CH 2-4
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xxmo3ath2005xxCH 2-4
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xxmo3ath2005xxSection 2 – 4 : CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS
) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
DEFINTION
A function f is continuous at a point x = c if the following conditions
are satisfied :
a. f (c ) is defined
b. lim f (x ) exists
x →c
c. lim f (x ) = f (c )
x →c
EXAMPLE 2.4.1: Use the graph of the function shown in Figure to
determine whether f is continuous at x = 0, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 and 5 or not
solution:
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
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محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف )
EXAMPLE 2.4.2 : Discuss the continuity of each function at the indicated point
x 2 −1
a. f (x ) = x −1 , x 1 at x = 1
2
, x =1
solution:
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sin x
b. f (x ) = x , x 0 at x = 0
3 , x =0
solution:
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
c. f (x ) = x +1 at x = −1
solution:
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d . f (x ) = 1 at x = −3
x +3
solution:
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
RELATED PROBLEM 1: Discuss the continuity of each function at
the indicated point
x 2 + 4x − 5
a. f (x ) = x −1 , x 1 at x = 1
6
, x =1
solution:
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tan(4x )
b. f (x ) = 2x , x 0 at x = 0
3
, x =0
solution:
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
c. f (x ) = 2x −1 at x = 12
solution:
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
d . f (x ) = 1 at x = −2
x 2+2
solution:
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
اضافي
EXAMPLE 2.4.3:
a. Determine where f (x ) = x − 4 is continuous .
2
x −2
b. Redefine the function in part (a) to make it continuous at every point in.
solution:
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
اضافي
RELATED PROBLEM 2
a. Determine where f (x ) = x − 6x − 7 is continuous .
2
x −7
b. Redefine the function in part (a) to make it continuous at every point in.
solution:
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
THEOREM : The properties of continuity
If two functions f and g are continuous at a real number c . then
a. ( f + g ) is continuous at c
b. ( f − g ) is continuous at c
c. ( f g ) is continuous at c
d. ( f / g ) is continuous at c , g (c ) 0
*** The polynomial functions and rational functions are continuous at each point in their domain
THEOREM
a. A polynomial function p (x ) is continuous on
b. A rational function r (x ) = p (x ) is continuous on ,
q (x )
except the numbers c such that g (c ) = 0
EXAMPLE 2.4.4: Find the x − values ( if any ) at which f is discontinuous
a. f (x ) = 2x 3 − 4x + 5
solution:
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
b. g (x ) = 2x2 − 4x + 2
2
x − 4x − 5
solution:
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c. h (x ) = 1 −2 6x
x +5
solution:
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
RELATED PROBLEM 3: Find the x − values ( if any ) at which f
is discontinuous
a. f (x ) = 1 − 3x 4 + 3x 3
solution:
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b. g (x ) = x 2 − 5x − 2
2
x − 2x − 3
solution:
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c. h (x ) = 1 − 6x
x +5
solution:
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
DEFINITION 2.4.2
a. If a function is continuous at each point in an interval (a,b ) ,
then it is called continuous on the interval (a,b )
b . If a function is continuous on a closed interval a,b and continuous on
the open interval (a,b ) then it is called continuous on the interval a,b
if lim f (x ) = f (a) and lim f (x ) = f (b )
x →a + x →b −
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
EXAMPLE 2.4.5: Discuss the continuity of the function f (x ) = 4 − x 2
on −2,2
solution:
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
RELATED PROBLEM 4: Discuss the continuity of the function
a. f (x ) = 9 − x 2 on the interval −3,3
solution:
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
EXAMPLE 2.4.6: Discuss the continuity of the function
x + 1 , x 0
f (x ) =
cos x , x 0
solution:
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
RELATED PROBLEM 4: Discuss the continuity of the function
x + 3 , x 0
b. f (x ) = on ( −, )
sin x , x 0
solution:
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
EXAMPLE 2.4.7: Find the values of a and b such that the function
(x 2 − 1)
, x −1
(x + 1)
f (x ) = ax 2 + 2x + b , − 1 x 0
x +a + 2 , x 0
is continuous at every real number
solution:
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
RELATED PROBLEM 5: Find the values of a and b such that the function
(x 2 − 4)
, x 2
(x − 2)
f (x ) = ax 2 − bx + 3 , 2 x 3
2x − a + b , x 3
is continuous at every real number
solution:
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
EXAMPLE 2.4.8: For what of x the following functions are continuous
a. f (x ) = x cos x b. g (x ) = x
sin x
solution:
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b. g (x ) = x
sin x
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
RELATED PROBLEM 6: For what of x the following functions
are continuous
a. f (x ) = x sin x b. g (x ) = x
cos x
solution:
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b. g (x ) = x
cos x
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
THEOREM 2.4.3
If a function g is continuous at c and a fuction f is continuous at g (c )
then the composite function f g is continuous at c
EXAMPLE 2.4.9: Determine where the function h (x ) = cos(2x 2 − 3x + 1)
is continuous
solution:
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RELATED PROBLEM 7: Determine where the function
h (x ) = cos(−x 3 + 1) is continuous
solution:
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
THEOREM 2.4.4:
If f is continuous at b and lim g (x ) = b , then
x →c
lim f ( g (x )) = f (b ) = f lim g (x )
x →c x →c
EXAMPLE 2.4.10: Find the following limits ( if exist )
lim −x − x + 2
2
a.
x →1 x −1
solution:
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
lim cos 2x + sin 3 + x
b.
x→ 2
2
solution:
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(
c. lim x +1cos(tan x )
x →0 )
solution:
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
RELATED PROBLEM 8: Find the following limits ( if exist )
lim −x + x + 2
2
a.
x →2 2x − 3
solution:
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lim sin 2x + cos 3 + x
b.
x→ 2
2
solution:
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
(
c. lim sec x + 3 cos(sin x )
x →0 )
solution:
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
INTERMEDIATE VALUE THEOREM
THEOREM 2.4.5:
If f is continuous on a closed interval a,b and if k is any number
between f (a) and f (b ) , then there is at least number c in a,b
such that f (c ) = k
ILLUSTRATION
) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
EXAMPLE 2.4.11: Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to show that the
polynomial function f (x ) = x 3 + 2x −1 has a zero in the interval 0,1
solution:
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RELATED POBLEM 9: Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to show that
the polynomial function f (x ) = x 4 − x 3 − 1 has a zero in the interval 1,2
solution:
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
EXAMPLE 2.4.12: Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to prove that
the equation 3x + 4 = 5 − x 2 has a solution
solution:
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
Ex ( Exam) : Use the intermediate value theorem to show that the function
x 2 + 4 , − 2 x 1
f (x ) =
7 − 2x , 1 x 3
has at least a number c in −2,3 such that f (c ) = 2
solution:
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) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
Exercises ( 2 – 4 ) : CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS
x = c شروط اتصال دالة عند نقطة
f (x ) is continouous at x = c if
1. f (c ) is defined 2. lim f (x ) exists 3. lim f (x ) = f (c )
x →c x →c
In Exercises 1 – 5 , use the graph to determine where the function is discontinuous .
1.
2.
3.
) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
4.
In Exercises 6 – 11 , discuss the continuity of each function at the indicated points
2x − 1 x 2
7. f (x ) = at x = 2
x − 1 x 2
2
solution:
x 2 − x − 2
8. f (x ) = x − 2 , x 2 at x = 2
3 , x 2
solution:
) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
In Exercises 12 – 25 , find the numbers , if any , where the function is discontinuous
12. f (x ) = 3x 2 − 4x + 1
solution:
13. f (x ) = 2x + 4
x − 4x + 3
2
solution:
16. f (x ) = 2x − 7
2
x +2
solution:
) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
18. f (x ) = x2 + 2
x + 2x
solution:
x 2 −1
19. f (x ) = x − 1 , x 1
3 , x =1
solution:
) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
− x + 1 , x 0
22. f (x ) =
0 , x =0
solution:
ax + b , x 1
27. Let f (x ) = 4 , x = 1 . Find the value of a and b that make
2ax − b , x 1
f continuous on ( −, )
solution:
) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
sin(cx ) + 5x
, x 0
29. Let f (x ) = 2x + tan x . Find the value of c that make f
8 , x =0
continuous at x = 0
solution:
) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
kx + sin(x − 2) , x 2
30. Let f (x ) = . Find the value of k that make f
4k cos(x − 2) − 3 , x 2
continuous on ( −, )
solution:
In Exercises 32 – 42 , find the interval(s) where f is continuous
الدالة تكون متصلة على مجالها •
32. f (x ) = (2x 2 + 3x − 1)3
solution:
) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
34. f (x ) = x 2 + 5x − 6
solution:
40. f (x ) = x −
sin x
solution:
) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
In Exercises 47 – 54 , use the continuity to evaluate the limit
47. lim x 20 − x 2
x →4
solution:
(
51. lim sin 5 − x
x → 2x + 1 )
solution:
52. lim tan x −2 x + 1
2
x → 3x + 1
solution:
) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
53. lim x + x − 6
2
x →2 x −2
solution:
In Exercises 55 – 57 , use the Intermediate Value Theorem to find the value of c
such that f (c ) = k
55. f (x ) = x 2 − x + 1 on −1,4 ; K = 7
solution:
) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
56. f (x ) = x 3 − 2x 2 + x − 2 on 0, 4 ; K = 10
solution:
57. f (x ) = x − 1 on −4, −2 ; K = 2
x +1
solution:
) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
In Exercises 58 – 61 , Use Intermediate Value Theorem to show that there is at least one
root of the equation in the given interval
58. x 3 − 2x − 1 = 0 ; 0, 2
solution:
60. x − cos x = 0 on 0,1
solution:
) محمد ندا ( ابو يوسف
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