PE04 | REVIEWER At first, Morgan considered including tennis

lessons in his curriculum, but the expense

GROUP 1 | HISTORY OF VOLLEYBALL
of the necessary equipment was a
William Morgan challenge. He seemed to enjoy the concept
of using a net and was influenced by other
● Born on January 23, 1870 sports like badminton, tennis, and handball.
● Lockport, New York
● Became part of YMCA December 1895 – The term mintonette was
introduced. This play was called Mintonette
● Father of Volleyball
in December 1895 which is what we now call
● Pursue a different business career. volleyball. The reason "minton" became
● He died at December 27, 1942 "mintonette" in sports is because the original
game was quite similar to badminton.
How did Volleyball start?
The bridge for Morgan to establish volleyball 1952 – A year later volleyball was originally a
is because of: two-term word proposed by Dr. Luther
Halsey Gulick, but in 1952, volleyball was
● James A. Naismith officially spelled out as a single word.
● Young Men’s Christian Association
● Finding alternative sport The Ball – At first, players use the basketball
● Basketball, tennis, baseball, handball bladder, but it tends to be too light and slow,
which makes it ineffective. They used
At the age of 21, he met James A. basketball instead, but it is too heavy and big
Naismith at Mt. Hermon Preparatory and may cause injuries. In 1900, a new,
School, the originator or inventor of specially made ball that was smaller and
basketball. Naismith recognized lighter was presented.
Morgan's athletic skills and persuaded
him to continue to learn more about When was volleyball established?
sports at the International Young Men's
Christian Association Training School at William G. Morgan, a physical education
Springfield College. instructor in Holyoke, Massachusetts, USA,
invented volleyball in 1895 as a substitute
The Beginning of Volleyball for basketball, which had just been
At the YMCA in Holyoke, introduced a year earlier. When the sport
Massachusetts, William Morgan taught was first introduced, it was known as
physical education. Morgan was a well- "Mintonette," and its goal was to make it
liked instructor whose classes drew more accessible and less physically taxing
large crowds. Throughout his years at for senior citizens. It was eventually
the YMCA, he created a good variety of discovered that players enjoyed volleying
events. the ball back and forth over a net, leading to
the adoption of the term "volleyball".
September/October 1895
When did volleyball become popular?
Way back then basketball was popular with
the young individual. Morgan sees that it is
hard to be played by the older local It took a few years for volleyball to gain
businessman. Morgan thinks of a substitute popularity following its founding. Asia
where the elderly may perform, activities adopted the game and made it an official
that don’t require bumping and jolting. component of numerous national
competitions and athletic events, which
helped the sport gain popularity throughout resembles the game invented in the final
the world starting in 1913. years of the 19th century. The increasing
popularity of the game in many parts of
Key facts and timeline the world contributed to the
establishment of rules that would fit the
The following timeline provides a brief particularities of different places.
overview of the most important facts and
events in volleyball's history to date. Local idiosyncrasies also helped to
develop the game.
• 1895: Earliest version of volleyball
was invented in 1895 by William — e.g. in the Philippines where a more
Morgan. competitive style of volleyball has resulted
• 1917-1920: Modern rule adaptations in the invention of the trademark of the
are introduced, including the three-hit sport: The spike, also known as the
rule and assigning three players to a “Filipino Bomb” at the time
row. Different hit types and passing
styles are also developed during this By 1913, the growth of the game in
period (set and spike). the continent was evident as that
• 1922: First YMCA national volleyball year saw it being included in the first
champions are held in Brooklyn, New Far-Eastern Games, organized in
York. 1928: USA Volleyball, the Manila.
sport's official governing body, is
established. — It was not until 1900 that a specially
• 1930: Beach Volleyball (two-on-two) designed lighter and smaller ball was
is played for the first time. devised, which opened up a new array
• 1949: Inaugural World Volleyball of tactical and technical possibilities for
Champions are held in the Czech the sport.
Republic.
Rules for playing volleyball kept
• 1964: Volleyball appears on the establishing over the years; points
Olympic Games schedule of events per set changed from 21 to 15 points
for the first time. in 1917.
• 1975: Men's and women's national
teams are formed to represent the — in the following year the number of
United States in international players per team was set at six and so on.
competitions. A few years later, a new offensive way of
• 1981: Debut of the NCAA Volleyball playing the game — including what we now
Tournament (national, collegiate- call setting and spiking — emerged in the
level competition) Philippines. It was to be called ‘bomba’ or
‘Filipino bomb’, taking a cue from the pace
Development of Volleyball at which the ball landed in the opposition’s
Volleyball is the real epitome of beauty in the court.
sports world. The elegance and cadence of
the game have no match among other The new tactic also meant the rules of
competitive human activities. volleyball were further refined and
standardized, including the scoring
The game has evolved tremendously system and the rule stipulating a
since its early days in a small town in the maximum of three hits per team.
United States. Today, volleyball faintly
— However, all through this period, consisting of quarterfinals, semifinals, and
volleyball was largely restricted to only a finals
few regions. Though there were a few
national championships in different Volleyball at the beach – Originated in
countries, none had a fixed set of rules as America and it was included in the Olympic
it varied from region to region. programme for the Atlanta Games in 1996.
But all this would change in 1947. Their Olympic bow was followed by the
inaugural FIVB Beach Volleyball World
International governing body of Championships in 1997. The event is
volleyball: hosted every alternate year and Brazil has
been the most successful country at this
April 1947 saw the establishment of the event winning a total of 12 gold medals
Federation Internationale de Volleyball (men and women) so far.
(FIVB). Representatives from 14 nations -
met in Paris under the leadership of Sitting volleyball – Invented in 1956 in the
France’s Paul Libaud to set up the Netherlands as a rehabilitation tool for
association that would govern volleyball at injured soldiers. It is a modified version of
the international level The first volleyball able-bodied indoor volleyball for people with
World Championships for men was held in impaired lower limb function. It was invented
1949 in Prague and in 1952 for women in as a rehabilitation tool for soldiers who had
Moscow. been injured. It is an adaptation of volleyball
that allows people with disabilities or
While the World Championships continues difficulty moving to play the sport. The sport
to be the mega attraction for the game, the has been a fixture at the Paralympic Games
FIVB has added events like the FIVB World since 1980.
League, the FIVB World Grand Prix, the
FIVB World Cup, and the FIVB Grand Volleyball Original Rules – In 1913, the first
Champions Cup to its roster over the years, official set of rules for volleyball was created
apart from eventually becoming an Olympic by the YMCA Physical Education
sport. Department. These rules included the size of
the court, the height of the net, and the
Volleyball at the Olympics: number of players on each team. In 1964,
the International Olympic Committee
Volleyball was granted Olympic status in recognized the sport and it became an
1957 by the International Olympic official Olympic sport in 1996. The first official
Committee (IOC). With an international rules for volleyball were published in 1897,
body to look after the sport and its growing and the game quickly gained popularity in the
popularity. United States and worldwide. In 1922, the
first international volleyball match was held
Volleyball made its Olympic debut at the between the United States and Canada.
Tokyo 1964 Games. Volleyball became an Olympic sport in 1964,
and it has continued to grow in popularity
Volleyball has been a part of the Summer over the years.
Olympics program for both men and women
consistently since 1964 . The sport has two
events, one for men and one for women, GROUP 2 | PLAYING AREA
with each event having 12 participant TERMINOLOGIES
nations . The tournament format has 1. Attack Area – also known as the
evolved over time, with the current format restricted area in the court that is
marked between the centerline and
 restricted line wherein spiking is out-of-bound area extends to the
executed. ceiling or down to the floor.
2. Attack Line – a line that limits play of 2. Ball – a spherical ball of 65-67cm
spiking that lies three meters away (25.59-26.38 inches) circumference.
from the center line. It is made of flexible lather or any
3. Back Area – is also known as synthetic material and weighs 260-
backcourt. 280g (8.36-9.00 ounces). The inside
4. Back Court –also known as the back pressure shall be 0.30 to
area, measures 6 meters away from 0.325kg/𝑐𝑚2 (4.26 to 4.61psi) (294.3
the restricted area back to the end to 318.82mbar or hPa)
line. 3. Net – 1 meter wide and 9.5 to 10
5. Boundary Lines – are side and tend meters long (with 25 to 50cm on each
lines that limit the playing court to 9 x side of the side bands). It is tied
18 meters. vertically above the center line of the
6. Centerline – is a 5-cm line that court to posts fixed at either side of
divides the court into two equal areas the court, at a distance of one meter
directly under the net. from the sidelines. The center of the
7. Court – is the 9m x 18m playing area net should lie 2.43 meters above the
where the volleyball is being played. ground for men and 2.24 meters for
8. End Lines – are lines that limit the women. At the sides of the net may
length of the playing area court, 9 be higher by a maximum of 2cm,
meters in width. however, it should be tied at the same
9. Front Court – is also known as an height at both posts.
attack area or restricted area that 4. Post – it is the stand that supports the
measures 3 meters away from the net that is placed at the distance of
centerline. 0.50 to 1.00m outside the sideline.
10. Restricted Line – is a line that They are 2.55m high and preferably
prohibits the back players from adjustable.
participating in spiking or blocking 5. Scoresheet – it is the scoring material
that is drawn 3 meters away from the where a record of the match like line-
center line. ups, points earned, serving order,
11. Service Area – is an area in which the substitutions, charged time outs,
service must be made. It is located at time/place/title of the match, and
the right back corner outside of each signature of the officiating officials
court. and captain ball of both teams are
12. Service lines – are lines that limit the officially recorded for documentation.
service area. Stepping on these lines 6. Side vertical markers – these are
are prohibited. canvass tape 5cm wide attached at
13. Side Lines – are lines that limit the the end of the net just above and
width of the playing area, 18 meters aligned with the side lines.
in length.

GROUP 4 | THE OFFICIALS OF THE GAME

GROUP 3 | VOLLEYBALL EQUIPMENT
1. Linemen/judge – positioned at the
1. Antenna – are flexible rods, 1.80m end corner of the court carefully
long and 10mm in diameter with red- watch out for the exact landing point
white stripes that are on the net to of the ball whether in or out of bounds
mark the out-of-bounds area, made of the court
of fiber glass or similar material. This 2. Referee – has the overall control and
authority in the conduct of the game.
 He can be viewed across the top of hand or arm goes with the ball
the net making it possible to see all momentarily.
areas of the court and all moves of 10. Scooping – is an act of contacting the
the players. ball when it rolls in the player's arm.
3. Score Scorekeeper – is the official 11. Service – is the act of putting the ball
responsible in keeping the accurate in play by a player who delivers the
information from the scores to all ball from the service area sending it
other needed information about the over the net into the opponent's court.
game. 12. Set – is the act of delivering the ball
4. Umpire – is also known as a second above and near the net in preparing,
referee who assists the referee and is the spiker to hitting the ball.
positioned on the floor opposite the 13. Set pass – refers to the ball passed in
referee. He is also accountable for the air for a teammate's kill attack that
decision-making and ruling the game. it will descend near the net usually
the second pass to the series.
14. Short or low set – is a set made by
GROUP 5 | CONTACT OF THE BALL very low in height and directly in front
of the set-up man; also used for
1. Contacted ball – is the act of touching Chinese kill.
or delivering the ball by hitting or
receiving it with any part of the body
above the waist. GROUP 6 | SPIKING AND BLOCKING
2. Dig – is the act of recovering a hard-
driven ball from the opponent by the 1. Area block is a block that covers a
defensive player or team. specified area against all tracks.
3. Dig pass – is the underhand pass 2. Attack is the hard driven ball hit
using the forearm to hit the ball. above the net by an offensive player.
4. Double hit –the act of touching the 3. Attack block is a block that attempts
ball more than once with any part of to attack the ball and is not limited to
the body. cut off the specified area.
5. Held ball – refers to the act when the 4. Block is an act of attempting to stop
ball comes to rest momentarily in the or intercept the ball above the net
hands or any part of the body above which aims to prevent the ball to enter
the waist more than 1/10th of a into the team's court.
second. 5. Checked ball is a ball deflected from
6. Holding – is an act of contacting the the blocker's hand usually the last
ball with a momentary rest on any touched.
part of the player's body above the 6. Fake spike is an act of approaching
waist other than 1/10th of a second. the net and executing a spiking
It may be scooping, lifting, pushing, motion to confuse the defensive
carrying, or throwing. team.
7. Lifting – is an act of contacting the 7. Fielding the ball is retrieving or
ball when it rests momentarily in the recovering the ball on volley or spike
player's arm and hands in a lifting from the opponent, frequently after it
position. has been blocked.
8. Pass – is an act of delivering the ball 8. Hard block is an attempt on the part
to either a teammate or to the of the defensive team to stop the ball
opponent's court. forcibly back to their opponent's
9. Pushing – is an act of contacting the court.
ball when it is pushed, where the 9. Reach over or over reach is an act of
crossing the arms above and across
 the net before an opponent touches 11. Down the line refers to the hit or spike
the ball within his court. or the ball falling directly on the line at
10. Soft block is a block whose purpose the side of the court. The point goes
is to deflect the ball up in the air to set to the team which strikes the ball.
it into a teammate. 12. Five minutes rest is the period given
11. Spiked ball is a ball that is hit by force to opposing teams when the fifth set
over the net. is needed after four rounds of the
game or when there is a tie.
13. Foot fault is a foul committed by a
GROUP 7 & 8 | TECHNICAL server stepping on the side or end
TERMINOLOGIES lines during the service.
14. Forfeited game is a decision
1. Ball in play is the period from the time proclaimed when players do not
the ball is served until a fault has reach the minimum number of six
been committed by any of the players players to play the game, late or non-
in the game. appearance of the team for the game,
2. Charge time out is the break or rest or walk out or non-confirmation of the
requested by coaches intended for players to the decision of the
playing style instructions to the referees.
players. 15. Formation is the arrangement or
3. Coed game is a game event jointly alignment of the players either on
participated by men and women. offense or defense.
4. Courtesy handshake is done at the 16. Game (or set) is the termination of a
center of the court after the match as set or inning after a team has scored
an act of sportsmanship and courtesy 25 points or advantage of two points
to the opponent. is earned to terminate the play.
5. Cross court refers to the diagonal 17. Game over is a term used to indicate
exchange of the ball to the that the match has ended either by 2
opponent’s court. out of 3 or 3 out of 5 sets.
6. Crossing (at the centerline) is an act 18. Game point is the point gained by the
of crossing and touching the team leading to the termination of the
opponent’s court either by mistake or set or game.
intention. 19. A good ball is the ball landing within
7. Dead ball is officially declared by the the boundary limit of the court of the
whistle of the officiating official when opponent which they fail to get,
a violation in the transfer of giving the thereby a considered fault, It is
pitch has been committed to the known as a good shot for the server.
opponent’s court. 20. Libero is a defensive specialist player
8. Defaulted game or match is declared in a team.
in the non-appearance or late 21. Line ball is a good ball, a ball hitting,
reporting after the 15-minute grace or landing on the boundary lines of
period of any team in the match. This the opponent’s court.
automatically awards the win to the 22. Match refers to the number of games
team that is present. or sets completed in a contest usually
9. Defense is the act of the team who is 2 out of 3 or 3 out of 5 sets.
not in possession or not in service of 23. Offense is a term used when the
the ball to get the ball and not commit team is in possession of the ball or a
errors for point/score purposes. serving team who makes the point.
10. Double fault is a simultaneous error 24. Out of bounds is the ball that hits or
between the two opposing teams. touches any surface of the floor
outside the court; a ball that touches
 the ceiling during an indoor game; 36. Three-minute rest is a grace period
touches the antennae; or does not given by the referee to assess the
pass over the net limited by an injury of a player and his physical
antenna. condition to continue playing the
25. Play can be preliminary action or game.
follow-up movements or contacting 37. Toss coin is the act of choosing the
the ball to regain equilibrium. Spiking right to serve or choose the side of
and blocking constitute a single play. the court to play usually done the
Players are the athletes playing beginning of the first and fifth
inside the playing court. game/set.
26. Play over is the proclamation done 38. Touch the net is the act of
when the last serving of the ball is unintentionally touching the net or its
successfully executed without rope by any part of the body of the
awarding or penalizing a side-out clothes.
point giving the final point for the final 39. Two-minute rest is the period allowed
set. to players to rest after a set is
27. Point is called when the serving team completed.
successfully played the ball o when 40. Weak area is the area on the court
the receiving team failed to return the which is either conceded or retrieved
ball to the serving team. difficult to move in due to light space.
28. Ready position is the position in the 41. Yellow card flash is the first warning
court assumed by all players as given to a player/coach/manager by
quickly as possible after the ball the referee reminding them of the
crosses into the opponent’s court. technical fault committed.
29. Red card flash is the disqualification
called by the referee to any member
of a team preventing the player’s
privilege to continue to play.
30. Referee’s time out is the term used
when a referee or any official stops
the play for a valid reason usually not
charged to any team.
31. Rotation is the shifting of players in a
clockwise shifting movement of the
players done in every service of the
ball.
32. Screening is the attempt by players of
the serving team to hide, screen or
conceal the server.
33. Serving order is the arrangement of
service to be done by the players
according to the list entered in the
score sheet and the position
indicated in the court.
34. Substitution is the act of switching or
changing players from the playing
court.
35. Switch is the act of changing
positions immediately after service is
made, ie., a front-line player going to
the back-line area or vice-versa.