Physics Laws Islam Shaker

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 𝜆 𝑤
 Wave-Speed ⇨ ቀ𝑣 = 𝑇 = 𝜆 𝑓 = 𝑘 ቁ

 ሺ𝜔ሻ ⇨ angular velocity

 ሺ𝑘ሻ ⇨ spring constant

 Wave-Function ⇨ ൫𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛ሺ𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡ሻ൯

2𝜋
 𝑘 = ቀ ⋋ ቁ ⇨ wave no
2𝜋
 𝜔 = ቀ ቁ ⇨ angular velocity
𝑇

 Hook’s Law ⇨ ሺ𝐹 = − 𝑘 𝑥 ሻ

 ሺ𝑘ሻ ⇨ spring constant

 ሺ𝑥 ሻ ⇨ displacement

𝑘 ×𝑘
 Series connection ⇨ ቀ𝑘 = 𝑘1 +𝑘2 ቁ
1 2

 Parallel connection ⇨ ሺ𝑘 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 ሻ

1
 Potential-Energy ⇨ ቀ𝑃𝐸 = 2 𝑘 𝑥 2 ቁ

1
 Kinetic-Energy ⇨ ቀ𝐾𝐸 = 2 𝑚 𝑣 2 ቁ

 Mechanical energy ⇨

1 1 1 1
 ቀ𝐸 = 𝑃𝐸 + 𝐾𝐸 = 2 𝑘 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑚 𝑣 2 = 2 𝑘 𝐴2 = 2 𝑚 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 ቁ

 Velocity ⇨

𝐾 𝑥2
 ቆ𝑣 = ± ට 𝑚 ሺ𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 ሻ = ± 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 ට1 − ቇ
𝐴2

 Position as a Function of Time ⇨

 ሾ𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠ሺ𝜔𝑡ሻሿ / 𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠൫2𝜋𝑓 ∙ 𝑡൯
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 Velocity as a Function of Time ⇨

 ሾ𝑣 = −𝐴 𝜔 𝑠𝑖𝑛ሺ𝜔𝑡ሻሿ / ൣ𝑣 = −𝐴 𝜔 𝑠𝑖𝑛൫2𝜋𝑓 ∙ 𝑡൯൧

 Acceleration as a Function of Time ⇨

 ሾ𝑎 = −𝐴 𝜔 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ሺ𝜔 𝑡ሻሿ / ൣ𝑎 = −𝐴 𝜔 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠൫2𝜋𝑓 ∙ 𝑡൯൧

𝑚
 Period of SHM ⇨ ൬𝑇 = 2𝜋ට 𝑘 ൰

1 𝑘
 Frequency of SHM ⇨ ቆ𝑓 = ට ቇ
2𝜋 𝑚

𝑙
 Period of Pendulum ⇨ ൬𝑇 = 2𝜋ට𝑔൰

1 𝑔
 Frequency of Pendulum ⇨ ൬𝑓 = 2𝜋 ට 𝑙 ൰

𝑥
 Restoring-Force ⇨ ቀ𝑓 = 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 = 𝑚𝑔 𝑙 ቁ

𝐹
 Speed of Wave ⇨ ൬𝑣 = ට 𝜇𝑡൰

 ൫𝐹𝑡 ൯ ⇨ tension force

 ൫𝜇൯ ⇨ mass per length

𝑐
 Index of refraction ⇨ ቀ𝑛 = 𝑣ቁ

 Snell’s Law ⇨ ൫𝑛1 sin 𝜃𝑖 = 𝑛2 sin 𝜃𝑟 ൯

𝑛2
 Critical angle ⇨ ቀsin 𝜃𝑐 = 𝑛1
ቁ
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 1 1 1
 Mirror & Lens Equation ⇨ ൬𝑑 + = ൰
𝑜 𝑑𝑖 𝑓

ℎ𝑖 − 𝑑𝑖
 Magnification ⇨ ቀ𝑀 = = ቁ
ℎ𝑜 𝑑𝑜

1 1 1
 Lensmaker’s equation ⇨ ቆ𝑓 = ሺ𝑛 − 1ሻ ቀ𝑅 + ቁቇ
1 𝑅2

 General Prism

 Apex angle ⇨ ൫𝐴 = 𝜃2 + 𝜃3 ൯

 Angle of deviation ⇨ ሺ𝛼 = 𝜃1 + 𝜃4 − 𝐴ሻ

 Minimum Prism

 Apex angle ⇨ ሺ𝐴 = 2 𝜃2 ሻ

 Angle of deviation ⇨ ሺ𝛼 = 2 𝜃1 − 𝐴ሻ

𝛼 + 𝐴
sin 𝜃1 sinቀ ቁ
 Index of refraction ⇨ ቆ𝑛2 = = 2
𝐴 ቇ
sin 𝜃2 sinቀ ቁ
2

 Thin Prism

 Apex angle ⇨ ሺ𝐴 ≤ 10°ሻ

 Angle of deviation ⇨ ൫𝛼 = 𝐴 ሺ𝑛 − 1ሻ൯

𝛼 + 𝐴
sin 𝜃1 ቀ ቁ 𝛼+ 𝐴
 Index of refraction ⇨ ቆ𝑛2 = ≈ 2
𝐴 ≈ ቇ
sin 𝜃2 ቀ ቁ 𝐴
2

 Angular dispersion ⇨ ൫𝛼 = 𝐴 ሺ𝑛𝑏 − 𝑛𝑟 ሻ൯

𝛼𝑏 − 𝛼𝑟 𝑛𝑏 − 𝑛𝑟
 Dispersion power ⇨ ൬𝜔 = = ൰
𝛼𝑦 𝑛𝑦 − 1

𝑁
 Simple microscope – Magnification ⇨ ቀ𝑀 = ቁ
𝑓
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 −𝑁𝑙
 Compound microscope – Magnification ⇨ ቀ𝑀 = ቁ
𝑓𝑜 𝑓𝑒

− 𝑓𝑜
 Refracting telescope – Magnification ⇨ ቀ𝑀 = ቁ
𝑓𝑒

 ሺ𝑁ሻ ⇨ 25 cm
 ൫𝑓𝑜 ൯ ⇨ focal length of the object lens
 ൫𝑓𝑒 ൯ ⇨ focal length of the eye lens

 Critical frequency of ionosphere ⇨ ൫𝑓𝑐 = 9 ඥ𝑁𝑚𝑎𝑥 ൯

 ൫𝑁𝑚𝑎𝑥 ൯ ⇨ maximum electron density.

 Converging range of TV transmitting ⇨ ቀ𝑑 = ඥ2 𝑅 ℎቁ

 ሺ𝑅ሻ ⇨ radius of the earth.

𝜆
 ቀℎ = ቁ ⇨ height of antenna.
4

 Bright

 Path difference ⇨ ሺ𝑑 sin 𝜃 = 𝑚 𝜆ሻ

𝑚𝜆
 Distance between 2 brights ⇨ ቀ𝑦 = 𝐿 𝑑
ቁ

 ሺ𝑚ሻ ⇨ the order number.

 ሺ𝜆ሻ ⇨ the wavelength.
 ሺ𝐿ሻ ⇨ distance between 2 screens.
 ሺ𝑑 ሻ ⇨ distance between 2 slits.
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  Dark

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 Path difference ⇨ ቀ𝑑 sin 𝜃 = ቀ𝑚 + ቁ 𝜆ቁ
2

1
ቀ𝑚+ ቁ 𝜆
 Distance between 2 brights ⇨ ቆ𝑦 = 𝐿 2
ቇ
𝑑

𝜆 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
 Resolving power ⇨ ቀ𝑅 = = 𝑁 𝑚ቁ
∆𝜆

 ൫𝜆 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 ൯ ⇨ the mean wavelength of two emission lines.

 ሺ𝑁 = 𝑛 𝑤ሻ ⇨ total no of slits; ሺ𝑤ሻ ⇨ width of slits.

1
 Speed of light ⇨ ൬𝑐 = ൰
ඥ𝜇𝑜 𝜖𝑜

 𝜇𝑜 ሺ𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦ሻ ⇨ ሺ4𝜋 × 10−7 ሻ

 𝜖𝑜 ሺ𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 ሻ ⇨ ሺ8.854 × 1012 ሻ

𝐸
 Speed of light ⇨ ቀ𝑐 = ቁ
𝐵

 ሺ𝐸ሻ ⇨ Electric field

 ሺ𝐵ሻ ⇨ Magnetic field

𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 × 𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐸2 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑐

 Intensity ⇨ ቀ𝐼 = = = 2𝜇 𝐵2 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ቁ
2 𝜇𝑜 2 𝜇𝑜 𝑐 𝑜

𝑈
 Total momentum ⇨ ቀ𝑝 = ቁ
𝑐

 ሺ𝑈ሻ ⇨ Incident energy

 ሺ𝑐ሻ ⇨ Speed of light

 Change in momentum ⇨ ൫∆ 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 − ሺ− 𝑚𝑣ሻ = 2 𝑚𝑣൯

2𝑈
 Complete reflection ⇨ ቀ𝑝 = ቁ
𝑐

 Intensity of the (polarized) ⇨ ൫𝐼 = 𝐼𝑜 cos 2 𝜃൯

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 sin θ𝑝
 Brewster’s law ⇨ ൬𝑛 = = tan θ𝑝 ൰
cos θ𝑝

∅ ∅
 Resultant wave function ⇨ ቀ𝑦ư = 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 = 2𝐴 cos ቀ 2ቁ sin ቀ𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 + 2ቁቁ

∅
 New amplitude ⇨ ቀ𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝐴 cos ቀ 2ቁቁ

1
 Distance between adjacent nodes ⇨ ቀ𝑑𝑁−𝑁 = 2 𝜆ቁ

1
 Distance between node and adjacent antinode ⇨ ቀ𝑑𝑁−𝐴 = 4 𝜆ቁ

𝑛 𝐹
 Frequency of standing wave's vibration ⇨൬𝑓𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑓1 = 2𝐿 ට𝜇൰

 Minima (dark) in diffraction ⇨ ൫𝐷 sin 𝜃𝑑 = 𝑚 𝜆൯

ℎ𝜆
 Energy of photon ⇨ ቀ𝐸 = ℎ 𝑓 = ቁ
𝑐

 ℎ ሺ𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑘’𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ሻ ⇨ 6.62 × 10−34

𝐸 𝐸𝜆
 Number of photons ⇨ ൬𝑛 = ℎ 𝑓 = ℎ𝑐
൰

 Power of radiation ⇨ ൫𝑝 = 𝜎 𝑒 𝐴 𝑇 4 ൯

 𝜎 ⇨ Constant
 𝑒 ⇨ Emissivity
 𝐴 ⇨ Surface area
 𝑇 ⇨ Temperature

𝐸 ℎ𝑓 ℎ
 Mass of photon ⇨ ቀ𝑚 = = = ቁ
𝐶2 𝐶2 𝜆𝐶

ℎ𝐶
 Energy of photon ⇨ ቀ𝐸 = ℎ 𝑓 = = 𝑚 𝑐 2ቁ
𝜆
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 𝐸 ℎ𝑓 ℎ
 Momentum of photon ⇨ ቀ𝑃𝐿 = = = 𝜆ቁ
𝐶 𝐶

ℎ𝐶
 Power of photon ⇨ ቀ𝑃𝑊 = 𝐸 ∅𝐿 = ℎ𝑓 ∅𝐿 = ∅𝐿 ቁ
𝜆

𝑁
 ∅𝐿 = ⇨ the rate by which photons incident to the surface.
∆𝑡

2 𝑃𝑊 ℎ𝑓 ∅𝐿 2 ℎ ∅𝐿
 Force of photon ⇨ ቀ𝐹 = = = ቁ
𝐶 𝐶 𝜆

ℎ
 Wavelength of the scattered photons ⇨ ቆ𝜆ሗ = 𝜆 + ሺ1 − cos ∅ሻቇ
𝑚𝑒 𝐶

 𝑚𝑒 ሺ9.11 × 10−31 ሻ ⇨ mass of electron

ℎ𝐶
 Energy of the photon (X-rays) ⇨ ൬𝑒 ∆𝑉 = ℎ 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ൰
𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛

ℎ
 Wavelength of the particle ⇨ ൬𝜆 = ൰
𝑃𝐿

 Kinetic energy of the electron ⇨ ൫𝐾𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑉𝑜 ൯

 Photon’s input energy ⇨ ൫ℎ𝑓 = 𝐾𝐸 + 𝑤𝑜 ൯

 𝐾𝐸 ⇨ kinetic energy
 𝑤𝑜 ⇨ work function

𝑃𝑚 𝐼𝑚𝑝 × 𝑉𝑚𝑝
 Fill factor (FF) ⇨ ቀ𝐹𝐹 = = ቁ
𝐼𝑠𝑐 × 𝑉𝑜𝑐 𝐼𝑠𝑐 × 𝑉𝑜𝑐

 𝐼𝑚𝑝 ⇨ maximum current

 𝑉𝑚𝑝 ⇨ maximum voltage
 𝐼𝑠𝑐 ⇨ theoretical current
 𝑉𝑜𝑐 ⇨ theoretical voltage

𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝑠𝑐 × 𝑉𝑜𝑐 × 𝐹𝐹

 Efficiency of solar cell ⇨ ൬𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
= 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
൰
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 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡−𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
 Atomic Packing factor ⇨ ቀ𝐴. 𝑃. 𝐹 = ቁ
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡−𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙

𝑄1 𝑄2
 Coulomb forces ⇨ ቀ𝐹 = 𝑘 ቁ
𝑟2

 ሺ𝑘 = 9 × 109 ሻ ⇨ Coulomb constant

 ሺ𝑟ሻ ⇨ distance between charges

 ൫𝑄൯ ⇨ value of charges

𝑄1 𝑄2
 Potential energy ⇨ ቀ𝑃𝐸 = 𝑘 = 𝐹 ∙ 𝑟ቁ
𝑟

𝑚 𝑣2
 Centripetal force ⇨ ቀ𝐹 = ቁ
𝑟

𝑣2
 Centripetal acceleration ⇨ ቀ𝑎 = 𝑟
ቁ

 Apparent weight when elevator moves upward ⇨ ቀሺ𝑚𝑎ሻ = ሺ𝐹𝑡 − 𝐹𝑔 ሻቁ

 Apparent weight when elevator moves downward ⇨ ቀሺ𝑚𝑎ሻ = ሺ𝐹𝑔 − 𝐹𝑡 ሻቁ

 Vertical spring in elevator ⇨ ൫𝑚 ൫𝑔 + 𝑎൯ = 𝑘 𝑥൯

 Hook’s Law of elasticity ⇨ ሺ𝐹 = 𝑘 ∆𝑙 ሻ

 ሺ𝐹 ሻ ⇨ Exerted force
 ሺ∆𝑙 ሻ ⇨ Change in length
 ሺ𝑘ሻ ⇨ Proportionality constant
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 𝐹
 Stress ⇨ ቀ𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑠 = ቁ
𝐴

∆𝑙
 Strain ⇨ ቀ𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = ቁ
𝑙

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐹 / 𝐴
 Young’s Modulus ⇨ ቆ𝐸 = = ቇ
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 ∆𝑙 / 𝑙
𝑜

1 𝐹
 Elongation in the length ⇨ ቀ∆𝑙 = 𝑙𝑜 ቁ
𝐸 𝐴

 ሺ𝐸 ሻ ⇨ Elastic modulus or young’s modulus

 ሺ𝐹 ሻ ⇨ Applied force
 ሺ𝐴ሻ ⇨ Unit area
 ൫𝑙𝑜 ൯ ⇨ original length

𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
 Pitch (p) ⇨ ቀ𝑝 = ቁ
𝑁− 1

 Small length (Ls) ⇨ ൫𝐿𝑆 = 𝑁 ∙ 𝑑൯

1 3
 Internal energy ⇨ ቀ𝑈 = 𝑁 ቀ2 𝑚 𝑣 2 ቁ = 𝑛 𝑅 𝑇ቁ
2

 ሺ𝑛ሻ ⇨ no of moles
 ሺ𝑁ሻ ⇨ no of molecules

 Specific Heat ⇨ ൫𝑄 = 𝑚 𝑐 ∆𝑇൯

 ሺ𝑐 ሻ ⇨ specific heat (𝑗 / 𝑘𝑔 . 𝐶 2 )
 ൫𝑄൯ ⇨ heat energy added or released

 Specific heat of constant volume ⇨ ൫𝑄 = 𝑛 𝑐𝑣 ∆𝑇൯

 ൫𝑐𝑣 ൯ ⇨ specific heat of constant volume.


10

ሺ𝑛ሻ ⇨ no of moles of gas.

Page
 Specific heat of constant pressure ⇨ ൫𝑄 = 𝑛 𝑐𝑝 ∆𝑇൯

 ൫𝑐𝑝 ൯ ⇨ specific heat of constant pressure.

 ሺ𝑛ሻ ⇨ no of moles of gas.

 Heat involved in a change of phase ⇨ ൫𝑄 = 𝑚 𝐿൯

 ሺ𝐿ሻ ⇨ latent heat

 ሺ𝑚ሻ ⇨ mass of substance
 ൫𝑄൯ ⇨ heat added or released during the phase change

 Mixing between two materials ⇨ ቀ𝑚 𝑐1 ൫𝑡ℎ − 𝑡𝑓 ൯ = 𝑚 𝑐2 ൫𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑐 ൯ቁ

 ሺ𝑐1 ሻ ⇨ specific heat of material.

 ሺ𝑐2 ሻ ⇨ specific heat of water.
 ൫𝑡ℎ ൯ ⇨ heat of material before.
 ൫𝑡𝑐 ൯ ⇨ heat of water before

 Law conservation of energy ⇨ ൫∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊൯

 ൫𝑄൯ ⇨ net heat added

 ሺ𝑊 ሻ ⇨ net work done

𝑉
 Isothermal Processes ⇨ ቀ𝑊 = 𝑛 𝑅 𝑇 ln 𝑉2 ቁ
1

 Adiabatic Processes ⇨ ൫∆𝑈 = 𝑛 𝑐𝑣 ∆𝑡 ൯

 Isobaric Processes ⇨ ൫𝑄 = 𝑃 ∆𝑉 + 𝑛 𝑐𝑣 ∆𝑡 ൯

 Isovolumetric Processes ⇨ ൫∆𝑈 = 𝑛 𝑐𝑣 ∆𝑡 ൯

 Magnetic flux density ⇨ ሺ∅ = 𝐵 𝐴 sin 𝜃 𝑜𝑟 𝐵 𝐴 cos 𝛼 ሻ

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  ሺ𝐵ሻ ⇨ magnetic field
 ሺ𝐴ሻ ⇨ surface area
 ሺ𝜃ሻ ⇨ angle between magnetic flux line and the surface area.
 ሺ𝛼 ሻ ⇨ angle between magnetic flux line and perpendicular to the plane.

𝜇𝑜 𝐼
 Magnetic field in a long wire ⇨ ቀ𝐵 = ቁ
2𝜋 𝑟

 ൫𝜇𝑜 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝑇 ∙ 𝑚 / 𝐴൯ ⇨ permeability of free space

𝑁𝐼
 Magnetic field in circular loop ⇨ ቀ𝐵 = 𝜇𝑜 ቁ
2𝑟

 ሺ𝑁ሻ ⇨ no of turns
 ሺ𝑟ሻ ⇨ radius of circular loop

 Two circular loop perpendicular to each other ⇨ ቆ𝐵𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ට𝐵1 2 + 𝐵2 2 ቇ

𝐼2
 Circular loop tangent to a straight wire ⇨ ቀ𝑁𝐼1 = ቁ
𝜋

𝑙 𝜃
 Number of turns of a circular loop ⇨ ቀ𝑁 = 𝑜𝑟 ቁ
2𝜋𝑟 360

𝜇𝑜 𝑁 𝐼
 Magnetic field in a solenoid ⇨ ቀ𝐵 = = 𝜇𝑜 𝑛 𝐼ቁ
𝑙

 ሺ𝑁ሻ ⇨ number of turns

 ሺ𝑙 ሻ ⇨ length of solenoid
 ሺ𝑛ሻ ⇨ no of turns per length of solenoid.

 Force of the magnetic field ⇨ ሺ𝐹 = 𝐼 𝑙 𝐵 sin 𝜃 ሻ

 ሺ𝜃ሻ ⇨ angle between wire and external magnetic field.

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 𝜇 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝑙
 Force between two parallel wires ⇨ ቀ𝐹 = 𝐵1 𝐼2 𝑙 = ቁ
2𝜋𝑑

 Force on an electric charge ⇨ ൫𝐹 = 𝑞 𝑣 𝐵 sin 𝜃൯

 ሬԦ) magnetic field.

ሺ𝜃ሻ ⇨ angle between (𝑣Ԧ) velocity vector and (𝐵

 Torque on a Current Loop ⇨ ሺ𝜏 = 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑 = 𝑁𝐼𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜃 𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝐼𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃 ሻ

 ሺ𝑁ሻ ⇨ number of loops

 ሺ𝐴ሻ ⇨ area of the coil
 ሺ𝐵ሻ ⇨ magnetic field.
 ሺsin 𝜃ሻ ⇨ angle between magnetic field and the ⊥ line to the area.
 ሺcos 𝜃 ሻ ⇨ angle between magnetic field and the coil surface.

𝜃
 Sensitivity of galvanometer ⇨ ቀ𝑆 = 𝐼 ቁ

 ሺ𝜃ሻ ⇨ deflected angle from zero point.

 ሺ𝐼 ሻ ⇨ electric current.

𝐼𝑔 𝑅𝑔
 Shunt resistance ⇨ ൬𝑅𝑠 = ൰
𝐼𝐴 − 𝐼𝑔

 ൫𝑅𝑔 ൯ ⇨ shunt resistance.

 ൫𝐼𝑔 ൯ ⇨ maximum current of galvanometer.
 ሺ𝐼𝐴 ሻ ⇨ maximum current of ammeter.
 ൫𝑅𝑔 ൯ ⇨ resistance of galvanometer.

𝑉 − 𝐼𝑔𝑅𝑔
 Multiplier resistance ⇨ ൬𝑅𝑚 = ൰
𝐼𝑔

 ൫𝑅𝑚 ൯ ⇨ multiplier resistance.

 ሺ𝐼𝐴 ሻ ⇨ maximum current of ammeter.
 ൫𝑅𝑔 ൯ ⇨ resistance of galvanometer.
 ሺ𝑉 ሻ ⇨ potential difference of voltameter.
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 𝑉𝐵
 Ohmmeter scale ⇨ ቀ𝑅𝑥 + 𝑅𝛺 = ቁ
𝐼

 ൫𝑅𝑥 ൯ ⇨ resistance which added

 ሺ𝑅𝛺 ሻ ⇨ resistance of ohmmeter
 ሺ𝑉𝐵 ሻ ⇨ voltage of battery
 ሺ𝐼 ሻ ⇨ maximum current

 Magnetic flux for a magnetic field ⇨ ሺ∅𝐵 = 𝐵┴ 𝐴 cos 𝜃 ሻ

 ሺ𝐵ሻ ⇨ megnetic field

 ሺ𝐴ሻ ⇨ surface area.
 ሺ𝜃ሻ ⇨ angle between (B) and a line perpendicular to the face of the loop.

∆ ∅𝐵
 Electromotive force ⇨ ቀ𝑒𝑚𝑓 = − 𝑁 = 𝐼𝑅ቁ
∆𝑡

 ሺ∆ ∅𝐵 ሻ ⇨ megnetic flux density.

 ሺ𝑁ሻ ⇨ no of turns of the coil.
 ሺ𝐼 ሻ ⇨ induced current
 ሺ𝑅ሻ ⇨ total resistance

∆ ∅𝐵 𝐵 ∆𝐴 𝐵 𝑙 𝑣 ∆𝑡
 Induced (emf) ⇨ ቀ𝑒𝑚𝑓 = = = = 𝐵 𝑙 𝑣ቁ
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

∆ 𝐼𝑝
 Electromotive force in the secondary coil ⇨ ቀ𝑒𝑚𝑓 = −𝑀 ቁ
∆𝑡

 ሺ𝐼 ሻ ⇨ current of the primary coil

 ሺ𝑀ሻ ⇨ mutual inductance. (volt.second / ammere = henery)
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 𝑁𝑝 𝑁𝑠 𝐴𝑠
 Mutual inductance ⇨ ൬𝑀 = 𝜇 ൰
𝑙𝑝

 ൫𝜇൯ ⇨ current of the primary coil

 ൫𝑁𝑝 ൯ ⇨ no of turns of primary coil.
 ൫𝑁𝑠 ൯ ⇨ no of turns of secondary coil.
 ൫𝐴𝑠 ൯ ⇨ surface area of secondary coil.
 ൫𝑙𝑝 ൯ ⇨ length of primary coil.

𝑣 𝑁𝑠 𝐼𝑝
 Ideal transformer ⇨ ൬𝑣𝑠 = = ൰
𝑝 𝑁𝑝 𝐼𝑠

 ൫𝑣𝑠 ൯ ⇨ emf of secondary coil.

 ൫𝑣𝑝 ൯ ⇨ emf of primary coil.
 ൫𝑁𝑠 ൯ ⇨ no of turns of secondary coil.
 ൫𝑁𝑝 ൯ ⇨ surface area of primary coil.
 ൫𝐼𝑠 ൯ ⇨ induced current of secondary coil.
 ൫𝐼𝑝 ൯ ⇨ induced current of primary coil

𝑃𝑠 𝑣𝑠 𝐼𝑠 𝑣𝑠 𝑁𝑝
 Not-Ideal transformer ⇨ ൬ɳ = = = ൰
𝑃𝑝 𝑣𝑝 𝐼𝑝 𝑣𝑝 𝑁𝑠

 ൫𝑣𝑠 ൯ ⇨ emf of secondary coil.

 ൫𝑣𝑝 ൯ ⇨ emf of primary coil.
 ൫𝑁𝑠 ൯ ⇨ no of turns of secondary coil.
 ൫𝑁𝑝 ൯ ⇨ surface area of primary coil.
 ൫𝐼𝑠 ൯ ⇨ induced current of secondary coil.
 ൫𝐼𝑝 ൯ ⇨ induced current of primary coil.

 Inductive reactance ⇨ ൫𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓 𝐿൯

 ሺ𝐿ሻ ⇨ self-inductance
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 1
 Capacitive reactance ⇨ ቀ𝑋𝐶 = 𝐿ቁ
2𝜋𝑓 𝐶

 ሺ𝐶 ሻ ⇨ capacity of capacitor

 Series connection of Inductors ⇨ ൫𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐿1 + 𝑋𝐿2 + ⋯ + 𝑋𝐿𝑛 ൯

1 1 1 1
 Parallel connection of Inductors ⇨ ൬𝑋 = + + ⋯+ ൰
𝐿 𝑋 𝐿1 𝑋𝐿2 𝑋 𝐿𝑛

 Series connection of Capacitors ⇨ ൫𝑋𝐶 = 𝑋𝐶1 + 𝑋𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝑋𝐶𝑛 ൯

1 1 1 1
 Parallel connection of Capacitors ⇨ ൬𝑋 = + + ⋯ + ൰
𝐶 𝑋𝐶1 𝑋𝐶2 𝑋𝐶𝑛

 Series connection of Resistors ⇨ ൫𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯ + 𝑅𝑛 ൯

1 1 1 1
 Parallel connection of Resistors ⇨ ൬𝑅 = + + ⋯ + ൰
𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑛

 Total volt of RLC-circuit ⇨ ቆ𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ට𝑉𝑅 2 + ሺ𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶 ሻ2 ቇ

𝑉
 Total resistance of RLC-circuit ⇨ ൬𝑍 = = ට𝑅2 + ሺ𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 ሻ2 ൰
𝐼

 Amount of charge ⇨ ൫𝑄 = 𝐶 𝑉 ൯

 ሺ𝐶 ሻ ⇨ capacitance
 ሺ𝑉 ሻ ⇨ voltage

 (N-type) semiconductors ⇨ ൫𝑁𝐷 + = 𝑃+ + 𝑛− ൯

 ൫𝑁𝐷 +൯ ⇨ no of donors
 ሺ𝑃+ ሻ ⇨ no of holes
 ሺ𝑛− ሻ ⇨ no of electrons
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 (P-type) semiconductors ⇨ ሺ𝑁𝐴 − + 𝑛− = 𝑃+ ሻ

 ሺ𝑁𝐴 − ሻ ⇨ no of acceptor
 ሺ𝑃+ ሻ ⇨ no of holes
 ሺ𝑛− ሻ ⇨ no of electrons

 Emitter Current ⇨ ൫𝐼𝐸 = 𝐼𝐶 + 𝐼𝐵 ൯

 ൫𝐼𝐶 ൯ ⇨ Current of collector

 ሺ𝐼𝐵 ሻ ⇨ Current of base

𝐼𝐶 𝛼𝑒
 Current Gain ⇨ ൬𝛽𝑒 = 𝐼𝐵
= 1 − 𝛼𝑒
൰

𝐼𝐶 𝛽𝑒
 Current division ⇨ ൬𝛼𝑒 = = ൰
𝐼𝐸 1 − 𝛽𝑒

 Battery voltage ⇨ ൫𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 𝑉𝐶𝐸 + 𝐼𝐶 𝑅𝐶 ൯

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