a :*(o)
,(tt)t* (1)a:.la'l
,(tU)Z * (U)Z ,.[V]
:ctrld.totuolorlrq eqJ 'ZT'g uaroaqJ
nD eto sfutddput.6urmo11ol
.(J,H)zV p (J)sJ ureuroppapunoq€ se
pazrleerq (r"f)dZueql'(IJ'H)"V o1u1(y)dglo Surppaqura (sregeq Ig ta1
'7utodasoqay1 uotyolsuDrle *(o) .ro *[o]
to lec osle elA
'ln*7 = ([nt]).(t),--, ^]
[n
rq (I.r)d,Z+ (1)da:.@l
usrqdrouroa{uoq e euuepelr'ralroaro141 'r_mod(nora -
nn Ir-qI qtns pu€'oo pue
'I '0
Jo qc€asexu r_oott(nolo l€q} IlsnsuollsruroJsuerlsnlqotr{IeaI € sI D arel{l!\
'l.n^l = ([n.])'[r] - lanl
:(lt)t - (.7)g :.[o]
ursrqdrouoauoqs secnpur(tU),-U-- (U).f :*ltl) Turod?saqeql to uotyo1suo"r7
'(t
eq1'flerrrloadsar '(g)g ,(gluapr e^\ uer{11y - rJ
7)"6'(,1),2qtt^ (tU)-f r-nJn
'IU *-g:tf eJo l;ll € eq t't taT
1€r[]eunss€,teure11 SurdderuleruroJuocrsenb
'{pp} - r.7ur 'g
luaurelaalqe}rnsefq pexgsr oo pue'1 slurodJoqceet€q} qcns
3 snue3Jo rU. a?€Jrnsuueruar11 pesolcreqloue;o t7 Iepouru€rsqrnde e{€I
.J
JO
acroqf,eqlJo luepuadapursl'(J)sZ * Q)dl,:g Surppaqure(sreg Sursn,tq g'1$
ur peusep se^r qf,rq^\ '(;); lo ernlcnrls xaldruoc eql l€tl1 a,rord 11eqsa,t. '.nog
'1 reldeq3 'ltt-Vl srrcpox pue rrorrol{ pue 19
raldeq3 '[Og-V] srrr€H pue sq]lgrJ9 o] reJeraa,r's1e1eprod 'uo os pu€ 'sp1o;rueur
xalduroo uee.&\1eq s3urddeur crqd.rouroloqlqpue ctqdrouroloq'p1o;tueur xelduoc
" uo suorlcun; crqdrouroloq'sp1o;rueurxalduoc leuorsueurlp-u eugep uec arrt'1
raldeq3 Jo I'I$ ur sploJrusu l"uorsuaurp-euo Jo es"f, eql ur sy '(6'd 'hf -V]
srag aas) dlrnurluoc s1r sarldurr ,f go ,tlrcrfleue aleredas leql slresse uaroaql
(raqlrn{ 'f1a1e.redes
,sEo1re11 alq"rr"^ qf,ea ut crqdrouroloq pu€ O uI snonul}uo)
sl 1€ql pepr,ro.rd ur erqd.rouoloq sl lerl? uaas fltsea sr 1t 'elnurro; 1e.l3e1ur
/ 6. /
s,dqcnep dg 'o yo pooqroqqEraus ur (ur'"''rz) = z IIe JoJ saS.raruocqctq,u.
t { ' ' 'r{
'tq:,
.r(uo - "r)' ,r(ro - rz)"q = Q)l
T
uorsuedxasarrasrau,ods s"q tl'O ) (up' "''tD) - n .r(.ra,ra roJ JI O uo
ctyrl.totuoloy pell€? sr uC Io CI ur"ruop e uo peugep 3l uotlcun; panlerr-xeldtuoc
y 'uorsuermp raq3rq Jo splo;tueur xaldruoc fgarlq /rarleJ ero, 'q1t.tr ut3aq o5
xelduro3 't'Z'g
(,f)^Z f" arnlcnrls Jo acuerrBlul
69I acedgralnurqrlal Jo ernl)nrls xalduro3 Jo af,u"rr"^ul 'Z'g
160 6. Complex Analytic Theory of Teichmiller Spaces

homeomorphic.Let f p = wpl(dr)-l and Bu be Bers'embedding of TB(f ts).If.

two mappings
-Bo((wP)-t).oB;t : TB(IP) -Ts(f),
fi
Fz =B;.o(uo(.t')-r)*oBpL: Ts(f P) * "s(|1)

are biholomorphic in a neighborhood of the base point of Ta(fP), then .F =

FloFlL is biholomorphic in a neighborhood of B([trlr]) eTBQ).
Thus, it is sufficient to give a proof that F is biholomorphic in a neighborhood
of the base point of TaQ).
Take a neighborhood, say V = {9 e A2(H* ,f) | llell- < 1/2}, of the base
point of Tn(l). For arbitrary p,t €V,we set D = {t e C Itb+t9 € I/}. Put
p(t) = t+t9 and p(t) = Its(t). Flom Theorem 6.9, we have B-'(p(t)) - [urr1tyJ.
Let )(t) be the Beltrami coefficient of wr(t)ou-t, which is given by

( rt-) _( r " r-F

^. \\o (t)-u, \^,.,_,
-*{ a ) "-
\q t
on f/. By the construction, we get f(e(t)) = {ror(r),2}. Since,\(t) is holomor-
phic with respect to t, Theorem 6.11 implies that F(g(t)) is holomorphic on
D. Since g and ry' a.re arbitrary, .F is holomorphic on V. Since .F' is injective
on ?s(i-), from the following lemma (Lemma 6.13) and the inverse mapping
theorem, we see that .t' is biholomorphic on I/.
By the definitions, the rest of this theorem is trivial. O

Lemma 6.L3. The Jacobian "Ip = det(0Fi/0zp)4i,1'=n of an injecliae holo'

m o r p h i c m a p p i n gF = ( F r , . . . , f ' " ) o f a d o m a i nD i n C " i n t o C n a a n i s h e sa t
no points on D.

Proof.We prove this a.ssertion by induction for dimension n. First of all, clearly
it holds for n = 1.
'/.,,
Given an integer n ) we assume that the assertion holds for any positive
integer S n - 1. Let Do be the set of all points in D where .Ip vanishes. We want
to prove that Do is empty.
Suppose that Do is non-empty. F\rrther, assume that the Jacobi matrix of
F is of rank r with 1 S r S n- 1 at some point a € Do. Then we may
a^ssumethat det(d.Q /|rx)1.5i,x9, does not vanish at c. The inverse mapping
theorem implies that G(z) = (F1(z),...,Fr(z),zr*rt...,zn) has the inverse
mapping H = (Ht,. . . , Hn) in a neighborhood of a. Then we have F"+r(() =
-
G + t , . . . , F . F / " ( O ( ' , m d F o H G ) = ( ( r , . ' . , G , F " + r o I / ( ( ) , . . . , F n o H ( () ) i n a
neighborhood of G(c). We set

W = { ( = ( ( r , . . . , ( , ) € C ' | ( r = F r ( o ) , . . . , G = . F " ( o}),

W t = { w = ( w r , . . . , w n ) € C ' I w r = F r ( a ) , . . ' , u r = t r ' ' ( o )} .

Then the restriction FoHllat is an injective holomorphic mapping of a neigh-

borhood of G(a) in I,7 into Wr.By the hypothesis of induction, it follows that
 '8'I ul
$
pa?npurauo aql o1 luap,rrnbes1(.i,)dg uo ernlcnrls xaldurocstql 'ecue11'Q)aJ,
ol (J)dJ;o Surdderucrqd.rouroloqlq e q g Suppaqrue(srag 1eql reelt q ?I
'(t)d,1, uo arnlcnrls ploJlrreu xelduroce se,rt3{(.t)d,t > ln^) | ("nlnl'ntl)}
'erogaraq; 'p nn U nn q1r,u rp pue n2 f.rcra ro; rtqdrouroloqlq sI
+
(nnUnn)nt *_ (nnudn)df : r_(d,{)on,{
'zI'9 tuaroeql ,tg '[nr]
l€q} s^irolloJ1l Punorepooq.roqqtraue]eulProoc
e se ("n1,tg'nn) n{rt uec et$'acua11'd4 oluo /4go usrqdroruoeruoqe secnpur
nd por '(,1)d.t ul d4 pqt s?ress"g'g uraroaql ueqJ
[/.]Jo pooqroqq3raue s1
' ( n t n ) r - ( n d=) ' n pu" {zlt > -lldll | (rJ',H)zv ) d} = nA
+es
al111\
'(rJ'*H)zV o1q (n.i,)dggoSurppaqura 'g
(sregsr dg araqn = ([dnt])dgqlrm
*(nmlod - ag
g
G,t)st * (.t)dt :
Eurddeur
e,rrlcafurue a^€qaar'r-(no-l).ir{n = tJ 3ur11as :snolloJn (l)g,t > ln*] lutod fue
'f1aure11'lelluesseur,tlen1ce fl ploJllrelu
Jo pooqroqq3raualeurp.rooce e)p+ ea.l,
pcrSolodolleuorsueurp-(g- 0g) I"er € sr (l)gl, leql lc€J aq1'ctqd.rouroloqlq sI
g leql qcns ernlonrls plo;tueruxalduroce seq (.7)dg l€ql eeso1 'ralarrroll
'crqdrouroauroq sl (J)sJ -- (l)dl,:g Surppequre (sreg l€q1 aasol sureuopJo
acu€rJe^ur uo rualoeqls(JeA{norg Pasna/$acurs'p1o;rueur parEolodolleuolsueurP
-(g - 0g) I"er e sr (l)dt leql /$oul ol pepaeuaarr'eraq; '(J' *H)"V acedsrolcaa
xalduroceql ur ur€ruoppepunoq" $ qcrq^{'(t)s,t uo arn}rnrls xaldurocaq1
r.uorJpernpul seo,(;)dg uo ern?f,nrlsxalduroceql'g'I$ ur pelsls sy'tlrautey
tr 'uror
sProq
s."."er
eqracuaq
oT"i,il}i,T
ffifi;"_;:':iil:*",,
qcrqar'1ue1suo?" aq lsntu .!,{rarra'acua11 'In uo saqsrrrelttg/lge fra,ra'06,
uo qsrusA tzg/lgg 1e acurf 'Ln uo uorlcunJ crqd.rouroloqe s€ pereprsuo) sI
q)lq^{ 'n U oO ol .{4';o uorlcr.r?saraql aq fd fe1 'rC u-r ul€ruop elq€?rns€ sI
'{tn
n araq^\ > " | ((t)f'r)} = n U o O 1 6 q 1q r . , r 1 - , C 4 I p u r e u o p e u o
4l uorlcun; crqd.rouroloqe slsrxe araql leql arunssedeur er,.r'(07'd'[ft-y] srag)
ueroaql uorlerederd (sserlsJaralt urory 'g uo if uorlcunJ crqdrouroloq eql Jo
soraz Jo 1as a{l sr 06r acurg 'O Jo lesqns radord e 4 oO 1eq1 aurnsse '1xe11
'O uo e^rlcelq q A 1eql slcrp"rtuoc slqtr'O uo tl$uel^ tzg/lgg
'1ue1suoce aq 'O = oO 'lrolq
IIe esneceq lsnru fg qcee ueqJ l€q? arunssr
'oO uo qsruel plnoqs tzg/lgg i(ra,rasnqa'I -u
t {u€rJo sl J leq} slrrpsrluoc
qcrqin 'o le u {u€I Jo aq lsnur dr Jo xrr}€ur rqo?ef aql 'p Jo poor{Ioqq3rau e
ur crqdrouoloqlq q 5t ecurs 'pu"q reqlo aql uO '(r)g tr u {uer Jo s! IIoJr Jo
xrrl"ru rqocsf aq1 'acua11'@)C t" r - u {uer yo sr zltlgog Jo xrr}etu rqocef aq}
I9I acudgralpurqrlel Jo ernlf,uls xalduro3 Jo a)u"u"^ul 'Z'g
162 6. Complex Analytic Theory of Teichmiller Spaces

6.3. Teichmiiller Modular Groups

We shall prove that the Teichmiiller modular group Mod(,R) of a closed Riemann
surface of genus C(]=2) acts properly discontinuously on the Teichmiiller space
"?(r?) as a subgroup of the biholomorphic automorphism group Aut(f@\ of
r@).

6.3.1. Definition of Teichmiiller Modular Groups

Let.E be a closedRiemannsurfaceof genusC(22). We define the Teichm[iller

rnodulargroupMod(R) ofR asthe factor groupofthe groupofall quasiconformal
self-mappingsof ,Rover the normal subgroupof thosehomotopicto the identity
(cf. $3 of Chapter 1). The elementoI Mod(R) definedby a quasiconformalself-
mappingf " of R is denotedUV[/,].The action [/,], of an elementlf "l e Uoa@)
on ?(r?) is given by
[/,].([S,/])= [S,f"f"'l
for every [S,/] e T(.R) (see $1.3 of Chapter 5). We call such an [/o]. a
Teichmilller moilular transformation oI T(R).
Let f be a Fuchsian model of ft. By lifting, a quasiconformal selfmapping "f,
of rR corresponds to a quasiconformal self-mapping ar of the upper half-plane I/
with c..,fc.r-l = f . Let or; be a lift of a quasiconformal self-mapping f; of r? with
u;f (u;)-r = l- for i = I,2. By the same axgumentas in the proof of Lemma 5.1,
we see that [fi] = [/2] in Mod(R) if and only if u2 = ca1o7,holds on the real axis
R for some jo € |. With this in mind, two quasiconformal self-mappings {rr1and
u2 of H satisfyingu;fulr = f U = 1,2) are said tobe equiaalenlif there exists
an element 7o ol I such that e2 = uroTo on R. Denote by [c.r]the equivalence
class of ar. The Teichm'iiller modular group M odQ) of f is the group of all these
equivalence classes[a.'].The action [c.r]-of an element [w]e Mod(f) on T(l-) is
given by
tf
[r]- ([ru]) = laowq ow-
for every [ru] e 7(f), where a is an element in Aut(H) such that eorlrou-r
fixes each of 0, 1, and oo. (cf. $2.3). Theorem 6.12 asserts that [cr]- is a biholo-
morphic automorphism of ?(f ). Furthermore, this [c.r]*induces a biholomorphic
automorphism (c,r),of TaQ) defined by

(r).([ru]) = lw,)
for any lrul e TB(f), where z is the Beltrami coefficient of oowrou-l . We use
the same notation (cl). for the biholomorphic automorphism ol Tp(f) instead
of Bo(w),oB-1, where B is Bers'embedding of Tp(l). We also call [ar]- or (c.,)*
a Teichmiiller modular transformation. By the construction, it is obvious that
ModQ) is isomorphic to Mod(R).
By the identification of ?(f) and "(rR) (Proposition 5.3), the Teichmiiller
distance on 7(-R) induces the Teichmiiller distance on ?(f). Then Proposition
5.5 implies the following.
 ',t1duns arou
pagrre^ q tnq 'ZI'g rueroaql u€ql ra{pellr sr q)rq^r 'l1nsa.rqcns raqlou" ^roqs lleqs
a,r'are11 '(61'gure.roeql'Jc) UJo J Iepour u€rsqcndpezrl"urrou€ sa)npulU uo
scrsepoe3pesolcJo sqfuel crloq.redz(q;oles e '61'g ureroaqtr uI u^roqs s€^r sV
'L
to aco.t7aqyto a.tonbs
e ? i ls e l . o u e p
(L)"r1e;eqn'1gur a1atcslp
s ! { J ) L l ( t ) z r t } ? ? se q J ' f r e 1 1 o r o 3
',t.re1oroc3urmo11o;eql ol peal g't pu€ gI'g suorlrsodor4
'gl'g eururarl slcrperluoc slq,L'u .{ue ro3 8)'urut
o W > (il1 = (Q)uL'z)d
u,0} uaql'u,[3o
leql qrns JJo sluauele lcurls-rp,tlen1nur;o ecuenbase q r?{
"ty
s l x " ee q l s l e r a q , u ' p * " t V U d t t s q l P u e ' ( 8 r e l d e q 3 J o 8 ' I $ e a s )" 7 s r e l o s
",1 u,L 'g ut
leeduroc ,(1errt1e1a.r
leql os .1, ) luetuale u€ e{sJ sI qclqrr J roJ .4
ur€urop Ftueu"punJ e esooqC '"I Io t{fua1 cqoqradfq eq} sl ("7)/ araqrrr',tr4l
raqurnu aarlrsod aruos roJ W j (l)t seg$les u7 ,trerle leql qcns g' uo scrsepoe3
pasolc lf,urlsrp fgenlnur Jo r=.:{ u7 } ecuanbese slsrxa eraq} ?eq} aurnssy /oo.l2,
'7 y76ua7ctloqtadfiy IlWn
A uo
sctsapoa0paso1cfruorufipyru{ Four ID Isrre N,eq?'7aa4tsodfiuo .tol 'taaoano147
'E u, ?pns?p s! 6 snua6to g acottns uuDureNypesol?
Q,7)
D uo s?r,sepoafpasolt 1r'oto st176ua1
eqoq.radfiqto 1as eqJ 'gT'g uorlrsodor4
'uorlslPeJl
tr
-uoc e'(n)lnv;o dno.rEqnselerf,srp€ lou $ J'gI'7, euurerl ,(q snqJ,'Q1)nV
o1 s3uolaq / feqt srrrorls8I'Z €rrrueT'17 ul sl orn acurg'oot = (oz){ ateqell^
uo peugep / uotlcuny ctqdrouroloq
uer{J 'Il uo fprue; I€Lurou e fl lI asn€caq '.,ir1,
e ol sles lcedruoc uo fpulogrun sa3ra,ruoc I*{ "f } teqt etunss€ osle .{eur arrr
'.raq1rr1g'oo + u w om <- ("r)"L prc oz +- "z
H ) )1 ) leq+ eurnsse fetu
e,rl 'r(resseceu;r acuenbesqnse Eut1e1 'alalduroc sr d pue lceduroc $ I4 etuls
'X u,L.r(ra,r.e
) "z auos roJ W j (("r)"L'"2)d sagsrles leql qcns J uI slualu
-ele l)urlsrp ,t1en1nurJo I1{ u,L acuenbas3 slsrxa araqt }€tl} asoddng /oo"l4'
}
'H uo e?uolsrp 'ytr
?rmurod aqy st d a.taqm
j ((r)t'z)d Y)'uutt q??n L fiuout fr.1a7tu{ ere1l '14Jtaqu,nu aatT
J ) lsoluu
ID lswe
-tsod puo 11 auoyd-l1ot1
.r,addnayl u, >J psqns Tcodu.toc fitaaa "tog 'gl'g Btrrwarl
'suorlrsodord
auros e.reda.rdem '(.7)"6 uo rllsnonutluo?slp fgedord s1re-(,1)poq 1eq1 a,rord o;
slas qnpotr I 'z'8'9
'ecuDlsNprellnuqral eyq oy Tcailsa"t
qTtmfi.tyau,os,uD sN (l),f, lo *lnl tustrld
-routolnD ctyd.r,otuo1otllg
eW '(J)poW > l'r,l lueuep fi"raaatog '?I'g uraroaq5
t9l sdnorg r"lnpol4l ralllurqf,raJ't'9
164 6. Complex Analytic Theory of TeichmiillerSpaces

Proposition 6.17. Let f be a Fuchsian model of a closedRiemann surface of

g e n u sg ( 2 2 ) . L e t { t i } T = , b e a s y s t e mo f g e n e r a t o r sf o r I s u c h t h a t T h a s t h e
repelling fired point 0 and the attractiae fixed point oo, and such that 72 has the
repelling fired point r with r < 0 and the attractiue f,red point I. Then each 7i
is iletermined bE lhe absolute ualues of traces of elements in the fi'nite sel

g = { 1 p'l z, 7j, lft ol x, ^tt' oj r, (lro7r)*' o1,r},

w h e r cj - 1 , . . . , m , a n d l c= 3 , . . . , f f i .

Prool. First of all, we may a^ssumethat 71 has a matrix representation

' ,= Lf o) ' lol 'I l ' A > 1 '

Thus 71 is determinedby the absolutevalueof tr(lr).
Next, by the normalization condition we may assumethat y has a matrix
representation

a =lo',.|, a , b , c , d . ) 0a, d - b c = 1 ,a * b = c { d .
LC dJ'
Thus we get
a * d,= lt.(rz)1, a.\* d)-r - ltr(71"72)1.
Henceboth o and d are determined by the absolutevaluesof tracesof 7r,72,
and 7p72. Since the quadratic equation l2(z) = z has a solution 1, we have

2 c = a - a + 1 f t 1 a 1 2- 4 , b = c * d - a .
Consequently, both D and c are determined by c and d. Therefore, 72 is deter-
mined by the absolute values of traces of 7r,'Yz, and 71o72.
Now, for every [ - 3,...,rn, the Mobius transformation 7; has a matrix
representation

" =ll p s- q r= r '

: ] , P , e , r , ER€,
Here, by Theorem 2.22 we may assume that

P+s>2'
Then, using the relation

tr(.a)tr(C)= tr(AC)* tr(.4-rC), (6.11)

we see that tr(,AC) is determined by the absolute values of traces of lt, 7*

and 7fo73. In fact, since the left hand side of (6'11) is positive, we have
tr@Cj = ltr(,aQl - ltr(71o7r)lprovidedthat ltr(,Ac)l ] lt.(e-'q)|. tt
It;(/i)l < ;tt(e-rc)1, then*" oLtuinft(A-tC) = 1tr(A-rc)l = ltr(7!r"7i)1,
andhencetr(AC)= ltr(7r)l. ltt(z*)l- ltr(7r-1o7j)1.
 ulstqo ar$snql ',Lo1 seEra,ruorI?{ 1-(rloo"o)oLo(rlnouo) } acuanbas
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166 6. Complex Analytic Theory of Teichmiiller Spaces

{ t,2(z)
since r,,. ;;;,i;":l;" "i,];J,'.;..,*ition 616),
and
since every wno7ou|r belongs to f, we have

tr2(uf,ro1ou,) = tr2(7), I eg
for every sufficiently large n, where g is the finite subset of l- given in Proposition
6.17. Hence, Proposition 6.17 implies that for every sufficiently large n, there
exists an element 0" e AutlH ) such that

unro1oun - |ito',to\n, I e l.
This shows that Bn belongs to the normalizer N(f) of f in Aut(H), and [c.r,,]*-
[f"]-. tfrus every such [c.,,]* fixes the base point [fd] of T(l-).
By the definition, it is easy to see that the isotropy subgroup of Mod(f) at
[id] is isomorphic to N([)lf . On the other hand, it is well known that N(l-)/f
is isomorphic to the biholomorphic automorphism group Aut@ lf) of the closed
Riemann surface H f f , and that Aut(H/f) is a finite group (see the following
Remark 1). Therefore, { [ar,,]*][1 should be a finite set. This contradicts that
{ f" }T=t consists of infinite elements. D

Remark -1.Every element o € N(f) induces a biholomorphic automorphism [o]

ot Hll defined by [a]([z]) = [o(z)] for any [z]e H/f .It is easy to see that the
mapping a r* [a] is a homomorphism of N(l-) onto Aut(H/f) whose kernel is
l'. Thus N (f) I f is isomorphi c to Aut(H / f).
H. A. Schwarz proved that Aut(H/i') is a finite group. F\tther, A. Hurwitz
showed that the number of Aut(Hlf) is not greater than 84(9 - 1). For these
facts, we refer to Farkas and Kra [A-28], p.242; Siegel [A-98], Vol.2, p. 91; Tsuji
[A-108], p. 496; and Imayoshi [104].

Remark 2. In the proof of Theorem 6.18, we have used the fact that "(.1-)
is biholomorphic to a bounded domain. However, we can also verify Theorem
6.18 from Theorem 6.14, i.e., the fact that [r.r]. is an isometry with respect to
the Teichmiiller distance on "(l-) for all [w] e Mod(l-) (see Gardiner [A-34],
$8.5). Moreover, by using a theoremof Nielsen on topology of surfaces, we can
show directly that M od,(R) induces a discrete subgroup of the biholomorphic
automorphism group of 7(,t). The proof of this kind is in Nag [A-80], $7.1 of
Chapter 2.

Now, we have the following fundamental theorem on the moduli spaceMn.

Theorem 6.L9. The moduli spaceMo of closedRiemann surfaces of genus g

(2 2) has a norrnal compler analytic spacestrtclure of dimension 3S - 3.

This theorem is an immediate consequenceof a theorem due to H. Cartan

[48]. Namely, for a given discrete subgroup G of the biholomorphic automor-
phism group of a bounded domain D in Cn, the quotient space DIG has a
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168 6. Complex Analytic Theory of Teichmiller Spaces

for all positive integers n. The Kobagashi pseudo-distanced7,,1on M is defined

by
du(p,il = "1!g{u@,q).
It is an ea.sy matter to show lhat dva: M x M -* R is continuous and sat-
- d1,a(q,p), and
isfies the axioms for pseudo'distance: dru(p,C) > 0, ilu(p,d
dM(p,C) * du(q,r) 2 d,a(p,r) for all P,Q,r € M. It is said that d74 is non'
- g. Note that du is not always
degenerateif d|,a(p,C) = 0 is equivalent to p
nondegenerate. For example, if M = C, then obviously du = o.If dru is nonde-
generate, dy is called the Kobayashi distance on M , and M is called a hyperbolic
compler manifolil. A hyperbolic complex manifold M is said to be complete if. it
is complete with respect to d1'a.
The most important property of dru is the distance decreasingproperty,the
proof of which is trivial by the definition: let M and N be two complex manifolds
and let f : M - N be a holomorphic mapping. Then it follows that

du(p,c)Z dv(f(p),fkD, p,qe M.

In particular, every biholomorphic mapping of a hyperbolic complex manifold
M is an isometry with respect to dya'

Theorem 6.2L. (Royden) Let rQ) be the Teichmaller space of a Fuchsian

rnodel I of a closedRiemann surface of genus c (22).Then the Teichmiiller
dislanceiI on T(f) is equalto the Kobayashi dislance dr1).

Proof (an outline). We give a sketch of its proof'

In order to prove dre) = d, it is sufficient to show that df,.y = d. In fact,
if dl(r) = d, then d|1"; satisfies the triangle inequality' Thus, by the definition
we have 4<n= d|,r, for any positive integer n, and hence d71;; = d.
For any [ru] € ?(J'), we put l-p = wqf(wq)-r, and denote by d, the
Teichmiiller distance on ?(i-p). Recall that every lrrl e ?(f) induces a biholo'
morphic mapping fwt)*: 7'Q) -fQr1(cf. $3.1).
Now, to prove df,a, = d, it, suffices to prove the equality

di<r.>(i4,[r^]) : dt (lidl,lw^l), [r^] e T(f')

for any [trl,] e "(l-). In fact, if this equality holds,then the relations
1]),
it(lrul,[r']) = dr(1i4,[to'o(up)-
-I
di <r flr r), [r' ] ) = 4 g, 1(lid),[u.'"o( top) ] )

imply that d(I.ul,[r']) = di<r>(1.'1,[to"])for all [tue],lw')eTQ).

To simplify the notation,lp,dp, and u) in the aboveequality are rewitten
as f,d, and roP,respectively.Then, we shall show that

dl<n(i4,[.r]) S d(fidl,lwFl), lwq)e rQ),

 .p =p .(,f
teq? u^,\oqssr tr uaql )Z ut
b pue d Eururolp sqled qloous esrmacard1e ier.o ua)Fl sl runtugur eql ereq^{
,@)tfri = (b,d)p
'(,t)l> D'd slurod oir,r1fue .rog
1nd aal
of
'?p((t),c'G)c),t = O)t
1J
las e^\'("1)Z *- [t'O] ,C qled qlootus asrarecardf.rerlrqre ue .rog (rr)
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,loo*o -
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sl$xe aleql '(91'g ura.roaql) ruaroaql ecualsxe s(rallnuqcral ruoq 's^rolloJ se
69I suaroaql s.ueP^o'u't'9
170 6. Complex Analytic Theory of TeichmiillerSpaces

(iii) It is verified that every holomorphic mapping f : A- ?(l-) satisfies

F(f (r),f'(,)) S r e a.
:W
To prove this inequality is essential, though we shall omit the details.
(iv) Take an arbitrary holomorphic mapping f : A - "(f) with f(") =
[fd] and f (O) - [rop] for some points a,b e A. Then (ii)_ and (iii) imply that
d(lidl,lwpfi = d(lid),[ru]) S p@,b). By the definition of d|r,rr, we get

d(lidl,fwp]5 dlr.l([id], [ru]), fwp)eTQ).

This completes the proof of Theorem 6.21. tr

Now, Theorem 6.21 asserts that every element f e Aut(TQ)) is an isometry

with respect to the Teichmiiller distance on ?(f).
Take an element f e ,+".t1f1f)). For every p = l.ul € "(f), we set q =
f (p) = [tr']. The derivative f "f f at p is a complex linear isometry of Q(7(f ))
to fo("(f)) with respect to the infinitesimal metric F, where Q(?(f)) and
Tq(I:(f)) denote the holomorphic tangent spacesof "(,l-) at p and q, respectively.
Here we use the fact that the dual spaceof fpgg)) is canonically isomorphic to
the spaceAz(H,l.p) of holomorphic automorphic forms on H lor lP , a fact which
is proven in the next chapter (Theorem 7.5 and Proposition.T.8).Similarly, the
dual spaceof foQQ\ is identified with ,42(11,f'). Hence,/ inducesa complex
linear isometry o of Az(H,1"t) to Az(H,f') with respect to the infinitesimal
cometric induced by the Teichmiiller distance d.
Here we know the following fact.

Theorem 6.22. (Royd,en) Let a be a complexlinear isomelrg of A2(H,lp) lo

Az(H, f') with respeclto the infinitesimal comelric inducedby lhe Teichm'iiller
distanced" Then lhere edsts a biholomorphicmapping htFll' - HllP and
= - ' (h')2
a compler number_c with lcl 1 such that a(9) caoh for all 9 €
Az(H,lP), where h is a li,ft of h to H.

For a proof of this theorem, we refer to Royden [184], and Gardiner [A-34],
Theorem 5 in Chapter 9.

Proof of the surjectiaity o/i*. Now, we return to a proof of the surjectivity of f..
Frorn the previous observation and Theorem 6.22, for every / e ,Aut("(f)) and
every point p e fQ) there exists an element ["0] e Mod(f) with [c..'o]-(p)=
/(p). W" need to show that [c.,o]can be chosen independently of p. Fix a point
q e TQ) arbitrarily. Recall that "(l-) is biholomorphic to a bounded domain
(Theorem 6.6), that the Teichmiiller distance d is complete (Theorem 5.4), and
that Mod(f) acts properly discontinuously on "(l-) (Theorem 6.18). Then we
can find a positive constant 6 so that d(p,[r].(p)) > 26 for any p € "(i-) with
d(q,p) ( 6, and for any lule Mod(f) with ["]-(p) lp. Thus we have
 '([69] uralsdg
3c)
crdolosr are feql;r fluo pue;r crdolouroq ers eceJJnspesop e yo s3urddetu o,lr1
}eql l?eJ u^rou{-lla^{ ,{11ecrsse1c
eql ll€car osl€ aA '*u fq l-relouep pu€ 'ar sr a?eJ
-rns Surr(1.repunasoqAraceJrns uuetuerg e xg e^\ '.raq1.rng'Surarasard-uolleluauo
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'([tSZ] uolsrnql pu€ gg'g ruaroeqtr aes) ace;rns pesop e;o s3urddeur
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Jo
'[rzt]"rx puts'[28-V] uaslerN'[Ot-V] ralralg pue uoss'eCot raJerosle e11\'[OZ-V]
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Jo eceJrns(pasolc fl.ressaceu 1ou) e;o ese) eql ur paraprsuocoqe sr uorlersrsselc
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6 IeeU
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',,tqdrouroloq '(trtt 'A '67 uraroeq;
Jo ursuop e s1 (.7)ag leql luep^rnba sr srql
'[rt-V] srag) ura.roeq]s,e{O rg '(1, .ra1deq3ut
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'pelleuuoc s-r
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(.i,)g acurg 'g > (d'b)p qlt,r (J)J f d 1p .rog(d)/ = (d)'fdnJ - (d).[to] ''e'1
'il = (d),ldnlor'[to] 'ecua11'g > (d'b)p qll,r (J)J
]€qt s.trolloJ1r ) d 1e .roy
9z > @'b)pz=
(@)l'(l)t)p * (b'a)p-
((d)- [o"4'(D).[or])p + ((r) -[,r'l]'(d),lor))p ]
( (d). [dr]' (d).lorl)p = ((d). [do]o,lfb ol' a\p
TLT suorl"urroJsuPrJ r"lnPoIAI re[nuqf,reJ Jo uorl?f,ursselc'9'9
172 6. Complex Analytic Theory of Teichmfiller Spaces

6.5.1. f\rndarnental Extremal Problems

We can deal with the classification of real Mobius tra.nsformations relating to

an extremal problem on hyperbolic translation length. More precisely, for every
element 1 e PSL(2,R), set

a(t) = i\f_nQ,tk)),

where .E[ is the upper half-plane, and p is the Poincard dista.nce on ly'. Then real
Mobius transformations7 are classifiedas follows:
(i) 7 is elliptic if o(7) = 0 and there exists a point zt € I/ with a(t) =
PQt,l@t)), i'e', z, is a fixed Point of 7,
(ii) 7 is parabolic if o(7) = 0 but there exist no points z,l € I/ with a(t) =
p(zr,yQr)), ar.d
(iii) 7 is hyperbolic if a(7) > 0 (and then, there always exists a point z, € H
with o(7) = p(zr,yQt))).

Now, for Teichmiiller modular transformations, we consider the following

similar extremal problem.
Bers' extremal problem for Teichmiiller modular transformations.
For every Teichmiiller modular transformation X of ?(R-)' we set

a(x)= d(p,x(d)'
o.#it".,
where d is the Teichmiiller distance on ?(.R-). Then find a point px € T{n.)
such that
a(x) = d(p*,x@)).

If there exists a solution p, e T(R*), then we call p* a y'minimal point- We

classify Teichmiiller modular transformations 1 into four types:

(i) 1 is elliptic if o(x) = 0 and there exists a x-minimal point (which should be
a fixed point ofX),
(ii) 1 is parabolicif a(x) = 0 but there exist no x-minimal points,
(iii) X is hyperbolic if o(1) ) 0 and there exists ax-minimal point, and
(iu) X is pseudo-hyperbolicif o(1) > 0 but there exist no 1-minimal points.

Note that this classification is independent of the choice of the complex struc-
ture on .R which is used to define the Teichmiiller space T(R-)'
Recall that every point [,S,/] € "(n-) is representedby [Ro, fd] (see $1.4.1of
chapter 1), where Ro is a Riemann surface equipped with a complex structure a
on fi, and rd is the identity mapping of .R* onto fto. Hereafter, lRo, f dl is simply
written * ["].Every Teichmiiller modular transformation is representedby [f]*
for a self-mapping "f of .R (see $3.1 of Chapter 6).
Now, to investigate x-minimal points, we may consider the following version
of this extremal problem.
Berst extremal problem for complex structures. For every complex
structure o on .R and every self-mapping f of R, considering .f us a self-mapping
ursrqdroruolne atqdrouroloqlq e sl / ?Bql qcns X Surcnpur A Jo { Surddeur-g1as
e pue Ar uo , ernl?nr1s xalduroe e sr ereql uaql '1urod pexg e seq x JI 'loo.t4
'ctpoutail s?
t! l?
fr.1uopuo 11 cpTdglast X uorTouttotsuo.tT
rnlnpout reIInurUcNU v 'g7'g tuarooq;,
' u^,i,oul-lla^,rf gecrs
-s"lt sr uaroaql Sura'ro11o;
aq1 'suorleruroJsuerl relnpour rallnulqereJ cr1d11erog
suorleruroJsrrBr,l cnoqradfll pue arldwlg'Z'g'g
'uorlresse aqt ePnleuol ein 'fFe[urrs ua{oqs st asra^uoc eqJ
tr Pue
'1eu1u1tu-*[rf]"l oa'acue11
.((td).[/]'rd)p] ((od).vl,od)p
a^"q
aal'acuelsrp rellnurqrral aql ol laadser q1/rr (-U)Jgo frleuosr ue sr *[3f] ecurg
'(( rd), td)p ((od), j[/]' od)p
:[/]' >
o1 luap,rmba
sl (UI'g) flqenbaur'I'e$ u! (,A)l uo rf go uortre erllJo uoltrugep eqt,{q ueqA
'flaarlcedsar'Io pue o o1 Surpuodsarroc (.U),2 ur slurod eql aq Id pue od p.I
(zrg) '(l)'"x ) Pl)"x
eler{ ein 'g uo Io arnlcnrls xelduroc i(re,re pue / o1 ordolouroq U Jo V
Surddeur-g1as.{rana.ro;'uorlrugep eql ,ig '(6'9 ruaroeqJ lc) ? aceJrnsuueuerg
aqt uo / o1 ordolouroq (Surddeur lerueJlxa anbrun aql ''a'r) Surddeur reilnuqrral
aql eq oI p1 'leununu-;| sru arnlf,nrls xeldruoc e l€rlt asoddng 'loo.t4
'lorututra-'fl) st o o7 |utpuodseuo? ("A)J ) [o] Tutod aq1lt fi1uopuo tt louttutul
-l s! o ernl?nrls xaldutoc o'A D rof, '?Z.g uolllsodo.r4
lo t 6utdtlou.t-11?s
'uol?resse Surr*o11o;aql a^"q e,rl ueqJ
:(6'9 ureroaqJ Jc)
ooy * o"A , o1 ardolouroq eJe qorq^,rooy * ooq :rt s3urddetu
t leur.ro;uocrsenb
ge ;o flurey aql ur Surddeur leueJlxe anbrun aq1 ''a'r 'Surddeur rellnuq?rel
e q o,U * ooU:o/ terl? palou $ ?I'o"U a?eJrnsuueruarll arll Jo |ut,dilpru
-t1aspua.tTra fi1a7n1osqo ue org * ooy:o/ pue ernllnrls talihuoc lou.uutut-t
ue 0p IIec e,rl uaql(paqr.rcsap s" (0/'0o) r-red e 'uor1n1os" slstxa areql JI
'{ ot
ctdolouroq A p rl Surddeu-gas f.rarla pue gr uo r, ernlcn.rls xalduroc {.rerr.a.ro;
(l)'"x > (t)'"x
l€ql r{cns / o1 crdolotuorl U Jo o/ Eurddeur-;lase pue U uo 0, ernlcnrls
xaldtuoc € pug uaqJ 'leuJoJuocrssnb lou sr / lt * = U)"X 1nd aal 'ara11
'/ go uotlelellp ',U ec€Jrns uu€urenl aq}
I€rulxeur eW $)'>I {q elouap ar\{ Jo
t/I suorl" ruroJsu"rJ r"ln PoI,\l rallnurqf,ral Jo uorl"f, ursselc' 9' 9
t74 6. Complex Analytic Theory of Teichmiller Spaces

of Ro. Since ft is compact, it is well-known that / should be of finite order (see

Rema.rk 2 in $6.3), and hence is periodic.
Conversely, suppose that X is periodic. Nielsen showed that x has a fixed
point in ?(E-), whose proof we shall omit here. (Actually, it is shown that the
action of every finite subgroup of Mod(R*) has a fixed point in "(,R-). This is the
affirmative solution for Nielsen's realization problem (cf. Notes of this chapter).
See for instance Kerckhoff [112] or Wolpert [256].) D

Remark. A weaker version of Theorem 6.25 is easily shown. Namely, it is easy

to prove that a self-mapping f of R is homotopic to a periodic self-mapping of
-R if and only if there exists a complex structure o on R, and a self-mapping /s
homotopic to / such that /e is holomorphic on .Ro.

Note that Proposition 6.24 implies the following theorem.

Theorem 6.26. Let f be a self-mapping of R. Then lhere is an f-rninimal

compler stracture if and only if the Teichmtiller modular transformation lfl.
corresponilingto f is either elliplic or hyperbolic.

Now, a finite non-empty set {Ct, " ' ,Cn} of mutually disjoint simple closed
curves on .R is called admissible if every Ci is freely homotopic to none of
{Cx,(Co)-t}*1i, and is not homotopic to a point. We say that a self-mapping
f of Ris reducedbv {G,"' ,Cn} if this set is admissibleand

f ( C t u . . . uC " )= C rU . - . u C n .

A selfmapping / of r? is called red,ucibleif it is homotopic to a reduced mapping,

and.irceduciDleif not. Then we have the following theorem.

Theorem 6.27. If f is an irteducible self-mappingof R, thenthe Teichmiiller

moilular transformation [f]. induced bg f is eilher elliptic or hyperbolic.

To prove this theorem, we prepare several lemmas. First, we start with the
following fundamental one.

Lernma 6.28. (Wolpeft) Let f be a quasiconformal mapping of a Riemann

surface51 onto anolher 52, antl C be a simple closed,geodesicon 51 with hyper-
bolic length \. Then f (c) is freelg homotopic to a closedgeodesicuith lenglh
lc such thal
t2< K(f)h, (6.13)

where.K(f) is the maximal dilalation of f .

For the proof, see that of Lemma 3.1 in Wolpett [2aG)'

Next, by the collar lemma (cf. Matelski [150]), we can easily show the follow-
ing:
 'acua11'elqrcnparrr osle $ {t1 d.rarra,elqrcnpe.r.rrsr
1eq1 satldtut 0g'g etutuerl 3f
,.re1ncr1redu1
acurg 'f i{ra,re .ro; V > (0>t }€ql q)ns y luelsuoc € sr areq?
'(.[/]),= (t,ixao1ffif
eleq eal '(gt'g) dg
';l' o1 erdolouroq Eurddetu rellnuqcral aql
eq ooq - t"A , !r! lel pue ,(!d)-Vl
pue ld qloq ot turpuodsarroc ern?f,nrls xalduroc eql aq lo pI , [ ,{re.l,a.rog
(qrg) '(.[/]), = ((td).[/] 'ta)pTir1!
leqt qtns (.U),2 q r;i{fd} acuanbese e{eJ 'La'g ueroeqJ {o !oo.r4
'(.a)l ut' sa6.t'aauoc r-;f {("!d)ux} acuanbas
?T?tDrg qcns (.9)alo suotTont.totsuorlrvlnpou rellnuy?reJ lo t--f.{"X} acuanb
-es D puD 't=j{fd} r-*{"!d} acuanbasqns o slsrce ereql ueqJ 'g uDrll .ra7oa.ro
lo
sx fg qcoa uo crcepoa| pasolc alduts fiuo lo r176ua1 cqoqtadfr,tl aUl ?Dql Vxns
g aatpsod D s, ?raql 7oq7 asoddng 't fi.taaa .r,ol {fl o7 |utpuodsa.u,oc aco!.tns
uuDurety aq7aq lg puD '(,A)J ur ecuanbas, ,q t{{!d} ?aI
.Ig.9 EurrrraT
'([69] srag e?u€tsur
rog 'yc) ueroaql sseulcedruoc s.proJirunq 3uralo11o;eq? ilecer arrr ,f11eurg
'uorldurnsse eq? sl?rperluoc q?rqlr 'alqranpe.r
tr
e q p l n o q s / s n q J , ' ( s 1 a ss l u r o d s ) 0 , = ( " C ) , 1 p u e ( I - r ' . . . t 0 - 9 ) r + ! g
= (C),1 teql qcns ,/ Surddeur e o1 flsnonurluoc urroJep u€r a..r{(ra,rau,o11
3f
'(s1asslurod se) 0, - t|'C pue
lurolsrp e.re
'C' . . .'0, leql qrns r re3alur alrle8eu-uou e sr eraql 1"ql 6U.g€rrruarl ,{q aurnsse
.{eur a,u '9'g uorlrsodor4 {q lugofqp er€ tueql Jo lle ?ou erurs .0g ueq} ssal sr
e-rEC' ...'oCJo euo.r(ueyo , ( g I . g )f g . ( g - 6 t , . . . , I =
{ f u a 1 c r 1 o q . r e d .a
{ qq l [)
(C) { "l crdolouoq f1ea.gcrsepoe8pasolc alduns eql eq fg 1"1 p,rn , = 0, tas
' o g>
i. '-oe?))t
''n'l 'plo.I
lou seop(p1'g)l(lqenbeur'3[eurosJoJ'1eq1esoddng'i oo.t4
'64'9 DurueI ux
?uD?sunay7 st 09 a.taqm
(rrg) ? (/):r
,r-rrrrr(u?) sa{sz7osS lo I
6uzddout-t7as
elqr?nperr,fi.taaauaqA'k7) 0 snuaf lo g acnl.tnsuulurexq pesop
n uo V r170ua1
ctloq.tadfiqy.tn nsapoa| paso1caldtuts D ?q C leT .Og.g eururaT
:turrr,r,o11og
eqt a^eq ar'r snqtr
'09 uotg ssel ero uaqT ctloq.tadfiyIDW pepraord Tutotstp a"tp 6 snua|
lo st176ua1
[o acot.tns uuDur?ry p?soli D uo sctsapoaf paso1calduts l?ut?srp omy fiuo 7ot17
q c n s ' 6 s n u a 6u o f r . 1 usop u a d a pW l q n ' 0 < 0 g l u D l s u n D s , a t ? q J . 6 Z . 9 e u r u r a r l
9LI suorl"urrolsusrJ r"lnpow raflnulrlf,ral Jo uorl")yrss"lc .g' g
L76 6. ComplexAnalytic Theory of TeichmiillerSpaces

the hyperbolic length of any simple closed geodesicon each Eo, is greater than
6sA3-3t. By Lemma 6.31, we may a^ssume,taking a subsequenceif necessary,
that there is a sequenc" {Xi}Er of Teichmiiller modular transformations such
that the sequence {Xr(pi)}Et converges to a point q € ?(R-). We set q1 =
Xi@) for every j. Since eaih Xi is an isometry with respect to the Teichmiiller
metric, (6.15) gives

d(qi,Xi olfl* o (xi)-'(ci)) = o([f].)' (6.16)

ilg
Again taking a subsequenceif necessary,we may a^ssumethat {xi o [/]- ?
(Xi)-t(qr))Fl converges to a point q' eT(R,), for ?(r?.) is finite-dimensional
and is completewith respectto d. since each1r.o [.f]- o (xi)-' is an isometry,it
is easyto seethat
o " (x.i)-'(q)= c''
itg xi [.f].
Hence, by Theorem 6.18 we may assume,taking a subsequenceif necessary,that
large j, say
Xi "lf).o (Xr.)-1 has the same action on "(ft.) for every sufficiently
j> jo.
Then (6.16) implies that

d(q,xioo [/]- o (xr")-t(q)) = d((xi")-t(c),[/].((xi")-'(q))) = o([/].)'

Thus there is an [/].-minimal point, which shows the assertion. n

6.5.3. Absolutely Extremal Mappings

Next, we cha.racterizeabsolutely extremal mappings. We have seen that, when

a self-mapping / is homotopic to a periodic mapping, then the corresponding
absolutely extremal mapping is conformal (Theorem 6.25). Hence, we discuss
the case that [/]- is of infinite order.
Here, note that the Teichmiiller space ?(fi-) is a straight line spacein the
senseof Busema,nn (cf. Kravetz [128], and also see Masur [142]). In pa,rticular,
any two distinct points p|,pz e "(ft-) lie on a unique stroight line, say tr' which
is an isometric image of R into "(E') equipped with the Teichmiiller metric,
and contains all points p such that

d(pr, p) * d(P, Pz) = d(Pr,m) -

We also note the following elementary fact:

Theorem 6.32 If a Teichmiiller moilular transformation 7 is of infinite oxler,

lhen a point p € "(R,) is y-minirnal if and only if 7 leaaesa straight line thrvugh
p inaoriant.

Proof. Assume that p is x-minimal. since x is of infinite order, three points

"seg-
p, X(p), and X2(p) are distinct. Let p1 and,p2 be the midpoints of the
-"tttr'; [p,x@\ and [1(p), xz(p)], respectively. Then it is ea'syto see that
1eq1 saqdurl (gt'g) €lnuroJ 'GI)X ! (V)y a?urs pue ,(U) Ot.l rueroaql
fq zU)X ) ("t)X e?urs 'leurer1xef1a1n1osq€ sr / feqt etunsse,alolg
'./ o1 ctdolouroq Surddeur Jallnuqcretr eql $
11ereq^r
(srs) ,(u)>t
= "U)y
se uellrrr,r,er
q (ft'g) 'Surddeur rallnurqrreJ e sr 3l aaurg
'((["]).(.[/])'
[r])p=
(rrg) ((["]).[/] '[o|)pz=
((["])'(.Ul)' (["])-[/])p+ (([o]).[/]'[o])p
o1 luele,rrnbqfl s-rrll,69.9 ureroeq;, ,tg .leurut.tu--[/] sl
(.U),2 ) [o] lutod Surpuodsa.rroeeq] JI {po pue 3r Isuer}xe flalnlosqe q ! 'V?,.g
uotlrsodor4 fg 'o ernlcnrls leuroJuoc elqqlrns e rlty( oA = S 1n4 .Eurddew
rallnuqcratr e sr erueq pue 'leuro;uoc lou q / 1tsq1erunss? Aern a71y.loo.t4
'z$)x = (z|)x qTtm|ut'ddotu rennuruz'eJ
D oslD cr 7t futrldou otp to1? qcns |utildour rqpuq)r4 o ro |utddotu Totu^tot
-uol D r?qpe s, 7t fryuopuv
lt fi lourar?se fr1ayn1osqn
s! ,g - o
g : I 6ut,ddou.t,
ueqJ '(?, -) 6 snua| to acottns uuouery p?sop o aq g pT .gg.g uraroatll
'rualoeq? Eur,raollo;eql ur"lqo eiu 'alo11
'[167] ealie?ru€trosp ees 'auq
l{Ere.r1s ?uelr?Aur auo ?soru +e s€q uorl"uroJ
-su3r1relnpolu reilnuq?ral /tue
l"ql ,(roaq1s(uolsrnqr ruog s^rolloJlr'I clrDuea
'luougau, autl D setuDel
7t16to.r.7s 7g tg fr1uopuo tt u1oqtadfiy sg *flf uo4out^totsuo.tT
rDlnpout rellnuq?pJ eW'(A)poW > fl)Wauala atpouad-uou D ro4 .r(.re11o.rog
'1eururur-X s1d pqt sarTdurrqclqa'(-U)J)
O d f.ra,raro;
((d)x'd)p 2 ((d)x'd)p
'f.rerlrqJe sr u a?urs
leqt apnl?uoc eal
' (( d)X' d)p . u ( d' d)pz
* > ((d) "x, d)p = ((d)x, d)p . u
teqt'flllenbeut a1Euet.r1
aq1 Eursn fq 'aas uec a^\ 'u reSalur a,rrlrsod fue pue (?),2 3 d lurod fue .ro;
'ueqA 'X rapun
luerr€Aur sr d qEnorql Z eull lq3rerls € lsql asoddns ,1xap
'X .rapun
luerrslur
sr 'eU ((d).X (ed 'rd osp eruaq pue) (d)X ptre d qarq,u uo ,aur1lq8rerls aql leqt
sarldurrqcrq^a([zd(rd]?ueur3asaq1go lurodplu eq] sr (d)X snqa'(X)oJo uorlru
-gep aqt fq (X)o 7 (za'41, eAeq a^{ '(a)X - zd aculs ,pueq .raq1oeq} uO
'(x)' j (zd'rd)P 'acua11
leql epnlcuoc aiu'
.(x)"1= (d,(d)x)p= ((d)x,td)p
LLI suorl"ruroJsu"rJ r"lnpon railnuqtral Jo uorl"f,urss"Ic .g.g
178 6. Complex Analytic Theory of TeichmiillerSpaces

I{(h) = K(f,).Hence, the mapping .f2 is also a Teichmiiller mapping with

xift)= I{(-ff . (Note that, by Theorem 5.9, we concludethat h = f2.)
Conversely, if the mapping /2 is also a Teichmiiller mapping with K(/2) =
K(f)2, then clearly (6.17) holds. Therefore, / is absolutely extremal. E

Remark 2. we can show further that the condition that the mapping f2 is also
a Teichmiiller mapping with 1{(/2) = K(f)2 is equivalent to the condition that
the initial and the terminal differential of / (cf. Proposition 5.19) coincide with
each other up to a positive constant factor.

6.5.4. Reducible Mappings and Nielsen-Thurston's Theorem

For reducible mappings, we can show the following theorem.

Theorem 6.34. Let f be a rcducibleself-rnappingof R. If f is nol homolopic

to a periorlicmapping, then lfl. is either parabolicor pseudo-hyperbolic.

Thus, by Theorems 6.25,6.26,6.27, and 6.34, we concludethe following:

Corollary. Let f be a self-mapping of R. An f -rninimal complex structure exists

if and only if f is either homotopic to a periodic mapping or irteducible.

We shall omit the proof of Theorem 6.34. Instead, we shall explain the struc-
ture of a reducible mapping. (For this purpose, recall that the foregoing argu-
ments still work even for the case of a surface of finite type.)
Let / be a reducible self-mapping f of R. Then we can deform / continuously
to a completely reduced mapping, or more precisely, to a self-mapping fs of ft
which sa[isfiesthe following condition: there is an admissibleset {C1,... ,Cn}
-
of disjoint simple closed curves on R such that, for every comp-onent H of R
CtU-...UCn a.nd for the smallest positive integer N with /Jv('?') = R', the
\
mapping /t l,*, it irreducible.
L e t { . R i , . . . , R ; } b e t h e c o m p o n e n t so f R - C r U " ' U C , . A s i n t h e c a s eo f a
closed surface, there is "r, (/", Ini complex structure oi on Rli and an
)-minimrl
absolutely extremal mapping Fit (H)", - (R!)"1for every i (i = 1,"' ,m),
-- Rli (We can
where Ni is the smallest positive integer such that |Ni(Rii)
further slow that (Hi),, is a Riemann surface of analytically finite type.)
We can show that

o([/]-) - max{Iio,(f'1),''', Ko^(F^)},

but there exists no [/]--minimal point.

Hence, if all K"r(S) are equal to 1, or equivalently, if all .Q are conformal,
then [/]- is paraboiic. If not, then [f]. is pseudohyperbolic.
 '([t
t t]
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pu s, q?tqn'(27) 6 snua| to
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l€unuJal pue Ierlrur esoq^\ Surddeur rellnurqcrel e
'cqoqered
sl -U] 1"ql ees uec aal 'acua11'C - A ;o luauodtuoc qcee uo Surddeur .r(1r1uepr
eql ol crdolouroq sr / pue 'asro.luauodtuoclu€Irelur C - A ser'ee1/ ueqtr, 'C
a rnc pesolc aldturs e o1 lcedsar qlr^r lsrlrl uqeq eql ag U - A : I p1 'aldutotg
6LI saloN
180 6. Complex Analytic Theory of TeichmrillerSpaces

Let "s(1) be the image of Bers' embedding of the universal Teichmiiller

space ?(1), where I denotes the trivial group. Gehring [83] proved that "3(1)
coincides with the interior of the set S(1) consisting of Schwarzian derivatives of
holomorphic univalent functions on 11. It is also known that S(1) S "s@ (see
Astala [19], Gehring [84], and Thurston [232]). Shiga [200] showed that if l- is
a finitely generated Fbchsia.ngroup of the first kind, then fBQ) coincides with
the interior S(l-), where S(l-) = S(1) n Az(H*,l-)' When f is of the second
kind, Sugawa l2,l2l has shown recently that S(l-) I fn!).However, in the case
where l- is infinitely generated and of the first kind, it is unknown whether
S(f) c ra!) or not.
For an arbitrary Fuchsian group i-, the Nehari-Kraus lemma (Lemma 6.7)
implies that "s(l-) is contained in the open ball with center 0 and radius 3l2in
Az(H., l-). The infimum of radii of open balls with center 0 in A2(H* ,i-) which
includes fBQ) is studied by Nakanishi [166], Sekigawa [192], and Sekigawa and
Yamamoto [193].
For connections with projective structures on Riemann surfaces, there are
papers Gunning [88], Kra [120], and Shiga [202].
It was known by Fricke that the Teichmiiller modular group Mod(l-) induces
a discrete subgroup of Aut(T(f)) (see, for example, Fricke and Klein [A-33]).
The proof in this chapter is due to Bers [31]. The modular group Mod(l-) is
studied in Bers [39], Hejhal [100],Ivanov [108], Kerckhoff [111],McMullen [154],
Mumford [161], and wolpert [249]. For classification theory of Teichmiiller mod-
ular transformations, we refer to Casson and Bleiler [A-19]' Fathi, Laudenbach
and Podnaru [A-29], Bers [38], Kra [121],Shiga [201],and Thurston [231].Kerck-
hotr [112] and Wolpert [256] solved the Nielsen realization problem which asserts
that the action of every finite subgroup of Mod(l-) has a fixed point in ?(f).
See also Kerckhoff [113].
For Bers' fiber space over a Teichmiiller space and the Teichmiiller curve,
we refer to Bers [31] and Earle [61]. The relation between Teichmiiller spaces
and holomorphic families of Riemann surfaces is found in Nag [A-80]' Chapter
5, Earle [58], Ea"rle and Fowler [64], and Imayoshi [102]. Their applications are
treated in Griffiths [87], Imayoshi [103], [105], [106], Imayoshi and Shiga [107],
and Riera [183]. For holomorphic sections over a holomorphic family of Reimann
surfaces, see Hubbard lA-441, and Earle and Kra [66].
Many more details of the Kobayashi distance a.re found in Kobayashi [A-
54], Lang [A-64], and Noguchi and Ochiai [A-88]. For a distance on ?(,l-) in-
variant under the action of. Mod(f) other than the Teichmiiller distance, we
have the Carath6odory distance. Earle [59] proved that "(l') is complete with
respect to the Carath6odory distance. The connection between the Teichmiiller
and Carath6odory distances is studied in Kra [122]. There are also invariant
distances which are induced by the Bergman metric and the invariant metric
on the Siegel upper half-space. For this subject, see Royden [185]. Even in the
case where "(l-) is of infinite dimension, it is shown by Gardiner [81] that the
Teichmiiller distance also coincides with the Kobayashi distance. See also the
book by Gardiner [A-34].
 'rrrell
Jo lurod srql urorJ palPnts st se?eJrnsuuetuelg ;o t(pue; e ;o
'1
uorprrel Isrursalruuw aql eraqa '[996] lradlol\ ol reJarosle eA\ re1deq3lo 7'6$
ur fgarrq pessncslp eq ll€tls sploJlueur xelduroc ;o f.roeql uollsturoJeP .racued5
-eiltspoy aql pu" saceds relpruqcle;, ;o ,(.roaq1 eql uaa^r}eq uolleler eq&
.[996]
r.radlolt pue [66I]
e3rqg ur s;oord e^Ilsurelle errl areql 'ploJlueur ulals € st aceds railnuqoleJ
I"uorsueurp alruS e t"ql h?] srarduarqg Pue srag fq pe,rord 1srg se^{ 1I
I8I
Chapter 7

Weil-Petersson Metric

Unless otherwise stated, a Fuchsian group l-, considered in this chapter, is a

Fuchsian model of a closed Riemann surface of genus g (Z 2).We also assume
that each of 0, 1, and oo is fixed by a"nelement in f - lid\.
As stated in $1.3 of Chapter 5, the Teichmiiller distance on the Teichmiiller
space 7(.l-) measures a kind of magnitude of deformation of complex structures
of Riemann surfaces, and ?(f) is complete with respect to the Teichmiiller
distance. We also saw in $3.4 of Chapter 6 that the Teichmiiller distance is equal
to the Kobayashi distance, which is defined complex analytically. However, the
Finsler metric induced by the Teichmiiller distance is not of class C-.
The purpose of this chapter is to introduce another natural metric on ?(l-),
which is called the Weil-Peterssonmetric, and to prove that it is a Kd,hler metric
whose Ricci curvatures, scalar curvature, and holomorphic sectional curvatures
are negative.
The first section is preliminary and devoted to studying the Petersson scalar
product on the space ,42(.I/, f) of holomorphic automorphic forms of weight -4
with respect to l- on .Il, and related topics such as the reproducing formula
for holomorphic automorphic forms, Poincar6 series, and the Bergman projec-
tion. In Section 2, we see thaL A2(H,,l-) is the dual space of the holomorphic
tangent space Zs(?(f)) of TQ) at the base point. We also represent elements
of "r(Z(f)) by harmonic Beltrami differentials. Then the Weil-Petersson met-
ric on "0("(f)) is given by the dual metric of the Petersson scalar product
on A2(H,l-). In Section 3, we define the Weil-Peterssonmetric on 7(f) and
verify that it is Kiihlerian and that its Ricci curvatures, scalar curvature, and
holomorphic sectional curvatures are negative.
 . u"d,t v. (\ u" d, t-, d
, /r \J7_ -- , d ,
urroJ eql uI uelllr^{ sl (V)zV I d flera 'relnrtlred q'(y)zy to1
srseq leurouoql.ro elalduoc e sI 0--J{"6 } t"qJ'u ra8alut eltleSeu-uou.{ue.ro;
(r'z) ,z (t,+ u)(z+uXr+ q: l\ - G)"d
3
1nd a111
'lcnpord rel"cs srql q1r,neceds e sauro?eq(y).y t"qf
treqllg alqe.redes
npxp(z)rlt(z)d)z-e)y" = v (,/r'6)
[[
J J
fq(V)zV uo v( . '. ) tcnpord rel€cs uossratedeql augep eM'y {slp llun
aql uo clrlatu erecurod eq1 * "lzplr(")V = zsP''a'\'("ltl - t)lZ = (z)y areqm
'a > npxp
,l?)al"-Q)u"l[ = )l^tt
l"ql qrns
V uo d suorllunJ crqd.rouroloq;o areds roltel xelduror eql aq (V)eV +"1
*;. eueld-;pq
remol aqt uo J ol lcedse.r qll^r sruroJ crqd.rourolne ctqdrouoloq lo (J'.H)zV
uo lcnpord relecs uossJeled eql eugep eAl'r(errr aures aql uI '(tJ' V)eV pue
(l'n)"V secedslraqllg rltoe esn eA\'(/J'V)zV uo lrnpo.td rel€?s uossreled
eq1 'flrepurrs eugap e$'V {srp ?run eql uo 3ut1ce E Io il Iepou uelsrlcnd €
3uqe1 'g aueld-;1eqraddn eql uo 3ur1ceU Jo J Iapou u"Isq?nJ B Jo peelsul
'(l'n)zV uo rDlms uossreled aql u(''.)
7cnpo.r.d lcnpo.rd reuur uellpurell slt{l
'1cnpo.rdJeuul uelllureH slql qtyr,r aceds
II€r el!\ treqllH e setuoceq (l'n)zV
'lceduroe $ '.H ul
l€rll s/rtolloJ1r u atuls J roJ ulsruoP lelueuepunJ e sI Jr eJaI{^{
Jf f Uf f
'fipxp(z)rfu(z)dtr-(z)xu= op(,/L'd) =a(,/r'6l'
ll ll
fq paugap q u({1 'd) lcnpord reuur uer}runa11aq1 'r*o11
ar uo uorlcunJ
e s€ pereprsuoc sI 1l ''a'-I '.y rapun lu?lrelul l? uo uolltunJ e sl (41'ai) uaqS
'H ' ( z ) r f u ( z ) d u l y= ( z ) ( r / t , ' d t )
) z
'(J'H)"V ) ,lr'o\ sluetueladue rog
les e a
'J
/n = Ur a?"Jrns ulrctuarll aql uo luetuala
€are ue se papre3a.r s\ lsp fq pacnpur frpap"(z)ny - ,p luaruele eere eqJ,
'r_("*t) - ''e'\'H uo rrrleur ar€rurod aqt aq - H"spp"I
@)nU "lrplr(r)rU
'Il uo o1
J lcadse.r q?l^{ sturoJ crqdrotuolne ctqd,rotuoloq 3o
'11e
(t'tt)eV ecedseq1 uo lcnpo.rd rauul u€I?IturaH lecluousc € augep e,lr 3o lsrtg
BImuroJ Euranpoldall puu +cnpord TBIBcS rrossralad '1-'1-'L
uorlra[ord u€rutJag TBIBJS uossJalad 'T'2
PUB ]rnPord
't'^L
t8I lf,nPord r"lef,s uossrelad
184 7. Weil-PeterssonMetric

We set

K a (z,C=) i r p^( C) , z,( e A. ( 7.2)

n=0

Then Ka(2,.) belongs to A2(A) for any z € A, and satisfies the rvproducing
formula
p(z) = (p,Ka(2,.)la, z C A,

for any 9 e A2(A); that is, /(a is the reprodacing kemel for A2(A). Flom (7.f )
and (7.2), we obtain
@ o

-K
- A \7 / , ( z=
- r !1 , Ci ) ? @ *| 1^ , /)\ '(r nI +2
3 , f)\ '(" nt +
v ,3
r\') -=
s ,( z d - 1 2 , , , . z , ( €A .
n(l_Z4!)4,
^U_U"r'"

Simila,rly,we considerthe Hilbert spaceA2(H) of holomorphic functions ry'

on .EIsuch that
=
ll,tll, (,)1,
dxd,y
1 x.
Ilr^rr'r-,1,t
The M<jbiustransformation?: H - A given by T(z) = (z - i)/(z f i) induces
an isomorphism?* : A2(A) - A2(H) definedby

T'(p) = (9oT). (T')2, I e Az(A).

Hencethe reproducingleemelKs for Az@) is given by

Kn(z,e) = y+. -
- Ka(r(4,r|))T(ffr'111' rz.(
' 5 e H. (7.3)
7r(z C)n'

Note that I{6 and,Ks are inva^riantunder.4ut(4) and Aut(H), respectively.

For example, Kg satisfies

Kn(",Q= Kn(t(z),1$\1(St'(e)2, z,(eH, (7.4)

forallTeAut(H).

Theorem 7.1. (Reproducing formula) Eaery9 e A2(H,f) satisfies

p(z)= [[ xrfCl-',p()rciQda€a,t, z€H. (z.b)

J JH

Proof. It is sufficient to prove that

,1,(r)=[[ ^rcfrl'G)@aea,t, zea, (7.6)

JJA

for everyrb e Az(A,l-'), wherel' = TIT- 1. SinceR = H /t is compact,^-'lrltl

is boundedon 4. Thus the integral in (7.6) convergesabsolutelyfor all z. By
the mean value theorem for a holomorphic function, we have
 rJ)L
'V)z 'r(z),1((')L)i =k){O
3
'V uo uor}3unJ crqdlotuoloq e ro; 'leraua3 u1
les am {
.v ) 2,"(z),1((z)L)/=
' ?? ) f i
se ue??rr^r
sr pu" 'v
fl Jo ernsol?aql poorlJoq
Jo
v
-q3raue uo crqd.rotuoloq
q ./ uorlcunJeq1'V ur lceduroc,t1a,rr1e1ar
sr dr e)urs
"fl
.bpJp(),2)v:r())d._o)v
(o'r) = ev
'1t,r'oN
las ellr
I
."(z),1
"J r , t ' J j ! =
QJ,Wz())4,_o)v
lorw I| ) 3
l- "|4 7 7 1 r J ) L
"(z),(,-r1lt'p1pQ' G),-r),>t
o)f ,-o)v | 3 =
)
(8'z )
(A!:yZ(()),t)@
t ptpzl()),Ll z- ((>lrlr"' I I'? =
( r\Ln n rJ)L
"
ttplp
O,z)vx e),fur_e)u =
I I Z e),t,
s€ uellrr^rarsl (g'Z) elnuroJ ueql
'y ur
lceduoc d1arr,r1e1a.r
sl d leql os y ur tJ rol3{ ureruopIe}uauepunJe e{ptr
sarras gJBcurod z.I'1,
O 'V ) z
II€ roJ sploq (g't) 1eq1s^\oqssrqtr
' ( n ' z ) u; t @ ) f i"- - ( q r " [ [ \ =
" ( o ), r ( a p n -p
\ J J /
vff
apnp
"l(n),sl
((^)g'(,)il, >r(@)il'h"_((.)g)v = @",fu
IJ
uletqo a,rn', _,0- 9 3ur11ndpua ofi oI (L'L) Surflddy ' "6),L(r)fr = (g)"fr
seqsll€spue'(L,,1,_L'V)ZV Jo luetualeue sr o4lueql '.(,.!) .(L",lr) - ofr ps
e$ lI'z = (O)t qll/{ (y)tny 3 L luauale u€ esooqr'V ) z fue ro3'aao11
.0 - z roJ splorl (g'Z) elnuroJ
leqt stress" slq;,
't p lp()'i l vx
Q)fr" -Q) u J"[[J =
Q't)
=
tnlee)fi,("|)l-r)"il
f tolo
98I lrnPord r"Ff,s uossratad'I'2
186 7. Weil-Petersson Metric

We call this Of the Poincar|, series of / for l-/ of weight -4. Similarly, we define
the Poincar6 series of a holomorphic function on I/ for a Fuchsian group l- acting
on H.

Theorem 7.2. Let f be an integrableholomorphicfunction on A, i.e.,

[[vaydndy<x.
JJA

Let Of be Lhe Poincar| seriesof f for a Fuchsian group l' acting on A. Then
Of conuergesabsolutely and uniformly on compact sels in A, and belongsto
A2(A, r').

Proof. Denoteby B(z,r) the closed disk with center at z and radius r. Take
any compact subset K in A. Since l-' acts properly discontinuously on .4, and
since every element 1 e f' - {i.d} ha.sno fixed points in 4, we can choose a
sufficiently small radius r so that l(B(r,r))nB(z,r) = 4 for any z € K and
1er'-{id}.
On the other hand, lf OQDy'(r)2 | is a subharmonicfunctionon 4, and hence
the mean valuetheoremfor a subharmonicfunction yields that

lroQ))t'QYl = # | l "u,ulr(t(cDt'
G)'la'ea,t
= #r f f K)la€an'
JJ.,rur,urlr
Thus we get

D,rr(te))r' dtdn
e)'rs # *r,,,,rrG)t
F*,11.,
s 1r r 2
= [ [ v r c y d , ( d , q <za€, K .
JJa'
Hence, @/ convergesabsolutely and uniformly on K, which in turn implies that
/ is holomorphic on 4.
Next, for any 6 € l-' we have

(z), = D f 0"6(r))t,(aQ))2
o f (6(z))6, A'Q)2
1el'
=I fe"6(r00"6),(r),
1eP
= Of (z).

Therefore, @/ belongs to A2(A,f'). tr

From the observation preceding Theorem 7.2, we have the following corol-
laries.
 Jf f
trplp
()'z)nx())/._())sv = f,lu
JJ eJeqm
(rlz) 'H uo 6O -
{zd
sa{st7os
puv '(J'H)zV o7sfuopq lzd uaqJ
(orz) ' H > z ' t t p l p O ' z ) n > t O ) / r _ O ) fHff vf = ? ) U r g )
- I|
J J
'(J'n)Jl uDrol g'Z uraroaqtr,
?es ) I fi.r,olpq.ro
'Q'U)
Jl ot Pepuetxas\ (,t'tt)zv uo u( ' ' . )
'reqlrnJ 'Q'H) 'H)zv
lcnpo.rdrelef,suossreledarlt Jl to acedsqnspesolce sl (J
'lcedtuocsr ecurs'rrrrou$ql q1ralacedsqr€usg e sauroceq(.f 'g)iZ ,r"ql
Ar
'* >
l(4!lz-Q) Hudfr?;"= -ll/ll
qtl,llt I/ uo J ol lcedser
r{}l^{ 7- lqSraaaJo sruroJerqdrourolne elqsrns€eu II€ Jo }es eq} eq (l'U) &l l"l
.1
3 L,H ) z,(r)t =,e),t((z)t)t
sausIlss
pue 'Il uo uorlcunJ elqsrnwaru s sl 1l JI /i uo ..1,o1 lcedsar qlpa p- lq3rer'r go
u.r,ol cttltl.totuolnv elqornsoaur,
e pell"r sr H uo I uorlcunJ penler'-xaldruoc y
.(n)zV to! Hy leure{
Surcnporda.req1 Sursn fq g uo slerlueresrp crlerpenb elqsrnseeu luuuoq - g
1f p
eceJrns uueruerlf eql uo slerlueraJrp crlerpenb crqdrouroloq lrnrlsuor ileqs eA\
uorlcafor4 ueuErag g'1'2
'(g'g ue.roaq;;o;oord eql 'Jc)
11 Jo sles lceduoc uo .{lurro;run
pue dlalnlosee zz/l o1 se3rerruocJ rol I lo lO serras are)urod eql uaqJ,'((y
- t)i - r)t)/6 - V) =
Q)l fq uaLrS .;1,uo uortrunJ crqdrouroloq alqerSelur ue
aq / le1 'H uo 3ur1ce dnorS uersqcnd € sr qrlq/'\ 'I < y qll,lr zy - (z)oL f.q
pelereua3 dnor3 e aq J laT 'sarreserecurod e ;o aldurexe ue errr3e11y'a1du-tnxg
'H u? '11 ut sles
J .tot utoutop loTuauopunt o s? ,I ataym Tcodu.toa
uo filtu.totrunpuo fr.yaTqosqo e1l uo saxr?s eql puo
safileaun eprs puoy 7t16t"t,
LH > z' Q'e)qr rr-Q)a
"(z),1
luo*, z-e)
Hu" 3 = Q)d
ill
tu.tol aq7 u, u?llu,rr"s! (J'H)zV 3 dt fi^raag '6 riregoro3
'V uo - o\
t@ tottt V?ns V to pootltoqrl|tau o uo peu{ap
D c?sweNeUl'(J'V)zV
{ uorTcun! ctyd.r,oruoloy ro,tr 'T fte11o.ro3
) dt fr^taaa
'I'1,
r.8I lf,nPord r"l"f,s uossralad
188 7. Weil-Petersson Metric

and F is a fundamental domain for I in H.

Proof. From ll/ll- < oo and forrnula (7.3), we see that integral (7.10) converges
absolutely. It is clear that fzf is holomorphic on 11. From formula (7.4), we
conclude that B2f belongs to A2(H,f).By an argument simila^rto that in the
proof of the Corollary to Theorem7.2, we get formula (7.11). tr

It is easyto seethat B2: Lf (H , f) - Az(H, f ) is a bounded linear operator.

The reproducing formula in Theorem 7.2 implies that B2 is the identity mapping
on A2(H,f). We call B2 the Bergman projection of Lf (H,f) fo A2(H,f).

Rernark. We can also use the .Le-norm (C ] t) instead of the ,L--norm. Namely,
let L\(H,f) be the Banach spaceconsisting of all measurable automorphic forms
/ with respect to I on 11 such that

llflli=Ilr^'r,r'-'olf (,)lodxdv1oo-
Then we obtain the Bergman projection from Llr(H, f) to A2(H, ,i-) (equipped
with ,Ls-norm). For details, we refer to Kra [A-58], Chapter 3, $$2 and 3.

The Bergman projection is a self-adjoint operator; that is, we have the fol-
lowing assertion.

Theorem 7.4. Ang two elemenlsf ,g e Lf (H,f) satisfy

(1 rf,sl n = (f ,1zc) n.

Proof. Take a relatively compact fundamental domain F. for f in fI. By using

formula (7.11), the transformation relations for )s, Kn, f , and g, and Fubini's
theorem, we get
(02f,cln
rt f- tr I
=[[^\n(,)-2|Dtf^^H(o-2f(0Md$r1|7,Q)2gQ)axay
rrF
l tT rttr J
- \se)-z@l,e)zKs(ve),edxayl
[ [ , r r t - 2 t r r t - " l - t r - e - - - , , l
aurt
Jlr^n\s/ ,'..)|LtertE/, t r i
fl
=
JJrls(o-'l(o
X
I l,\H(z)-2
s(z)ffi 4 a,av0-')'G)'d€dn
E
= (f,?zcln .
tr
 '
*(J'H)zv= ((t),D1t
'ro1nc4.roduI ' ' 'U)g
*(J H)zV oTao (1) 71/(l to tustrlil"rourostuo sectuput
nV =
Qt)V fi.q uaar6 *(J'H)zV * (.1'H)g ty |urdtlour ?yJ g'L tuaroaql
'Il ul - g"a.ra11
J roJ uletuop leluaur€punJ " sl d pue J/H
'(J(H)z,V 'npap(z)dt(z)d"[[ =a(6'rt) = (dt)dy
) d't
TJ
fq paugap (l'U)zV uo leuollf,unJ r€eull e
''a'l '*(J ' /y luaurale us qll,rr (.t ' '(t '
H)zV ) U)A ) r/ fre,re elsr?ossy tt)zv p
'1xa11
,(J'H)"V eceds lenp eqt qll,rr ((.t),D',1fllecruouea fg11uap11eqsa,r,r,
(eu) ' Q)n I Q' H)s = (Q).r)'.r,
el"q arn 'oOray = (.fhf Eurllas 'snql'((.i')ag)'Jol H
uo J roJ sl"rtueraJrp rurerlleg p ('J'H)g aceds aq1;o Surddew .reaurla,rrlcelrns
e sr lurod as€q aql ?" O uorlrafo.rd ,srag ;o 04; airrle,urap eql 'g raldeq3 ;o
6$ ur uaes s€it{ sv'1urod aseq eqt 1e (.t)alJo'(J'*H)zV = ((;)ag)og aceds
lue3uel crqd.rouroloqaW se ((l)D",t p.rc3a.ra,r,r'(.7)ag qll/" (J)J Sutfgluapl
'1urod aseq eql
le (,f),2 fo aceds lua8uel ctqd.rouroloqat{} ((J)J)',2 fq elouaq
lulod aseg aqt 1e aced5 lueEue; oqJ, 'l'Z'L
'aceds
rellnruq?ral e ;o saceds lua3uel eql roJ uo.Ileluasardar lrcqdxa ue a,rtE 11"qs o1t
sarsds rellnl'IlqclaJ, Jo f.roaq;, lBtutselruVuI'Z' L
(zrt) ' H ) z'(z)l 4 " o z- = Q) ( d Hr u ) zd
uplqo em 'uorlreford ueurS.rageql Jo uolt$Sep aql fg '("f ' H)zV Io lueruele wr sr
.[[ "--
--rJr
t"plp19,...............,
1) = -(z)l4o
O)rl 9 tt
'(J'*H)"v o1 sSuolaq qarq.n
l€rll eas e^1,snqJ,
'* H) z ' t p t u W " [ f =? ) [ 4 ' Q
;-
rord
eqruro uorlce (sras ",'11'f$":l?t1trtff.'"#511
ro1,r1,a ;;,lt Tjffi:T
68r saredg ra11nruqrral;o froaqa 1eurrsatruyq 'Z',
190 7. Weil-PeterssonMetric

For the proof of this theorem, we need the following lemma due to
Teichmiiller.

Lemma 7.6. (Teichmiiller) An element p e B(H, f) belongsto N(f) if and

only if A, = 0, i.e., (tt,p)n = 0 for all 9 € Az(H, f).

Proof of Theorem 7.5. Cleaily, z1 is linear. Teichmiiller's lemma asserts that

KerA = N(l-).Every / € A2(H,f)* is written as / = (.,rlt)n for some ry' €
Az(H,f), where (.,.)n d e n o t e st h e P e t e r s s o ns c a l a r p r o d u c t o n A 2 ( H , f ) .
Putting p = ^;rb,we see that p € B(H,f) and Au = f .This shows that z1is
surjective. Hence, by the homomorphism theorem we conclude that ,4 induces
an isomorphism of B@ , f ) /N (f ) onto Az(H , f)* . D

Proof of Lemma 7.6. We consider this lemma in the unit disk 4 instead of fI.
Take a Mobius transformation ^9given by S(z) = -i(z+l)lQ - 1), which^sends
4 a"nd A* to H and f1*, respectively. Here, 4* is the exterior of 4 in C. We
set l-l = S-rfS, a Fuchsian group acting on d and 4*. Then p e B(H,f)
corresponds to u € B(A, ft) defined by

u(z)=p(S
' "@ ) @ - , z€A.
5' \z)
Further,O"lpl e Az(H*,1-) corresponds
to iL e A2(A*,f') givenby
irr(z)=tb,1p1151'115,1272,
z e A*.
Now, formula (6.8) in Chapter 6 is rewritten in the form

=-* ll"ffiauao, zeA*.

v(z)
Thus f is expanded in the form
1 €

i l r ( 'z ) =- 1 t d n z - ( n + 1 ) ,z e A * ,
7f u
n=3

where
f l
an= n(n- lX" -r)
JJ^v(()("-'d(dn.
Hence, f = 0 if and only if an - 0 for all integers n 2 3, which is equivalent
to the condition
[ [ ,tclrn dutt = a
J JA
for all holomorphic functions / in a neighborhood of 4 . By the same computa-
tion as that in (7.8), we obtain

= @,of)n.
[ [ ,rclro dtd,t
J JA
Therefore,by Corollary 1 to Theorem7.2, the lemmais proved. n
Gz'D '(t'u)a = ,t '14"o= l[,t]ul'o
urelqo a,ta(qI'z) ruo.r; '.re1ncr1redu1
6z'D '(t'n)a )'t '[4o\= tt4n)a
'(tt't)'(gt'Z) 'raaoarotr41
1eq1fldurr elnwroJ Surcnporda.reql pue
( O; r) ' 1t' 11 )zy)d 'l dl,l- ffa ]A n
'elnur.roy
Surcnporda.r
aqt pue (gt'Z) '(lt'Z) ,(q 'reqlrng
1aBan
'(,f),rf -
F/raX
'(21'2)pue (91'2)uorg
?sq1apnlruoca,rn
(er.r) .(,t'u)a ) ,t ,(dHru)zd =
rlU l\n
ot peel (tt't) p"" (91'2)selnutrog
' ( t ' n ) g u - ( J ' H ) s :H
Surddeur reeurl elrlrelrns e urelqo an '.{€.trsrql uI
'[r/]g qerluareJrp rurerlleg f,ruorureq asaql
II€;o aceds ro?)al eql (J'n)g U fq
elouaq'r/ fq pacnpurloquataStptu,rornegzruontrvq ar{t eq o} pl€s u [r/]g stqa
.(z)lr4dt"_(z)ry
et t) = ?)l,tlH
,(q (,f 'A)A > [4n lueurelaue eusepaa\'(J 'H)g > r/ drare .ro;'txaN
' 1 1tp ) z y ) d ' 6 = [[6]illdl
eABqair 'e1mu.ro;
Surcnpo.rde.raq1
pue (7I'l) urorg'(.7'H)eV ol(l'n)Jl3o uorlcefo.rd
ueu3rag eql sr z5la.reqm
(gt.r) ,(t,n)g > ,t ,(dg"U)zg = l4d
sp1ar,( (61'2) elnurroJ'g'I$ Jo {reureg aql ur pal"ts s?.r\sy
(qt'z) 'H)z '(z)lrt)"?7-=Q)ltt)d
fq uanrS(L 'n)zV
) 146 lua{ualeu€ q}-r^r(l ' n)S 3 r/ {.reaaaler)ossearrl'pueq raqlo eq} uO
'd .{q pacnpu p4ua.taStptruDr?I?g?tuoulrvUeq1
l6ld $q} IlBc a14
'H)z p ) c ! " - ( z ) H y = ( z ) l d l r l
&;D
fq
(l 'U)A ) ld',lrteugapa^r'(J 'H)"V ) d lueruela,{.raae .ro3'arag '(.7)g 3o srotcal
lue3uel luase.rde.rol sprlualegrprurerllag ?ruorur"qasn a1yalor luelrodun ue
pa,{e1d (l'n)ev Jo slueualeuorJ peuuepsler}ueraJrprtuer?lagrruoureq pell€l
-os 'g'Z ueroeqJ pue (6'9 uraroaq;) ureroaqlilla6-sroJlqv eq1;o s;oordaql uI
sIBrluaraJIC rurerllag cruourrlall'z'z' L
16I sacedg raflnurq]ral 1o i(roaq; Furrselruyul 'Z'l
192 7. Weil-Petersson Metric

Using (7.17) and (7.20), we also have

H2=H. (7.22)
With these prepa,rations, we get the following assertion.

Theorem 7.7 The space B(H,f) of Beltrami differentials for I on H is the

dirccl sum of HB(H,f) and N(f), i.e.,

B(H, f) - H B(H,f) o N(i-). (7.23)

The deriuatiue iDo of Bers' projectioniD al lhe basepoint iniluces lhe isomor-
phism tbo : H B(H, l) - T,(TB(-I-)). /n particular,

r" Qg g D = H B( H,r ) . (7.24)

Morcouer.

jt,p)n= (Hlpl,p)n, p e B(H,f), p e A2(H,f). (7.25)

Proof. Take an element p € N(i-). Since N(l-) - Kerf/, we have H[p] = 0. tf

p e H B(H,l-), then by the definition there exists an element v € B(H,f) with
H[v]= p. Hence, (7.22) leads to

p= H[v]- H2["]- H[p)- 0,

and we obtain
HB(H,l-)nN(l-)={0}.
Every p e B(H,f ) is decomposedinto
p = Hlpl+U'- HU'l),
and (7.22) implies that pr- IIljtl € KerIl = N(l-). Thus we have (7.23). It
is obviousfrom (7.f3) that @o:HB(H,I-) * T"(?:BQD is an isomorphism.
Accordingly,we have (7.24). Further, Teichmiiller'slemma (Lemma 7.6) yields
(7.25).

7.2.3. Tangent Space of "(.f) at a General Point

We shall give a representation of the holomorphic tangent space Q(T(l-)) of

T(f) at an arbitrary point p = l-'1.
Let T(f') be the Teichmiiller space of l' = w' l(w')- I . Then the tra.nsla-
tion mappinglw'l* ($2.3 of Chapter 6) of "(.l-) toT(f') induces a,nisomorphism
of Z)(f(f)) b T"(T(f')). We give an explicit desciption of this isomorphism.
Defining
/ -!. \
rc= F(.\)= [ % ! ] o(,,)-',
.
\ ( t a ' ) "r - ' ^ l
we have
 'uorlJess?puoces aql a €q
D
a,ra'd;o rol e^rleluasa.rda.re Jo e?roqc eql Jo luapuadeput ere li Pu€ r4i acutS
'H ) z '(z)(l4"go
4)"-(z)u14- =
(z)(14^t " "( ^9))z-Q)u ue- = Q)lttl(^1o ^11)
'(tt't) pu" (gl'f) urog'raqtrng
1aBaar
'ursrqd.rouosl rresl (^J'tt)gtt <- ^6rcyf (J'H)g i n'I o nH
aql 'acua11'anrlralrnssl
1eq1seqdurrtualoeql ursrqdrourouroq nI o zll ]"ql pue
'ngrr>[,= (^go "(^O))raX= (n7 o
4i)ray = (nI o ng)rcy
leql aes a.l!r
'crqd.rourosr are -
4 pu" a,I Wql pue'o(r4i).reX ,IIraX 1eq1 3ug1ou'snq;,
^
'((^.t)a,t)",t ((t)sJ)oJ,
"(^o)T
' t Il ",
GJ'H )B .- ^ 1 ( t' n ) a
:ure.r3erp elrlelnruruoc aql a sq am 'sarttleltlep Suqe;
'(^J)aJ -^ Q)s,t,
"'l 1"
I
r(nJ'H)fl {- r(l'n)g
,I
aql
:urerEerp all?slnturuoc 3ut,ra,o11o;
uplqo e^t ueqJ'flalrlcadse.r'r(nJ'H)g pue r(J'H)g Io suorlcalord (srag eq
ni1pue A p.I'(^J)aa + (tr)aa i*\nnl Surddeur uorlelsuerl erll 4i ,(q elouaq
',(1a,rr1cadser'(^J),l,pue
(J)JJo peelsul (^J)s1 pue (;)aS reptsuo?e14'{oo.r4
'd o to enoqc ay7to
Tutotl ayqto nm ea4oTuasa.tdat
'taaoano141'rt ng
Tuapuailapusl nI o ng 7o uotTcato.td,s.tag
lo eatToaueparfi s?
ataqn '((n1)J)'.t = (t'n)g nOny/(,t'n)g
H ot ((l),f)d,t = lo utsttld.totuost
uD s, aI o ng |utddout eW'(J)J > l^^l - d'fitaaa rotr 'g'L uollrsodor6
'uollress€ Sur.troloy
aql e^eq e1t{ueqJ,'Qt'D fq ua,r6 $ qstq^r'Il. uo nJ to! qelluereslP rurerlleg
cruoureq Io (nJ'n)g U ecedsaq1 ol (,J'H)g Io uorlaalo.rdelq1nH fq alouaq
@z't) r-(.').(+ = -&?rdiwl=t4^t
#) 6r
i(q ua,rr3usrqdrouost ue aq (r.i,'H)g * (l'n)A : nI Ia'I
'(.r)z > '[,t] = ([tr-r])'[,rn1
[tm'1
t6r sacedg rallBurqf,ral ;o froaq; Frursalruyul'Z',
194 7. Weil-PeterssonMetric

Remark.In the rest of this chapter, we identify fplgD and ""("(f')) with
B(H,f)lKer6, and HB(H,f'), respectively.We also identify Q("(f)) with
HB(H,f') u n d e r t h e i s o m o r p h i s mH ' o L ' .

7.2.4. Connection with the Kodaira-Spencer Deforrnation Theory

The subject of this subsection is not needed for further development in this
chapter. However, it is interesting by itself. We shall deal with the tangent space
of T(,l-) from the viewpoint of cohomology theory.
We recall the fundamental idea of Kodaira and Spencer on the deformation
of complex structures. For details, we refer to Kodaira [A-57], and Morrow and
Kodaira [A-77].
As was stated in $1.1 of Chapter 1, a Riemann surface r? is obtained by
patching domains D1 = z1(U1) in the complex plane. The identification between
Di and D1 is given by a biholomorphic mapping zjk of an open set D* j = zp(U1n
U*) C Dp onto Dip = z1(UinU*) C Di. A deformation Rr of r? is considered
to be the gluing of the same domains D1 viaa different identification /ir(.,1),
where /i1(.,1) is a biholomorphic mapping of Dpi onto Di* with parameter I =
( 1 , , . . . , t - ) s u c h t h a t f i p ( 2 p , O ) = z 1 p ( z y ) .I f a l l f i x ( z p , t ) a r e C - f u n c t i o n s ,w e
get a differentiablefamily { /?, }, of Riemann surfaces.In particular,il f 1yQp,t)
are holomorphic, we have a holomorphic family of Riemann surfaces.From here
on, we consider a differentiable or holomorphic family of closed Riemann surfaces.
In order to know the actual dependenceof the complex structure of.R1 on the
parameter t, we consider its infinitesimal deformation as follows. For simplicity,
we assume that m = 1, that {Ui}i is a locally finite open covering of R, and
that every Di is an open disk in the complex plane. Take the differentiation of
fi*(rp,t) with respect to I at t = 0. This is regarded as a holomorphic vector
field on Ui f\ Up, which is written as

}f;r, ^, 4
,t 1 *= zk= zki(zj)'
fi;(zr'o) ari'

The relationfir(fxiQi,t),r) - zi on Ui fl [[ gives

? i n * 0 6 1= 0 on U1flUp.

Further,the relationfiiltt,t) = f 1t(f *t(tt,t),t) on Ui fiU* i [/z yields

0i**0ul0q =0 on U1fiUPnU2'

Thus it follows that d = {01x } definesan element[d] of the first cohomology

group //1(R, @) with coefficientsin @,the sheafof germsof holomorphicvector
fieldson .R.For the cohomologytheory,we refer to Gunning [A-40].
This [d] representsin somesensethe derivativeof the complexstructure of
/?r with respectto I at I - 0, and is called an infinilesimal deformation.
of R.
We call Hr(R,@) the spaceof infinitesimaldeformations of ,R.
Eur11n4'!17 uo pleg rot?e^ *C s sl qcrqn '(fz)fr,z/((lz)lrzSlto((!z)nz)rd tf
- la ''e'ltlqeqd q3= lre/gfo a/vl ''tt)u ln uo pleg rolcel crqd.rouroloqe sr
las
lzg/g(fz)tlp - r!6 qtea ?sql qcns
{'t!0I = B alcfaoc e dq paluase.rde.r sr qcrqirl
(O'A)fl > [g] lueurala{ue a1e;'UJo { lp} Surreroc uedo eql o} el€urproqns
flrun yo uorlrlred e eq { !6 } 1a1 'sr'ro11og se ua,rr8sl *9 Jo Surdderu asralur eqJ
'{o'a)tn ot
((t-r)0,03'a)ogQl(G-")r,03'a)oH;o ursrqd.rourouoq e se,rr3[p] = ([4)-g dq
pauuep Surddeur
*9 aqr r€ql realcsr '((r-v)o,og'u)oug/((,-v)r,03'u)o1lul
1I
rl p lrll ssel) acuel€Arnba
eql uo fluo spuadap qq.f, '(O!)fl
[A] yo [6] luaurala
u€ se)npur{'t!0} = 0 ptrr-'rtng !2 uo plag rolce^ crqd.roruoloq .s fl rfB uaqJ,
lzo - - ttzo.
' q n U l.n uo - - - : - ( ! z ) ! a- - 'tte
Qz't) :" (cz)'ta
e a
't2U ln uo seqslu€Alzg/gla - rzgf gta
les aM
fra,re 1eq1 fl U uo pleg rolra^ e sa,rr3{!zg/gla} teUt uorlrpuo? }uar?lgns pue
f.ressacauV'U uo pleg rol?a^ *g 1eqo13e eugap sfernle lou seop {ftg/glo}
'rarreruoll '12 uo pleg rolla^ 'f4 uo lrl = lggf lag
-C € sl lrQlglo ueqa
uotlenba Flluareglp eqt Jo fo uorlnlos e a{€l '{fzpl[Zplrt] = il.{ue rog
'!ag/lag = frl qur*
{lzp/lzpfd },(q paugap sr og pue'g'
uo {lzglgfa} - o plng rotrel -C e f,g uarrr3sr ((r_")0,03'A)oH 3 a luaurale
u y ' l I u o l € I l u e r a g l pr u r e r l l e g - C e ' ' e ' l ' U r o ( I ' 1 - ) e d , { 1p { ! z p / f a p f r t }
- r/ uno; IerluereJrp -C € sl ((,_r)r,03'A)oH Jo luetuele uB ?eq} eloN
('tualoaql s(1ln€eqloq;o ecuenbasuo?€ sI srql) 'fe,r 3urmo11oy aqt ul
(('-v)n,03'A)oHg .
( o ' a, ') , u- # ( \ ' ^ *t
'-' ) ''n3W)oH
usrqdrotuosleql lcnrlsuol eA\
' ( ( " ) o , r O ' A ) o H= ( A ) z V pue '(r_")O - O
a^?rl allr ueql
'!,
Jo suollces-ssolr er€ q)rq1rrsenl"A qllllr
surroJ-I ctqdrouroloq;o sur.ra8Jo Faqs aW - (y)o,rC)
pue 'r_v Jo suorlres-ssorr er€ qcrq^\ senl€^ qlr^r
(1 'g) ed,t1 surroJ
Jo lerluaregrp *C Jo sur.raS;oJeeqs eqt = (r_r)r,03
'r_y sura3 go aql = (r_r)0,03
Jo suorlf,es-ssorc *C Jo Jsaqs
'r_v - (r_!r)O
Jo suorlres-ssorccrqd.rouroloq;o sur.raEJo Jeaqs aql
:uorl€1ou aq1 ldope e1t '{n g lp uo 1l,r/t fq ue.tr3 sr
rfv uor?cunJuorlrsu"rl sl-r ''e'l 'g, uo alpunq eurl Iecruou€r eql aq x p1 'too.t4
'yutod
esogeqt p (A)J acoilsu11nu,ycpalaqTlo ((U),D"1eocds Tua|uot ayl qpn p?*l
-uep, st A uo suorlout.totap (O'A)rn acodsaqa.6.2 urarooq.1,
Tou,nsal.?u{u?lo
sacedg rafl]urqf,ral;o froaq; 'e'l
96I Furrsalusul
196 7. Weil-Petersson Metric

pi = AailAzi, we get an elementp = {pidzildri} g Ho(R,t0'r(rc-1)).then

the homomorphismof ^I{1(.R,
O)to Ho(R,to,r(n-t))/6Ho(R,8o,o(,6-t))sending
to
[d] [p] gives the inversemapping of d*.
Next, we have a canonicalisomorphism
, , 1 o( 6 ' ) - 1 : H L ( R , o ) * A2(R)*,

where
A : H o ( R , t o , L( n - | \ I 6 H o ( R , t 0 , 0 ( , i - 1) ) - A2(R).
is defined by
tl
tlp)@)= I I pQ)pQ)drdy, p e Ho(R,to,t(^-t)),e € A2(R).
JJR

(This is a consequence of Serre'sduality theorem.Seethe proof of Theorem7.5.)

Since7}("(r?)) is isomorphicto ,42(,R)*(Theorem7.5), it follows that the
infinitesimal deformationspaceH'(R,@) is identifiedwith the tangent space
f"Q@D of the Teichmiillerspace?(.R) of .Rat the basepoint. This completes
the proof of Theorem 7.9. D

Now,we wish to seethat H'(R,@) is canonicallyidentifiedwith a subspace of

the first Eichlercohomologygroup I11(l-,I/2), which is definedlater, wheref is a
Fuchsianmodel of -R,and I/2 is the spaceof polynomialsin one complexva,riable
of degreeat most two. Note that IIz is regardedas the spaceof holomorphic
vectorfieldson the RiemannsphereC. Further,If2 is canonicallyidentifiedwith
the Lie algebrasI(2,C) of SL(2,C), which is the tangentspaceof S.L(2,C) at
the unit element.
Let (H,r, ,R) be the universalcoveringof .R with coveringtransformation
group l'. We use the notation:
B(H,r) = the lift of .Ho(.R,to,t(^-t))underer,
V(H,r) = the lift of Ho(R,50'o1r-t))underr.
Then 6(I/, .l-) consistsof smooth Beltrami differentialsit for I on I/. An element
of 6 eV(H,l-) is a C- complex-valued function on 11 such that 6o7f7'= 0 for
anyT€f.
For every6 eV(H,f), we set 60 = 7itf 02, whichbelongsto B(I/, j-). Obvi-
ously,f/0 (,R,to't (*- t)) / AHo(R,go'o1r- t )) is isomorphi
c to B(H, f ) I AV@, D.
For any it e B(H,l-), we put

^,\ (FQ), z€H

/r(zr=10, z€C_H.
Let F be a continuous function on C which satisfies the differential equation

f f = , o nc (7.28)

in the senseof distribution such that .F(z) = O(lrl2) as z e oo. For example,
we seefrom Lemma 4.20and Theorem4.37 that the function
 elaqAr
,lr_,il='
!_1,s=
= (cr, J )|H
(zII'J){
'mo1q
1es aair
'QZ'D,(q paugep o1 spuodsallel [/)/X
B leql slsaE3nsslqJ
'r)L 'i=Wlf-h=@)t!ltY
ultslqo a/rr snqJ
',IIil{r(=Lo[rfll
aleq a^r'J > L f.rara rog rtotl-- l,o!l"acurs'1/ rog 1er1ue1od e sr [r/l/
'sI '(AZ'D,tq uaar3 sl =
lpql 0 l l" I ol lcadse.rqlp y lo ltlll uorprluaragrp a{1
'7 raldeqg q '0 --
/t'7 ueroaqJ ruo.1{ I Ie I o1 lcadser qll,t{ ,,! Jo e^rle^lrep aql
L dq alouap 'J ) L frara rog '{(t'.yf1} o1 spuodsa.rrocr.7 qql 'g .re1deq3
Jo I'I$ ur pal?nr?suoc sr rlf,rqtt'r/1 luarcgaor r.ueJllag q?l^r C 1o dtm Surdderu
prrrroJuo)rsenbaq1 sr t/ 'a.ra11'{.1 > L , - tL ,; pue (ff
,JIoLor! | *I = )T
- rg17 qfli* {r,t/rU } ,(t1urnlelq"rluereJrp e eleq a^'(J'H)g > r/ f.rarrarog
'a - (a).L = (t)(a)g lsrtl q)ns zil orul J
yo Surddeureq?.{q uanrSsr q)lqr'rd p fi.lopunoqoc eq1q (a)g araqar'(4.)9-p.rX
- cX sn{I'til ol sEuolaq - -
I C d ueql'r/ ro;1er1ua1od reqloueq rJI
' 2 2) d ' J ) L '#;=61-r
e\^ zil uo slce .7 'a.ra11
.J ,(zt).tx = (zLotL),tX
) zL,rL + ((rr)rx).(zt)
uorppu@ a1cfrcocaql sagfll"s rlorq^\
,zII * ,1 :.{X
Surddeur e urelqo
ain 'acua11'211 3 (L).rX l"ql s^tolloJ l! '/ roy 1er1ue1ode oqe sr ,1"/l"og ecurg
I
'J)L ',t-
ii=-W)rx
,vo,{
'lroN
las art
'J
f,
) L {ue.rog saqsru€A -,Lf Log leqt sr (l'n)A, f d }eql uor?rpuof,luerclgns
pue f.ressacauV'(J'H)ft ul peur€luor sfe,ra.p1ou sr / roJ dr lerluatod y
s^rorror
reqr r!,oo
* zse("lzns:ili;"r6;lf,",Xj:Jt#Tj,t'"H'i,f.;fl
-oloq e sl -
.{ O l€rl} si$oqsBtur.uals,1fa11'rl to1C prlualod reqtou€ rod
'r! ro11o4ua7od ue g u€ r{ensner eM '[gg-V]
€rX uI 41 .ra1deq3Jo ''I "tuurerl osle aas '(86'l) Jo uorlnlos perrsape sarrr3
ttp?p
("-)Xr-))) "[l
\62'L)
0t GF-=?)t
LOL saredg rafl]uqf,raJ;o froaq; 'e'l
Furrsalrusul
198 7. Weil-Petersson Metric

BL(r, II2) -- 6(IIz),

2 1 ( f , I I 2 )= { x I y : | + I I z , x ( t n z ) = ( t z ) . ( x ( t r ) ) + x ( z z ) , 7 t , 7 2 € l } .

This Ilr(f, groupof l.

nz) b calledthe first Eichler cohomology

Theorem 7.LO. Let B* bethe mapping

B*: B(H,D/6v@,f) - Ht(f,IIz)

defined,bg
0.(li'D= [xr],
where F is a potential for p. Then B* is an injectiae homomorphtsm.

Proof. First, we show that B* is well-defined. If p,i e B(H,f) are equivalent,

then there is an element 6 e V(H,f) with t, = ir + AilAz. Let F and G be
potentials for p and /, respectively. We put

( F(r)*il(z), ze H,
G " ( z ) -o i , i , z ec - H .
t
Since 0o7 - 61t for every 7 € .i-, it is seen that for every ( € R, d(z) - Q
as z + ( through I/, and that d(z) = O(lzl2) as z + oo through 11. Thus Go
is a continuous function on C, and satisfies AG"lAz - /. Hence, Go is also a
potential for l', which implies that X6 = XGo+ 6(P) for some P e IIz. Noting
that X6. - XF, we have16 =Xrl6(P), a n d h e n c e[ x 6 ] = [ X r ' ] i n H | ( f , I I 2 ) .
This implies that B* is well-defined. It is clear that B* is a homomorphism.
Next, we verify that B* is injective. Assume that B.([/]) = [Xr] = 0. Then,
there exists an element P e IIz such that XF = 6(P). Putting 6 = F -P' we see
that 6 is a potential for 1.r,and X6 = 9. Thus d belongstoV(H,f), and 06 = p.
This shows that p] = 0 in B(H,f)I)V(H,f). Therefore,B* is injective. tr

We shall construct a canonical homomorphism

P t H t ( r , I I z )- B @ , r ) l A v @ , r ) .
(It is consideredthat B* and B correspond to 6* and (6-)-r in the proof of
Theorem 7.9, respectively.)
Choose a smooth function p on H which satisfies the following three condi-
tions:
( i )0 5 p S r .
(ii) For each z € 11, there is a neighborhood U of z and a finite subset J of f
such that p = 0 on 7(U) for every 7 € f - J.
(iii) D?€r p"t/) - I on H.

Such a p is called a parlition of unily for l- on f/. For a proof of its existence,
see Lemma 3.1 of Chapter V in Kra [A-58].
For any [X] e //t(l-,I12), we set
 'Q 'u)a '* = (lerllH'ltrt)n)rt
) zd 'rrl lltrtos'[zrl]d,)
p1ar,{
(19'2)pue
(21'2)selnurrod'I{ ul J roJureuop l"lueurepunJlceduroc,{1arrr1e1e.l
€ sr dr areq^l
(re'z) ' f i p x p( 4 e r t( z ) r d
r(z)uytfl = (ed,vt)tt
,{q paugap sl (J'77)g ) ztt'rrl s?ueueleo.tlJo lcnpord reuur eqf .(l,U)A
uo lcnpord Jauur u€rlnu.ra11e SurarS r(q lrels er'\ acueq pue,(L.L uaroaql)
(t'n)AU q r p ( ( J ) J ) o , 6 p e g r l u a p re 1 4 . 1 u r o d a s e q a q t w ( 7 ) J l " (Q)t)"t
aceds lua3uel crqd.rotuoloqeql uo lrnpo.rd rauur uer?nura11e a,u3 a.tr,11eJo lsrrd
crrlatr l uossralad-Ila .I.g.z
\ aql Jo uorlrugao
'rrrlal'u
ralqgy e sr 1r leql aoqs pu€ (,1)Z uo crr?etu uossraledlra1\ aql augep II€qs e A
rrrlatrN uossralad-lla^. .t.z
D '(l'n)zV oluo 5/ray yo usrqd.rourosr
ue sr 12leqt pagrra^ 41I',,,t = ([X])o tes eM.[X] ssep acualenrnbaeq1 uo,tluo
spuadeppue'(J'H)zV (////
Jo luauela ue sr,sarurl aa.rq1/Jo uorlsrluareJrp aql
'J roJ -
1eq1 parord q tI ) I II€ / ,L/Lol = W)X t€ql qcns l? uo uortrunJ
crqd.rouoloq€ sl g - otr - ./'"nql'(l'U)A ) g auros rct Zglgg = Zgl"lg
segsrles (Og'Z) fq pelrnrlsuoc og uorlcun; aq1 (6/.ray I [X] .tue rcg.too.t4
'J ro{ g uo su.tto{ctyo.tponb
culd.r,outolorl
Io (.t'tt)ev acodsaq7qTtmpa{cTuaptst j"tay .II.Z uoltlsodo.r4
'flaarlcedse.r'sasso1cfi6o7oruot1oc
ralqcxfl pu€ sassDl, fr,6o1oruot1oc
sragr pe1ec a.re6/lay pue *5/ru1Jo stuetuelg
'd n>L
O *drul = (til'J)tH
pue 'alrlcel.rns sr 6/ '(91'2 ua.roeql ]r) e,rrlcafursr *6/
leql s1l\olloJII'p! = *dod Wql rselc sr lJ,*5/ pue 5/;o uorlcnrlsuor eql uord
[/] or [X] spues
qrlr{,ra(J'n)A.g/Q'H)g - (21'J)fl:6/ tusrqd.rouotuoqe ure}qo arrr,ecua11
'(eII'J)rH
) [X] sselc acuale,rrnbaeqt uo,{1uo spuadap (.t,n)Ag/e,tilg "l
[r{ sselc acuale,rrnbaeq} t€rl} uees sr tI.(J,H)€l o1 s3uolaq zg/"}g - r/ snql
'J
) L ' o , 4 - , L 1 L o o g= ( L ) X
?eql q)ns _iTuo uotl)unJ _C e sr od. uaql
J)L
(oe'z) 'H > z'(z)(L)x((z)L)d
3-
= G)otr
66I f,ulaw uossreladlral|t'l
2OO 7. Weil-Petersson
Metric

Lemma 7.L2. For anA pr,ltz e B(H,f), thefollowinghold:

h(Hlttrl,nlyz)) = h(Hltttl,pz) = h(h,Hlpzl), (7.32)

h(Hlpi,u[pzD = (Hlpi,plpzDa = (pr,plyz])n. (7.33)

Prool. First, (7.18) and (7.31)lead to

h(Hlp rl,t'r) - (^hE, *, n 1p1) = (\'uE,9r(r ?,f,t )" .

"
Since the Bergman projection B2 is self-adjoint (Theorem7.4), we have

p), \'nE) n = h(yr, n lyzD.

h(H lpt), p2)= (9 z(o?n
using(7.22),we get
In particula,r,
h(HIptl, nlpz))= h(h, H'lpzD= h(pr,H[pzJ),
which shows (7.32). Moreovet, from (7.17), (7.25), and (7.31), we obtain (7.33).
tr

Now, a Hermitia^ninner product on [(?(l-)) is induced by h under the

identificationf"gQD = H B(H, f).
Next, we define a Ilermitian inner product on the tangent spaceQ,("(f))
of "(f) at an a,rbitra,rypoint p = lw'l as follows: using the identification
fpglD = HB(H,f') (seeRema.rkin $2.3),an inner product on Q("(l-))
is inducedby the inner product h' on B(H, f') which is given as (7.31).Actu-
ally, the inner product of elements11' o L' lpr) and H' o L' [pz) in H B(H, f '),
which are also consideredas elementsin Z)(f(f)), is given by

h'(H' o L' lptf, H' o L' lpzl), Ft,ttz € B(H, f).

In this way,we havedefinedthe Hermitian inner product on eachtangentspace
rpQQD of "(f).
Now, we study the dependence of the inner product with respectto p. For
this purpose, it is sufficient considerdependencein a neighborhoodof the
to
base point in "(f).
Take a basis{ pi}1;5" for A2(H,f), and set

ui = trlgil, j =1,...,39-3.

Then { ,illn=1" is a basisfor HB(H,l-). Put

3g-3
u ( t )= D r t r r , t =(tt,...,ft-s) e D,
j=l

where D is an open neighborhood of the origin in C3g-e.

 fq paugapil d AV crrlaruuossJelad
"^o uttol uoss-ral?d1l?/14
lla l aql Io aql ro'ru"tot-4 loTuauopunt eqa
'Q).r'
uo ?uleu uoNuuouety uossr?Ied1r?/fi aql aa6 11ece71t'eJoJequarr,r3uorleag
-lluapl eq? repun srolcel lueEuel crqdrouroloq se pepre3ar ere aprs pueq 1q3r.r
aql uo esoql pu€'slolcan lua3uel Isar ale aprs pu€q Ual eql uo { pue ;g'ara11
. ( A ' X)a ilrlsu Z = (A, X)"^6
urroJ aql ul
uellrur q "^6 ueql 'tI-gI'dd '[Og-V] $rreH pus sqls[rp aas'spelap rog 'f, f.rera
ro;'flaarlcadsat'd(!zgf g)p'o(!rg/d o7 d(ng/g)'o(!re/g) Surpuastusrqdrotuosr
! ql'dpunore (t-tgt"''1
l B a re q l , t q u a , r r 3 f l u o l l e f , g l l u a pe = f) lnp+lr = lz
saleulprool 1eeo13ur4e1 :snolloJ * ((.1)'CXZ eceds lue3uel crqd.roruoloq aq1
rltlru Paglluapr sr d lurod e l€ (J)J go aceds 1ue3ue1Iser eqJ 'dlt{V culetu
uossreledlle^\ aql ,tq Pecnpul (.t); "" crrlaru ueruuerueru eql aq "n0 le.I
crrtotr tr uossralad-Ila/$, aq?;o {11.ra1qg1 'Z't'L
'(t)poW dno"rf .tolnpourr?llnuqcreJ aqt
lo uotTco aqq
repun luolroaut st (.1)a uo da! )uleur uossreled-INel1 eqJ 'tT'Z rrraroaql
'uoll
-rasse SurmolloJ eql a\oqs usc aaa'crrlaru uossreled-lraAl eql
Jo uorlrugep eq1 ,tg
I={'f
'r)
(qe 'llPttP(l)lfq
3 ?,= zd/YtsP
e-6e
se uelllud sr 1t',tgeco1 'auq fq palouap sl prrs'(J)J ro )uleur
uossr???d-Ir?/! "qI peil"c $ (.f )Zfo elpunq lua3uel er{t uo lcnpord reuur eql
'Z'g$ ul
I {r€ueg ur uanE $ uorlresse slq? Jo;oord y
'q uo rraroaql
*Cssolc lo n lfqqcoa'sacuoTstanc.tr?eaoqoe1tr?pun'gl'l
'rueroer{l 3urmo11o;eqt e^eq e,r,l,uaql '6,1^J
/H = (l)ef araq^{
(vt'D'(r)u((3)rnld'(it,r1= ( [ ( l ) t a ] 1 ,1y1, ' [ O ! ' t ) g 1 ^ H ) 1=7 1( 7^)t !t ! q
,(q uanr3 sl [(r),orj - (7)d qlraa ((.7)g)(t)ag
> 't?g/e'!W/g srolcel lua3uel lo (l)!lq lcnpord reuur aql snql 'O 3 1 f.rarr,a
roJ (1r;,J'H)gH Jo s-rs€qt q
el;j{[(t)!A<l^H] teql s^1,oqs 8'Z uorlrsodor4
'(I = (7)t,t
) t'ltn)6y^I
?as e,1\'(t)al, u1 lurod e$eq aql;o pooqroqq3rau uado ue oluo 6,go Eurddeu
rrqdrouoloqlq e q ((t)n)O = (t)"O ,(q peugap (.t)sl, *- O i o4i Eurddeur
aql leql 8'9 uraroeql ,(q aurnsse feru em '6r leurs ,(lluarcgns e Sursooq3
IO7, rulaN uossraled-Iral\'8'l
202 7. Weil-Petersson Metric

,*r(X,Y) = g*r(iX,Y), X,Y efpQQD.

Here, iX means the real tangent vector corresponding to the holomorphic tan-
gent vector iX under the preceding identification. Namely, if ./ denotes the
almost complex structure on ?(l-) which corresponds to the complex multipli-
cation by i, then fX means "IX.
This c.r*, is also written as

u*r(X,Y) = -2Im hsrp(X,Y).

Locally, u*, is represented by

3g-3
e*" = i t hj;(r) dti natx. (7.36)
j,k-L

Note that u*, is a positive (1,l)-form on ?(f).

We say that hsp is a Kiihler rnelric if the Weil-Petersson form tr-" is d-
i'e''du*'=
crosed' ""
Ut'];"t,;,r=,,.'",::T
r"u'! (7.s7)
\tr- Ail'
on D, where hi1 are as in (7.32). This condition means that hysp osculates to
order two to the Euclidean metric on C3g-3 at every point p efQ), that is,
we cim find local coordinatesZr ,. . . ,z3g-3 around p for which
3g-3
dr*r'= D @1,+ aix(z))dzidT ,
i,k-1
where all partial derivatives of air of order less than two vanish at p.
Now, we have the following theorem due to Ahlfors.

Theorem 7.15. (Ahlfors) ?[e Weil-Petersson metric is Kiihlerian.

Proof.We follow Ahlfors [7].Bv a translation of the base point, it is sufficient

to prove formula (7.37) at the base point.
- Hf fv(t), and P(t) =
We put fl - w'Q), f'Q) - *v(t)71.v(t))-t, R(t)
f'(F).We set
I{(z,O= --l-:.
Q c)2'
We also set
r , , 2 \ = U ' ) " ( ' ) ' ( / ' ) e( o '
t\t\z'\)
7V1oy _ J1q1y
Since/'(z) =TO for all z € C, it is easyto seethat

EI;n =K{z,a),
I { 1 Q , O- K r ( 2 , C-) K r ( ( , z )
(oe'r)'apnp
(n)ltrt)r,r^, =
ffi"il +- @#*
'snq5'uars qrr^{pat"r}uareJlp
"- ".T[Tf"T:il;
1er?a1ur
eqrrepun) o1lcadsa.r
leql ees er,l.'t?,'Vuorysodor4 ;o goo.rdeql ur leql ol r€grurs 1ueun3.re ue . g
' apnp
(n)ltrtrrrr,, =
W' il +-
,rM-()),n?"r#
'u3ts qrr^{pa}erruereJ-rp
lerEaluraqt rapung o1 lcadse.r eq uec ler8elurdlt"Htt
'apnp(n)lrnJ,,r^t ^)!Q)'I
- ^)l"tt
l# -i r +((4:!-- r
L r l t Jr
-
a p n p ( n ) r r t , ( ( r n ) - (, , f/L)t ) ( ' ) ' f - @ ) J *
I I
( 9 ) ; [ - - ( ^ ) , t ) ( Q-)@
,! )J)]"tt u _=
I lll r
((,),!
- trJ)aq+
urelqo a,rl ,/t-t tueroeql o1 dre11oro3eql pu€ (z)rl = (z)r/ Bursl
'nln =
.H ) z,) ,((r),!- ()),/)sor
@,)),>t
zU
srqr
ropua
a{r1€a{r"ureu
.r,)o:r;Tii,Ti::;t5":LJlj::,'[;;?::il;
(ee'z) np,p (z)qn"(2,)),>r"l[ =frlrt,
{up4p())ta
t *] [[
uplqo ea,r,'{{q - lfi1 uro.r; snq;,
npap(z)ta e)qn"(),,t,x =e)!tt1
{** l[ *]"il
'(gZ't) pue
1aBe,u flrrl1lnI = (7)l,r
3ut11eoa.r'ueqa'flaarlcadser
')'z r,o1 '1er3e1ur $ql uI
Q)rt'Q)rt elnlr?sqns
( Hff v, ) (r).Irr -
'nPxp(z)()lrt
l,tplp
(
Q ) ( t ) q n , ( ) ' z )l:l r : l ll =(r)!!a
JJ 6L) JJ
uroJ eql ur uellrr^\ s! ('g'Z) ur 1{r1}eq} aese/( '(gt'z) pue (0I't) urorg'rrro51
'O )
t Pu€ *FI n H > )'z 1P'ro3
t0z f,rrlel I uossraladTalUt'l
204 7. Weil-PeterssonMetric

Here, this integral is defined as the Cauchy principal value.

From (7.38), (7.39), and the definition of K1(2,O, we have

0h't
#(')
=+ il,{ I Lryr I{,(c, v1 daav
G)du,t}
4;ke)
( tl . = - - T i ? - - - - i t - T , u {t)
r rzrr rr- f
= - 24 lf o z)r1e,
fr, 0T6 l,J@ 7'( r )lvl(C)d4dn dxda,
# JJ,u.,\ JJ. I
(7.40)
where
Tt(r,C)= dudu.
I{ (w,z)K (o,C)L'@[ut](w)
I I,
This integral is also defined as the Cauchy principal value. In this step, we
differentiated(7.3S)under the integral sign. To justify this procedure,we need
to show that the integral in (7.a0) convergesabsolutelyand uniformly with
respectto t. More precisely,putting H(r) = {z e H I lrl } r} for any positive
number r, we shall provethe integral

I(r)
rr ( rr | - ' l
= [[
- I II z\r2(z,oT4Vtr ' ' ) dxdv
& J \ / L'@l,;G)ldg,tl
llro [J/r1";l
l^(,, L

convergesuniformly to 0 as r --+ oo for all 1. By Lemma 4.2I, the above ?2 is

estimated as

alart
= u IIrII{(w,z)r"@[v2](w)P
aea,t
llrv,t,,c)l'
dedn,
s c2tr2[ [ Vr@,2)12
JJa

wherec is a constantsuch that llL,@lu2]ll- s c for any t andl. Thus we have

tt g(,2)r2(z,ioldtd,t
J J H(r)

/ rr \1/z / tt ^ \r/z
1c* | I I dtd,n) ( t t [i@,2)l2d'udu|
lK(c,z)l'
\"//41'1 \l l n'
1 /

If z stays in a compact set of f1, the first factor on the right hand side tends
uniformly to 0 as r + oo, and the second factor remains bounded, which leads
to the desired conclusion.
Finally, by using again the fact that the linear operator ?' in Lemma 4.2I is
isometric on trz(C) , we can show that
xg at$JI '(" '?'or) go Surddeu snonur?uor" sr (rn) t'rq leql easan ' , sgos'r! - t't1
Eur11n4'(s'lz);o Eurddeursnonurluoc e 4 Q)"t! lsrlt sraolloll!,gg.7 uorlrs
-odo.r4 'tg't'tg = 'C yo Surddeur tb-s.'ril "'t! p.I
,/ leql e?oN l€f,ruouer eql eq
'*H)z '(z)(s),
I
'O
E)z l=@)n,rt
, ( r ) ( t ) nI
H>z )
'e '3 'lxatr1
les a^r ) s 11elo3
'(l'r) Surddeu
Jo Surddeurcrlfleuelear e osle sr (^)rll
esJe^urslr l3rll saoqs rueJoeqlEurddeuresraAureql 'o x H ) (l'z) lo Eurdderu
ctlfpue-pe.r e u (z)rg' acurg'(1)a luercgeocrur€rllag " s"q pu" ,g raldeq3 ;o
(Z'g) fq peugap s.rq?HAr'H Jo ,I Surddeu leuroJuocrsenbe sacnpuro1'uaqa
l=!
'*H) z '(4ta = @)dt
,r Zi- '
e-fe
,tq (J '.H)zV ) 6 lueuele ue eugepeM ,O 3 I fue .rog
'CI x H > G'r) ol lcadse.r{lle ooCsssloJosl gI', tueroaqlgogoordaql ur (z)rrf
Surddeurl€ruroJuocrs"nb aql leql uollrasseeql;o;oord e ear3aM 'A qrvuey
'?
Jo uorlrunJ
crl,tpue-par e sr (3)Ifr1qma leql aesetr snql'(J)J uo cr1,(1eue-l"er ar" lt pue
b tt"'(t),t acedsralpurq?lal eql uo cr1,(1eue-lear are sel€urproo?e{?rq acurs
'tg acedse{rlq eql uo suorlcunJcglr(1eue-1ear are .t, pue ll ilt'6'g etuural ,(g
t=!
'!7pyltp3="^,
e_6e
urroJ aqt
ur uallrJiir sr rrrlaru uosseled-lralt aq1 3o '-o ruJoJ FluauepunJ eql '(g'3 ura.ro
-eq;) epu.ro; s,1rad1o11uor; '1ae; u1 'cr1,(pue-lear sr 1lr1 qcea (eJourreqlrng
'Qn'a'[1] srollqy
aas) I ;o uollcunJ-oop e sr (1)!fr1 qcee Ttsql ^,roqsu"c a,u ';oord qql u! teql se
'1g sselc e.rc !f,/ 'sr 'snonurluoc ale
luaurnSre etues_eql Eurpadeg Jo il* 1eq1
'g1'2 ure.roaq;;o;oord aq} tuoq 'I
N/llqg'rlrQ/r{qe ile t"q} ees ar\{ 1rout'ey
'gI'Z uraroeq;,
;o;oo.rd aq1 salalduroc srql
.a)#=
npxp (z)l'h)el^7 ornO 1n)lt,t) (n' z) ttr(4' n) y
- t { 61,r
"lnu'"il
#-=
.lilu'"[[#-=
frpxp-(z)l,r,1l
t e),il { uOrO17)( )) )r
n}61ar(7,z)ta@,
a)#
902 rulal I uossralad-Ira |t'l
206 7. Weil-PeterssonMetric

t and s, then 1r1,"is a conformal mapping of f'1(f1), becausefi,, and .F1have the
same Beltrami coefficient v(t) on -Fl. Thus, applying Cauchy's integral formula
to h1,", we see that all derivatives of h1,r(u.,)with respect to tu are continuous
functions of (w,t,s). Hence, all pa"rtial derivativesof f1,"(z) with respect to z
and Z are continuousfunctions of (z,t,s) e H x D2.
On the other hand, the Corollary to Theorem 4.37 implies that for a fixed
z, ft,,(z) is a holomorphic function of (t,s). Hence, applying Cauchy's integral
formula to f1,"(z), we conclude that all partial derivatives of fl,"(z) with respect
to t, s, z, and Z are continuousfunctions of (2,1, s) e I/ x D2. Thereforc, f1,r(z)
i s a C - - m a p p i n g o f ( z , t , s ) € H x D 2 . I n p a r t i c u l a r ,f ' ( t ) = f t i z ) i s a C - -
mappingof(z,t)€HxD.

7.3.3. Alternative Proof of Kiihlerity of the Weil-Petersson Metric

We shall give another proof of Theorem 7.15, which is also due to Ahlfors [6].
Here, we use the fact that the first variation of the area element induced by the
hyperbolic metric vanishes (Lemma 7.16 below), which is interesting by itself.
By a translation of the base point, it is suficient to prove the relations in
(7.37) at the base point. We use the notation in $3.2.
We set

, l ' i ( t ) ( r ) =e l u j ( t ) l ( f ' ( r ) ) { ( f ' ) " ( ' ) } ' , t e D , z € H .

Then from (7.16), we have

,t,i1)e)= + [ [ Kk, 02-vl;)d€d,rt.

r JJs

By an argument similar to that in the proof of Theorem 7.15, we seethat ,/ti(t)(r)

is a C--function of (2,1). From formula (7.38), we get

tl
hln1)= dxdY. (7.4r)
J J"riQ)'t'rQ)Q)
Further, setting

pt(z)= (l(f)"(,)l' - lU'),Q)l') 'x'(f'(,))', (7.42)

we see that formula (7.3a) is rewritten in the form

- l'(t-\')l')'
= t t vrcra$xg)e)o g.4r)
hin(t) a'av
r rF Pt(z)

We can differentiate (7.43) with respect to 12under the integral sign, because
F' is a relatively compact set in -Il, and the integrand is a C--function of (z,t).
Hence, we obtain
 se uallrrtr sr ur3rro aql l" z uollcerrp eq1 ur "d Jo e^rlellJep aq? snqtr
'("!)l("1't'l
- rrt(2:[-- (')'I) -
v-
("|(,)'Gt)l
- ,l(,)"(J)l)
"((,),1)'v = (z)' d
eA€rIetr 'uorlrugep eqt ,tB
'raqunu
Ieer ll€urs flluatcgns {ue sr s 'ereg 'r"otr = "./ pue ln = rt 1ase11 ]foo.la,
. t - f t . . . =. .! I, 0 = ' = ' \ f f i
se{sz7os(a/'D ur pau{ap td uor?cunl eqJ 'g1''L BrnuraT
'u"Irelqey $ d/t?
tr feq|
sarlo.rdqc-rqrh'0 - t le ploq (Zg'f) ut suorl€ler eq1 ',trerlrqre ere / pue 'q 'f, ecurg
'o= 6l !!,9
,1tg
1
'(w'D pu" '(gt'Z) '(W't) uror; 'aro;araq;
1aEer'r
Uv't) .o- npxp
,_(z)HuG)16(,)'
lUgrr*"il
el€q e,ll 'r1 o1 lcadsar qll/r{ |fi1 3o e,rrlerrrrep eq} 3ur4e1 '{l.rel.-,ols
(ev'L) .o-npry
"-?)ny1,1t^(4'
ldfu"lI
urctqoa,ra'(gt'l) pue (W'2) ,tg
. ='
(sv't) npxp"_(z),
u@' =
w @g"| | @ffi
Iv_Lr)
e^eq osl€ a,r 'r? o? lcedsa.rqll^{ (I7'z) Surlerlue.raglp'}xaN
pueqlq'rr aql uourralpuo'asaqrreql aasa^r''.o1aqt;;Tffi:{?"i]J?i:l;
0,,, .
{ l(#) ff}et,^r,t'^'il
'l&\"ll
(wt) npxp"-(z)u,{r"l'='l =
ffie)u+lzyralzf
nt 7!e
,",!!qg
L0z )rrlel I uossralad-Ira^Ut'/
208 ?. Weil-PeterssonMetric

iQ)=kl,="r,,
=
fi ti @-ian- 6!1 i, tz)+-ik))
=-8Re{t+
a+\
(7.48)

=-sRELa,{&\,

where /(z) = (0f"(z)/0s)1,=o.Thus we need to obtain more informationon

f(,).
First, we seethe followings:
(i) i: = v = \rf 9 on H, whete9.= 9i.
(ii) / is continutuson C, /(0) = /(1) = 0, and lim,-- i1r1112= O.
(iii) / takes real valueson the real axis R.
For the proof of theseassertions,we refer to Lemma4.20and Theorem4.37.
SeealsoKra [A-58],Lemma1.4in ChapterIV, p'136.
Now, we determine/ as follows.Sincerp is an elementin A2(H,f), it fol-
lows that Xig " bounded on I1. Thus, integrating g three times, we get a
holomorphic function rlt on H satisfying the following four conditions:
(u) ,lt"' - 9 on H.
(b) / ir extended continuously to the real axis R, and satisfies that r/(0) =
/(1)= o'
(c) (Imz)r!'(z) -0 and (Im r)'t"Q) * 0 as lmz -' 0.
(d) {(z)/22 * 0, (Im z){t'(z)lz - 0, and (lmz)2t/,"(z) * 0 as z + @.

Solving the diflerential equation in (i), i.e.,

(t-;\2-
he)=_ftve1,
.

we obtain

i e ) = - 9 +4 T 1' .6. - t - 2 72 6Y; -t 'at - @2 *' F^ \( z ) ,

where F is a holomorphic function on I{.
Let us determine F.. From_(ii), (b), and (c), we see that ]7 is extended con-
tinuously to R, and f = -rb/2 * F on R. F\rrther, by (iii) it follows that
-rtr/2 + F = -{/2+ F on R. Thus h = F + rh/2 is a holomorphic function
on Il, which has a continuous extension such that h is real-valued on R. Hence,
Schwarz' reflection principle shows that h is extended holomorphically to C.
Then from (ii) and (d), this h should be a polynomial of degree at most 1.
- 0. This implies that
Consequently, by (ii) and (b), we conclude that h
 l=q,!
Gv't) 'tf lta 3 = 6)ou
n , f q
peugep sr / uorlcerrp eqt q d ry (1)oA arnloarw ,??NAeql.urrou lrun qlrrrr d
1e
rolf,el 1ue3ue1crqdrouroloqe s! /,.e.1,I = o(tl,,,,tl ?eq1qrns d ry W p (W)dl
aceds lua3uel crqd.rouoloq e{t Jo luaruele ue eq d(r4g/d pr=j3 = A p.l
.lutrAatq wttty
3_=
N
{q uerrr3arc w71!A sJosuelNnlDaJn) uDtuuoutery aq1 ,.raq1lng
l=7
"'ra3- lta
N
fq paugap ew !!A sJosuelernlDarw ,?cNA aq;.
.*18 _-t4rzrtr
'l'te ld
,(q uaar3
erc atq,g srosuel arnlDarnc aql ueqtr .1lfq) o1 xul€ru esrelur aq1 sr ("rg) areq.u
t-u
, l?Q
,ffi*rrt
J =r.lJ
^I
fq uaar3 ere zsp f,rrlau Jelqgx aqt qtl/tt
Pel€rcosseuor?f,euuoc)rrlatu aql Jo 7lJ qoqnrfs Ia,uolsrrqc eqJ 'y'/ uorsuaurp Jo
/t/ ploJlrr"u xalduoc ts uo crrlau relr{gy p ae qlpt:ipIlqr=ci!Z,= rsp 7e1
'(y1 reldeq3 '[qq-V] nzruroN pue rqsefeqoy aas) splo;
-rueu relqex uo f.r1auoa3 xalduroc ,1s.rrg
l€rluarasrp Jo suorlou euros 11eca.r
'elrle8au are crrleru uossraledlral\
aql Jo sarnle^Jnc leuorlces
ctqdroruoloq eql pue 'alnle,rlnc relsos eql 'se.rn1el.rncrc?lg eql t?r{} ^4,or{seA\
crrlatrAtruossralad-Ila/$, aql Jo sarnlB^rnc .t.8.^l
'
tr 0 = 4 1eql apnlruoc am (9p.1) ruor;
,aro;alaqa 'f.reur3etur flarnd sr
rk-r)\
. q ( z - . 2 )o _ . . " ( z - r ) * =- [ -Gt- rn"_
(z)4, +(z),/,o Aro<ln" I "-
I n
'acua11
l"q? s^rolloJlf
' z - - /',t = (z)!
(r)fi + t - , t . 1 - z _ z- \P),,fr-:--=-
( r ) f r ?),frJ- \-/..
"(z_r)
602 f,rrlal^l uossralad-Ira^{'9./
270 7. Weil-PeterssonMetric

It is said that the Ricci curvature of ds2 is negatiae at p if Rp(V) ( 0 for any
direction 7. The holomorphic sectionalcuntature KoV) at p with respect to V
is defined by
,u
Kp(v)=- Ri1mtuilotT. (7.50)
D
j,k,l,m-r

We say that the holomorphic sectional curvature of dsz is negatioe at p if

Ko(V) ( 0 for a"nydirection I/. The scalar curttaturv R is given by
N

R=Dftii. (7.51)
j=l

Theorem 7.L7. The Ricci curttatures, the scalarcurtt&lure, and the holomorphic
sectional curaaturesof the Weil-Pelerssonmetric are negatiaeonT(f).

Proof.It is sufficient to verify this assertions at the base point of "(f).

We use the same notation as in $$3.1, 2, and 3. For simplicity, we set N =
3g-3.For a complex variablez = nliy,wepfi do(z) - dndy. We write
d . o ( 2 1 , . . . , 2 n )- i l o ( 2 1 ) . . . d o ( 2 " ) f o r c o m p l e xv a r i a b l e s2 1 , . . . , 2 n .
Take an orthonormal basis {ei}l=rfor A2(f ,Il) with respectto the Peters-
son scalar product. Denote by ds21,yp= 2 Dilo=, \l$)ati d-txthe Weil-Petersson
metric defined in (7.35). Then, as was seen in the preceding subsection, it follows
that
0h,t -
h 1 t(0=) 6 i k, = o' i,k,l 1,.. . , N. ( 7.52)
ff{o )
Hence,from the definitionsand (7.52),we obtain

R, i t ^_=af 2f hi -t u ,
0 2h , ,
Riltm= ffi(o), (7.53)

Ri.=-i#r,
rtu
7=''

at t = 0. Therefore, we only need to calculate 02hr7l AttAI^ at t = 0.

From (7.40), we have

1h;-r 24 f 01fi(21,2;) ,
- ^ + ( t,,l . , = - f
I ... I ---# Ii{21,72)viQ1)a(22)do(22,21),
Atr r J Jptn dtl

where F is a relatively compact fundamental domain for f in 11, and (tz,rt)

runs over F x H. Furthermore, from (7.39) and (7'26), we obtain

\xt?1'a) - - 1 *,@r,zy)I{1(w1,2-)v2(w1)do(w). (7.54)

[[
A* r JJu
salqerJ" uorle.r3alureql ?eql eeselr 'suorleurro;su€rlsnrqotrJI"aJ ol lcedsa.rqltm
slerluera.Urp
rurerllegpue'()'z)y'()'r)X'@)op roJsalnruorl€ruroJsu€r1 aqt,{B
'(32' 3@)>I
(r2' 2)x Gn' ilx (32")x (n'z)N (rz' tm)x+
(gz'))x(z'2)x (2'@)x (n'z)N (s'r)v (rz'tm)>r+
(?'r21, (9'))x (n'))x (rrl"'eol")x
(z'z)y (3s'r)x- c
areq^.t
(os'z)
'HxJ[
' ( ) ' z ' z m ' r o t ' t z ' r z ) o p ( z * ) * n( r * ) t n ( z r ) c n( r z ) t n
C .. [ + =
J J V 6
6)v#e
a'! zO
eq} uo dr
pug eA{uaql '(lg'Z) Jo eprspueq 1qEr.r
Jo urlrra?
Prlql eql u\ (rz'lll)X'(zz'|m)N o1 Pus'urra1puoceseql ul (zz'rz)>I
'(tm'cm)x o1'rura1 '(rz'em)N ol €lnuroJsrql ,(1dde
a6
lsrg eql u (zz'rn17o
(es'r) 'H) a'n '(r)op(s'r)x
@'z)>r"il -
+- @'n)>t
urelqo am 'ureroaql enplsar eql pu€ slnruroJ s(uaeJC Sursn 'a,ro11
(tg't)
. ( z * , r * ( z z ( r z ) e p ( z m )(urrnn) t n( " r ) r n( r z ) l ng " " " [
[ #=
(r,ffi)=6)f
e^€q e/ll snql
'(9'@)x (rz'cn)x (9-"^1o
Fz'tn)N+
(72'rz) (9'@)
N X (rm' zm) (tz' tm)N *
N
(rm'zrrl)>I
(zz'rz)>I(zz'tcrl)>I (rz'zm)N= g
eraq^!
,(zm,rm(rz.z,z)op(zm)un eHxrI
( r ^ ) t n ( " r ) , h ( r z ) l r t g t * = @
.-.) #rltlzQ
I I VZ,
plel,((gq'Z)pue'(99'l)' (Vg't) selnuroJ'acue11
'(32'tr1ry (zz(h)tx (rz (rn)tx - y erar{^{
"*"1
(gs'z) '(r*'rr'zz)op(^)tn
("r)'h(rz)lav = @;!*
t #-
1aBer* snq;
.(zn)op . *!8
(qq'r) (zn)t,t
(g.,zn)to(rz,zm)ty --
J[ J[ +-
1 (zz'rz)tYg
aleq e \'uor1e1no1ea.repurtse fg
IIZ )rrlal{ uossraledlra A 't'l
212 7. Weil-Petersson Metric

in (7.59) can be interchanged in an arbitrary manner. Thus (7.59) is rewritten

as

02h,t,
mintot
.rA f I
- 2 I ... I
= c viQ)r{6 u{w) i^@}aoG,z,21,z2,wr,w2),
o5 J Jr.r"
(7.60)
where( rangesover ,F.
We introducethe notation
_ t t -
L 1 * ( ( , 2 )= I . . . I K ( q , C ) K ( z 1 , w v K
) ( * r , z ) v 1 Q 1 )u * ( w r )d o ( 2 1 , w 1 ) ,
J JHz

f f
L '; r ( C , z )= I . . . I K ( ' d , 0 K ( a , w z ) K ( * " , 2 ) v 1 Q 2 ) r n ( . 2 )d o ( 2 2 , w 2 ) .
J rH2
(z'61)
Then, from (7.60)we find

W,, ='#
| lr,u
Di,tmdo(('
z)' (7.62)

where

DiEm= Lin(e
,z1T-;qg + L1/(,4me + L1/C,2) z) .
L^*( C,

Sincetrir((,2) = L1,i(2,(),andsincetrir((, z) = L1*0(O,lGD i@

1tQ) for any 7 € f, we see from (7.62) that
1, r
02h.,
= ... t Eirmdo(c,z), (7.63)
W#lol # J Jr,,
where

= Q1/(,2)+ L21((,2)lGrcA +Tffi)

EiErm +2L1n(C,z)TRe.
Now, we show that the Ricci curvatures are negative at the base point. In
fact, from (7.49), (7.53), and (7.63), for any element V = Dl=rai (A/A$)o e
"o("(l-)) with unit norm, the Ricci curvature ,Rs(U) at the base point in the
direction 7 is given by

=-x
N
R'(v)
21 1,," I
i,k-L
Egr*i& ao11,'1
9.64)

where
t2
7fo
t=t1,,. h do(C,z) S 0,
2t4 7. Weil-Petersson Metric
By the same argument as in the case of the Ricci curvature, we can show
that if KoU) = 0, then V = 0. Thus Ks(V) < 0, and hence the holomorphic
sectional curvatures are negative at the base point. tr
Remark. Wolpert [253] obtained the following estimates for the curvatures of the
Weil-Petersson metric:
(i) the holomorphic sectional curvatures and Ricci curvatures are bounded
above by -l/2r(g - 1), and
(ii) the scalar curvature is bounded above by -3(3S -\lar.
We also refer to Jost [A-49], Chapter 6; tomba [235], and Wolf [2aa].
7.3.5. Weil-Petersson Metric of the Teichmiiller Space of Genus L
We define a metric on the Teichmiiller space fi of genus 1 which corresponds to
the Weil-Petersson metric hsp on Q with S ?:2.
As wa.sseen in 52.2 of Chapter 1, the Teichmiiller space ?r is identified with
the upper half-plane I/. In fact, for every point r € //, we denote by I the
lattice group generated by 1 and r. The torus R, = C I l, has a marki\g D,
associated with the generators 1 and r. Then the above identification of H to
fi is given by the correspondencesending r to lR, Er).
Let \lldzl2 be a metric on a torus fu = C/f, where r € H, and,\, is a
positive constant. Here, we impose a normalization condition on \zrldzl2 so that
the area of .R, measured by this metric is 1, i.e., we put \, = l/tfirrn.
Now, for any I € C with sufficiently small lll, we consider a quasiconformal
mapping ft: Ro + Rt+t induced by a linear mapping
i , ( z' ) = ( t * _ z€c.
\ r -1r =
/ ) , + r- - \r 2 ,
Sincethe Beltrami coefficientpt of it is equalto -tlQ - i +t), the derivative
of pr1at r is given by
p , = l l l i FT = tr l ;i; =l - 1
r_i'
This p, is regarded as a holomorphic ta,ngentvector 0 / 0r on T1 at p = lR, , Erf ,
and gives a basis for the tangent space ?p("r).
We define the scalar product of 0/0r and itself by
. p(, a a . = i l 1 . 1
nw )'i dxdy=
ar,a) I l r.t1, _ 11, all^ ry
This metric is the desired metric on fi, and is written as
r- I t)-tz
dswp'2 = -2g^r1r9,l '
uo el€urprooc lts)ol e sr (z'4) 'ara11'(1 reldeq3 Jo I'g$ ees)g Jo ern?onrls l€turoJ
-uoc eql seuTurrelaPqllqr!\ u uo - e erle; '1utod
,lzPlTd zsp 3lrlelu usruu€ruetl{
es€q aql le (gr)J lo ((U)"f)".2 eceds lua3u€l eql replsuo? ol lualcgns s-IU
'(U),2 "" rrrlaru uossrelad-llal\ eq1 saar3

@)W uo lcnpo.rd reuur I€rnleu e fq pe?npul (g,)Z "" clrletu e lsql aes aA\
'.{1r1uepreq1 o1 crdolouoq ere qcrqa
JIastI o}uo Ur go susrqdrouroagrp Surlresard
-uorleluerro (U)0//16, dno.I3 eql ,tq Ur uo s?Irletu ueluuetuelg Ie Jo (A)W
IIe Jo
eceds eqt yo eceds luarlonb " qtyla pagttuepr $ U aceJJnsuuetualg pesolc e Jo
(g); eceds rallnuq)reJ arll lsql ilres a^r '1 raldeq3 Jo A'g$ ur pelels se^r sy

crrlatr l
uossra+ad-Ila 4, aqt Jo uorlBlardrelul crr+auroa9 IBIluoro.SIC v 'g'g'Z

'ZZ 6 qlylr tJ
o1 spuodsarroc elil.uJoJ slqtr
ro; g .raldeqC Jo g'8 tueroeql uI elnuroJ s,1.rad1o14
'VPV dan
W =
el€q e.$ 'eroruraqlrng

.I'Z'EIJ

I
t
:1,- "56rF.
,l
t------------'

.z-6
qll,lr rJ uo se?€urprooruaslarNleqrual o? puodse.r.rocq?lqr!\ 'Ig uo seleurprooc
ser'r3(B (/) uaql 'Vf lW, - d las en g'"lzpl[y fq pa.rnseaur'flazr.rlcadser'-r aU-'I
o1 ur3rro eql tuorJ secu€+srpete 7'7 l"q1 ees e^{'I'Z'3U ul pe}e?Ipul se uaqJ

llJdlf ,J-vtl^
JEU I
'pueq reqlo eql uo
las eitr

'tpy tp ey = dao

,tq uerrrSq ediltp Jo "^o turoJ leluaur€punJ

'rolreJ
aql lu"lsuof, e o1 dn l? uo crrleru ere)urod aq? qtl^{ seprf,uro, qlq^t

> tc rrrlel I uossrelad-IralUt'l

216 7. Weil-PeterssonMetric
R. The tangent epaceT = Ta"r(M(R)) of ll(n) at dsz consistsof all symmetric
tensors of degree 2 on J?. Every element c of 7 is written as
a=Adzdz*Bdz2+Bdz2,
where .A and B are smooth functions on U, A is real-valued, and B is complex-
valued. This o corresponds to a real symmetric 2 x 2 matix
i(B-B)l
o- = ,r l e + B-+eB1 A ' -B - ' B l
| 4a
Now, the inner product of two elements
ei = Aidzdz * Bidz2 +4 ilz2, j - I,2
in 7 is defined by
(or,azln= [[ t(dfi2)p2 dxdy.
JJR
Here, tr(d1&2) is the trace of the matrix d1d2 with respectto the metric dsz,
that is,
AtA2 + 2(Bt6 +E[a)
tr(&fi2) - '
2p4
Thus we have
(ot,
ozl ar,,nr)l
+2(B1g
n= i l LlA,,q, ry
Note that the following two types of elementsin 7 correspondto zero vectors
in [("(E)):
(i) A vector induced by deformation of the scaleLactorp. This is an infinites-
imal deformation r|,p2ldzlz which is generated by a l-parameter family
{p'"'$ld"l'}re;- of conformaldeformationsof the metric ds2, where ry'is
a real-valuedfunction on ft.
(ii) A vector induced by diffeomorphismsof R to itself. Namely, this is an in-
finitesimal deformation
(* 4rz * - oa '-'\
'o'
\dz Aro'-)
inducedby {/i(ds2)hen of deformationsof ds2, where {.fr}ren is a L-
parameter family of transformations of .R which is generatedby a vector
field X = a(z)(0/02) on E.
We shall obtain a condition on an element c = Adzd2 * Bdzz + Bdzz such
that c is orthogonal to all elementsof types (i) and (ii) in 7 with respectto the
given inner product (., .)n. First, in order that o satisfies
(,,g\a =; dtdy= o
I LA{t
lurodalar,reql urorJparpnlsere sacedsraflnuq?ra; araq,rl'[776]1o7y1pue'[996]
equro{,1'[62] equrorl pus reqsrd'[lg] arreuraTpue sllag,[6t-y] tsol o1 ra;ar
a,ra.'aroturaqFn{ '[0gz] prrc '[6gu] '[976] 'snlncle?sse€I4leql
r.radlo1tosl€ aas
'[996]
uo pas€qsl WH,!r fredlo1t ,(q uarr€ sr;oo.rd a^r]€urall€uy '[/] pue [g]
sroJIqV ot enp er" rrrlaru uos$eledlre \ aql Jo flrralqey .ro; .raldeqcslqt ul
syoordo,lrl'[g]U] IIaAI /tq pecnporlurlsrg ssl{ )lrleur uossreladlre1\ eqtr
'[gg1]epe4eNpue'h9I] r{eznsteW
'[ezr] '[Oet] '[28] "tx PIr" raulPr€g aas'sdnor3 ueuraly
tllselt Pue ery *ty
go flqrqels IsuroJuoers"nbo1 ,(Solouoqoeralqcrg erll Jo suorlecqdderod '[gg
-y] "ry ,tq looq aql ur punoJ sr ,iSolouroqocrelq?rg eql
Jo leep 1ea.r3y
'(gsr-qqrdd
'g le1deq3 ul '[tfV] aas)a1.regot enp sl '[6-y]
UI$ Z$ ul;oo.rd rng sroylqy ur
g .ra1deq3 '(9'2 euwal) €tutuels(rellnuqtrel;o;oord e .rog
Jo I "uuraT aas
'[tlt] ptt
[971]olounselI pue'[lzt] ttx fq e.resauesereculod
uo sraded,tueur;o auog '[gg-y] .rauqalpus '[89-v] e.ry fq s{ooq aq} w peulet
-uoc are 1$ ur sarraserecurod pue $uroJ arqdrourolne slretep a1a1duro3
Jo
'ltt-v| €rnlpox pue,$,orro4 pue'Lg-V] srlepox
'[qq-V]nzruoN pue rqsefeqoy '[69-v] srrreg pue sq]lgrr9 fq slooq aq] m punoJ
sr ,trlauroe3l€rlueragrpxeldurocuo lerrel"ru .,t.ro1cnpor1ur 1n;d1aq;oleap 1ee.r3y

saloN

'(U)Z uo daf rrrleur ueruueruarg

uossrelad-llel\ eq1 sa,rtEqeH,u ((U)J)oJ uo euo eql qlr^\ sapllutoc lcnpord
rauul s-Iql l€ql aas ern'.sp se U uo crrlel'u cqoq.radfq eq1 3q1et'relnctlred u1
-d af f
= a(za'tol
4f*pg'fr ll duz
fq ua,rrE sr '-6,
ul (U'I = f) !,fi !4t = fio slueurela o^rl Jo lcnpord reurn eq? 'rarroe.ro;41'1urod
+
espq eqt le (31r)Jl" ((U)Z),,2 aceds lua3uel arqdroruoloq aql ot spuodsarroc 1,
o;, aaedsqns aqt
lo {(U)zV ) $ | f +,fu} = ?eqt s^{oqs uolt"^rasqo srql
'(A)zV ur ,f euros rc1 rlt
* fi = o s€ uellrrrlr sr o ;r fluo pue;r
(g) p* (r) sad,t1Jo sluauala 11eo1 leuoSoqlro $ L ul p luatuela ue 'acuag
'u uo
EerlueJeJ
-Ip crlerpsnb crqd.rotuoloqJo (U)zy aceds aql o1 s3uoleq snq; 'crqdrour
ezpg
-oloq fl g 's! t€ql '0 = Zg/gg leql aas aar 'frerlrq.re x (zg/g)(z)o - y acurg

's- npxp" + nPxP

"
#"[ I #"[ |
e^"q e!$ slmuroJ s(uearc urog '(g) ad{1 ;o 6/ luaurala ,tue .ro3

o - n w P(At.#r)"il =a(d'ol
sagsrl"sla lsrll repro ur 'lxeN '0 eq plnoqsy '(r) adfl;o 5/ fue ro3

Lr7, saloN
 '[776] '[996]
lurod,uarr\aql urorJperpntsare secedsra[nuqrreJ a.raqaa 1o1q pue
€quro{L '[62] equoqtr pus raqsrJ 'Lg] "r,r*"f pu€ slleg '[6?-V] tsol ol .raya.r
aar'arourraqlrn{'[0gZ]pue'[6gU]'[gy6] 1rad1orlA osl" eas'snFrlec sse€I4leql
uo paseqsr qerr{^r'[996] lradloA\ fq uer€ sr ;oo.rde^rleuralle uy '[/] pue [g]
sroJltly ol enp are Jrrlaur uossJaled-lre11t eqt Jo fluelqey ro; raldeqc srql ur
s;oord orlrl '[g?Z] IIel\ ,tq pecnporlur lsrg se^t crr]eru uossraledlre1\ eql
'[gg1]epeqeNpu€ 'hgI] rlnznslelq
'[tzt] '[0at] ttx '[48] tty 'sdnor3 uetutely
tl{.eru Pue erx Pue reurPreg aas
'[89
;o flqtqels leuroJuocrs€nbo1 fSolouoqoc ralqrrg eql Jo suorlecqdderoJ
-y] erx ,iq looq aqt ur punoJ sr ,(Soloruoqocre1lrrg arll Jo leap 1ea.rEy
'(ggr-ggrdd
'g raldeqg ul '[tf-V] aes)a1.regol enp q '[6-y] srolpy ur
ZI$ A$ ul goord .rng
g raldeq3 Jo I "uureT eas'(g'2 euural) srutuals.ra1nuqcral;o;oo.rd e .rog
'[tlt] pt"
[971iolounseltl Pu"'Fzt] ttx,tq ale salraser€culod
uo s.radedfueur;o auog '[99-y] rauqe1pu€ '[89-y] e.ry fq s{ooq aq} ur peulet
-uoc ers 1$ ur sarras ?J€?urod pus surroJcrqdrourolne Jo slretep a1a1duro3
'[tt-vl errepox pue ir,!,orrotr{pue'[Zg-v] errepox
'[qq-v] nzruoN pue rqse,leqoy'[69-v] srrreg pue sqlgrrC ,(q s4ooqeql ur punoJ
sr f.rlatuoeSlerlueresrpxaldurocuo lerreleru i{.ro1cnpor1ur lnydleq;o leep 1ea.r3y
seloN
(""Ji
uosslarad-rra^\
aq1saarE
q?Hi$
((u)rl, "" Jr; #i""$;"trjiT"T:'#
rauul slql leql aes em'rsp se U uo tlrlatu cqoqredfq aq1 3uqe1 'relncryed u1
. f"df i " L ' f iaf f
JJrz=u(zo,ral ,(q uarrr3sr !
q (Z'I = !) !,1,+ !fr = fra sluauralao/rt Jo lcnpo.rd raum aql '.ra,roe.rotr11'1urod
es€qeq?fe (U)'f l" ((U)"f),,-f aaedsluaEuel arqd.rouroloq eql o1 spuodsarroc,1,
fo {(ff)zy ) ,1,I f + fi} = } ecedsqnsaql }eqt s^otls uotl€^resqosIqI
'(a)cv ur aurosro3ril *
4l fr = a se uallrr^r sl ^oJI fluo pue;r
(l) p* (r) sed,(1Jo sluetuele11eo1 puoSorllro sr -L u\ p luauela ue 'arua11
'u uo slerluereJ
-yrpcrlerpenbcrqdroruolorlJo(U)uy aaedsaq1o1 s3uolaq 'ctqd.rour
zzpg E\qL
-oloq $ g 'sr 1eq1'0 = zg/ge l€rll eesaar 'frerlrqre il (zg/d@)D - X eculs
's- npap
t t*" npop
" t*"
1[ + II
el"q aar slmuroJ s(uaerC uro.rl '(g) adfl;o g/ luaurala fue ro;
o-np,p
(#r.#")"ll =a(s,o,)
segsrlesla lsql rapro ur 'lxaN '0 aq plnoqs y '(r) ed,t13o 5/ fue .ro;
Ltz seloN
2I8 7. Weil-PeterssonMetric

of ha^rmonicmaps. Moreover, see Takhtadzhyan [219] and [220], and Zograf and
Takhtadzhyan 12641,[265], and [266]. tomba [235] showed that the sectional
curvatures of the Weil-Petersson metric are also negative. It is also known that
the Weil-Petersson metric is non-complete; proofs are found in Chu [49], Masur
[143], and Wolpert [245].
For the subject in $3.6, we refer to Fischer and tomba [72]. Such a diferential
geometric interpretation of the Weil-Petersson metric is closely related to the
Polyakov integral in string theory (see, for example, Polyakov [176]). See also
Nag and Verjovsky [164].
For the Weil-Petersson geometry on moduli spaces of higher dimensional
complex manifolds, we refer to Besse [A-17], Fujiki and Schumacher [77], Koiso
[118], [119],Schumacher[190], and Siu [208].
 'ttr*9rrart>oo-I u>r)="7r4
se cAA ssardxa u€) ell\ 'Z/u ) od > 0
qq^{ 0, elqelrns e rod'01 lo oLV sr)rc eql rt,"iuor qrlqi{ (J o1 lcadsa.rqlrm)
- (z)oL
H uo 3A4Jo 1JIIe eq,cA Ial'C sraAor pu€ J o1 s3uolaq (t < V) zy
'{pp} -._i'
leqt pue ;o fuaurela atuos go lurod paxg e sl I }eq} etunsse detu
eM 'fI eueld-g1eqreddn aq1 uo 3ur1oe A Jo J Iapour uersq)nd e ar1e1'1srtg
'cA1 - (rl4
A uo p? o1 pnba sr pue
ul /tq g 3uo1e
I ,,Eur1sra,r1,, aql sluasardar q?rqa g,;o Surdderu l€ruroJuocrsenb e
', ''a'r 'pooqroqqErau
lcnrlsuoc e^r uaql Jo pooqroqqErau palreuuoc flqnop e
r€lnqnl € seruoceq cAA Wrn llprus os p luelsuoc aarlrsod e esooqc ern 'era11
'{, > (C'd)d ) d} = ctr4
lA
les 'ltsp fq pacnpuracuelsrp cqoq.red.ilq
aql 'U uo ecu€lsrp aq1eq d 1e1
'sEurddeur
leuroJuocrsenb Sursn fq uorleur.rogepe qens luese.rdar e11
'I'g'3ld pue g raldeqCJo ees'sraproq eq? SulnlSarfq uaql pue
U$
'p 3uo1eg' 3ur11nc{q peurelqo
? r{13ua1cqoq.radfq fq Eurlsranlfq Q. saceyrns
uueruerll pa{r€urJo {U > I I tg} fguey aql sueew 'uo ataq rnoquorlDulto{ep Ntr
eql pefiec fldurrs sr q)rq^r 'p o1 lcedser q]l/{ A lo uoNlDu.totepuesptTlleyouetr
eqt t€rll ilerdg '{sp cr.rlaur crloq.redfq eql ol lcadsar qrlta C crsapoe3pesol?
aldurrs paluarro ue x-r.{ '(Z <) f snue3 Jo er€Jrns uuetuarg pesolc € eq U larl
suor+errrroJecuaslarN-Iarlrued'I'8
'seleurProoc ueslerNleq?uag ,{q uroJ
l"}uau€punJ uossJaled{aM eqt Jo uol}s}
e a,rord aiu 'g uotloeg ur ',{11eutg
-uasardar alduns e 'flaureu 'e1nur.ro;s,1.rad1o14
'fu ur uotleuuoJep uaslalN{eqtueJ e fq paurur
-Jalap Jolce^ lua3uel eql etelnrpc en'4 uollcas ur '1xag 'sEurddeur l€ruroJuoc
-rsenb Sursn fq suorleuroJep uaslerNlaq?ueJ eqrJtsep am '1 uorlcag ur '1srtg
'salsurProoc
ueslarN{aqrueg Eursn fq (Z ? 6) 6a uo uroJ leluaruepunJ uossre}adjla1\ eq} Jo
'1red1o11'S ol enp 'uorleluasardeJ 'raldeqa sql uI
InJlln€aq e a.,rr3IFqs e^\
JrJlatrtr uossJa+ad
-lla/y\ aql PUB suol+BIIIroJa( uaslalN-lallruad
g ra+deqc
220 8. Fenchel-Nielsen Deformations and the Weil-Petersson Metric

vN deto'*ation;t
V
-/
*,,-'-H*..**-

V l_L
i+ ll
\qc mapping

Fig.8.1.

Next, for every t € R, we define a quasiconformal mapping ut of 11 onto

itself by

( z, 0 < d <t - e o
* ' ( r )- z e x n( r ( 0 t + e o ) ) , , - 0 o1 g < t + 0 0
-
{
I zexp(2ede), t+eo<0<r.
Here, d = a;tgztand e = -t/(2eo). This tor givesa surgeryof I/ along the axis
Aro. Note that the sign of I is differentfrom that in Wolpert'spapers[247]and
[251].(SeeFig. 8.2.)
Now, denoteby 4 the complexdilatation of urt. A simplecomputationgives

r1(z)-f7x,@i, z€H.

Ilere, 17 is the characteristicfunction of -I = [" /2 - 0s,Tf 2 * d6]on R. Further-

ITlor€, 11 satisfies
rt o.yo. (T'o/t0 = ,r.
Thus, 4 is a Beltrami coefficient with respect to the cyclic group (7e).
On the other hand, it is clear that the set ,l-c consisting of all elements in l-
w h i c h c o v e rC i s { T o t o o l - r l t € f } . B y l i f t i n g t h i s F N d e f o r m a t i o nt o . I l ,
we have a family of self-mappings of I/ which give surgeries along the axes of all
elements in l-c. Thus, we can construct a family of quasiconformal self-mappings
of ^t{ which induces this FN deformation as follows. Denote bv (zo) \ l- the set
of all right cosets of l- with respect to (to), and set
 '(o='lJg-\ "P = 'a
\ l,,r,g/ ,p
o1 lenba sl (J)sJgo lurod es€q aql 1e {U 3 ll(rrt)d e rnc eqtJo
rolral lua3uel aql l€rll apnlcuocu?, a^r'61'9 ureroeq;;o;oord aq1 ur se'uaq;
'9 .reldeqg "dm = tot 'rrl drerra rog
Jo I'I$ uI peugap sl'd(n eraq,n las en
'ploJrutsru
leer e s€ pereprsuor (.t)sJ ur uor?euroJap NJ slq? Jo rolcel
'lxeN 'C 8uo1eg
lua3uel aq1 alnduroc IFqs ar* Jo uorleuroJep Ng eq1 sluasarder
t{cr{rlr 'r(._;r'H)g ul {U > I | ,t/} "nt.,t e peul€lqo aAsq a.{r 'relncrlred u1
'909
-ggg'dd '[1y6] tradloA\ aas 's1te1aperotu roJ 'Surddeur 3ut11nsareq] azll"turou
ueqt Pue 'J \ (0.t) 3 r-1,(01,) {.rarra .ro3eroJeq PeqlnsaP se (c1-)L uo 1 fq
(",V)L 3uo1e,tlartrlonpur ((lsrrhl,,'i(11en1cy'ff ul t fq o'V 3uo1e ,,s1srall,,ql.rq^r
'ror Sursn fq rtlpcrrleruoa3 pue fllle{p eroru,,rrn
lcnrlsuof, u€e aJ1yIJDuu e[
'g 3uo1e
Ur Jo uorleuroJep
'snq;
N1I eqt sluaserdar qrlqa (J)J u! {U f I | [,7rrr]] ,(lTueJ s ul"tqo eirl
'Q)l 'slstxe
> ['arn] lurod € seunuralap pue H lo ,an Surddeur cb-rr/ Iecruouec
aq1 '3 fraaa rog 'aoue11'1(,1 'U)g o1 s3uolaq trl ltsql uorlrugep eql urog reelc st lI
, J \ ( o L )) r
L(tort\1 7 -4t
'
!-l
'z'8'ttJ
,,rrT
tzz suorl"ruroJeo uaslerNlaqf,uaJ' I'8
222 8. Fenchel-Nielsen
Deformationsand the Weil-PeterssonMetric

(Here, recall that such a tangent vector is consideredas an element of A2(H* , f).)
Furthermore, Theorem 4.37 gives an integral formula for ti = (0q/0t)11=s
as follows. We set

where
x , ,z
uslz)= --yllargz)=.
'lvo z

It is easy to see that

-/ll- =o'
]13tt?
Thus we obtain

it(z)=-+
ilr,G)ffid€dr, zec. (8.2)
As has been stated in the proof of Lemma 7.16, we know that

(i) (d)" = L, on C in the senseof distribution, and

(ii) d(0) = tt(1) = 0, and b(z) = o(lzl2) as z -----'oo.

Conversely, these conditions (i) and (ii) characterize tir in the class of contin-
uous functions on C, which can be easily shown by using Weyl's lemma (Lemma
4.6).
Now, to get a simpler representation of gc, we rewrite formula (8.2) as
follows.

Lemrna 8.L. The deriuatiae b is written as

( l a
i(z)= -, o,* L*^r,) *.,.,,,.,F,, (8.8)
\1,*" # rhotr,(,)
for eoery z € C. Here, argz lakes aaluesin l-r,r), and

=-#U,*",'' o# o,+ fibs1et\

F.,(z) * fir.,1,1,
wherc P.r(z) is a polynomial of degrve aI most two. This P, is aniquely deter-
mined by the conditions that Fr(O) = 4(1) = 0 and that Fr(z) - o(lzl2) as
z + @ .

Moreooer, the series on the right hand sid,eof (8.3) conaergeslocally uni-
formly on C.

Prool. First, substitute the right hand side of (8.1) for p in (8.2). Then we have
 / t r J\(o[]l't
'*rr uo )17
(q's) (t - ,r"r;) 3 !
serrr31'g evrute1 'loo.td
'*H uo fryu.r,ofiunfipoao1safitaauocycnlm
,,. J \ ( o L )) L
, l L \ v ( _ c d t
"\r) I ?
'sacuoTsrunc.nc
6uto6atol eql repull 'Z'8 uraroaql
7oq7snollot 7t
.s^rolloJ uorlresse aql
E
uaqa'r,61 L4l- s€ e?uereglp slql ?asa1yo^rl lsoru 1e ear3epSo leurou,tlod e st
acueraJrp slql teqt saqdun qctqn 'oo + z w (rlrDO sr pue 'g uo ctqdrouroloq st
( o),r. ,tf:_\_(,),1
g ) , f (o)r)oa
" ' - X;
ioplpQ'))a ,""
l tlr J Q)Lo1
l?q? u/rroqssI 1I snqJ
'J
) L',L' ( L o o n )- t ( L " t )
e^eq eir{ 'uorlnqr.rlsrp Jo esues aq1 ur 0n = z7 acurs '1xe11
ooz
r * t' - -
. { reoto1'*,n' Y G Y x " T\
t ! I'--
'?t?,} ":=
tP{z?o1-(3)({"e"''3}xeru's)x
ffi ""1
'yor=)'tp{. ":=
=tr _"[}ffi "'[
onz ," -)) , ",
:2(r
t'p?p666ffi,xt(t_4, [[ = (,),
JJ ?
eleq ad\ ueql '(?'8) Jo aprs pueq lq3rr eql uo urrel lsrg aqt (z)1 ,(q aloueq
'9 uo fprro;tun
'fpealC
f11eco1pue flelnlosqe sa3raluoc (f'g) f" eprspu"q 1q3u eql uo selresaq1
. (z . )XI . ))) = G,))a
G-z)t
les at\'eJeH
<oL>r/".J\<ot> tL
't plp(z'))a "fl
(r'e) 611&(())r)0z + '[[:--(z\m
ttplp (z '))uO)0" "'
IJ I
tzz suorl?ruroJao ueslerN-Iaq)uad't'8
224 8. Fenchel-Nielsen Deformations and the Weil-Petersson Metric

where P;7 = S.
On the other hand, a direct computation gives the following, Bol's equation:

1.7'"ttl =- (i,l
/t \'' /r'\2

Thus, differentiating both sides of (8.5) three times, we have the assertion. tr

In general, for any simple closed geodesic C on r? and any element T e f

which covers C, we can construct a similar basic series as in Theorem 8.2. More
precisely, let o and 6 be the two real fixed points of 7s, and set

(a - b\2
- ' t o/ \ .\----l-----------
t- -

e_a)2(z_b)2.
Then
oc= t
re ('vo)\r
(rr,ot)'(t)'

locally uniformly on .[/, and belongsto A2(H,l-). We call this Oc the

converges
Peterssonseriesfor C. Usingthis series,Theorem8.2 is reformulatedas follows:

Corollary. Let N(l) be as in 52.1 of Chapter7. Then

i._r-
u = --)fi'Oc modN(f).

Prool.Usingthe notationin $2of Chapter7, Theorem8.2and (7.15)in Chapter

7 imply that glvl = *Oc. Hence,(7.17)in Chapter7 gives

H l u l = -*^ o' U;

Thus, the assertionfollowsby Theorem7.7. o

8.2. A Variational Formula for Geodesic Length

Functions
Fix a simple closed geodesic C on ,R arbitrarily. For every point p = [^9,/] €
?(.R), let Co be the simple closed geodesicon ,S freely homotopic to /(C), and
denote bV tc(p) the hyperbolic length of Co. Recall that tc is a real-analytic
function on T(,R) (see Remark 1 in $3.2 of Chapter 7).
Here, we compute the variation of 16 at the base point po = lR,fd]. More
precisely, take p € B(H,f ) arbitrarily, and let wtp be the canonical tpr-qc
mapping of f/ for every sufficiently small real l. Then rptP determines a point,
say pr, of T(.R) for such t. Under these circumstances, we compute the value
 *=",-, !'tnoa17t
( z 1
uotu - zY ",vj ())" = (rt)"d(c7p
\(-*t,o, I*fut) I L-
uretqo el,l.'(z)n - (tU)" acurg '{og ) z
og sureruop eqt uo asoqt se qer3alul aq}
l r\ = !.q pu€ {y > lrl > ll H ) z} =
',uo11
alrraer pue '(/'8) Jo aprs pueq lqErr eql ,(q ,t1r1enbaslql ul ,14 aceldar
'o+z'&- -
dn=(o)ffi @)"d(cg)
:"lnuroJ freurt.rd eq? e^€II au 'ecue11
. ? D
'Q)4tu+'(o)\p: = ?u)41
'pr"q reqlo aqt uo
1€ql s^\oqs(9'8)
cf f v
(z'e) 't'p?p
(z'))uQ)n =
I I ;- @)4
:uorleluesarda.rp.r3alut eql seq
'c>z
,L121 rhi=@4t
'fl
1eq1sa11dur1
zt'? ueroeqJ
vo nrt = rltn l?r{t 1'aoDI
e^{ ueIIJ'9;oSurddewtb-rt| I??Iuouecaql eq nJ +e'I
'(z)rt
'*H ) z
'0
lrfz
'(r)rt
H ) z
1esaal'1xa11
' r 1 E o 1- ( d ) o t
l€r{t slllolloJ l\'c7 1o uor}IusaP eq} /tg
(g'a) 'zty=Q)r_Gr^)ooLo
ttn
'1
1€rl1uortrPuoc eql ,tq paurur.ralePq (I () r1 luelsuoc e .r(laaa
ro3 'uaq; 'g sra^oe(t < V) zy = (z)oL 1"ql eunss? feur a,t 'I$ ul sY 'loo.t4
a/ )L \
' "Oj,rt = (d)oaQ7p)
| I tU
\ 6 / 'g'Suraroaqr
'([62] rautpr"C 'Jc) u,laourl-ila,ll fletluassa s! sIqI
o=ll lrt
. = Qt)od(c7p)
l(rqcti
I P
9ZZ suorlounJ {ttua1 f,rsepoeCro} "FruroJ [uoIl"-Ir"A V 'Z'8
226 8. Fenchel-Nielsen
Deformationsand the Weil-PeterssonMetric

Furthermore, since

)"ft(c,4=-+(+-*)
we see that

i ^ r " { n (l., l i ( , r-zR) ( z\ c , z )=} - 1 i { . , 1 " _ .s n) -: t.(' - z})

,?* | ) C,?*L)"(-,
=-i^u*#=-b
Hence. we have

=- +
(dtc)o"oi (-!) ut,
t |^,,,"ret
=+11."(g.F)**
=?Ru
11,"8**
Finally, divide F's into domains {Z(f) | I e f}, where F is a fundamental
domain for l-. Then we conclude that

=,,.H,,.
I1,"8*'o (#)" oro,
Il,urct
=[[ u{0
,H,"(#)'0,0,
=i,,2",."
This completes the proof of Theorem 8.3. D

8.3. Wolpertts Formula

We have computed the tangent vector (represented by z in $8.1) of the FN

deformation with respect to C at the base point, where C is a given simple closed
geodesicon ,R. By a translation of the base point, we ca.ncompute the tangent
vector field on (the real manifold) ?(r?) associated with the FN deformation
with respect to C, which we denote by 0f 7rs, and call the Flf ueclor fieldfor
C. Namely, 0/7rs is the vector field obtained by applying the FN deformation
with respect to C with unit speed with respect to the hyperbolic length. Note
that 0/016 is a real-analytic vector field.
 .'c!8 - = ('"t9,3\ dtao- -
cte \B e/
(%-,Y.) "rn,,= (::g\ (,4,\- cto
\s I / \8 /'"" ,c78
el€q e^r 'fre11o.ro3 Euro3ero; eq1 ,Lg .too.r.4
.,c!g _ = "rg
clg ,clg
'A uo .g.g uorlrsodo.r4
,C puo C sctsepoa|pasola a1dtutsIIo Jo[
'ur?roeql fr,7tco.r,dtca.t
reqlouv
3ur,uo1oyeql sl t.g ueroaqJ o1 zt.re11o.roc
.(.)ctp=(.,"19-\*^.
\ s / 'zt.re11orog
tr 'uollrasse aql e^eq ea\ ecuaH '(rt)"o(tlp)
o1 lenba sr aprs pueq lqErr eql l3rll sa,rr3g'3 ueroeqr 'pueq .req10aql uo
'(t'H)gU
3 r/ frana .ro;
"
( """.,t) "g 6=
\ [ /
( , ,t",-"v i) d htu e1z-
-"
\ I/
(, '!#r\ d^ qeaz=(,1,'"-nr\ "^u
\ s / \ 9'l
eleq e^r'61'2elouwe1 pue Z'g r.ueroer{Jo1 ,(re11o.ro3aq1 uro.r;,1s.rrg
'(U)Z.lo od
lulod eseq eqt te
flrlenba JeruroJeql ^{oqs ol seclsns 1r '1urod es"q aqlJo uorlelsu€t1 e ,Lg.too"t4
.(.
)orp= ( .,'"-e-r\ ' / " ^6
\ g
,.a.?
(d/vr6oI
qpn pnp aq7 6uu1o7
Tcadsa.t fiq uaa$.toTnradoeq?il * puo '(6'6'7$'lc)
(g)a pyotguou p^t eql-uo etnl.rnrls ralilutoc lsouqo lDrnpu ?Tl suDeu c ?r?qn
'crp= (%r\' /
.\ I
'A uo Jo,{ .V.g ruaroatll
C ctsapoaf paso1calilutts fr.r.aaa
'urero?rll fi.4t1onpSuruolo; eql ^roqs a1il
'clp ppg rolcal
1ue3ue1occrlfleue-par eq? U.g$
ur peugep aleq ea'cl uorlcunJ {fue1 crsapoe3eq} urorJ ,pueq reqlo eq} uO
"InuroJ s,1rad1o11'g'g
 8. Fenchel-Nielsen Deformations and the Weil-Petersson Metric

This shows the assertion.

Finally, we havethe following, Wolperl'sfonnula, which is provedlater'

Theorem 8.6. Fb a systernof decomposing euraesL = {Ci}?c=13on R arbi-

coordi-
trarily.Denoteby {tcr,... ,lcsg-s,0cr,"' ,0c"o-"} the Fenchel-Nielsen
natesassociatedwith L. Set rs, = (tgrf2T)|st for eaeryj. Then
3g-3
uwp=DOr"oAdl6,
i=L

Corollary. For eaerg simple closed geodesicC on R,

, * , Il fau , '\) = - d r c ( ' ) .

Proof. Take a system of decomposing curves which contains C, and apply The-
orem 8.6.

Now, to prove Theorem 8.6, we take a base of tangent vector fields

={#,, ,#,#.,
{X,,...,Xu'-u} ,#;}
on ?(r?), where ?(.R) is considered as a real manifold. Further, we set

{ t r , ' . . , o o g - o }= { t c r r " ' , t c " " - " , T C r , " ' , T c " " - " }.

Then arpp is written in the form

uwp = a;idx; A dxi.

I lj <i<6e- 6

First, we shall show that every a;i is invariant under the FN deformations
with respect to C3 for every /c.

Lemma 8.7. For eaery i,i, and k,

- 0 on r@).

Proof. To prove the assertion, we use some basic notions and results from the
differential geometry. See for instance Matsushima [A-72].
Let /(X) be the interior product with respect to X. Then the corollary to
Theorem 8.4 gives
 Surddeur l")ruousc crqdrouroloq-llue u" auuae
'aue1d-g1eq reaol aql sr *lT areqa\ 'S Jo sJ / *H aSerurronrur eqt ,S ,tq alouaq .g
uo 3ur1aeS'Jo Iepour uersrlcnd" aq sJ lel '(U)J > [/ ,S] lurod f.reaa roJ 's,lrolloJ
s€ Jlastr oluo (g)g 3o ' t fus'Surddeur e secnput / ueql 'f uorlcegar e s?turp" U
'uorssncsrpsnll
1eq1flrlerauaE;o ssol lnoqlr^a erunssefeur ell Jo tser eql uI
('flrxalduroc ,(lesseceuunpro^e o? 'slurod pexg Jo sles eql go lred etuos
'g'g '3rg aag) 'W uo scrsapoaSpesop aldurrs
lTrrro allr araq,ra Jo raqunu alrug
e Jo sl$suoc d leql etoN 'f ;o slurod pexs Jo 1as e{} sr Jr eJeq^i!,,ry fre,ra .ro;
rtg - 14
Ud l"q1 pue'oaa1 raproJo og;o Eurdd€ur-Jlesl€ruroJuoe-rlue ue'0U
Jo 1 uorloeuer e Jo uorlcrJlsar e saruo?eqY uot?ceUarq?€e leql ees el!l'ueqJ
'Ieqlo
qcee qlr^{ }uepnuro? ale (6'1 = il fl uo 7'![ Jo lI v''rrg slurod pexgJo sles aql
ueql'/ r{?BeroJ r'!4 p uorlcager eq} aq (A'I = il llf pue'!7 Suop luacetpe
f11en1nu slued aq z'!4 pue I'id fal 'J ) lI fra,,re .ro; :uor?rpuoc3ur,r,ro11o; eq1
Surfgsrles OUrer"Jrns uusruarg e pug oiu '(l >) f'r7 frena JoJ uorlsr.uJoJapNd
aq1 Surfldde 'snq;'q13ue1 cgoq.radfq eru€s eq? qlra\ scrsepoa3o,lr1olur({g;o
(t'Z'l = t) f't7 fes 'luauoduroe frepunoq qcse sepr^rp {1 ;o slurod paxg;o {rg
'.rarroatotr11
'(g'g ura.roaq; o1 frelloroC aqt 'Jc) {d go
1asa{} f uorlcagar aqt s€r{
{2, slued ;o rrcd f.re,raueq; '7 uelrS aql o} Eurpuodsa.rrorUr Jo uorlrsodtuocep
slued eq1 "q = dpl '1ce; u1 'uorloegar
"51{'dl1 'suorleurJoJap l€ruroJuo?-rlue ue Surllrurpe
'pueq Jar{?o aqt uO
Qr ue aleraua3 uec an NJ elqelrns rage
'pa3ueqaun sr
lapy txpllp3- "^, uolleluasarde.req1 'lg {ue o1 lcadsar qll,lr uo-r}?urroJap
'1eq1 sarldurr
NJ ar{l Sutfldde fq og' raqlou" o} U aEueqr e^r ueqlr l'g €ururerl
'PeJrsepse
'lcJo r3!o
g= = (!X(!y)dan--- --
.6
ul€lqo ailt(6'8) pue (8'8) tuo.r;'fy - Z pue'!X = A"ctg/g = X
Eurllas'relnarlreduI'0 = lZ'Xl = h'X] r"qt 'n|;j{lX} of splegrotra^ Z
pue 'l'y se eqel a,ray '1eql aloN 'Z pue 'r{'X sples rolf,el Jo las frela .roy
(O'e) (Z 'X|A)a n, - (Z '1,+,.Xl)d ^h - (Z .A)d/$oX = (Z (a)a noxT
el€q a^r 'se,rr1e,r,trepelT arll Jo uorlrugep eql urorJ 'f11eurg
'$ - d,746(1c'e/e),
(e's)
''a'r'uerralqey sr dzllo acurg
leqt apnltuoc aa,r'91'2ruaroaql dq 0 = dary
dilr y (# ) r + (a n . (# ) ,) , = d no ( c' e ' d ,
\
sarlr3elnur.rog
s(uelreC'H 'ueql 'y o1 lcedsarqll^r elrl€Arrapel1 aql eq x7 7a1
.o=(,cm)p=
((,#) "^,)n= ("^,(#),),
6ZZ "lnruroJ s,lrad1ol4'6'9
230 8. Fenchel-Nielsen Deformations and the Weil-Petersson Metric

Fig.8.3.

j 5 : , S- S*

by setting
js([zl=lz], lzleHlrs.
Then we have a mapping
f,: r(Q -----*
7'(R)
given by
J ( l S , f l ) = [ S * , J so f o J ] , [S,/] €"(rR).
This .7 is an anti-holomorphic automorphism of "(.R) which fixes the base point
lR,idl.we can easily show from the definitions of J and the weil-Petersson
metric that gvp is invariant under "7. Furthermore, we have the following:

Lemma 8.8. Denole by J* the pull-back operalor induced by J. Then

J. (dlci) - dtc;, (8.10)

- -drcl +\ab,, ni QZ (8.11)
J.(drc)

for eaeryi (i = I,...,3g - 3). Further,Qwp satisfies

- -uwP. (8.12)
J*(uwp)

Proof. The assertion (8.10) follows by taking the derivative of both sides of
lcioJ=lt(c)-lci.
Next, for'every j, we see that, though J(Cj) = Ci as points sets, the orien-
tation of ci at p is the converseof that "t J(p) for every p e T(R).II is clear
that rs, is determined modulo tcj12. Hence, we have

rcioJ - -rci+?4

with a suitable integer ni, which implies (8.11):

 'r - dr; | >E! r qrr,u
u,r[u]"rTir?,{#ll.',$';':;fi""tf,':"rt
.{+E-te'!1e-6to _ -
"tg '"g)
( , dtuo - =
\ 0 I /
(2:g-,-'"p)
FLtn+t)-
\ e e)'
( (ru\ ,r-
" , ('"'s) ."-)
" dtu o-
\\ s / \ e) )
('"tg , bg\ dam- ,tre-oe,!*e-6to
\ s I l
'(61'9),tq ecuag'(g - dg' ...'I =
teql apnpuoran f) ! frera ro3
f !c.tp\
-c=t o - = 1 /- ; l - t
g \e,
ou"
,o "te g *t" vQ = (t"tg \ .,
e l u e \ e / "
ul€?qoe,rr'(II'8) pue (0I'8) ur aq1Eu11e1 '1xag
lenp
'g - tg q'[
) ] I qry'{ {'f il" roJ
,rs= = (#,?) d/r,o
= q'!*t-6to
ffi
eleq ea 'p'g uraroaq; o1 ,(le11o.ro3aq1 ,tq '1srrg
'71 go
lutod paxg P sl
qctqa '1urod as"q eql le pereplsuoc eq o1 erc ^roleq suorlelar 11e,acue11.1urod
a$srqeql le "1nturoJ eq? ,lrorls ol seclgns y 'aro;eq sv 'g'g ut?ro?lJ lo loo.t4
'(Zt'g) saqdurrsrqS
'(7''X)d^ro - -
(a,ylau6 _ _
(.t.t,(Xl),t)da6 - = (a,y)(ann*S)
leql epnpuoc eu'f, repun lue
-Irelur sr d/116acurg '(;61)*/ - = 'crqdrouroloq--rlu€sr
X*tg leql ees ein ll ecurs
'(I*t'X*t?)dtur|-
( A*t' x *t) d u r= (A' x) (d ilo *,C)
urelqo
e a uaql '(g); uo splag roloel luaEuel frerlrq.re aq ,4 pue y 1a1'fgeurg
rtz "FruroJ s,lrad1o11'g'g
Zg2 8. Fenchel-NielsenDeformations and the Weil-PeterssonMetric

aih =@wp l a a \
, 6t",
\a/c, )
l A n ; A 0 n x ? \
uwP
\atct+; ar",'W* T-ar^)
- - aik.

H e n c ew, e g e t a i r = 0 f o r a l l j , f t w i t h 1 < , t < i < 3 s - 3 .

Therefore, we have proved that
3g-3
@wp=Ddtro-"*iAdr i,
i=l

as desired. tr

Notes

[251].We remark again that the

This chapter follows wolpert's papers 12471and,
sign of the parameter t of the FN deformation is different from that in these
papers.
For someapplicationsof Wolpert'sformula,seeAppendix B.5'
Several potential functions of the fundamental form uyp of the Weil-
Peterssonmetric have beenobtained,for instance,in tomba [236],Wolf [244],
wolpert [254],and Zograf and Takhtadzhyan[264], [265],[266].Seealso Jost
[A-49],and Takhtadzhyan[219].
 1-yz-tz
)
Eurddeur eql raprsuo?ea,r'esod.rndflql rod .dq uo fluo gr
,(lrl flluarcgns qlran) r .ralatue.red
Jo arn?cnrls xalduroc aq1 Eurur.ro;ap,tq lpurs
xelduoc e uo Surpuadap sacegrnsuuetuerll Jo flrureg " ??nrlsuoc
{rU} a \
'oO
lo,{repunoq
a ^ l ? € l a ra q l d C f q e l o u a q . ( g ) r _ , - o O p r * , { I > C ) z} = g ?eS
'{Z> l r l l
- .A d
ltll C > r} = (n), pue 0 (d)z ryqlaunssv ) lurod uar,i8€ punore
(z'2) pooqroqqSraual"utproo? e xrd 'ac"JJnsuueruerg f.rerlrq.re ue eq U laT
'asec
1ecrd,t11nq aldurrss ur uorl"rr"A rotrelul s(JeJrqcsurc1dxaIpqs aA\ .(rhrlp
pcol (a:ou .ro) auo;o rorrelur aql ur uorleruroJepe $ uorl"rre^ Jorralur s.rasrqcs
'frepunoq aql
1nq Jo uorleuroJep " sl uorlsrrel s.prsruepeH
,Buupads z(lq3nog
uorlBrJ€A rorJelul ssraJrqJs .I.v
'uorlerJel
l"?rsselt l€luauspunJ go adrtl
rar{}oue 'sacey.rnsuueurarg Jo uorleraueEapssncsrp e^r ,g.V rl ,,(1eurg
II€qs
'flanrlcedser'e'y pue
I.y
ul (Z ?) d snua3go d; aceds rafinurqcreJ arll Jo arnl)nr1s xalduroc eq] ecnpor]ur
o1 1uaun3.re (sroJlqy pue uorl€rJel Jorralul s.Jagqcs fgarrq ureldxa all
'uorlerr?A s(prerlrepeH uorlezrlereueS
3o
raqlou" s€ paraptsuof, osle sr sq; .sSurdderu Jellnruq?lel ,(q pecnpur (suorleru
-roJep ,s.ro;1qv .1 fq pacnpor?ur ,(11s.rg
lpurs,, Sur.raprsuoc{q ser\{ U ac€JJns
uu"tuarll pesolc € Jo (U)J aceds .ra11ntuqclatr eq? arnlcnrls xalduroc eq6
Jo
'([ru-V] .racuadgpu" raJrqrs prc ,[g6-y] yo xrpuaddy
tu"rnoC ;c)
uollerr€A s(prsruspeH plueu€punJ pue l"clssep alotu eql uorlezrl€raua3 e se
Jo
'uorlerle,r Jorrelur s(JeJrq?s
PeJaprsuocil qcrqa\ sr uorlsrr?A ltscrsselclecrddl y
'sac"Jrns uueruaru suorlsrr"A
Jo Iscrss€lc se paleSrlsaAur uaeq p€q .(uorl€turoJap
'dl.repdod pesn aq o1 ueSaq sSurddeur
Il€rus,, qcns l"uroJuocrsenb alogag
'U a?€JJnsua,rr3 aql
Jo ((uor?tsruJoJaplletus,, a?slnurJoJo1 fluo peeu a&r ,r(roaq1
'.re,ra,lro11'U eceJrns uueruarlf
Fcol aql .ro; uaar8 e p (U),2 aceds rallnurqcra;
aql uo saleurprooc FqolE ecnporlur o1 sfeat lere^as pessnrsrp e eq aA{
SaJEJJnSuuBr,rraru uo suorlErJB^ I€rrssBIC
Y xlpuaddV
 A. Classical Variations on Riemann Surfaces

on U for every €. When lel is sufficiently small, z,(Cp) is a simple closed curve
(actually an ellipse in this case) in the z.-plane, which is denoted by C. and z,
gives a conformal mapping of a suitable neighborhood .4. of Co (see Fig. A.1).
Now, delete Do from ft, and paste the domain D. in the z.-plane surrounded
b y C . . M o r e p r e c i s e l ys, e t V r = D r U z r ( A r ) , a n d g l u e ( R - D ) U , 4 . a n d I / . b y
identifying z,(A,) and ,4. under the mapping 2.. Then we have a family {r?.} of
Riemann surfaces depending on the complex pa,rameter e, which is a special case
of Schiffer's interior variation. Here, note that, considering % as a subdomain of
ft., we can take ze as a local coordinate on V..

'1",,ffi-,
i
t-----',..rsi

t,
v I".
z(A)

z.- Plane

Fig.A.1.

When severalmutually disjoint points, say ?r, ..' ,pn, a,regiven on .R, we
take a coordinateneighborhood(Ui,zi) for everypj so that

zi(Pi) = o'
zi(Ui)-It eCllzl<2|, i =r,"' ,n,
AifiUp=$, i+k.

Set Di = z;r(12 e C I lzl < 1)).For any complexnumberei with sufficiently

small leil, considerthe mapping
 ,(q uarrEq (U)g > 6)(!tg/f0) pue ,.lA uo Eurddcurerqdrouroloq
e s! d uaq; ''rl = (r),1 ,tq I(U)A +- ful:g Eurddeur€ eugaq.g_rgC uf
u6r.ro aq?Jo ,,14pooqroqq8raulpurs f11uar?gnse xl,{ .I.y lul,e.toeqJ-loloo.t4
'ur3r.roeql ol reau flluarcgns r fra,r,a.ro;
ro r'-i[fi-a)d 'o
\ _,o.,,,
\ /
t-69,...,I - g'fq)d,!rp/!zplt )
'a o+a;o Eurddeur e sr,/ reqr.^"#::rfr"rt".ffit:'i.1TJt+
l"uroJuof,rs"nb
'to 'o
"'-1[11-s3 d, _ \ "
g-ft'...'I =X'!g3d , ( d ) ! z o ) ' ! t o r _ 1 t ' \t r 1 ,o,,,
1
'
las a t fg ;o ,(repunoq eql uo r' lz qlr^r luaprruroc pus , {g uo snonur}uoc
'{f >
l14l C) r} = lguo *Cssel)Josr,'f qceg.(g-Oe,..T -) f,fraaaro;
lZb+lz=(!z)t'll
'1'y uaroeql goord e aar3 o;
1nd aaa 3o
'7 .raldeqp '[Og-V] E
ll
pue '[6/] reurpreg osl" eas 's^{olloJ se uorl"ruroJap leurroJuocrsenb e fq uorle
-Ir€A rorrelur s(ragrq?S Eurluasa.rdar ,(q uaaoqs fpsee sr
llnsar l"crsselc sllJ
'o.tazfr41ocryuaptst ld fi.r,aaa7o
|utysruoa (U)zV ur-lueutap fruo tt fr1uopuo tl salou.proo?1oco7ctrltLtou.tolorl lo
tualsfis o sea$ rol ['AJ +--< t |utdilout ay! lo ?sr?aul at17,l,aaoa.to14J
,t_=ol{!d}
('pa47nuoy.totacuaq s, q?nln
'6uu1.r,otupau{ap Qp.tnTou ?qt yryn paddnba sr,'g ,atag) .@),t 1" Tutodasoqay7
punorp se?ouNpron7nco1cttlil.toruolorllo ruaTsfisn saat6 b = (A)l oyu.t 14 lo
['u]*------,,
0uttlrlotuaqyto as.taauteq?ueqJ .g - t lo (e_7,eC))tA
poorl.r,oqq,tau lotus fr17uarcfinso ul , puo ,t_=u[{tayu,o$ a.rolaqsD pal?nr1,lsuo)
saeoltns uuowary lo filptuoteto ?q {'alt 7a7:ior\ipuoc |urmoylo! ay| sa{nlos ycryn
h) ld qw^ sTuroillo 1is i sTsrzaer?qt uayJ 'i1uo.r7tgt, uaarf aq 't
,\[{ra}
fi.r,aaa.to! {a Io h pootl.roqq|nu o puo 'g "o sTurod..urrsrp fi1lonlnu
,t-;[{{a}
g-tg IeT '(?,7) 6 snuaf to ecottns uuouLerypesop D aq A IeI .I.V uraroaql
('FZt] ll"d aas 'acuelsur .rog) 'leluaurepur-rJsl r.uaroaq?3uralo11o;aq1 ,,uoN
.(rr, . ..,Il) = r s.ralatueredxalduroc
uo Surpuadap se"eJrns uueruarg Jo {'U} ,tFu"J e lcnr}suoc uee a/$,,aro;eq sy
'ts)d ''T *(d)tz=tr,
9t7, uorl"u?A rorreluJs.ra$q)s '['Y
236 A. Classical Variations on Riemann Surfaces

,\ ld4/dri, p€Di
ritPl=f p€R-D1.
o,

On the other hand, by using the meanvalueproperty we obtain

ll_rr,=Il,, tlt(21)d.21
AEj - -2rir!(pi).

Here,writin e {, = ,lriQi)dzf on Bi, we set r!(p1) = /i (0).

Now, to prove that F is biholomorphicin a neighborhoodof the origin,
it sufficesby the implicit function theoremthat {p1}f!;3 gives a basis of the
tangent space?6(?(.R)).Since7r("(r?)) is identifiedwith .42(.R)-by Theorem
7.5,this is equivalentto assertthat any complexvector("r, "' ,csc-s) satisfying

(8",,,,r). -0,
$eA2(R),

should be zero.
The second assertion is seen easily by linear algebra. As {pi}}o=1" in the
first assertion, we can choose a set of points such that det(g1(pi)) f 0, where
ler\?,!=1"is a basefor .42(,R). tr

A.2. Period Matrices as Moduli

As stated before, the first introduction of the complex structure of To (g ) 2) was

based on investigations of period matrices. We shall show Rauch's variational
formula for the period matrices, following Ahlfors [5], and explain how to get
local coordinates of ?o by using this formula.
First, we recall some fundamental terminology. Let R be a closed Riemann
surface of genus s (> 2).Fix a set of 29 simple closed curves on ,R which induces
a canonical homologg Dcse,i.e., a canonical base of the first homology group
H1(R,Z). In this section, we use the notation {Ai,Bi}ni=, for this set (seeFig'
A.2).
For every [S,/] e "(ft) = Te1 we have a set {/(.4i), f(Bi)}tt of simple
closed curves on .S which induces a canonical homology base on S. We denote
this set by the same notation {,4i, Bi}oi=t.
Next, on every ,S, there exists uniquely a set {di}f-, of holomorphic Abelian
differentials, i.e., holomorphic l-forms on ,S such that

- 6i*, j,k = 1,"' ,9.

Io.t'
we call this {di}f=, the canonical base of lhe space of holomorphic Abelian
differentialson S with respect ro {A1,Bi}oi=t' F\rrther, we put
 ('pt7ua,ta$tp ctTotpanb o so paptofie-ts9 t6lg Tcnpo.ttl aqt 'any)
aff
'd . tgtg
I I = lt[o(rfrlp)
JJ
qonbe puo 'sqstaaTutod
esoq ?qt 7o rt uo4cer,rp eW u? rly frteaalo frllo(tftp) aatpauap aq1 '*g ssolc
to (U)A a il fr^r,aaa.rogr(elnru.roJ lBuo.rlBlru^ s.qcnuig) .g.V uo111sodo.r4
'1urod aseq eql ,1urod es€q aql
1e qql e^oJd ol sa?gns 1r Jo uorl€lsuerl
e Ag 'il yo itlgqellueraJlp xalduoc raoqs alu ,uorllasse lsrg eql elord o;
'zalo '7, - 6 uaq74
Tutotlfinaa 7o t lua.r f)u,wotil eqt soq IIp
'sacopns a4fu11andfrqo7 iutpuodsa.uoc esoql ut TilacxeEalo Tutorlfruo 7o g- 69
tlurv lorutxou eql soq II,Io Up ea4oauep eql u?!1 ,?, < 6 uayn ,taaoatoy4l
'ctyil"toutoloy tg *- oJ t |utildnu eVJ .Z.V uraroaql
ry II
'ruaroaql 3uraao11o;
erll Jo;oo.rd e all3 all
('[gZ-V] ery pue s"{reJ pue '[g-y] orres pu? sroJIqV ,acuelsur
roJ eas 'slF?ap arour rog) .acods-t1ot1.tediln
p,ary a{l sI (z/(r+r;aC )) rg ,e.ra11
'(u)-r> [/'s] '(s)z= ([/'s])z
,tq paugap
og *- (a),J,n
Surddeur € urelqo am 'eaue11
'elrugap a,rrlrsod q (S)Z yo {reurteur aqt
1.red t"r{t pue ,cr.rlaururr(r q G)Z
1eq1 sarldurr uorl€lar por.rad lecrss"lc eql lsqt il"rsg 't=[{l7,lv} ol lcadsar
rllll'A ,S lo rulotu pouail loe,ruoao?aq1 (rfz) = (S)Z x-rrpur 6 x t $ql iltsc e,1t
"[
' 6 (. . . ' r= r ' f =,,o
'z'v'ttJ
Ltz 'z'v
InPon s" sarulel{ PoFad
 A. Classical Variations on Riemann Surfaces

proof of Theorcm A.2. From Proposition A.3 and Ha"rtogs' theorem (cf. Bers
[A-14]), we can see the first assertion.
Assume that g ) 2. Then the classical theorem of M. Noether gives that, if
,s is a non-hyperelliptic closed Riemann surface of genus g, we can find a base
of Az(s) among the set of products of two holomorphic Abelian differentials.
Hence, by the same argument as in the proof of Theorem A.1, we have the
second assertion.
Finally, when g = 2, we can see directly that the set of products of holo-
morphic Abelian differentials spans .42(R) for every closed Riemann surface S
of genus two. Thus, we conclude the third assertion. n

Furthermore, Theorem A.2 implies the following:

Corollary. The complex slrttclure of To introduceil in Chapter 6 is lhe unique

one uniler the condition thal the canonicalperiod matrix nloaes holomorphically
on To.

Remark. Besides {r1x}, Ahlfors consideredintegrals of holomorphic Abelian dif-

ferentials along suitable l-chains, and succeededin introducing a system ofhole'
morphic local coordinates at every point of ?o (cf. Ahlfors [5]). This was the first
introduction of the standard complex structure of ?r.

Proof of Prvposilion /{.9. Fix a smooth Beltrami differential p € B(R). For

every complex number e with ll.pll- ( 1, let f , : R ---- E. be a quasiconformal
mapping with complex dilatation ep,. Let {|i,r}t=t be -the canonical base of
holomorphic Abelia,n differentials on .R. with respect to {Ai,Bi}J=t.
Fix j arbitrarily. We set

w = ( f , ) * ( 0 1 , , -) 0 i , o ,

where 1{]..7.@i) is the pull-back of 0i,,bV /.. Then c,ris a square integrable
closed differential on .R, and we have
f t l
I , = J|A r e i , , -JIA x 0 i , o = 0 ,k = 1 , , . ' , 9 .
JA*

ffence,the period relation impliesthat

(r,r*) = [[ -uAa=0. (A.1)

JJR

Let zrbe a generic local parameter on .R.. We write

0i,, = ai,r(zr)dz,

with holomorphic function ai,e.Letting z be a generic local parameter on -R, we

decompose c,.ras
u)= ur + @2; (A'2)
',{larrtlcadsarrzU pue IUr uo selrnc l="1u11+t0g,q+t6v}
pasolr alduns Jo sles aq
pue t rf{fS,(fy} pue'sacegrns uutsrueql-pasolcoml eq zgr pueig, ,1srrg
1a1
'g xpuaddy eeg 'aceds rTnpou
aq1go {repunoq eql o1 Sur8rarr,uoc saouanbas;o
adflolo.rd e serrr3pue 's3urddetu IeuroJuo?rsenbo1 enp asoq?tuor; }uareJlp fll€ll
-uassesr uorlerr€A uq; 'paleErlseaurfldaap uaaq a^€rl 'sace;.rns;osuorle,rauaSap
pelF)-os 'sace;rns uuetuaru Jo uorlerJe^ Ielueu€punJ pu€
Iscrsselc raqloue sv
sareJrns uueruerll Jo uorl€rauataq .g.y
tr 's^tolloJ uotlress€ eql snql
'(rlrl)o= .
-ll'/'ll- t -
llo'{dll
. ll0'rBll >
TIitiEl
l,tr''ro'rsa[[l; Ptul
I JJ I
urelqo aan'(g'y) urorg
.qtr.t il . o't6o'tt6"
+ [ [, =16;rfi - e),rt:t
J J
s? a)uereJrp srql ssardxa all
.zov 0"t0"[[ =(g* ,o'rr;- = (9)r{r - (a)rt:t
J J
eleq atr 'uolleler porrad eql ^q ure3e ,,t1eurg
(qv) #ffifu>l,,ll '(g'V) dq '.re1ncr1.red
u1
(r.v) . _ l l r r r l l _/ rl;l r o l l
llo'toll
?eql (Z'V) uorJ ^\oqs u€? e,lr ,{lrlenbaur el3uerrl eq? pu€ (g.V) fg
'zorlt - co
a^?q e^l uerlJ
'zp(z)"('l). )'lp = zO
@)'I o
' lxeN
las a^t
'f, qcee rc1(fo'!o) =
,llroll eraq^\
(s'Y) '"llznll
= ,llrrll
o1 luep,rrnbeq (I'v) l"ql slrorlsuorlelnduor eldurrsy
.zp(z)'('l) . )'!o- zo
?)'t o
,zp ((z)o'{o- (r), (l) . (t)'l o '' fo)= ro
6tZ setr"Jrns
uu"ruerg1ouorlerauateq.t.v
240 A. ClassicalVariations on Riemann Surfaces

which give a canonical homology basis on Er and ft2, respectively (see Fig. A.3).
Here, gi (i =1,2) is the genus of Ri, which we assume to be positive.

R, (g,:1)
R" (s":2)

Fig.A.3.

For each j, fix a point p; € Ri, and a coordinate neighborhood, (U1,zi)

- Bi =
around p;' such that zi(p)= 0 and ti(Ui) {z e C lkil < 1 }. For everv
complex e with 0 < l.l ( 1, we set

( J i , , = U-i { z e C l l r i l < l . l } ' i = 1 , 2 '

Then, identifying U1,6 and Uz,, by the mapping

ZL' 22= e,

we obtain a Riemann surface E. of genus g = gr* 92 (see Fig. A.3). Note that
s>2.
when 6 = 0, we take as .Rothe closedRiemann surfacewith a node (which
comesfrom the identificationof p1 € ftr and Pz € Rz'Also cf' Appendix B)'
Thus we haveconstructeda family {8. I l.l < 1}, which we call a degeneration
to Ro with respectto (t/r, u2). on every -R., we considerthe canonicalbase
{0;.rlsr:, of holtmorphic Abelian differentialswith respectto {Ai,Bilt=r, and'
;#;;;h" canonicalperiod matrix II(e) = (r1r(e)). Furthermore,the following
va,riationalformula is known. (For the proof, seeFay [A-30], and Yamada [261].)
 '[I9Al spelus^ uI
I
fre1o.ro3 ees 'Erelap aql otut a^lep lou op ain 'rarraiuog .r ol lcadse.rqtur turel
rapro ?srg eql pue '0a pue X Jo senlsA eq1 dllrcqdxe urlrop alrr^\ ppoc eA\
'lur,lsuoo elqDpnso s, b puo
'.toycaa tg uo tt"tToutpouad ,ata17
f)uorsu?utrp-(t -n) o c! X ID)tuouD? ayq st,oy
. ( o * l , l )e ) o + f o e + ' j q + = t , l z
^t L
#- u l)
.g.Y uraroaql
([196] epeu"A pue '[Og-V] feg ya) ur\ou{ sr €lnturoJ l€uorterrel
3urno11o;eql ueql '(r)7 secrrleur por.radlerruouec aql auuep erlr ,7.V .3rg ur se
ug pw ty Sursooqg 'f snueS;o e?eJrnsuueruarll pasolc€ sl ,gr uaql ,g t;1
f
.?.V'EIJ
'(zn'rn) o1
lcadsa.rqll/'^ ry oluoNllreu?fiapelpt osls e!$,q?!q,!\'{I > lrl | ,U}
dltureye lcnrlsuoc uec e^ 'a.ro;aqs-efem etu€seq? ur 'uaq; 'Q = zn U r, leqt
Pu€'f qceeroJ{r > | tzll c ) z} = (frilt, pue 0 - (!d)!z wqtqcns 161 = .r;
fd puno.re(!r'12) spooqroqq3reu alsurproocpue 'g uo zd pue ld slulod 1?urlsrp
oral xld 'eseq ,(Eolouroq Iecruousre secnpurqclr{rt U uo se^.rncpesolceldturs;o
las e eq FI{\A'fy} pue '(t <) t - f snuaE;oaceJrnsuuerueqlpesolce eq Urlel
'flesreard erotrq'feal Jelrrurse ul zU = IU leqt aspJerll l€erl uet a,u,,1xa11
'lg uo qo4ua.tafitpuDrIeqVcryd.totuoloy asoq
to
r=,ro{t'!61
f)cruoun?aq1st a.teyn'(!6' ...'I = {) l2 uo lzp(lz)r'to - t'!6 yt!,n
.'.'(o ) t' r o=) r x
( (o )'o 'rr'
p u o ' f g u o e u l o u t p o t . t a dl o r r u o u o ?a q 1 s 9l y ' 2 , ' T = t qcna.tol'ate11
'(o-lrl) '1
t X z X'l't"z- | z r r n l =(')r
lo+f- 9
( . r'u
Lzxtx, o L ; '|rl
'7'V rrraroaql
rt7, saf,"Jrns uu"urarlf ;o uorleraua8eq't'V
242 A. Classical Variations on Riemann Surfaces

In the describeddegenerationto ,8o,if we take aspecial (Ut,Uz), and restrict

e to the set {qtz | 0 < t < 1}, where 4 is a constant with lql = 1, then we obtain
the so-called Schiffer-Spencer's aariation (cf. Schiffer and Spencer [A-94]).
A variation corresponding to the second case is called the uariation by
attaching a handle, which we shall explain more closely.
Let .R be as in the second case. Fix two distinct points p1 and p2 on .R. Fix
also a point po € R- {pt,pr}. Then there exists uniquely a harmonic function
G ( p ) o n R - { p t , p e } s u c ht h a t :
(i) G(ps) = [,
(ii) G(e) -log(I/lz{p)l) it extended to a harmonic function in a neighborhood
ofp1, and
(iii) G(p) - loglz2@)l is extended to a harmonic function in a neighborhood of
P2,
where zi is a local coordinate with 4(p1) = 0 at pi for each 1. We may call this
G(p) the Green function on R normalized at ps with positive pole at pl and with
negative pole at p2.
Now, for a sufficiently small positive t0, we put

u,= a c6y' toe! r,o,r,

{oe I }
and
Uz= {pe n I G@)< logts}u {pz}.
Then [/1 and U2 are both simply connected domains. Fix such a t0' and take
these domains as U1 atd Uz in the second case. As a local coordinate, say (j ' on
Ui, we chooseone such that

R"(i(p) =exp((-1)iG(p)), j =r,2.

Fix a complex constant 4 with hl = 1, and consider e = qt2 for every t with
0 < t < ts. In the sarne way as before, we can construct a family {&,r, | 0 <
l ato\. This is Schifer-Spencer'suariation bg attaching a handle.We know the
following classical Schiffer-Spencer'saarialional forrnula. (For the proof, see for
instance Schiffer and Spencer [A-94].)

Theorem A.6. Let Q1 and q2 be arbitrary d,istinct points on R- \po,pr,pzl,-

Let g1(p) be the Grcen funclion on R tz normalized,at ps with positiae pole at q1
and with negatiuepole at q2. Then
1
ct(p)- go(p)= #*"tol(c(c') - G(qr))+ l2Re(qc)+ o(tz) (t * o).

is locally uniforrn on
Hew, c is a constant independ,enlof t, and lhe conaergence
R- {Pr,P",Qr,9z}.
 'g xpueddy osp ees 'sacedsllnpour peg
-rlceduroc aq1 fpnls aql ur
;o Iool plueuepunJ ? sr sa?€Jrnsgo uorleraua3aq
.lvzzl pu" .ec€Jrnsuuelueru fre.rlrq.re ue
[966] rqcnSrueJ eas
roJ prle^ IIIIs sl elnuroJ s,racuadg-ragrqog'rarroaront '[qUZ] pue IVZZIrqcn3ruea
eas 'sacrJleur porrad l"f,ruouef, aql roJ araq pe^rJap esoql ol relnuls selntu
-roJ 'suorle.raua3appue suoll€turoJep
leurro;uoctsenb
leuorlerJel urelqo u€f, pu€
SurleureEleure dq suorlerrel raprsuoc u€) e/r\ 'sace;tns uueruelg frcr1tq.re rog
'([gZA] rqcn8ruea pue ';c) f11uercgns,,
[IfI] e{e}qo ,,a3.re1
q ar l€ql erunsss plnoqs a,u '(ar)J;o lurod aseq aql Jo PooqroqqErau e sra^oc
-U uo leuroJuor q.f (U)-r >
{A | [/'S]]
'ueqA 'U 'eldtuexe
leql epnl)uoc ol repro ur Jo lesqns e eq g 1a1
roJ 'ploq fgressaceu lou seop I'V rueroaql se uotlJesse u€ qrns 'leuorsuatutp
flalrugur sr U a?€Jrnsuu€tuerll uado uefo (U),2 eceds rallnuqrletr eql uaq1\
'[696] rqcn3etue pue 'lt1Zl'lgZel rqcnSrue;'[eOt] '[fOt] eqlqs'FtI] Iue]IetrAtr
alrc osp aal'sace;.rnsuusruorg le.leuaEJoas€c eql ur suorlerrel roJ sy'[661] ruel
-r"tr{ pue l{ounsny errr€lsur roJ aes '(p)g eceds Jellnurqclal aql uo i(lerrqdlour
-oloq eloru 'sl€rlueragrp u€ITeqv ctqd.rotuoloq
..secrtrleruporred Iecruouec,,eseqJ
Jo ror^er.leqdrepunoq aql uo uorlrpuo? elqelrns e Sursodurr .{q ,,xtr1eur pouad
'g ace;.rns uu"ruerp frerltqre u" roJ ualg
Iecruou€c,, eql Jeplsuoc uec eA{
'rl 'ralano11 'rl
le.rauaE" roJ sploq llrls llnser eq1 lerlua.ragtp
rurerlleg qloous e fpo reprsuof,a,r,r'{lrcqduls Jo a{ss aq} roJ 'g'y uotltsodord uI
seloN
w Z saloN
Appendix B

Compactification of the Moduli Space

Following Bers [32], [33], [34], and [40], we shall construct a compactification
of the moduli space Mo of closed Riema^nnsurfaces of genus g by adjoining to
Mn the set of biholomorphic equivalence classesof closed Riemann surfaces of
genus g with nodes.

8B.1 Compactiffcation of M1

As an example, we construct a compactification M1 of the moduli space M1 of

tori.
As was seen in the remark in $2.1 of Chapter l, My is identified with the
complex plane C, and every point in M1 is represented by the biholomorphic
equivalence class [.91] of the torus ,S1 defined by the algebraic equation urz =
z(z - l)(z -,\) for a complex number ) with ^ + 0,1. A compactificationM1 of
M1 is the Riemann sphere e = CU{-}. Ilere the point oo in e corresponds
to an algebraiccurve given by the equation w2 = z(z -l)(t -,\) for ) = 0, 1, or
@.

)-n

degeneration
-------)
(l-0)

Fig. B.1.

For example, taking I - 0, we see that the algebraic curve ,9o given by the
equation w2 = z2(z - 1) is the one which has a sole singular point at po = (0,0).
 '(Z'g'31,{ aas)g uo epou qrea Sutuedo fq sapou
lnoqltm d'
snuaS;o og acegrnsuueuralg pasolce 1aBe.n l"ql sueau (rrr) uorypuoJ'qrou.tey
r=!
' { - I + - * ' ' ". 7
r .- o
uaql '.{laarlradsar '9, yo slred pue sapou sraqunu er€ pu" u/ JI (II)
Jo {
'.i? ec€JrnsSuuarr.oc 's1
IesJeAIunaqt seq fg, 1eq1
i0 < lu + Z - !62 segsrles pue '16 snua8 go e?€Jrnsuueruelu pesol? e uro{
slurod l)ullslp fu Sutaoruar,{q paurelqo sI qclq.t\ eceJrns uueuratg e ''a'r
'(!u'!0) ed.{1e1rug.{11ecr1,{leueJo e)eJrnsuu"urarg € sl Ugo fg, 1.reddleag (u)
(g 1o 1.tode pellec sr sepou slr II€ snurur g;o luauodtnoc
palf,euuoc V 'ellug sl U Jo sepou Jo u, raqunu aql 'lf,edruoc sr U ecurs 'Ur
lo epou € pell€r sr d'asec ratt€l aq?uI)'{I > ltrl P,tn t > lrzl I C x C
) (zz't7) ) rasa{t to {I > lrl I c f z} {slp }Iun eqt o1 crqdrouoauoq er€
sluetuale esoqn\ spooq.roqq3reul€?ueuepunJ Jo ure1s.{ss seq U 3 d ,{re,tg (t)
:suorlrpuo, aa.rq1Sur,r,rolloJ
aql segsrl€sA I sepou q?!n 6 snua| to
acn!.tnsuuDurexv pasop p, palpt $ gr ecedsJropsneH pelf,euuot lceduroc y
'(Z
7) 0 snua8;o sa?eJrns
uueuttrergpesol) Jo 6W aceds qnpour eqt Jo uorlecgrlceduroc e ltnrlsuoc eA\
( z= ) 6 "roy 'W Jo uorlergrlceduro3 g'g
'og se papre3ar st uotlecgtlceduroc
lutod-auo s1t
pue '{ O - C o1 luelearnba fqecrqd.rouroloqrq sl -J/C e)eJrns uueruelg eql
}
'g q3norql oo - r se rl rcJ
;o uorleraua3ap aqt ,(g paurelqo sl lerll ees a.!r
'(Z'Z)lSa roJ '3lJ uI €ar€ pap€qs eq1 3ut1e;
J urerrropl"lueur€punJ e se 6'I
'H
) r aruos roJ I + z - (t)'g't * z = (z)',L suorlelsuerl o.rl r(q pale.reua3
dnor? acrllel aql eq | 1a1:ssacordSurarolloyeql fq peurclqo sr 6,_;rdnor3 srq;
'I
+ z - (z)9 uorlelsuert eql .,{qpele.raue8(C)l"V yo dnor3qns e sl -J eraq^r
'*J/J eceJrnsuu"uraru eql ol spuodsauoeC f oo lurod aql ueqJ,'I .ra1deq3
Jo I'Z$ ul s (Z'dlsaln eceds luarlonb ei11qtlm I,ZV,ty11uap1 e.tr '1xetr1
'0 * y se od epou e olul Y5'uo
(y)Iy a^rnc pasol) eJo uotlerauaSepaqt,tq paurelqo sr 1r pu"'I'g'3lJ a rl s)lool
oS: 'uorlerr.rasqosrql uord 'epou to
l€r{l ees a^r 7ur,odalqnop fuoutplo ue pellel
sl ,9Jo odlurodreln3urse qcns'peyluapr are 0 - ,Mpue 0= Z slutodorr,rl
areqr'n'{ t > lUl I C > U} p"" { t > lZl I C > Z} rr{"lp o^rl Jo uolun eqt s€
papreSarsl o5lslql'od;o pooqroqq3reue ur'snq;'?uelsuof, e,rrlrsod" $., ereq^\
'{t >
l u l ' t > l z l ' o - - t t 4 zI c x c > ( u ' z ) }
,(q paluasardar sr og elrnc cleJqa3p aq1 'I - zfz + n = .1A
pue I - zfz -m = Z uorlsruroJsuerl eleurprooc eq?.,(q'od;o pooq.roqq3raue u1
9VZ 614Jyo uoqetyrleeduro3 'g'g
246 B. Compactification of the Moduli Space

node

Fig. B.2.

A homeomorphism f : R --- S between Riemann surfaces with nodes is said

to be biholomorphic if / induces a biholomorphic mapping of Ri to a part of
^9 for every part .Ri of .R. If there exists a biholomorphic mapping of .R to ^9,
then rR and ,S are said to be biholomorphically equiaalent.We denote by [E] the
biholomorphic equivalence class of a closed Riemann surface r? with nodes. As
a compaclification Mo of Mo with g > 2, we take the union of Mo and the set
of all biholomorphic equivalence classes of closed Riemann surfaces of genus g
with at least one node.
Now, we define a topology on Mo by using the Fenchel-Nielsencoordinates as
follows: let r? be a closed Riemann surface of genus g with rn nodes and ,b parts.
As stated in the preceding remark, we can take a closed Riemann surface .R, of
genus g without nodes and a system of decomposingcurves L = { Cr, . . ., C"o_"}
on -R, so that rt is obtained from fto by degenerating each element of a subset
{Cir,...,Cj^}of,Cintoapoint.Denoteby(t.,0)=(4,...,Lss_3,01,...,|sc_s)
the Fenchel-Nielsencoordinates on the Teichmiiller space?, of genusg associated
with .C (see $2.1 of Chapter 3). From the proof of Theorem 3.10, for any point
(1,0) e (n+;sr-s x R3e-3, we can construct a closed Riemann surface R2,sof
genus g such that ,Ra,einduces a point in ?o whose Fenchel-Nielsencoordinates
are(1,0).
Here, we admit the casewhere some/r', ,. .. ,lj^ in { /1 , . . . ,lsg-z } vanish. In
this case,we get a closed Riemann surface R2,9of genus g with n nodes by a con-
struction similar to that in the proof of Theorem 3.10. (We consider that each ele-
m e n t C 1 r , . . . , C j . i n , C d e g e n e r a t e s i n t o a p o i n t o n R l p .T)h e n . R h a s t h e F e n c h e l -
N i e l s e nc o o r d i n a t e s( l ( R ) , 0 ( R ) ) = ( 4 ( R ) , . . . , 1 2 c - s ( R ) , 0 t ( R ) , . . . , d s c - r ( f t ) )
with /i,(ft) = .-. = lj.(R) = 0. For any (.,6) - (er,.:.,€Bs-2,61,...,dec-s)
with positive €i and 6i, the (e, 6)-neighborhood of [^R]in M, is given by the set of
all biholomorphic equivalence class [.R1,e]of closed Riemann surfaces r?z,awith
or without nodes satisfying the following two conditions:

(i) Wi-li@)l(ei forallj-1,...,3s-3,

(ii) l9j - 0j(R)l ( 6i for all j with 4@) + 0.

 '.(a)pow fq
l! alouap pue (g)41o dno.t0uorTonuotsuo.tT rDlnpoutJellnun!?rry aq1 dno.r8srql
'A -
IIetr e1ydno.r3 e uroJ A : rn srusrqd.rouoeuroq 3ur,r.rasa.rd-uorleluarro1p ,fq
pecnpur (i[nl] sEurddeureql'[U - S:looll ot [,U - g:/] spuasqrlq/" (U)d
* (U)A:-[o/] Surddeu € sa?npul U * ,A:ot uotl€ruroJep3uo.r1s,,(.rarrg
'a
Jo (a)J
eceds rallnurqclaf eql qlra peyluepl q (U)C 'sapou ou seq U JI 'g' t- S I t
suorleuroJap Euolls Jo [U - g:,f] sasselc acualenrnbeIJe Jo las aqt sl U Jo
(g)g acods uotTounotap 6uo.t7saq; 'flairrlaadsar ,f1r1uapl aql ol pu€ Surddeur
crqdrouroloqlq s ol crdolouroq suuqdrouroauoq alrlce[q "* orl pue q ereq^d
et
'a*zS
" vf l ^
l'/
u*v ts
urer3erp elrlelmuruot e sr eJer{}l\ ryel
-oatnba eq ol pres ere F zg :zt pue .- r.9 :I/ suorleur.rogep3uor1s om;
U U
'f ualr3 e ro; f snuaS;o sepou qlr^{ saceJrnsuueurarg pesolc
leurur.rel fueur
flaltug fluo 's8urddeur crqd.rouroloqlqof dn 'ale ereql leql eloN 'sepou g - dg
,,(1aueu'sepou Jo raqunu alqrssod 1se3.re1 aql seq ll lr lvuttuel sr p, fes e11
'rusrqdrouoeuoq Surarasard-uorleluarro ue sr
Ur
Jo sepou 11eyo sa3eturesrelur or{l Jo }ueuelduroc eqt of /;o uorlcrrlsa.raqa (rrr)
'sepou
11eSurpro,reg
uo alrn) pesol? aldurs e ro S'Jo apou € sl U Jo apou e;o a3eur esrelur eql (rr)
'Ur epou € st
Jo S'Jo apou " 3o a3erur aq; (r)
:suorlrpuor aa.rq1Sura'rolloJaql
sagsrl"s llJl U lo uotyout.totapfuatTs " pallec sl U * g :/ uorlcatrns snonurluoc
V'(Z ?) f snue3Jo sapou qlllr sec€Jrnsuu"ruerlr pasolt o^rl eq,g pu€ A p"l
'sePou qlrAr sal€JJns uuel'ueru ,{q pacelde.r er€ sereJrns uu€tuaru pesol)
qf,rqa ur aceds .ra11nurq?latrJo uorlezrlereuaSe
'sapou qlr^r ec€Jrns uu€tuarg e
go aceds uorleruJoJeptuorls eql lcnrlsuoc e,n'1'g tuaroeql errord o1 Jepro uI
sacedg uorlBruroJeq tuo.rls g'61
'uorlras
lxau oql ur paureldxa $ ueroaql slqt Jo;oold e Jo eulllno uy
'acods
$.topsnog
'(77 6) 6W acodsaqa .I.g uraroaqtr,
Tcoiltuoco st'paquasep so pe?ctunsuoc
'tuaroeql
Surr'ro11o;
eql e^eq arrr/!!oN ''W uo fEolodolSropsntsH € sa?npur qcrqr*'t1,g ur
[g] yo spooqroqqErauleluaurepun; ;o ruelsfs e a,rp spooqroqqSreu-(g'r) aiaql
Ltz saredg uorl"urrolaq tuorlg'g'g
248 B. Compactificationof the Moduli Space

We define a Hausdorff topology on 2(R) as follows. Let S be a closed Rie-

mann surface with nodes, and C be a closed curve on a part S; of S. We set

. tslCl= iglts,(C'),

where C' runs over all closed curves on S; freely homotopic to C, and lsr(C')
is the length of Ct with respect to the hyperbolic metric on ^9i. We also set
IIIP] = 0 if P is a node of S.
Let C = {Cr,...,Cr} b e a f i n i t e s e t o f c l o s e dc u r v e so n p a r t s o f S a n d e a
positive number. A strong deformation h: S' - S is said to be (C,e)-smallif it
satisfies
-
(i) l t s , l h - L ( C 1 ) lt-s l C l l l < e f o r 7 r , . . . , r ,
(ii) lls,[h-1(q)]l< E for all nodesq of S.
We say that a set [/ in 2(r?) is open, if for every [/: ^9* /?] € [/, there exists
a finite set C of closed curves on parts of ^9,and a positive number e such that'
whenever h'. S' -,9 is (C,e)-small, the point lf oh: St'.- R] € 2(,R) belongs to
[/ (compare with $3 of Chapter 3).
There is a canonical projection np: D(R) - Ms which sends [/: S * R] to
[S]. It is seen that the canonical projection I/6 is a continuous open mapping.
Let us introduce the Fenchel-Nielsencoordinates on a strong deformation
space.
First, assume that rR is a terminal Riemann surface of genus g with nodes
* n] € 2(l?). It f-t@i) is a simple
{ei}10=1t. Take an arbitrary point [/:,s
closei curve on a part ,91of S, then we can choosea unique simple closedgeodesic
Li on 516which is freely homotopic to f-t@i). lf f-t@i) is a node, then we
p,rt f,i = f-r(Pi).In this way, we have a system L = {fi}1n=1" consisting of
all nodes of S and some simple closed geodesicson parts of S.
-t@i)
lf f is not a node, we set

,j = (B.1)
*rs*(L)e;ei,
where di is the twisting parameter with respect to tri such that 0 1 01 < 2t
(cf. $2 of chapter 3), and ts*(Li) is the length of the geodesic.Li measuredby
- 0.
the hyperbolic metric on S1. If f-r@i) is anode, put zi
It is shown that the numbers (rr,' . . , zzs-s) depend only on the equivalence
class [/: S * r?] and the mapping of D(R) to C3g-s sending [/: S * R] to
(rr,...,zzc-z) is a homeomorphism,which is called the Fenchel-Nielsencoordi-
nalesoni@).It is also proved that for every strong deformation fs: Rt + R,
the induced mapping lfsl-:D(Rt) -D(R) is a universal covering map onto its
image, the image being the set of those [/: ^9 * -R] for which f-'@i) is not a
1(p1) is not a node. F\nthermore, D(R') is homeomorphic to
node whenever /o
C3s-2.
Next, the Fenchel-Nielsencoordinaleson the strong deformation space2(R')
of an arbitrary closed Riemann surface ,? of genus g with nodes are defined as
pa)npureqrpue(a)auoaln?f,
nrrs'",0*'ilT',Tfi
;T,':T"r:".1r:t'#rXTiit
'orqd.rotuoloqsl (("U)A)-[oI)U
n ol uor]crr]ser stl Jl ctrld.tou.roloypa11ecsr (g)g
ur 72 les uado ue uo uorlcunJ snonu?uoc e ''e'r 'eln1ln.r1spa3urr e seq (g)4 ueq;
'('U)A
Jo ernlrnrls xalduoc eql tuoq pecnpur arnlf,nrls xelduroc Iernleu e s€q
((A)A).10t] 'ecueg 'deru Eur.rerroc l€sralrun * q ((,U)C).[0/] - (A)At.[ol)
'rarroa.rotr11'esuep eraq.nou rt (('U)C)-[ot] -
@)A pue (lI)@ ur ureruop € sr
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'sfeiu, o.tr1uI 6W
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qll/tr ?
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leurturel lualearnbe-uou II€ e4ef ino11
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;o yoord
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ro4 ,Z.B BruruaT
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'usrqdrouoeuoq e
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u^,roqsq lI '(t .ra1deq3ur 6'g €urue1 'gr) ,_rgC o1 crqd.rouroeruoqsr (,g')4 acurs
'(,A)A uo q)uerq snonurluof, panpr'-a13urs € serl {z 3ol uorlcunJ aql }eq} saqdurr
uraroaql durorpouotueql uoqt 'gyo apou e lou $ (ld):l;r'ara11 '(1'g) ,tq uear3
[ t t - S : t t o o t ] J o s e ] e u r p r o o ru a s l e r N - l e q ) u a e dql ar€ (t-68,2'"''rz) eret{.n
',U lzSol= lm
Jo "po.t e lou fl (fd)r-o/ ft
'g;o apou e sr (fa)r_o;"r, lz - lm
'tq uartr3 ale (e -fe61 ' ' ' ' 'rm)
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6VZ 6.;ig arnlcnrlg xalduro3 'p'g
3:o
250 B. Compactification of the Moduli Space

Using the Klein-Maskit combination theorems (Maskit [A-71]), we have the

following theorem (cf. Bers [40]).

Theorem 8.3. D(R) is a comltler manifold and is rvalized as a boundeddomain

in C3c-3.

Now, we get the following two results.

Theorem 8.4. The Teichmiiller rnoilular transformation group Mod(R)* is a

discrele subgroup of the analgtic automorphism group "f D(R). Moreouer, the
subroup Modo(R)* induced by the biholomorphic mappings of R onto itself is
finite and is the stabilizer of fid: R- Rl in Mod(R)..

Theorem 8.5. Therv erists a neighborhoodN of lid: -R- R] inD(R), inuari'

ant uniler Modo(R)*, such that the quotient spaceNf Mod"(R)- is homeomor'
phic to a neighborhoodof lR) in Mo.

By H. Ca.rtan's theorem, the quotient space NlMod"(R)* has a normal com-

plex space structure. Thus M, becomesa normal complex space, and it leads to
the following, the main theorem in this Appendix.

Theorem B. 6. The compaclificationMn of the moduli spaceof closedRiemann

surfaces of genus C e_ D has a normal compler space straclure of dimension
3g-3.

The second introduction of the complex structure of Mo is the following.

For a given closed Riemann surface R with nodes of genus g, considering both
quasiconformal deformations and degenerations, we construct Riemann surfaces
which represent a neighborhood of [n] in Mo us follows.
A s s u m e t h a t r ? h a s r n n o d e sp 1 , . . . , P m a n d & p a r t s f t r , . . . , - R 1 s u c h t h a t
each.Ri is of type (Si,ni). Then it follows that

Dni=2^, Dor*m-k=9.
j=l i=L

For each node po on rR, suppose that pa corresponds to a point obtained by

identifying a point oo in E* -.Ro, with a point 6o in E* - fto, for some d1 and
o2 in { I,. . . ,k }. Here, { denotesthe natural compactificationof Ror. Take a
local coordinate neighborhood (Uj, zo) at oo on E[such that zo(ao) = 0 and
z.(u:) = 4, the unit disk. similarly, choose a local coordinate neighborhood
(U3,J") at 6o on R', such that too(bo) = 0 and ."(UZ) = 4. Further, take a
relatively compact open set Vi in Ri for every i = l' .. . , /c so that I/ = l)!=rV
m e e t sn e i t h e r [ { n o r U 2 "f o r a l l a = 1 , . . . , f f i .
Setting N = 39 -3+rn, w e c a n f i n d B e l t r a m i d i f f e r e n t i a l sP ' t - t . . . , p 7 yo n
R' = R- {pr,...,pm} such lhat pi vanishesidentically outside I/ for all j -
 - ta = "':a
(".rnn)n
(""u
f)
'{ l'"1t l(d)''"*ll''zn) d\ - o's'an
'{ "' ? tl d| - o's'nn
l" " l 5 l (d )" '" r ll )
1nd a6
' u . L"' ' "''ro) - D
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'8'g'ttJ
\ sapou
x"uo A
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€-lsrd f
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fq elouag 's1red I prre sapou u, qlr^t f snua3 ;o sgr ecey.rnsuueuerg pasolc e
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ruoq '8'zDUuo ("9)'/ yo (r-toorn'7n) = ('"n'?n) pooqroqqSreualsurprooc €
e^eq a/rd, 'flrelnurg 's'rDU uo ("a)t
Jo pooqroqq3raualeurp.rooce sr (tjto"z'"n)
- (''or'?n)
trqt ees e,lr'l.nlu'o leuroJuoc s "/ ecurg'"'fU ol fUSo Surddetu
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"/ .repun {g,
lred e lo (!A)"t
- ''!A a3eur
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I=f
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'(y xrpuaddv ul
I'V ureroeql
t=jLJ "rnot
:.:c) W?',U] ?ulod eseq aq? w (!A)l saceds rellnuqtlal f" (rU),f
rN' ( ' ' ' (I
lcnpord aq1;o eceds luaEuel aql Jo srs€q e ecnpur ,taq1 1eq1q?ns pue
19Z o7g;o arnlcnrlg xaldurog 'p'g
252 B. Compactification of the Moduli Space

Identify any two points c and b in .Rl,o if o and D a.re contained in Uj,,,o
-
and(J!.r.o, respectively,for some a, and if they satisfy za,swa,s ao. By this
identifiiation, we obtain a closed Riemann surface rR",oof genus 9 with n nodes,
where rn - nis the number of o's with oo I 0 (see Fig. 8.3).
Now, we set

6 = { ( s , a ) €D x C ^ | l o i < l 1, i =L,...,m},
D = { [ f t " , o €] f u o l G , Q e b ] .

Then, 2 is a neighborhood of [R) in Mn' However, the mapping of 6 onto D

sending (s,a) to [.Rr,"] is not always injective. By changing D suitably, we may
assumethat the biholomorphic automorphism group Aut(R) of .Rinduces a finite
group G, consisting of analytic automorphisnT "jD, sl'ch that the quotient space
DlCts homeomorphic to aneighborhood of [n] in Mn . For details, we refer to
Bers [33], XIII in $7, and Masur [143], $2, and Wolpert [249]' $4. As before, H.
cartan's theorem implies that the quotient space Df G has a normal complex
-
space structure. Thus, I4, becom"r a normal^complex spaceof dimension 3g 3.
Note that this complex space structure on M, is equivalent to the one given in
the first introduction.

8.5 Weil-Petersson K6.hler Form on the Moduli Space

Kihler formwylp on the Teichmiillerspace?(.R) of

sincethe weil-Petersson
genus g (= 2) is invariant under the action of the Teichmiiller modular group
Mod(R), it is regarded as a form on the moduli spaceMo. This form is denoted
by the same notation^uwp. we are interested in the behavior of u.,ryp near the
boundary of Mo in Mo.
From the construction of Mo and Wolpert's formula (Theorem 8.6), uvvp
extends smoothly to the boundary with respect to the coordinates (t,r) =
- 1,-..,39 - 3 and
( l r , . . . , l s g - s , T L , . . . , r s g - s ) ,w h e r e r y = t i 0 1f 2 t f o r X
(t,0) -- (h,. . . ,tss-2,01, . . .,flsg-t) are the Fenchel-Nielsencoordinates asso-
ciated with a system of decomposing curves on ft. In particular, M o h* a finite
volume with respect to the Weil-Petersson metric.
On the other hand, the boundary behavior of uw p with respect to the coordi-
nates (s, o) given in the previous section is studied by Masur [143], and wolpert
'[ 2 5 1 ] .
Next, curyp induces a cohomology class [c.,szp]on Mo such that lusr p)lt2 is a
rational class (see wolpert t249]). Thus multiplying [c..,szp]lo'by some integer,
we get a line bundle over rt[o. wolp"rr l252l proved that this line bundle is
positive, and consequently Mo is embedded in a complex projective space.Hence,
we have the following result, which was first proved by Knudsen and Mumford
[117] by using algebraic geometry.

Theorem 8.7. The compactification Mo of the moduli space Ms of genus g

(] 2) ts a projectiae algebraicuariety.
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sacedsrlnpou pue sacedsreflnurq]lel (/tJoeqlEurrls radns qlr^r uorlreuuocuI
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tradtom pu€
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eql Jo ror^€qeqaqt ^rou{ o1 fressacauq q erer{tr,'[911] ,ro1ef1o4pue '[291]
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References

Books and Proceedings

[A-1] Abikoff, W. : The Real Analytic Theory of Teichmiiller Space, Lecture Notes
in Math., Vol. 820, Springer-Verlag,Berlin and New York, 1980.
[A-2] Ahlfors, L. V. : Lectures on Quasiconformal Mappings, D. Van Nostrand,
Princeton, New Jersey, 1966.
[A-3] Ahlfors, L. V. : Conformal Inaariants, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1973.
[A- ] Ahlfors, L. V. : Complet Analysis,3rd ed. McGraw-HilI, New York, 1979.
[A-5] Ahlfors, L. V. : Collected Papers, Vols. 1, 2, Birkhi.user, Boston, 1982.
[A-6] Ahlfors, L. V. and Sario, L. : Riemann Surfaces, Princeton University Press,
Princeton, New Jersey, 1960.
[A-7] Ahlfors, L. V. et al. (eds.) : Aduances in the Theory of Riemann Surfaces, 1969
Stong Brook Conference, Ann. Math. Studies, No. 66, Princeton University
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[A-8] Ahlfors, L. V. et al. (eds.) : Contributions to Analysis, A Collection of Papers
Dedicated to L. Bers, Academic Press, London, 1974.
[A-9] Arbarello, E., Cornalba, M., Grifiths, P.A.and Harris, J.: Geometry ol
Algebraic Curues, Vol. I, Springer-Verlag,Berlin and New York,1984.
[A-10] Baily, W. L., Jr. ; Introductorg Lectures on Automorphic Forrns, Iwanami-
Shoten, Tokyo, and Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1973.
[A-11] Beardon, A. F. : The Geometry ol Discrete Groups, Springer-Verlag, Berlin
and New York, 1983.
[A-12] Bers, L. : Topology, Courant Institute of Mathematical Science, New York
University Press, New York, 1956-1957.
[A-13] Bers, L. : Riemann Surfaces, Courant Institute of Mathematical Science, New
York University Press, New York, 1957-1958.
[A-14] Bers, L. ; Introduction to Seaeral Compler Variables, Courant Institute of
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[A-15] Bers, L. et al. (eds.) : A Crash Course on l{Ieinian Groups, Lecture Notes in
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[A-16] Bers, L., John, F. and Schechter, M. : Partial Differential Equations, American
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[A-17] Besse,A. L. : Einstein Manitolds, Springer-Verlag, Berlin and New York, 1987.
[A-18] Birman, J. S. ; Braids, Linles,and Mapping Class Groups, Ann. Math. Studies,
No. 82, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey,1975.
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 'g96l '{ro1 ,uag 'ra,roq 'rr1tor14 pepenoC : 'g 'uueurary [26-v)
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'996I '{ro^
AraN pu" urlrag 'Began-ra8urrdg buorlcung uoltq)nl uo uedo4 : '11 'grracuro4 [06-VJ
'(asauedel) 'od1o; 'ueddnqg-ns1ugf,y'tacottns uuDuety : 'X 'p,rel{lo
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L9Z sef,ueralau
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. ath. Soc. Japn35 (1983),23-JE.
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(r978), 607-6t2.
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268 References

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148 Hv 193
a
p2 188 H B(H,r) 191
lg"l. 31 h 199
C 29 hv 200
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clr \n(t) 201
C .C' 29 hwp 20r
(c,p) 29 i 72
lc,pl 29 i* 72
Cf (D) 81 Jp 58
XF r97 K 202
D(R) 247 Kt ,I{(f) 1 8 , 7 8 ,1 2 5
Dif fo(R) 19 I{n 184
Dif f +(R) 19 I{t 202
d t25 I{a 184
dtc 225 L = {Li}l=t 60
ds2 2 0 , 5 11
, 35 LP(C) 93
dt', 53 L*(D) 92
dt'o 54 LT(H, f ) 187
d"'* p 20r L1 54
F 40 L' 193
48 193
Fs !'[u)
Fs 48 t 68
35 (* 72
li*(t,)
f 3 0 ,1 2 1 ls 224
lf "l 162 t(c) 53
[/"]. 162,247 4(A 6 1 ,6 8
[/t]. 127,159 A 189
f, 13 ) 3 7 , 1 4 1 ,1 8 3
frt r02 \u 183
o
i, 105 Mr
j.l,l 109 Mt 244
f'1") 110 16
Yo
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[/: .9 * R] 247 Mod(R) 16, 162
gwP 201 Mod(R). 247
f 7 , 2 8 ,4 0 Mod(f) t62
rp t47 M(Q) 84
fp 160 nr(j-) 1 8 9 ,1 9 1
f, 8 MT 72
7 t97 M(R) 23
r97 p(z)dz/ dz 17, r24
H 191 llJ 1 7 ,1 8 , 8 8 ,1 2 5
Htpl 191 Fq 153
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 Index

Index

A c
absolutely continuous on lines, 77 Calder6n-Zygmund's theorem, 96
absolutely extremal selfmapping, 173 canonical base of the space of
ACL,77 holomorphic Abelian
act properly discontinuously, 31 differentials, 236
admissible, 174 canonical form, 36
Ahlfors'theorem, 202 canonical homology base, 236
Ahlfors-Weill theorem, 153 canonical lift, 121
Ahlfors-Weill's section, 157 canonical p-qc mapping of e , 102
almost complex structure, 202 canonical ;r-qc mapping of H, 104
analytically finite type (g,n),75 canonical quasiconformal mapping
attractive fixed point, 37 of C with complex dilatation pr,102
Aut(X)-conjugate, 36 canonical period matrix, 237
axis, 38 canonical system of generators, 5, 47
Carath6odry distance, 180
B Cartan's theorem, 166
base point of Teichmiiller (C, e)-small, 248
space, 120 closed geodesiccorresponding
Beltrami coefficient,16, 17,92, to C.r, 54
r24,r25 closed geodesiccorresponding
Beltrami coefficient induced by to 1, 54
a Riemannian metric, 22 closed Riemann surface of genus g, 5
Beltrami equation, 21 closed Riemann surface of genus g
Beltrami differential, 124 with nodes, 245
Bergman projection, 188 coboundary, 197
Bers cohomology class, 199 cocycle condition, 197
Bers' Beltrami diferential. 153 colla.rlemma, 174,249
B e r s ' e m b e d d i n g ,1 5 0 complete, 168
Bers' extremal problem, 172 complex dilatation, 18, 88
Bers'fiber space, 180 complex dynamics, 118
B e r s ' p r o j e c t i o n ,1 5 0 complex structure
Bers' simultaneous uniformization, L47 of a Riemann surface, 1
Bieberbach's area theorem, 152 of C/f ,8
biholomorphic mapping, 2, I59,246 of D(R),249
biholomorphically equivalent, 2, 246 o f .R , 2 9
Brower's theorem on invariance otfr,/r,sz
of domains. 67 of Mo,166
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Index

harmonic map, 218 Kodaira-Spencer deformation

Hartogs'theorem, 159 theory, 181, 194
Hermitian inner product K-qc, 78, 120
on ?|("(i-)), 200
Ilermitian inner product L
on {,("(r)),200 lattice group, 7
holomorphic automorphic form lie over a point p, 29
(of weight -:4), L28 lift of a mapping, 30
holomorphic family of Riemann lift of a path, 29, 30
surfaces, 180, 194 limit set, 44
holomorphic function, 2, I59,249 linear fractional transformation, 34
holomorphic mapping, 2, I59 local coordinate, 2
holomorphic quadratic differential, local coordinate a.roundp, 2
73,128 local parameter, 2
holomorphic sectional curvature, 210 lbcal parameter around p, 2
holomorphic tangent space loxodromic, 37
of ?(f), 189,192 -LP-smoothingsequence,84
horizontal trajectory, 142 ,\-lemma, 118
hyperbolic, 37, I72
hyperbolic complex manifold, 168 M
hyperbolic length, 53 mapping class group of iR, 16, 162
hyperbolic,L@-norm, 150 marked closed Riemann surface
hyperbolic metric, 54 of genus g, 14
marked torus, 12
I marking, 12, 14
improved ,\-lemma, 118 Maskit coordinates, 179
infinitesimal deformation, 194 maximal.60
initial differential, 140 maximal dilatation, 18, 78
initial point, 28 matrix representation, 35
irreducible. 174 measurable automorphic form, 187
isothermal coordinates. 20 measured foliation, 73
Miibius transformation, 34
J modular group, 9
Jacobi's problem, 253 moduli space of closed Riemann
surfacesofgenus g, 16
moduli space of tori, 9
K
module, 84
K2ihlermetric,202 Mori's theorem, 92
Klein-Maskit combination theorem, multiplier, 37
250 Mumford's compactnesstheorem, 175
Klein's combination theorem, 65
Kleinian group, 50, L79,217
Kobayashi distance, 168
Kobayashi pseudo-distance, 168
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278 Index

reproducing kernel, 184 system of coordinate neighborhoods, 1

Ricci curvature, 209 system of decomposing curves, 60
Ricci curvature tensor, 209
Riemann sphere, 3 T
Riemann surface, 1 Teichmiiller curve, 180
Riemann surface of type (g ,n), 75 Teichmiiller distance, I25, 162
R i e m a n n s u r f a c eo f t y p e ( g , n , m ) , 7 5 Teichmiiller mapping, 129
Riemann's mapping theorem, 25 Teichmiiller modular group, 16, 162
Riemannian curvature tensor, 209 Teichmiiller modular
Riemannian metric, 20 transformation, 16, 162, L72
Riemannian metric
Teichmiiller modular transformation
c o r r e s p o n d i n g t of , 2 3
group, 247
Riesz-Thorin's convex theorem, 116
Teichmilller space
Royden's theorem, 168, 170
ofgenus 1, 12,2I4
of genus g, 14, 127,
s of .r?,13, 14,120, 2I5
same complex structure, 2 of a torus, 13
same conformal structure, 21
of l, I22, 123,148,151
scalar curvature, 210
Teichmiiller's existence theorem, 134
Schiffer's interior variation, 233 Teichmiiller's lemma, 138, 190
Schiffer-Spencer'svariat ion, 242
Teichmiiller's theorem. 59. 134
Schiffer-Spencer'svariation
Teichmiiller's uniquenesstheorem, 132
by attaching a handle, 242
terminal, 247
Schifer-Spencer's variational
terminal differential, 140
formula, 242
terminal point, 28
Schottky group, 50
3-manifold, 50
Schottky space, 50
Thurston's boundary, 75
Schwarzian derivative, 149
Thurston's compactifi cation, 75
Schwaz-Pick's lemma, 51
topology
Selberg zeta function, 253
of C/f ,8
Serre's duality theorem, 196
of D(R),248
Shimizu's lemma, 45
of R,29
Siegel upper half-space, 237
space of infinitesimal
otfr,/r,sz
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special unitary group of Mn,246
o f s i g n a t u r e( 1 , 1 ) , 3 5 of Tn, 48
straight line space, 176 of ?(.R), 48,125
straight line, 176 of T(f), 125
string theory,2I8,253 torus, 4
strong deformation, 247 trace, 37
strong deformation space, 247 translation of the basepoint, 127, 159,
strongly equivalent, 23 twisting parameter, 62
super Riemann surface, 253 d-horizontal line, 142
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