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A 6-Port Two-Dimensional 3x3 Series-Fed Planar Array Antenna for Dual-

Polarized X-Band Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar Applications

Article in IEEE Access · March 2018

DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2810233

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Received January 3, 2018, accepted February 14, 2018, date of publication March 5, 2018, date of current version March 16, 2018.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2810233

A 6-Port Two-Dimensional 3 × 3 Series-Fed

Planar Array Antenna for Dual-Polarized X-Band
Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar Applications
VENKATA KISHORE KOTHAPUDI , (Member, IEEE), AND VIJAY KUMAR, (Member, IEEE)
Department of Communication Engineering, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
Corresponding author: Venkata Kishore Kothapudi ([email protected])

ABSTRACT A six-port 3 × 3 series-fed planar antenna array design for dual polarized X-band airborne syn-
thetic aperture radar (SAR) applications is presented in this paper. The antenna array patches interconnected
with series feeding one to another as the structure to realize directional radiation and vertical/horizontal
polarization. The patch elements are excited through 50  microstrip line feeding in series with quarter
wave transformer for good impedance characteristics. A six-port feeding allows selecting the direction of
the traveling waves, and consequently the sense of linear (vertical and horizontal) polarization. A prototype of
the antenna is fabricated and validated the proposed method. The dimensions of the fabricated prototype 3×3
array antenna are 3.256λg×3.256λg ×0.0645λg (λg is guided wavelength at center frequency 9.65 GHz). The
measured S11 < −10 dB reflection bandwidths are 1.4% at each port. Furthermore, an interport and intraport
isolation S21<-25 dB was also achieved across the operation band. The measured peak gains are higher than
11.5 dBi with 90% efficiency for all individual ports/polarizations V1, V2, V3 H1, H2, and H3). In order
to satisfy the different performance requirement of series-fed array antenna, such as realized gain, radiation
efficiency, side lobe level, half power beam width and front to back ratio are also examined. Measured results
of an antenna prototype successfully validate the concept. The proposed antenna is found suitable for dual
polarized airborne SAR applications.

INDEX TERMS Series-fed, antenna arrays, linear polarization, side lobe level (SLL), front to back
ratio (FTBR), airborne synthetic aperture radar (ASAR).

I. INTRODUCTION demand for communication channels. Such a technology also

Airborne SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) systems is an should help in reducing a cost of antenna, weight, as well as
end-to-end multimode X-band SAR systems with real-time improving radar cross section (RCS).
capabilities are designed for military applications like tac- Efficiency of phased array system depends on the perfor-
tical surveillance and target reconnaissance. Compact and mance of low noise amplifier (LNA) and phase shifters which
lightweight radar system designs are perfectly suited for can be achieved with the designs of a high-performance phase
installation on UAVs, small aircraft, helicopters and lighter- shifter and LNA in CMOS technology [2]. Different antenna
than-air vehicles. [1]. The Dual polarized antenna is suit- array schemes along with the hand effect on the antenna
able for polarization diversity applications and to increase array at 15 GHz presented in [3]. The extended-resonance
communication capacity. Proposed structure can enhance the technique along with the heterodyne-mixing concept pro-
information content by providing two co-polarized and two posed in [4]. This is capable of reducing the complexity of
cross-polarized back scattered data. The SIR-C shuttle imag- phased arrays by eliminating separate power dividers and
ing radar operated at L and C-bands with dual polarization phase shifters. A single phase shifter and a separate gain
at each frequency. Antennas with diverse characteristics can controller for each antenna in [5] were presented to enable
be used in new generation radar systems to meet a compact a low-cost and less complex phased-array system. A new
design for airborne or spaceborne SAR systems. Antenna electronic beam forming in a limited scan range approach
technology using dual polarization is of massive use in com- that requires only a single phase shifter and a single gain
munication, especially in the view of the gradual increase in controller, independent of the number of antenna elements

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 V. K. Kothapudi, V. Kumar: 6-Port 2-D 3 × 3 Series-Fed Planar Array Antenna for Dual-Polarized X-Band ASAR Applications

has been introduced [6]. Corporate feed and Series-feed net- TABLE 1. Dimensions of antenna prototype.
works are two possible arrangements for feeding these types
of arrays presented by James et.al [7]. Compared with cor-
porate arrangements, series-feed networks have the benefits
of simplicity and compactness, which can translate into low-
loss feeding structures proposed by Pozar et.al [8]. In the
case of corporate feeding network, numerous power dividers
containing many discontinuities and long transmission lines
causes spurious radiation and significant dielectric loss. Con-
versely, the series-fed structure uses short transmission lines
and enhances antenna efficiency presented in [9]. Improved
impedance matching and radiation pattern characteristics of
the series-fed arrays were presented in [10] and [11] by using
a matching-in-step taper or stepped impedance linear config-
uration and adopting the method of the modified transmis-
sion line model in a 2-D array respectively. James et.al [7],
demonstrated coupling mechanisms for series-fed arrays
include direct (microstrip line and co-axial probe feed), prox-
imity coupled and aperture couplings. Arrays based on direct
coupling include cascaded patch arrays provided in [12] and
line feed. All simulations process are performed using CST
combline antennas provided in [13]. In contrast to aper-
Microwave Studio 2016 [20], an industry standard software
ture coupling [14], direct coupling microstrip line) usually
simulator which is based on Finite Element Method (FEM)
requires a simpler coplanar structure rather than a multi-
for frequency domain and FIT-Finite Integration Technique
layer design. Carter et.al [15] and Owens et.al [16] proposed
for time domain that is equivalent to FDTD-Finite Difference
series-fed arrays based on a coplanar proximity coupling
Time Domain.
mechanism. Recently authors reported X-band 1 × 2 linear
array design with direct coupling at 9.3 GHz center frequency
with series feeding method in both xz- and yz-planes [17]. A. THE GEOMETRY OF 6-PORT PLANAR ARRAY DESIGN
In this paper, a new 3 × 3 patch planar array antenna proto- Fig.1 (a) shows the configuration of the 3 × 3 series fed with
type operating at 9.65 GHz for the airborne SAR applications 6-ports planar array. The S11 shows the best case quarter wave
is introduced. Dual-polarization operation can enhance the transformer width (QTW = 0.28); Quarter wave transformer
information content by providing two co- polarization and length (QTL = 2) (λg = 24.57; λg /4 = 6.14 with opti-
two cross polarization scatter data. The SIR-C shuttle imag- mization for the resonant frequency of 9.65GHz the value of
ing radar operated at L and C bands with dual polarization quarter-wave transformer is 2 mm which is approximately
at each frequency, with a bandwidth of 10-20 MHz [18]. The λg /10) and QTW = 0.28mm (≈146). This impedance
proposed design offers a bandwidth Section II describes the variation is because of array environment. The effect of series
details of the antenna requirements. The configuration of the feeding leads to impedance change in quarter wave trans-
proposed array antenna is presented and discussed in section former (λg /4). The nine square patches are connected to each
II. In section fabricated and measured results are discussed other by series feeding in a 2-D manner using the lines with
for all individual ports. Finally, the conclusions of this work dimensions of SFW and SFL are 1.9mm and 20mm from the
are given in Section IV. one patch feed point to another. To design a 0.7λ array in both
XZ and YZ planes, the value of SFL was selected to be 20 mm
II. ANTENNA GEOMETRY which provides a scan angle of ±250 in the elevation plane
The proposed antenna configuration is, 3 × 3 series-fed array. from zenith angle of the upper hemisphere based on the equa-
This 9.65GHz six-port 3 × 3 planar array consists of a tion (1-2). To improve the impedance matching between the
50 microstrip line direct coupling through the quarter wave elements the value of SFW was optimized to 1.9mm (≈59).
transmission line (λg /4) to match the antenna impedance and Table 1 shows the dimensions of the designed prototype.
series feeding for array and 6 square patch elements at the The optimization was done so that the array will have the
top layer. The square array geometry with patch elements maximum gain and good matching at broadside direction.
with series feed line can miniaturize the antenna losses. The impedance bandwidth is from 9.52GHz to 9.76GHz
A 31mil (0.787mm) thick with 1Oz i.e. 0.035mm thick cop- for return loss S11 < −10dB. Also across the impedance
per Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 copper cladding substrate with bandwidth, the isolation is below −25 dB, with the isolation
relative permittivity εr = 2.2 and loss tangent tan d = at the resonant frequency about −26 dB. By using the sim-
0.0009 is chosen as the antenna material [19]. Gold plated ulation software CST, simulated surface current distribution,
Amphenol RF Subminiature-A (SMA) male extended legs in the microstrip line feed and radiating patch for the cases
(Part no: 132134) connector was used to solder the microstrip with QTL, QTW, MTL and MTW were obtained at resonant

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V. K. Kothapudi, V. Kumar: 6-Port 2-D 3 × 3 Series-Fed Planar Array Antenna for Dual-Polarized X-Band ASAR Applications

FIGURE 3. The simulated and measured (a) S-parameters (S11 &

S21-S31-S41-S51-S61) at V1-port (all other ports are matched with 50
impedance terminations), (b) Gain and efficiency, (c) V1-Port
excited-interport isolation, (d) V1-Port excited-intraport isolation.

III. FABRICATED AND MEASURED RESULTS

The X-band 6-port square patch array antenna with its center
frequency 9.65 GHz has been fabricated and measured to
validate the design. The fabricated prototypes with top and
bottom views are shown in Fig. 1(b). The S-parameters are
measured using Agilent N9918A field fox microwave ana-
lyzer and the radiation patterns and gain were measured in
an anechoic chamber with a standard gain horn as reference
antenna (supplier: Haining ocean import and export Co. Ltd)
FIGURE 1. The geometry of the proposed 6-port 3 × 3 planar array (a) CST
model (b) Fabricated prototype (c) S-parameters and radiation pattern of 6m × 4m × 3m (L × W × H) with Agilent PNA series
measurement setup in anechoic chamber. network analyzer N5230C (10MHz to 40GHz) Analyzer.
The measurement setup for both S-parameters and radiation
pattern are shown in Figure 1 (c). Following subsections deals
with two cases for vertical and horizontal port excitations
individually.

A. VERTICAL PORT-1 EXCITED

Fig. 3 shows the comparison between the simulated and
measured S-parameters and gain of the proposed single
port antenna. For V1-port the simulated return loss band-
FIGURE 2. The surface current distribution at 9.65 GHz for all ports.
width S11 <-10 dB achieved is 9.59-9.71 GHz or 1.4 %,
frequency 9.65 GHz and shown in Fig. 2. while the measured bandwidth results are in the range
from 9.591-9.712 GHz or 1.4 % at the center frequency
λV
dx = (1) of 9.65 GHz. Fig 3(c-d) shows the port isolation lower
1 + sin θx than −25 dB interport isolation (S21 refers to V2-V1,
λH
dy = (2) S31 refers to V3-V1) and intraport isolation (S41 refers to
1 + sin θy H1-V1, S51 refers to H2-V1 and S61 refers to H3-V1).
dx = Inter-element spacing between the elements in This is achieved with the selection of appropriate dimensions
x-direction of quarter wave and matching transformer feeding position.
dy = Inter-element spacing between the elements in the The measured and simulated antenna gain and simulated
y-direction efficiency against the frequency of the proposed antenna
θ = Maximum scan angle, λ = free space wavelength at prototype at V1-port are shown in Fig. 3 (b). At the center
9.65GHz frequency, V1-port achieves a peak antenna gain of 11 dBi
λv = free space wavelength in V-port with a gain variation of less than 0.2 dBi over the impedance
λh = free space wavelength in H-port bandwidth. By considering the simulated directivity and the

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 V. K. Kothapudi, V. Kumar: 6-Port 2-D 3 × 3 Series-Fed Planar Array Antenna for Dual-Polarized X-Band ASAR Applications

FIGURE 5. The simulated and measured (a) S-parameters (S11 &

S41-S42-S43-S45-S46) at H1-port (all other ports are matched with 50
impedance terminations), (b) Gain and efficiency, (c) H1-Port
excited-interport isolation, (d) H1-Port excited-intraport isolation.

width (HPBW) of 71.20 respectively. In contrast, the H-Plane

with its co-pol and cross-pol components has a main lobe
magnitude of 11.3 dBi, side lobe level of −10.2 dB, FTBR
is higher than 32 dB and an HPBW of 250 respectively.
The other antenna performance characteristics for V2-port
and V3-port such as side lobe level (SLL), front-to-back
(FTBR) ratio, gain, radiation and total efficiencies and cross-
polarization level are calculated and summarized in Table 2.

B. HORIZONTAL PORT-1 EXCITED

Fig. 5 shows the measured S-parameters and gain at X-band
FIGURE 4. The simulated and measured radiation patterns terminations)
in comparison with the simulated ones. It is observed that the
(a) V1-Port E-Plane (XZ-Plane) and H-plane (YZ-Plane), (b) V2-Port measured results agree reasonably well with the simulations.
E-Plane (XZ-Plane) and H-plane (YZ-Plane), and (c) V3-Port E-Plane For X-band operation, a measured bandwidth from 9.569 to
(XZ-Plane) and H-plane (YZ-Plane).
9.701 GHz (FBW = approximately1.4%) is achieved for the
measured gain the value of the measured radiation efficiency H2-port. At the center frequency of 9.65 GHz, the measured
is about 90% over the impedance bandwidth. The measured return losses are over 20 dB for all the three horizontal ports.
results mostly agree and validate the results produced via In the operation band, the measured isolation is less than
simulations. A small discrepancy between the simulated and −25 dB between the two ports/polarizations. Fig 5 (c-d)
measured results may be caused by the error of the fabrication shows the port isolation reaching values higher than 25 dB
and assembling of the antenna. The S-parameters notations interport isolation (S45 refers to H1-H2 and S46 refers
are given below to H1-H3) and intraport isolation (S41 refers to H1-V1,
S42 refers to H1-V2, and S43 refers to H1-V3). The dis-
V1-Port : |S11 | ≤ −10dB
agreements between the simulated and measured results at
|S21 | ≈ |S31 | ≈ |S41 | ≈ |S51 | ≈ |S61 | ≤ −25dB the three bands are mainly caused by the fabrication errors
V2-Port : |S22 | ≤ −10dB and the alignment tolerances.
|S21 | ≈ |S23 | ≈ |S24 | ≈ |S25 | ≈ |S26 | ≤ −25dB H 1-Port : |S44 | ≤ −10dB
V3-Port : |S33 | ≤ −10dB |S41 | ≈ |S42 | ≈ |S43 | ≈ |S45 | ≈ |S46 | ≤ −25dB
|S31 | ≈ |S32 | ≈ |S34 | ≈ |S35 | ≈ |S36 | ≤ −25dB H 2-Port : |S55 | ≤ −10dB
The measured and simulated radiation patterns in terms of |S51 | ≈ |S52 | ≈ |S53 | ≈ |S54 | ≈ |S56 | ≤ −25dB
the E-plane and H-Plane 2D polar plots are shown in Fig 4. H 3-Port : |S66 | ≤ −10dB
Exciting RF antenna vertical port-1, it is observed that the
|S61 | ≈ |S62 | ≈ |S63 | ≈ |S64 | ≈ |S65 | ≤ −25dB
E-plane with co-pol and cross-pol components has a main
lobe magnitude of 12.5 dBi, Side lobe level of −25.4 dB, The realized antenna gains and efficiency of the proposed
front to back ratio (FTBR) 32.83 dB and half-power beam antenna were presented in Fig. 5 (b). As shown in the figure,

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V. K. Kothapudi, V. Kumar: 6-Port 2-D 3 × 3 Series-Fed Planar Array Antenna for Dual-Polarized X-Band ASAR Applications

TABLE 2. Performance comparison.

FIGURE 6. The simulated and measured radiation patterns for horizontal

ports (a) H1-Port E-Plane (YZ-Plane) and H-plane (XZ-Plane), (b) H2-Port
E-Plane (YZ-Plane) and H-plane (XZ-Plane), and (c) H3-Port E-Plane
(YZ-Plane) and H-plane (XZ-Plane).

the measured gain curve shows reasonable agreement with

FIGURE 7. Combined V-ports and H-ports with 3-way power divider for
the simulated gain curve. In the operational band (9.591- maximum gain.
9.712 GHz), the simulated gains range from 11.3-12.5 dBi,
while the measured gains range from 11.1-12.3 dBi. polarization. To study the beam scanning capability of the
The radiation patterns in the X-band are shown in Fig. 6 3 × 3 array antenna and because of the symmetry, first all the
(a) (b) and (c), The measured gain can achieve 11.3 dBi (H- ports are excited with zero degree phase and equal amplitude
plane i.e. XZ-plane) and 12.1 dBi (E-plane i.e. YZ-plane) which results in a maximum gain equal to 19 dBi in the broad
for broadside radiation in the X-band, respectively. The other side direction (θ = 00 ). Here the SLL is -23 dB at both
antenna performance characteristics for H2-port and H3-port E-plane and H-plane. Next, the phase of the vertical and hor-
such as side lobe level (SLL), front-to-back (FTB) ratio, gain, izontal ports are adjusted to 22.50 , 450 , and 67.50 , (tilt angle
radiation and total efficiencies and cross-polarization level θ = 50 ), 450 , 900 , and 1350 (tilt angle θ = 100 ), 67.50 , 1350 ,
are calculated and summarized in Table 2. and 202.50 (tilt angle θ = 150 ), 900 , 1800 , and 2700 (tilt angle
θ = 200 ), and 112.50 , 202.50 , and 292.50 (tilt angle θ = 250 ),
C. BEAM SCANNING MECHANISM respectively are shown in Fig. 8. As an example, Fig. 9 shows
The combined V-port and H-port 3×3 planar array configura- the CST 3D beam obtained by changing 3 vertical port phase
tion is illustrated in Fig.7. The beam scanning is achieved by excitation values to maximize the gain at (φ = 0θ = 0),
applying the different excitation phase values to the 3-input (φ = 0, θ = −25) (φ = 0, θ = 25), whereas the plot
ports for vertical polarization and 3-input ports for horizontal (xz-plane) shown in Fig. 8 represents the gain maximization

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 V. K. Kothapudi, V. Kumar: 6-Port 2-D 3 × 3 Series-Fed Planar Array Antenna for Dual-Polarized X-Band ASAR Applications

X-band, respectively. The isolations between the two inter-

port and intraport polarizations between all ports are around
−25 dB. The antenna also exhibits an excellent radiation
performance in terms of the side lobe, gain, efficiency, and
cross-polarization. The advantages of the proposed antenna
include low profile, low cost, high integration capability and
easy in fabrication. A detailed comparison of performance
between the all individual ports has been presented. The
proposed array antenna is a good candidate for airborne SAR
applications.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The work has been done at Microwave Division, Department
of Communication Engineering, School of Electronics Engi-
neering (SENSE), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vel-
lore, TN, India. All the assistance provided by the department
and university administration to carry out this work is highly
appreciated.

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[17] V. K. Kothapudi and V. Kumar, ‘‘A single layer S/X-band series-fed VIJAY KUMAR (S’08–M’12) received the
shared aperture antenna for SAR applications,’’ Prog. Electromagn. Res. C, M.Sc. degree in physics (electronics) from
vol. 76, pp. 207–219, Aug. 2017. Magadh University, India, in 2003, the
[18] R. L. Jordan, B. L. Huneycutt, and M. Werner, ‘‘The SIR-C/X-SAR syn- M.Tech. degree in microwave remote sensing
thetic aperture radar system,’’ IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 33, from BIT Mesra, Ranchi, in 2005, and the Ph.D.
no. 4, pp. 829–839, Jul. 1995. degree in engineering from IIT Bombay, Mum-
[19] RT/Duroid 5870/5880 High Frequency Laminates Available on the Inter- bai, in 2011. He was with DST, Government of
net. Accessed: 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.rogerscorp.com/
India, a sponsored Scientist with IIT Bombay
documents/606/acm!RT-duroid-5870-5880-Data-Sheet.pdf
from 2009 to 2012. He is currently an Associate
[20] Wellesley Hills, MA. (2016). Computer Simulation Technology Version.
[Online]. Available: http://www.cst.com Professor with VIT University, Vellore, India. He
has authored and co-authored of many peer-reviewed journal paper and
over 20 proceeding papers. His research interests include radiating system
designs for radar applications and miniaturized antenna designing using
metamaterials. He has also been concentrating on SAR processing algorithm
development, InSAR techniques, and SAR image processing, and pattern
VENKATA KISHORE KOTHAPUDI (S’14–M’18) recognition. He is a member of AGU and SPIE, and a Life Member of ISRS.
was born in Tenali, India, in 1987. He received
the degree in electronics and communication engi-
neering from TPIST, JNTU, Hyderabad, India,
in 2008, and the M.Tech. degree in commu-
nication and radar systems from the Koneru
Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, India, in 2012.
He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree with the
Microwave Division, School of Electronics Engi-
neering, VIT University, Vellore, India. He has
over seven years of research and industry experience in RF and microwave
engineering in ECIL as a GEA, NARL-ISRO as a Project Student, and Astra
Microwave Products as an Engineer. He has a rich experience on radar
systems design, which includes transmit/receive modules [HF-, VHF-, L-, S-,
and C-band], RF and microwave feeder network and beam forming, RF and
microwave active and passive components, RF power amplifiers, and antenna
system, which includes the Yagi-Uda and the microstrip patch antennas as
a phased array with different configurations by using analysis and synthesis
techniques. He has published over 15 research papers in international journal
and national and the IEEE international conferences. He has authored and
co-authored of many IEEE proceeding papers. His area of research interests
include shared aperture antenna technology for radar engineering includes
airborne and space borne synthetic aperture radar and radar wind profilers.
He is a member of AIAA and ACES.

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