DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR

MtE-222L Mechanics of material LAB, 4th Semester

Student Name: M Waleed Tahir (19PWMCT0715)

Section: A
Date: 05/07/2021
Lab instructor: Engr. Wahad Ur Rahman

Lab No. 11: .

Criteria (Taxonomy Excellent (4) Proficient (3) Basic (2) Below Basic (1) Student’s
Level) Score
Report is mostly Report is
as per the guidelines disorganized and Sections/Step
Report is as per s are not
To organize the lab the guidelines. All and most follows some
report and practice the sections/steps are guidelines but ordered and
sections/steps are Report is not as
writing skills as per the ordered well but most of the
clearly organized in per the
guidelines requires minor guidelines are
a logical order. guidelines
improvements. missing

The report
completely
discusses the The report
required The report is
The report discusses the
experiment/lab totally
To discuss the actual discusses the experiment/lab
work in own words irrelevant to the
experiment/task required work but have
with some relevant experiment/lab
experiment/lab work irrelevant
additional work
information
information

Calculations and
data analysis were
Most data and
Calculations and performed observations were
data analyses were accurately, but
recorded Calculations
To perform calculations performed clearly, minor errors were and data
adequately, but
and data analysis concisely, and made both in with several analyses of lab
accurately, with calculations and in were missing
significant errors
correct units. applying correct
or omissions.
units

Graphs, if
necessary, were Graphs, if Major
drawn accurately Graphs, if necessary, were components of
To present results in the
and neatly and necessary, were drawn but
form of graphs lab were
were clearly drawn adequately inadequately. missing
labelled.

Comments:

1
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR
MtE-222L Mechanics of material LAB, 4th Semester

Lab No: 11

Title: Compression test of different specimen using universal testing

machine (UTM)

Objectives:

 To know the detail theory of compression testing.

 To understand stress-strain relationships and represent them in graphical forms.
 To know the basic steps of compression testing of specimen using UTM.
 To perform the compression test of different specimen on UTM.
 To evaluate the values of ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, % elongation, fracture strain and
Young's Modulus of the selected metals when subjected to uniaxial tensile loading.
 To compare the strength of different material on the basis of compression test.

Theory:
In this lab we are going to study about the compression testing using universal testing machine
which is also named as UTM. We will also study about the software used as a UTM and find readings
about the specimens while exerting compressive stress.

Software & Apparatus:

 Universal Testing Machine
 Laptop
 Vernier caliper
 Screw gauge
 Extensometer
 Specimen
 Printer

Introduction & Motivation:

Compression test is one of the most fundamental and common types of
mechanical testing.

 In compression test the material experiences opposing forces that push inward upon the specimen from
opposite sides.

 Compression test determine how strong a material is and how much it can be compressed without
fracture.

 Compression tests are typically conducted on universal testing instruments

2
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR
MtE-222L Mechanics of material LAB, 4th Semester

Stress Strain Curve:

Generally speaking, curves representing the relationship between stress and
strain in any form of deformation can be regarded as stress-strain curves. The stress and strain can be
normal, shear, or mixture, also can be uniaxial, biaxial, or multiaxial, even change with time. The form of
deformation can be compression, stretching, torsion, rotation, and so on. If not mentioned otherwise,
stress–strain curve refers to the relationship between axial normal stress and axial normal strain of
materials measured in a tension test.

The stress-strain relationship for materials is given by the material’s stress-strain curve. Under different
loads, the stress and corresponding strain values are plotted. An example of a stress-strain curve is given
below.

Figure 11.1: Stress Strain Curve

The stress-strain graph has different points or regions as follows:

 Proportional limit
 Elastic limit
 Plastic limit
 Yield point
 Ultimate stress point
 Fracture or breaking point
 Necking Point

3
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR
MtE-222L Mechanics of material LAB, 4th Semester
 Proportional Limit:
It is the region in the stress-strain curve that obeys Hooke’s Law. In this
limit, the ratio of stress with strain gives us proportionality constant known as young’s modulus. The point
OA in the graph is called the proportional limit.

 Elastic Limit:
It is the point in the graph up to which the material returns to its original
position when the load acting on it is completely removed. Beyond this limit, the material doesn’t return to
its original position and a plastic deformation starts to appear in it.

 Plastic limit:
A load that exceeds the elastic limit deforms the material into the plastic region,
which means that the material is permanently deformed when the load is removed. The plastic limit occurs
when the material reaches the maximum plastic deformation – the breaking point.

 Yield Point:
The yield point is defined as the point at which the material starts to deform
plastically. After the yield point is passed, permanent plastic deformation occurs. There are two yield
points (i) upper yield point (ii) lower yield point.

 Ultimate Stress Point:

It is a point that represents the maximum stress that a material can
endure before failure. Beyond this point, failure occurs.

 Fracture or Breaking Point:

It is the point in the stress-strain curve at which the failure of
the material takes place.

 Necking Point:
Necking, in engineering or materials science, is a mode of
tensile deformation where relatively large amounts of strain localize disproportionately in a small region of
the material.[1] The resulting prominent decrease in local cross-sectional area provides the basis for the
name "neck".

Modulus of Elasticity:
In general, the elastic modulus is the measure of an object’s or substance’s
resistance to being deformed elastically when stress is applied.
The modulus of elasticity is a specific material constant; it does not theoretically depend on the sample’s
geometry.
The elastic modulus of an object is defined as the slope of its stress-strain curve in the elastic deformation
region. A stiffer material will be characterized by a higher elastic modulus.

4
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR
MtE-222L Mechanics of material LAB, 4th Semester

The elastic modulus is defined as,

Where stress is the force causing the deformation divided by the area to which the force is applied and
strain is the ratio of the change in some parameter caused by the deformation to the original value of the
parameter. If stress is measured in Pa (Pascal), then ‒ since strain is a dimensionless measure ‒ the units of
λ will also be in Pa.

Figure 11.2: Modulus of Elasticity

Modes of deformation in compression testing:

There are five modes of deformation in
compression testing which are as given blow:

 Buckling
 Shearing
 Double barreling
 Barreling
 Homogenous compression

 Buckling:
In structural engineering, buckling is the sudden change in shape (deformation) of
a structural component under load, such as the bowing of a column under compression or the wrinkling of
a plate under shear.
If a structure is subjected to a gradually increasing load, when the load reaches a critical level, a member
may suddenly change shape and the structure and component is said to have buckled.

Buckling occurs when:

L/D > 5

5
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR
MtE-222L Mechanics of material LAB, 4th Semester

Figure 11.3: Buckling

 Shearing:
Shearing, also known as die cutting is a process which cuts stock without the formation of
chips or the use of burning or melting. Strictly speaking, if the cutting blades are straight the process is
called shearing; if the cutting blades are curved then they are shearing-type operations.

Shearing occurs when:

L/D > 2.5

Figure 11.4: Shearing

 Double Barreling:
Double barreling occurs in compression test when load is applied on it and it
start necking through the middle, leaving the two equal parts on the side.

Double barreling when L/D > 2.0 and friction is present at the contact surfaces.

Figure 11.5: Double Barreling

6
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR
MtE-222L Mechanics of material LAB, 4th Semester

 Barreling:
When the compressive load is applied on a cylindrical shape material, its height decrease
& width increases then it is named as barreling.

Barreling occurs when L/D < 2.0 and friction is present at the contact surface.

Figure 11.6: Barreling

 Homogenous Compression:
When the compressive load is applied on a cylinder and it acquires
the shape of a rectangle thus it is named as homogenous compression.

Homogenous compression occurs when L/D < 2.0 and no friction is present at the contact surfaces.

Figure 11.7: Homogenous Compression

7
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR
MtE-222L Mechanics of material LAB, 4th Semester

Experimentation
Material:
We can use no of materials but the most common materials for tensile testing are as follow:

 Mild steel
 Cast iron
 Concrete
 Teflon
 Aluminum

In the experimentation we will follow the following steps in order to perform tensile testing of specific
materials.

Step 1: Setup Equipment:

First we will setup the equipment for our test & get the universal testing
machine ready.

Figure 11.8: Setting up Equipment

Step 2: Measure the Area:

Now in this step we need to measure the area of the given specimen
for the readings.

Figure 11.9: Measuring Area

8
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR
MtE-222L Mechanics of material LAB, 4th Semester
Step 3: Measure the Length:
Now we need to measure the dimensions of the cube, as we will
measure the length, width and height. So we will get readings for table below,

Figure 11.10: Measuring length, width, height

Step 4: Record the specimen detail:

Now record the details of the specimen in the following
table for later calculations.

Table 11.1: Specimen Details

Material Concrete Teflon Aluminum

Parameters

Overall Height 50.0 mm 175 mm 110 mm

Diameter 50.86 mm 100 mm 90 mm

Area 2580.6399 mm2 7850 mm2 6358 mm2

Radius 25.5 mm 50 mm 45 mm

9
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR
MtE-222L Mechanics of material LAB, 4th Semester
Step 5: Insert the Specimen:
Now in this step we need to insert the specimen in the UTM for the
compression test.

Figure 11.11: Inserting the specimen

Step 6: Setup the Software:

In this step we will setup the software names as Trapezium software
where we will get the readings of our specimen along with graph.

 So first we need to open the software and create the new model.

Figure 11.12: Setup the Software

 Now we need to select the test type and unit rather it is tensile test or compression test & select units as
10
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR
MtE-222L Mechanics of material LAB, 4th Semester
it is SI units.

Figure 11.13: Select Test Type

 Then we need to select the applied load range in the software as how much load should we applied.

Figure 11.14: Applied Load Range

 Now in this step we need to select the material of specimen that we are using, its shape and dimension
to be exact.

11
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR
MtE-222L Mechanics of material LAB, 4th Semester

Figure 11.15: Material of Specimen

 Then we need to select the output parameter in SS curve, where we will select the yield stress, ultimate
stress & breaking point for the graph that we will get in the end.

Figure 11.16: Output Parameter in SS Curve

 Then we should select the title, XLabel, YLabel in the software.

12
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR
MtE-222L Mechanics of material LAB, 4th Semester

Figure 11.17: Select the Title

 Then we are ready to start the test and then just wait for the machine to do its part.

Figure 11.18: Starting the Test

 At last when the specimen broke the machine automatically stops the test and also the readings, graph
13
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR
MtE-222L Mechanics of material LAB, 4th Semester
have been done.

Figure 11.19: Breaking Point

 After the test we got the readings and also the graph like stress strain curve graph we can also Print the
Result Graph.

Graph 11.1: Resulting Graph of Concrete

 As in our machine we have only max load up to 500 kN and the specimen we have (Teflon) require
more force than that so we get graph like,

Graph 11.2: Resulting Graph of Teflon

14
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR
MtE-222L Mechanics of material LAB, 4th Semester

 After that we need to collect the experimental data manually and make a table for applied load & gauge
length so therefore,

Table 11.2: Experimental Data

Applied Force (kN) Gauge Length (mm)

0.00375 0.01
1.751562 0.714
8.159062 1.12
9.504687 1.236
10.72578 1.276
11.21875 1.296
13.79219 1.448
16.67344 1.548
20.77188 1.7
26.62188 1.934
28.30156 2.09
21.24531 2.72
15.32187 3.008
12.22266 3.186
10.38516 3.304
9.135157 3.386
8.68125 3.416
8.071094 3.464
7.928906 3.48
7.5875 3.506

 Now after taking the experimental data now we need to perform calculation to get more data about our
specimen like cross sectional area, elongation strain etc.

Where,

Cross sectional area:

A= πr 2
15
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR
MtE-222L Mechanics of material LAB, 4th Semester

Elongation = Final length – Initial length

Stress = Applied force / Cross sectional area

Strain = Change in length / Original length

Result:
So therefore at last we will plot all the result in a table and get all the readings in a form of table
about particular specimen.

Table 11.3: Result

Material
Parameters Concrete Teflon

Height 50.0 mm 175 mm

Diameter 50.86 mm 100 mm

Area 2580.6399 mm2 7850 mm2

Radius 25.5 mm 50 mm

Load at Yield Point 12kN 500 kN

Maximum Load 11.0486 64.9564 N/mm2

Break Point 7.585 kN More than 500 kN

% Compression 1.36 % 0.65 %

% Area Increase 2.16535 % 4.724 %

16
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR
MtE-222L Mechanics of material LAB, 4th Semester

References:
1. Davis, Joseph R. (2004), Tensile testing (2nd ed.), ASM International, p. 2, ISBN 978-0-87170-806-

9.

2. Annappa, C H (July 2012), "APPLICATION OF VALUE ENGINEERING FOR COST

REDUCTION – A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE", International Journal of

Advances in Engineering & Technology, 4 (1): 618–629, retrieved 1 December 2017

3. NIST, Large Scale Structure Testing Facility, archived from the original on 5 June 2010,

retrieved 4 May 2010.

4. P.W. Bridgman, Large Plastic Flow and Fracture, McGraw-Hill, (1952).

5. Schuh, C. A., Hufnagel, T. C. & Ramamurty, U. Mechanical behavior of amorphous alloys. Acta

Mater. 55, 4067–4109 (2007).

6. Elishakoff, I. Li Y-W. and Starnes,J.H. Jr., Non Classical Problems in the Theory of Elastic

Stability, Cambridge University Press, 2001, XVI +pp.336; ISBN 0-521-78210-4

7. "ussteel.com". Archived from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2011.

Thank You.

17