1)F photographie image recorded by passage of X-or gamma rays through a specimen onto a film is called a: A. Fluoroscopic image | ‘8° Radiograph C. Isotopic reproduction D. None of the above For generation of X rays, the sub atomic particle which plays key role A. Neutron B. Proton Nuclei Dr Electron 3) The number of positive charges (protons) on the nucleus of an atom equals the: A, Number of neutrons 3° Atomic number C. Number of photons D. Atomic weight ras The frequency of Light rays when compared to X and Gamma rays AL} Same as Frequency of X & gamma rays Lower than X & gamma rays C. Higher than X & gamma rays D. _ Itdepends on situation 5) The chemical property (type of element) of an atoms shall be determined with Je» Atomic number B. j Mass number C. Isotopes type D. Neutron number Me The distance a photon of x-radiation travels Per unit time is called ‘A. Wavelength B. Frequency C. +, Time Period Dr i Velocity 7) Abeam of radiation consisting of a single wavelength is known as: A. Characteristic radiation B., Fluoroscopic radiation Gj Monochromatic radiation “ D.” Microscopic radiation his disintegration of high atomic number nuclei owing to repulsive coulomb forces is called Radioactivity. X ray generation Radiation D.|_None of the above : chap 2) a Page 191 The property of the material to Block partially or completely the passage of radiation (X or Gamma rays) called as, A Absorption B. Scattering Attenuation ©. Penetration 10) The physical property of an atoms shall be determined with A. Atomic number 8° Mass number ©. Isotopes type D. Neutron number 74) When matter (solids, liquids, gases) are bombarded by electromagnetic radiation, an electron is removed from or added to a neutral atom, the result is an lon Element Compound Isotope ww When matter (solids, liquids, gases are bombarded by electromagnetic radiation, an electron is removed from a neutral atom , the matter is said to be Ac tonizes B. Stabilize © Compound D. All the above 13) _ Artificial Isotopes are created by bombarding an element with A. Electron 87 Neutron © Proton Dd. Xray 14) _ Unlike beta and alpha particles, neutrons have no: BO Charge B. Mass C Spin 0. Halflife ! Wh The most common unit for measuring X and gamma ray wave length is A. Sievert Bf Nano meters C Amperage D. _ Rontgen 16) Nucleus consists of A. Proton B. Neutron C. Electron De Botha&B ‘ 17) What are the charges of Electron, proton, neutron A. Electron- positive, proton- negative, neutron -No charge B. _ Electron- Negative, proton- positive, neutron -Positive C. _Electron- Negative, proton- neutral, neutron -No charge B. Electron- Negative, proton- positive, neutron-No charge 1 ooo RI-Chap-02 (REV2)i 18) Whatis the disadvantage of radiography testing? ‘A. Suitable for only surface defects detection 8. Suitable for only volumetric defects detection $7 Difficult to determine the depth of the defect D. Permanent record 19) Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called _of the element. / A Molecules Isotopes / ©. —tsotones D.- Isomers 20) ‘Sum of protons and neutrons in th Ac Mass number B. Atomic number €. Number of photons Du, Atomic weight e nucleus of an atom is called aspower PO b>N 3: A, B, ci oe Phe > gos enero A a. A consequence of insufficient heat or the presetice of scale on the fusion face of the weld bevel may be: Incomplete penetration Root concavity Excessive root reinforcement Incomplete Fusion Which of the following is suitable to define linear indications when the length of the defect is <= 3 times the width when the length of the defect is > 3 times the width when the length of the defect is equal to the width None of the above ‘What are the important variables and stages of PWHT process? Heating rate Temperature attained & soaking time Cooling rate All the above Which of the following is classified as a volumetric type of defect? Porosity Slag Crack Both A& B ‘A discontinuity in welds caused by gas entrapment in the molten metal due to moisture, Damp flux, poor drying of electrode, rusty bevel, improper cleaning, Improper (loss of gas/ Flux) Shielding or lack of preheat is. called: Dross Lack of penetration Porosity Slag inclusion Indications appearing singly or as clusters of sinall, spots in GTA weld would most probably be called as: Weld spatter Nonmetallic inclusion ‘Tungsten inclusion Gas holes The term used to describe the reduction in the base metal thickness where the last weld bead is fused to the surface is called Convexity Undercut Prod chap- B (Rev2) Page 1K pope goes 0. oo e'P pOe> Roees Lack of fusion oo Concavty * « ‘As welding progresses and the electrode melts, the welder must periodically stop welding to remove ., «i remaining electrode stub and insert a new electrode into the electrode holder in ee SAW process * MIG Process oF FCAW we SMAW or MMAW. ‘When welding a rolled plates T-joints, due to poor ductility and heat input, parent metal planer defect may be formed and it is called as Lamellar tearing Hydrogen induced crack Arc strikes lamination ‘The most common defect that will be formed due to inclusions while rolling plates: Lamination Forging lap Seams All the above Which of the following Process is LOW hydrogen Process sMAW IG ig Bac Defects that account in the weld after 24 to 72 hours after welding and PWHT in the surface of the weld are most commonly Surface porosity Hydrogen induced cracking in weld or HAZ Undereut Crater crack Electro Slag welding is Predominantly used for welding of very high thick welds ( up to 300mm) Welding of thick sections in one run (steel of <= 20mm) welding of joints with no bevel preparation (square butt) All the above i Solidification cracks can appear in several locations, and orientations, but most commonly Longitudinal centreline cracks and at the weld central Transverse crack Heat affected zone crack Crater crack Setting the amps too low while welding will result in A tall, narrow bead lacking in penetration. Lack of root fusion Excess penetration Page 21, BothA&B— ‘The base metal next to the weld that has been heated to a sufficiently high temperature to cause a change in micro structure is the Heat affected zone ‘Tempered zone Quenched zone . None of the above 17. Contractions and shrinkage of the molten metal in the root leads to the following defect: Lack of penetration ‘Suck back or concavity Excess penetration All the above 18. _ The purpose of backing bar in a single weld plate is to: To get proper shape of weld To control root penetration To support the weld plates D. None of the above 19. _Reheating welded metal parts, after fusion, in order to relieve the stress incurred during the welding process is called as Pre heat treating Quenching Post weld heat treating Stressing 20. The discontinuities that does not found in the welding Lop Crack Slag pL Hot ear 21. Small, preliminary welds located at both ends and the middle of a seam meant simply to align and secure metal work-pieces before the final weld is begun. This is called as A. Root welding B. Tackwelding Cc. Fitting D. None of the above 22, Sharp edges, notches and undercuts are not allowed which may leads to weld failure while the product isin poeP service. This kind of defects are Hydrogen cracks Lack of fusion Corrosion Fatigue 23. Which of the following is a planer defects? Porosity Slag HAZ Crack \ ————— ——::._. 0.0 eeeM7 D. Tungsten inclusion eo x 24, Which of the following defect occurs because of Improper cleaning between successive pass? we : e A. Lack of fusion oi B. Lack of penetration Slag inclusion D. Undercut 25, Helium, Argon, COsand Op gaseous mixture is used to protect the molten weld metal from atmospheric gases in the following weld process. A. SAW 8. TIG c MIG Dp. B&C the weld metal and adjacent base metal during 26. During welding, Distortion in a weld results from the the heating and cooling cycle of the welding process. ‘A. Expansion and contraction stresses B. Excess reinforcement c D, Surface porosities Dissimilar electrode use 27. Incomplete root penetration can be caused by: A. Insufficient root opening and Excessive Root Face B, Excessive travel speed C. Excessive electrode diameter D. _Allofthe above \ 28, The planer defects that occurs on the base metal caused by the improper method of arc initiation which creates localised hard spot when TIG or any electrode touches the parent metal directly : A. Crater crack 8. Hydrogen induced crack ‘. Ate strikes crack D. Toecrack 29. Which of the following defect occurs in single V weld due to high heat input in SAW welding process? Lack of fusion B. _ Lack of penetration C. Slag inclusion D. Solidification cracking 30. Discontinuity that appeared as a star shaped indication shall be called as: A. hottear | B. transverse crack $ Crater crack D. Cluster porosity 31. Fatigue cracks are discontinuities. A. primary B. process Cc. finishing D. service Prod chap- B (Rev2) PagetThe rate at which an electrode melts into the molten weld puddle to form a weld, Welding speed 7 Deposition rate \ =) Capping speed >. filling speed Which of the following is require least weld joint preparation Sub merged Arc welding 33, A Bye Gas Tungsten Arc welding €, Manual metal arc welding D- Electro slag Welding ‘Which of the following electrode uses Non-consumable electrode? ‘Sub merged Arc welding 34, A Be Gas Tungsten Arc welding c D. Manual metal arc welding Electro Slag Welding Which direction mostly does the Defects in electro slag welding formed? Any direction 35, A. B Vertical ©. Horizontal PD. allthe above Which of the following welding process produce Slag inclusion on a weld A. Sub merged Arc welding Manual metal arc welding Flux Cored Arc Welding \ All the above poe The welding process used for light alloy material welding such as aluminium is TIG MIG smaAW Both A&B boery 38. The defect that occur in T- joint parent metal due to heat input Transverse crack Crater crack Lamellar tearing Lack of cross penetration pnee The Filler material used in soldering is, copper & Bronze Stee! Lead & tin Any of the above poppers 40. Itisimportant to grind the excess capping in butt weld and Toe grinding in filet welds for which of the following reason? Excess weld increase the Pressure on weld due to excess weld On tt age 5 Prod chap- B (Rev2) PagePOPPE opers poere poe powers may Excess weld leads to risk of fatigue fallure during in-service nee To avoid the Inspection problems All the above The cooling rate of weld puddle is than casting, same Faster Slower Depends on welding process Classify the types of vision test required for PCN. Near vision Colour vision Both A&B No vision test required What is the effect on material near the weld due to high heat input during welding Process Grain structure will be coarse Grain structure will be fine No change Lack of fusion in weld zone ‘The application form number for the vision examination and its vali PSL /44 & 3 years. PSL /44 & 1 year PSLS7A & 1 year PSL30 & 2 years as per PCN documents are: The primary function of post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) stress relief isto relieve internal stresses in welded fabrications. Which of the defects will be revealed during Stress relieving? Hydrogen induced cracks Longitudinal cracks LOF & porosities Both A&BTe Very short wavelength electromagnetic radiation produced when electrons travel with matter is called: A¢ X:radiation 8. Beta radiation Gamma radiation D. None of the above 1g at high speeds collide 2) X-rays, gamma rays, and alpha particles all have one thing in common; they are all: ‘A. Particulate radiations B. Electromagnetic radiations C. Microwave radiations Dy Ionizing radiations 3) When an electron of sufficient energy interacts with nuclei of X-ray tube target atom, and X rays arising from decelerated (retardation) of moving electrons is termed as Continuous x-rays B. _ Bremsstrahlung, which means breaking radiation C. Characteristic radiation D~ BothA&B > 4) One x-ray machine operating under constant potential circuit and another x-ray machine operating with same voltage and current but with half wave rectified circuit. The one which is operating with constant potential circuit is : ‘A. Higher intensity but soft radiation 8. _ Lower intensity but hard radiation C7 Higher intensity of hard radiation D. Intensity and energy are same 5) Which of the following are used for cooling the anode in X-ray equipment? A. Oil B. Water Refrigeration or chilling Dy Allthe above AO “The speed of the electrons from cathode to anode will increase if the 'A. Kilo voltage (tube voltage) is constant B.~ Kilo voltage (tube voltage) is increased C.__ Kilo voltage (tube voltage) is decreased D. Filament current increased 7) When x-rays are produced from the collision of fast-moving electrons with a target material, two types of x- rays are generated, A. Alpha & Beta B. Radioactive decay C_Continuous and Characters Ri-chap-03 (REV2) Page 1D. Soft and Hard x rays | nv cc, Ce 8) When X-rays are not emitted with the same intensity in all directions from the focal spot, this is calleg. 3 A Screen effect ie B. Angle of emergence Cy Heel effect : Dd. Astigmatism : 9) The Radiation have a broad spectrum of many wavelengths (or energies) and are referred to as A. Characteristics x rays Be Continuous x-rays or bremsstrahlung, which means breaking radiation Soft X rays D. Hard X rays 10) _X-radiation (composed of X-rays) isa form of electromagnetic radiation with a A. Asingle wavelength energy of high wave length 8.“ Broad spectrum of wavelengths similar to light but of very short wave lengths, C. Abroad beam of light D. None of the above a The quantity of electrons that are emitted in the X-ray tube A Increase by increasing Kilo voltage 8° Increased by increasing the current in tube filament c Decreased by increasing the Current in tube filament. D. It's not possible to increase the quantity of electrons 12) Two factors which greatly affect the suita A. Tensile strength and yield strength B. Melting point and magnetic strength C. Electrical resistance and tensile strength Drv High Atomic number and melting point ity and efficiency of the target material in an X-ray tube are: 13) The projected effective focal spot size in a X ray machine is determined by AZ The angle of target and the size of electron beam. 8. Type of Target. C. Size of Target. D, Size of X-ray unit. 14) The number of x-rays generated by electrons striking the target in a given time is one measure of AY “intensity” of the x-ray beam B. Density of X ray beam . Attenuation of X ray beam D. None ofthe above wh X-ray tube current is controlled by: AY “The current passing thréugh the filament 8. The distance from the cathode to the anode €. The type of material used in the target D. / The voltage and waveform applied to the X-ray tube Ah ‘The penetrating ability of an X-ray beam is governed by: AY Kilo-voltage B. Time C— Millicamperage D. — Source-to-film distance Ri-chap-03 (REV2) Page 217) Asthe kilo-voltage (energy ) applied to the X-ray tube Is raised: ‘A. Xeraysof longer wavelength and more penetrating power are produced BC X-rays of shorter wavelength and more penetrating power are produced, . X-rays of shorter wavelength and less penetrating power are produced D. X-rays of longer wavelength and less penetrating power are produced 18) In order to increase the Intensity of X-radiatlon: AY The tube current should be Increased B. The tube current should be decreased C. The test specimen should be moved farther from the film D. —Alower kilo-voltage should be applied to the tube 19) What is the basic difference between a conventional radiograph and a fluoroscopy? ‘Ay Fluoroscopy is more sensitivity and higher contrast than radiography 8/ Fluoroscopy is a real time image with positive raw Image whereas radiography image Is negative C. Both techniques need manual processing of films and fluoroscopy is negative imaging D. Radiography is more sensitivity and higher contrast than fluoroscopy ~20F" In industrial radiography except in specialized ‘low energy application, these X-rays has no practical importance? ‘A. Continuous X rays is of no use BY Characteristic x rays have low energy and are of little use C. » Both A&Bis of nouse D. None of the above 21) _ Kilo voltage, exposure time, and source-to-film distance are three of the most important X-ray exposure factors that can be controlled. A fourth such exposure factor A. Focal point size B. Temperature C. _ Filament-to-focal spot distance D.Y Milli amperage Ve ‘Two X-ray machines operating at the same nominal kilo voltage and milli-amperage settings: ‘A. Will produce the same intensities and qualities of radiation 8. Will produce the same intensities but may produce different qualities of radiation C. Will produce the same qualities but may produce different intensities of radiation D/ May give not only different intensities but also different qualities of radiation 23) The extent to which X-rays can be successfully utilized in non-destructive testing is largely dependent upon: ‘A. The intensity of the X-rays generated B, Their wavelengths C. The dimensions of the area from which they are emitted D. The duration of their emission E./ Allthe above ok Weary duty X-ray machine can be operated continuously for hours without any damage to the target by dissipating heat are A Air 8. Oil C./ Water cooled oil around the head D. Oil & water mixture . 25) Low voltage X-ray tubes are generally fitted with windows made of: A. Plastic 8% Beryllium Cc. Glass Rie jap-03 (REV2) Page 3D. Lead ; 26) An X-ray tube with a small focal spot is considered better than one with a large focal spot when it is desiris to obtain: A. Greater penetrating power Br” Better definition C.—Lesscontrast D. Greater film density 27) Tie most commonly used target material in an X-ray tube is: AL Copper 8, Carbon c Carbide DM Tungsten 28) To produce X-rays, electrons are accelerated to a high velocity by an electrical field and then suddenly retardation (Deceleration /stopped) by a collision with a solid body. This body is called a: A. Cathode B. Filament C/ Target D. ef Which of the following maximum voltage that can be operated if an X-ray tube is rated for maximum 100 KV? A 8. c. Generator 100 KV average voltage 10000 Volts at maximum current value 100 V effective voltage Dr 100000 volts peak voltage 30) The reason for selecting high thermal conductivity material as anode in X ray tube is A. Togenerate more quantity of X ray beam B. To generate more amount of heat Cx To dissipate heat from the surface of anode quickly 4 D. To improve the quality of X ray beam 31) A device which is basically a combination of magnet and transformer designed to guide and accelerate electrons in a circular orbit to very high energies is called a: A. Electrostatic belt generator B. Linear accelerator 1 &~ Betatron D. Toroidal electromagnetic type X-ray tube Ai Alead sheet containing a pinhole may be placed halfway between the X-ray tube and the film in order to: ‘AL. Determine the approximate size of the focal spot Measure the intensity of the central ray Filter scatter radiation Soften the X-radiation 33) The term which describes the total absorption of the useful beam caused by the X-ray tube wall, the wall of A 8 the tube housing, and any material between the tube and housing Stray absorption Source absorption Characteristic filtration De Inherent fitration 34) RI )_Which of the following X-ray generators would produce the narrowest cone of X-radiation’ j-chap-03 (REV2) Page +A. 10Mev Br, 15Mev ®e 25Mev D. Mev 35) A rotating type Target (anode) is more efficient as it A. — Reduce the heating effect, B, Increases the radiation output C. Also enable a small focal spot size. 2, All the above \36F_ The limited area of the target of an X-ray tube in which electrons are bombarded is called: ‘A Cup ‘ B. Focus C~ Focal spot D. Geometric unsharpness AH constant-potetial circuit, produces an accelerating potential and instantaneous tube current thet are nearly constant, varying only slightly with time, Ac’ Greinacher circuit B. Villard Circuit UNA D. Betatraon 38) What method is used for generation of X-rays in the multimillion volt range A. Electrostatic generator 8. Betatron C. Linear accelerator D All of the above The Advantage of Greincher (constant potential circuit over self-rectified circuit is A. Greater definition 8. _ Easy operation C.~ Reduce Exposure by 15% D. Greater Contrast 40) Which of the following is the major factor affecting the duty cycle of X-ray equipment? A. KVrating of equipment B. Thickness of specimen \ Ge Heat dissipation & Rate of anode cooling D. Size of focal spot ce Ee. = Page Rl-chap-03 (REV2) 5alll 1) Some of this Excess or residual energy after disintegration of radio nuclide can be emitted in the form of "high-frequency electromagnetic radiation, called AL Xrays 8. Alpha Particle C. Beta Particle D. Gamma rays Which of the following Property is best suitable for Alpha particle? “A. Highly penetrating radiation B. High energy with Low wave length “Have high velocity but least penetrating form of radiation, can be stopped by the thin sheet of paper D. None of the above 2 3) Aradioactive source with an activity of 1 Ci has: 1.000 cisintegrations per second taking place. 8. 1.000 00 disintegration per second taking place C. 1.000 000 000 disintegration per second taking place DY” 3.7.x 10" disintegrations per second taking place Gamma ray sources emit which of the following? A. Broad continuous spectrum of wavelengths 8. Limited wavelengths between 0.010 and 4 Mev G/ One or more discrete wavelengths depend on type of radio isotope. D. BothA&B 5) Gamma rays are essentially like X-rays and are the most penetrating form of radiation. When frequency of gamma ray increased, A. Wavelength will increase 8. Energy decrease CL Wave length will decrease OD. No change in wave length 6) The time required for one-half of the atoms in a particular sample of radioactive material to disintegrate is called: A. The inverse square law 8. Acurie " / Ahalf-life." D. The exposure time 7) The most widely used unit of measurement for measuring the rate at which the output of a gamma ray source decays is the: AY Curie B. Roentgen C. Hal-life Dd. Mev Ri-Chap-03A(REV2) Page 1g 8) Gamma ray emission frequently follows A. Beta decay 8B. Alpha decay C Xray Be BothARB 9) The radiation quality of a gamma ray source is: A. Determined by the size of the focal spot By Determined by the isotope involved ©. Varied by the operator D. Greater in Ir-192 than in Co-60 ad) Air-192 gamma ray source has an approximate Ac Less than 75 mm (3 in.) OF steel or its equivalent B. 102 mm (4 in.) Of steel or its equivalent C. 23cm (9 in.) Of steel or its equivalent D. 28cm (11 in.) Of steel or its equivalent 11) Beta particles Ac Travel and penetrate further and better than alpha particles 8. Better penetration than Gamma rays ©. Donot have any penetration D. Penetrate less than alpha particles 42) The intensity of X- or gamma radiation is measured ins A. Roentgens B. ergs Cr Roentgens per unit of time D.-H&D units 13) Beta particles are identical to : A. Neutrons 8. Protons Electrons D. Positrons 14) Which one of the following radioisotope sources would be the best choice for radiography of a stee! specimen 9.5 mm (0.375 in.) Thick from an energy standpoint? A. Co-60 or Ir-192 8 Yb 169 or Th170, © tr-192 or cs 137 AL ch252 15) What is the charge of Beta Particles? A. Negative charge 8. No charge Positive Charge DY Either positive or negative charge 16) Photo electric effect, Compton scattering and Pair production will A. Increase the energy of X and gamma radiation B.Y Interact and attenuate X & gamma radiation €. Used to penetrate high thickness material D. All the above $ ‘Almost all gamma radiography is performed with: ‘A. Natural isotopes such as radium, plutonium B. ¥ 1-192 oF Co-60 or se-75, Rrchap 0BARE Page 2 RI-Chap-03A(REV2) 2B5-137, Tm-170 All the above The radiation intensity of a radioisotope: Increases with time Decreases with time \s not affected as time elapses None of the above Ogee 19) The difference between calculated radiation output (activity ) and effective radi 4 self-absorption within the radioactive mass, itis termed as. 1n output is the result of, Reduction factor Specific activity Disittegration None of the Above ‘Why Co-60 gamma ray source is used for high thickness inspection up to 9 inch thickness approximately? Because of long hal ife Give Best sensitivity High Penetrating capability m Easy and safer to use 23) The specie activi of an isotopic source is usually measured in: ‘A. Million electron volts (Mev) BL Curles ( per gram (Ci/g) or gbg/ Kg C. Roentgens per hour (R/A) D. Counts per minute (cpm) 22) The specific activity of a radioactive source is defined as 1 ‘A. Disintegration in to2 nucleus Ti B. Gamma radiation unit i C. Related to penetration capability of Gamma ray QD’ — The activity of the radioactive substance per unit mass < 23) Ifthe halt-ife of selenium is 120 days and activity is 50 Curie atthe start, then the activity after 360 days will be A. 25CCurie (1/2) B 6.25 curie (1/8) ax Be C. 12.5 Curie(1/4) * GR D. 3curie(1/6) 24) How many days are required to reduce an IR 192 source 100 curie to 30 curie if the half-life is 75 days? A. 150days 8. 130 days C173 half life DY BothB&C 25) Which of the following isotopes has the longest half-life? A. Tm-170 B. Co-60 c. tr-t92 Di C5137 Which of the following isotopes has the shortest half-life? Y Yo-169 Co-60 L192 (5-137 Rena OBA Page3 sx1-Unap-04 UREvzy : Page 1oh Two isotropic sources of a given strength have two different specific activity values. The source with the ~ higher specific activity value will: A Have a smaller physical size than the source with a lower specific activity 8. “Have a shorter half-life than the source with a lower specific activity” c Produce harder gamma rays than the source with a lower specific activity D. Have larger physical size than the source with the lower specific activity 28) The half-life isa useful characteristic ofa radioisotope. After 6 half-lives, the amount of decaying atoms is reduced to approximately what percent of the amount at the beginning? - A. 3percent BG percent cr 2Percent percent The "photoelectric" effect involves: Characteristic X-rays are emitted Complete absorption of a photon and electrons are emitted ‘Secondary photons are emitted All of the above an incident photon and an orbital electron in which the electron is elected from the atom and only a portion of the kinetic energy ofthe photon is consumed, Pair production Compton scattering Photo electric effect, o. 29) A a c b. 36) Aorm of direct interaction between A oY c D. Rayleigh scattering hap-03A(REV2) Page + |poe 5) Athin metallic sheet (brass, copper, alu! & gnePre goers gorrg HVT or TVT of a material depends on the r Energy of radiation i.e. KV Ly Milli amperage Source type for gamma ray Both AKC Scattered radiation caused by any material, such as a wall or Primary scattering Undercut Reflected scattering Backscattered radiation fioor on the film side of the specimen is ‘The most common material used to provide protection against X-rays is: High-density brick An alloy of 70 percent steel and 30 percent copper Tungsten Lead The lead symbol "B" is attached to the back of the film cassette during RT to determine: Sensitivity |.” Whether or not excessive backscatter affecting RT image Radiographic contrast Density ium etc.)Placed at the source to reduce effects of softer radiation is known as An intensifying screen Afilter An electron inducer A focusing cup 6) Filters used at the port of the X-ray tube between x ray tube and specimen: fc "Intensify the X-ray beam by contributing secondary radiation" B. Filter short wavelength X-ray beams to provide "softer" radiation C. "Provide the most readily adjusted means of modifying X-ray intensity" D. "Filter out "soft" (longer wavelength) radiation to provide a more homogeneous X-ray beam" 2f When using 3 HVL shielding material to reduce radiation, the radiation intensity will reduced by a factor of Av 8 B 6 «3 D. 16 8) Besides serving as a filter, screens of high atomic numbers, such as lead and lead antimony, also: ‘A. Decrease the source-to-film distance needed for a proper radiograph Bs Provide some image intensifying action C.__ Permit the use of higher speed film 2 hhap-04 (REV2) eer Page 1> D. Decrease the graininess ina radiograph The purpose of collimation before radiography is to « Reduce the Exposure time Restrict the beam width , reduce the scatter which improves safety and quality Intensify the beam All the above ooRre (0) The absorption of radiation by a material varies: Directly with the square of the distance from the source With the thickness of the material Inversely with the amount of scattering in the material {nan approximately exponential manner with the thickness of the material Rorrs AK Caleulate the dose rate Sm for unshielded aréa with the following details, Dose rate at 3m from the source of 6000 psv/Hr. A. 16660 usv/Hr. B. 216 usv/Hr. C2160 usv/Hr. D. 160 usv/Hr 12) _Collimation restricts the width of the beam and reduce Scatter. Generally collimators are made of A Lead 8. Tungsten © Depleted uranium D.v* Allthe above 13) _ In passing through matter, the amour on the following EXCEPT Thickness of the specimen Specimen physical density at that point ‘The intensity oF energy of the emerging X rays and gamma rays Radiographic film nt of absorption or penetrating capability at any point is depended up 14) The ability of a material to block or pattially block the Passage of X-rays and gamma rays is called: A. Penetration 8. Absolution “Absorption D. Latitude ad} A sheet of ead with an opening cut in the shape of the part to be radiographed May be used to decrease the effect of scattered radiation which undercuts the specimens, Such « device is called Ad Mask 8. Filter c. 0. Backscatter absorber Lead foil screen 16) _ Radiographic undercutting is caused by: \ Aw Side scatter 8. Poor geometry ©. Lead screens D. Free electrons AA pee inerease in radiation passing through matter duet scatter inthe forward direction is cal AM Build-up 8. Reduction factor ©. Backscatter D. Bremsstrahlung Rl-Chap-04 (REV2) ee Pane?18) 22) one eoe> A filter in the Primary radiation thus, Decreases effective energy of the beam and which in turn reduce the radiographic contrast Increase effective energy of the beam and which In turn reduce the radi jographic contrast No effect energy of the beam Scatter the radiation Alead sheet is usually placed behind the film cassette to: Intensity the film image and shorten the exposute time Prevent bending and crimping of the film Reduce forward scatter and absorb un wanted radiation to prevent it from reaching the fle Minimize radiation scattered from the floor, walls, equipment, and other items from reaching the back of the film, 'n certain cases, it may be advantageous to pack lead shot around a specimen. The purpose for doing this is to Prevent movement of the specimen locrease the subject contrast Generate smaller wavelength X-radiation Decrease the effect of scattered radiation undercutting the specimen Great source of Scatter radiation caused by the specimen being radio graphed is usually called Backscatter Side scatter Undercut Forward or internal scatter When radio graphing a specimen with a radio graphic source, itis found that it is desirable to lengthen the source-to-film distance. With the source at the new location, the amount of radiation reaching the film will: Vary inversely with the square of the distance Vary equally with the square of the distance Will not change Vary inversely with the distance Lead screens filters are put in direct contact with the film to: Increase the photographic action on the film ‘Absorb the longer wavelength scattered radiation “intensify the photographic effect of the primary more than the scattered radiation” Do alll of the above Calculate the reduction in intensity factor and remaining intensity when using 250KV x rays with 1.6mm lead shielding and HVT of lead is 0.8mm 0.5% of original & 125KV 0.25 % of original & 62.5KV 0.5% of original & 62.5KV 0.12% of original & 16KV {n million-volt radiography, gamma ray are high energy levels and filtration at the tube: Increases the generation of short wavelength X-rays. Decreases the generation of short wavelength X-rays. Improves the radiographic quality by decreasing scatter radiation. Offers no improvement in radiographic quality. Page 3An X-ray tube with a sinall focal spot is considered better than one with a larger spot because it will give: Greater penetrating power Better definition Less contrast Greater film density 2) The difference between the densities of two areas of a radiograph is called: A. Radiographic contrast B Subject contrast CG Fite contrast D. Definition Because of geometrical factors such as source size, source-to-specimen distance, and specimen-to-film distance, there can be a lack of perfect sharpness at the edges of indications. The unsharpness caused by geometrical factors may be referred to as the: Astigmatic effect Geometric unsharpness or penumbral shadow Focus variation Focal range What are the effects of increasing kilo voltage on a Film? Reduce Contrast and increase density Reduce definition and increase film unsharpness Increase contrast and increase density Both A&B A Be c D. 4) A 8 cx oe 5) Radiographic sensitivity is totally controlled by: Age Film and screen combinations (B-~ Those factors which control radiographic contrast and definition C. Kilo voltage and milli-amperage D. Kilo voltage and film processing 6) A Be c 0. Film un-sharpness or inherent un sharpness increases with Decreases in incident radiation energy Increase in incident radiation energy Increase with source size All the above 7) When X-rays are used, High contrast and high definition radiography is achieved by using: AC Low KV (energy)with long exposure B9C_High KV (energy}with long exposure C. High KV (energy)with short exposure D. Short exposure 8) Contrast due to change in radiation transmission because of variation in thickness or density is called as A. Film contrast 8. Latitude C. Subject contrast Sar RI (REV2) peatof 15) ROPE 16) Pp oORP pore e ee OO a A section with a significant i crease in thickness variation is required to be shown on a single radiogray, within a desired film density range. This may be accomplished by.” ~ Increasing kilo voltage © Using a co: ain film SS Both ABB > > Neither A nor B An X-ray film having wide latitude achieved by high KV also has: Poor definition Low contrast High speed None of the above When the minute silver grains on which the X-ray film image is formed group together in relatively large masses, they produce a visual impression called: Air bells, Graininess Reticulation One method of reducing radiographic contrast is to: Increase the distance between the radiation source and the object Decrease the distance between the object and the film Decrease the wavelength (increase the Energy or KV) of the radiation used Increase development time within manufacturer's recommendations In comparison with lower-voltage radiographs, high-energy radiographs show: ‘Greater contrast Greater latitude Greater emounts of scatter radiation relative to primary beam intensity None of the above The range of thickness over which densities are satisfactorily obtained for interpretation is a measure of the: Subject contrast of 2 radiograph Sensitivity of 2 radiograph Latitude of 2 radiogreph Definition of 2 radiograph Which of the following is correct to achieve minimum penumbra Use minimum source size , OFD & film should contact the object i Use minimum SED Use Maximum SFD BothA&C The emount of unsharpness or blurring of a radiograph Directly proportionel to the object-to-film distance 2nd inversely proportional to the size of the focal spot Directly proportional to the size of the effective focal spot, OFD and inversely proportional to the SOD inversely proportional to the object-to-film distance and directly proportional to the source-to object distance Inversely proportional to the size of the focal spot and the object-to-film distance The quantitative measure of film blackening is referred to as: Definition Photographic density Film contrast Radiographic contrastRadiographic sensitivity, in the context of the minimum detectable flaw size, depends on: Graininess of the film ‘The unsharpness of the flaw image in the film The contrast of the flaw image on the film All of the answers are correct Film contrast refers to: ‘The density difference in two adjacent regions of film ‘The steepness (slope) or Gradient of the characteristic curve ‘The ratio of X-ray or gamma ray intensities Minimum perceptible density change | 20) When compared to Gamma rays, the advantage of low energy X rays are A. High sensitivity 8. High density ) Good contrast | D Botha&c 21) improper geometric factors, poor contact between film and screens, graininess of film are possible causes of A. High film density | 87 Poor definition ._Fogged film D. Lowfilm density 22} Poor radiographic definition could be the result of: ‘A. Focal spot size B. Source-to-film distance . Poor film-screen contact De Allof the above 23) The image sharpness of an object may be affected by: Type of film Type of screen Radiation quality All of the above Which of the following is NOT a factor to be considered to reduce geometric un-sharpness? Source-to-film distance Object-to-film distance Source strength Source size 0.3mm 3mm 0.5mm 035mm A 8 « o 24) A 8 Z D, 25f Calculate the Ug for a source of 3mm focal spot, with an OFD 30mm and source to film distance is 300mm? x B., c D. JO Calculate the SFO if the Focal spot is 3mm, thickness of job is 25mm and Ug is 0.2 mm? ‘A. 250mm B. 400mm c. 275mm D. 350mm 27) Foragiven Ug, When calculating the SFD required will be the {Minimum source to film distance required B. _ Maximum source to film distance required C. — Minimum Object to film distance required D. None of the above nn‘ ———EE fREV2) Pave 3 | pre eee28) Movement, geometry, and screen contact are three factors that affect radiographic: o Contrast Unsharpness Reticulation Density oog> The characteristic curve of a high contrast film will Have a low gradient Have a steeper curve with high gradient located on right side of the graph Have a lower gradient located on left side of the graph Have poor definition DOR>y 30) The density difference on a radiograph after processing produced by a small change in specimen thickness is the definition of which of the following terms (usually expressed with percentage of thickness)? A. Flaw sensitivity By Contrast sensitivity C. IOI sensitivity D. None of the above aWhen comparing fluorescent intensifying screens with lead foll screens, their primary advantage is: Improved image resolution 8. Markedly increased exposure times Ce Markedly decreased exposure times D. Relative insensitivity to scattered radiation 2) Lead screen intensify the image A. By emitting Alpha particles Bux By emitting secondary electrons when exposed to X or gamma radiation C. _Byemitting scattered radiation D. None of the above 3) Lead screens in contact with the film during exposure: ‘A.w Intensifies by increase the photographic action on the film largely with the electron emission and partly by the secondary X-rays generated in the lead 8. "absorb the shorter wavelength scattered radiation more than the long wavelength primary radiation” C. "Intensify the photographic effect of the scatter radiation more than that of the primary radiation D. None of the above 4) The Parameter that does not affect the film contrast is: AW Kilo voltage or wave length of radiation 8. Type of filmifine or large) Density of film D. Allthe above 5) Apenetrameter or IQ] is used to indicate the: A. Size of discontinuities in a part B. Density of the film C. Amount of film contrast DY Quality of the radiographic technique + 6) A fluorescent intensifying screen will: Aw Transform X-ray energy into visible or ultraviolet light 8. Result in reticulation C. Decrease the graininess of the image when using gamma rays D. Increase the definition in a radiograph 7) In comparison to radiographs made with lead screens, radiographs made using fluorescent salt screens would sho A. Better contrast B. Good definition C. Higher density P DY” Poor definition '8) The purpose of keeping the Penetrameter (Il) on the source side is. ‘A. Todetermine the Contrast To determine the density Ri-Chap-06 (REV2) Page 1‘When comparing fluorescent intensifying screens with lead foil screens, their primary advantage is: Improved image resolution Markedly increased exposure times Markedly decreased exposure times Relative insensitivity to scattered radiation Lead screen intensify the image By emitting Alpha particles By emitting secondary electrons when exposed to X or gamma radiation By emitting scattered radiation None of the above Lead screens in contact with the film during exposure: Intensifies by increase the photographic action on the film largely with the electron emission and partly by the secondary X-rays generated in the lead “absorb the shorter wavelength scattered radiation more than the long wavelength primary radiatio "intensify the photographic effect of the scatter radiation more than that of the primary radiation None of the above ‘The Parameter that does not affect the film contrast Kilo voltage or wave length of radiation ‘Type of film(fine or large) Density of film All the above Appenetrameter or IQ! is used to indicate the: Size of discontinuities in a part Density of the film Amount of film contrast Quality of the radiographic technique « A fluorescent intensifying screen will: ‘Transform X-ray energy into visible or ultraviolet light Result in reticulation Decrease the graininess of the image when using gamma rays Increase the definition in a radiograph In comparison to radiographs made with lead screens, « show: Better contrast Good definition Higher density Poor definition 1graphs made using fluorescent salt screens would ‘The purpose of keeping the Penetrameter (IQl) on the source side is To determine the Contrast To determine the density Rl-Chap-06 (REV2) Page 1— ee en i 5 pa determine, compare the Overall image quality and sensitivity of radiographic technique 2. Allthe above : 8) The back Lead screen ( behind the flm cassette) wil Aa Recluce the back scattered radiation from floors, walls, equipment’s and other Scatters reaching back of the film. B. Reduce the primary radiation C. Intensity by a factor of 10 D. Remove FOS 20) ‘What is the purpose and advantage of using Lead & ‘A. _ Reduce the exposure time by 10 times e O Heles to remove some scattering affect and improves the definition €. Increase the unsharpness 0. Helps in reducing the development time een with Low KV x rays? 11) Which of the following is best suitable placemen i A. Away from the weld Hoa 8. Parallel to weld Cx" Across the weld on the source side D. "Anywhere in the parent metal 2217 A step ype or hole type Penetrameter place shall be A. Across the weld BY Adjacent to weld at the centre of interested area Anywhere in Parent metal 0. Onthe weld 13) | Which of the following is more sensitivity when Inspecting a same material and thickness: Av Detection of smaller flaw is more sensitive then ¢ large flaw detection €:__Petection of larger flaw is more sensitive than a smelier fing detection ©. Both have the same sensitivity D. Sensitivity does not depend on the size of law, {4) How could a radiographer know which 10 should be selected fora particular technique A. Using 1a sensitivity formula to find the smallest detectable wire ce hole to be detected based code B. Using agreed procedure © By referring recommendations from international standard DY Allthe above 42) Calculate the sensitivity of DWI inspection technique of am tube witha Visible wire of 0.16 mm A 15% 8 273% 2 1 t6kOe 4, Cc 4% oe — 9 Tae v, Di 2% 16) Fluorescent screens are not used, as a rule for 4. Gamma radiography, as intensification is poor with long exposures 8, Not normally used for light alloy, C. High sensitive radiographs DM All the above 12) The visibility of certain penetrameter Wire or hole on the radiograph may mean that A. Acavity of the same diameter will be visible Rl-Chap-06 (REV2) Page 2or sten or plat 18) Duplex type IQ) made of tungs [A~ leisperecly suited to determine Definition SB. Used to determine Subject contrast Used to determine density D. allthe above inum is used because (unsharpness). 19) Duplex Wire type IA! not suitable to use in A. For large diameter pipes 8. For Plates Cu For small diameter pipes due to inability to bend the penetrameter D. Suitable forall types of joints ensifying (metalic salt) material in fluorescent screens or salt screens Is: 20) The most commonly use A. Zinc sulphide B. Calcium sulphide © Caesium sulphide DL Calcium tungstate 21) _ Use of Fluorescent intensifying Screens or Salt Screens reduce the exposure time by: A. 100times B. 30-SOtimes cx &-2times D. 1-Stimes 22) Lead screens are used for almost all exposures when using: ‘A. The fluoroscopic technique 3B. Low-voltage radiography CY’ High-voltage radiography & gamma ray Radiography. D. _Xeroradiography 23) The smallest diameter wire in a 1EN set wire of DIN type penetrameter as Per BSEN 462-part 1 is? A 3.2mm ; 8B Lamm © 25mm \ DY 0.8mm 24) Sensitivity of flaw ina RT image is? ‘A. Does not depend on the thickness of job Bf, Inversely Proportional tothe specimen thickness ° 6/7 direc depends on specimen thickness B. Depends on type of material 25) What's the reason of using two IQ) on one at each end in DWS! A. Toget high contrast at the end of film 8. , Toensure the coverage CL Because these areas are of least coverage due'to increased thickness of material at the end 0. No, one IQ! should be used on any case io CY RI-Chap-06 (REV2) Page 3(AS, The technique in which the Source Is outside and film in inside the wall of a pipe Panoramic technique Single wal single image Double wall Double image Double wall single image poRP 2 Calculate the ratio of intensity of transmitted light when the density changed from 1 to 3. Al B. 2 © 100 0. 10 3) Why the Parallax or tube shift technique is used in Radiography? A. To improve the sensitivity B. To cover different thickness in multiple films using single exposure ._ Todetermine the length of the defect AX To Determine the distance of flaw (depth) from the film BY An excellent radiograph is obtained under given exposure conditions with a tube current of 5 MA and an exposure time of 12 minutes. If other conditions are not changed, what exposure time would be required if the X-ray tube current could be raised to 10 ma? A. 24minutes 8, 12 minutes & Sminutes D. 3 minutes 5) The corona or offset technique, used for 4x, Small-diameter tubing and pipe. B. Plates C._ Large Diameter pipes D. Flanges Sf fan exposure time of 60 seconds was necessary using 2 1.2 m (4 ft.) SFO for a particular exposure, what time would be necessary if @ 0.6 m (2 ft.) SFD is used and all other variables remain the same? A. 1208 8. 30s oe ass D. 240s AY With a given exposure time and kilo-voltage, a properly exposed radlographis obtained with a 6 ma-minutes ‘exposure at the distance of 51 cm (20 in.).Itis desired to increase the sharpness of detail in the image by ing the source-to-film distance to 102 cm (40 in). The correct milli amperage-minutes exposure to obtain the desired radiographic density at the increased distance is: A. 12ma-minutes Bo 24 ma-minutes ©. D. 3 ma-minutes 1.7 macminutes a Rl-chan-07 (REV21 Page 1TBP AY’ A properly exposed radiograph is obtained with a 6 ma, 4 minutes time, exposed at the distance of Si em 20 In, Its desired to increase the sharpness of detail in the Image by increasing the source-to-film distance to 76.2 em (30 In.) With 10 ma minutes, What will be the new exposure time required, 3 minutes 1. 9 minutes 5.4 minutes 1.7 minutes Using the parallax method for trangultion with the fim In contact with the object and shifting the source equal stance in two drctlons fom Its oral postion for location of faw, itis eveaed thatthe au fe i less than half the shift of the source side marker. The flaw i Nearer the film plane Nearer the source side On the source-side surface On the film-sde surface ghey 10) Denstometers are checked and caliorated often by Setting A The Zero value in Densitometer and taking several radi i readings in the Density strip on the i is Pe aerrretaton comparing the actual reading wth Density stip value ote S47 ewer that is used OF Tage vale In Denstometer and taking several readings inthe fn a be interpreted, C. Taking several reading on the density strip F D. None of the above fa Which fhe own parameters eed correction for an acceptable radiograph ifthe SFD is reduced? B, Reduce the development time & Reduce the exposure time D. Increase KV 121 A graph showing the relation between materia thickness, klvolt age, and exposure i called: AL Abar chart Bn exposure chart ©. Acharacteristic curve Or An H&D curve 13) Which ofthe following technique Is best suitable for circumferential Pipe welds of large diameter ‘A, Single wall with film inside and source out side 8 Double wall double image with flm outside and source outside C__Double wall single image with film outside and source outside Panoramic with source inside at the centre and film out side 247A good radiograph is obtained using a millcamperage of 15 MA and an exposure time of 05 minutes, What Current will be necessary to produce an equivalent radiograph ifthe exposure time is changed to 1.5 minutes and all other conditions remain the same? A, SAmps 8 S milli Amps. C. 3mill amps 0. 225 Mill Amps 418f/A good Co-60 radiograph is made on a 76 mm (3 in) Stel casting using an exposure time of 10 minutes and @ Source-to-lm distance of 91 em (36 in.) Fits necessaryto chenge the source-to-lim distance to 61 cm (24 in}, what exposure time would produce a similar radiograph if all other conditions remain the same? A. 16 minutes B/ 4.4 minutes 64 minutes D. &8 minutes 16) The advantage of superimposed techniques over elliptical exposure with offset is that ‘A. Willachieve higher contrast & sensitivity B._Geometric sharpness is very less {Beam incident angle Is more favorable to defects Rl-chan-07 (REVI)+ yD Exposure time is least A! What isthe Process commonly used to identify the locations ofthe circumferential weld radiography films? 3 Use lead numbers, letters for joint Identifications and other detals ofthe weld Use Lead arrows for aviding and identifying sections around the pipe &., Stlek the above for each Film using a tape around pipe D> Allthe above * 287° film show a density of 1 at particular location where transmits 1/10 of the incident light. What Is the {rst st another location where it transmits 1/1000 ofthe incldent light? one Bun 19) The reason the ex doubled is that: -film distance increases 20) What i the formula to calculate the Photographic density 21) When compared to SWSI, a Double wall technique require A. Less exposure time and smaller FFD 8° More exposure time and larger F More exposure time andsmaller FO"? ~ — D. fo change in FFD or exposure time. ZS Asourceof192, whose half-life is 75 days, pgvides an optimum exposure ofa given test object today ina Period of 20 minutes. 225 days from now, what exposure time would be required for the see radiographic density, under simitar exposure conditions? A. 60 minutes 8, Lhour & 20 minutes & Zhour and 40 minutes | D. 80 minutes 23) Co-60 has a halt.ife of S.3 yeas. By how much should exposure time be increased (over that used inital to i produce excellent radiographs when the Co-60 source was new) when the source is 2 years old? ‘A. No change in exposure time is needed 8. Exposure time should be about 11 percent longer G Exposure time should be about 31 percent longer D. Exposure time should be about 62 to 100'percent longer ~ | | 24) The mathematical rule of exposure which governs the time-ditancé relation of basic exposure calculator I: ¢ The exposure time (7) required fora given exposure is directly proportional othe square ofthe SFD (0) 8. The exposure time (7) required fora given exposure i inversely proportional tothe square ofthe SFO (0) C._ The exposure time (7) required fora given exposure is inversely proportional to the millcamperege(M) D. None of the above 25) The parameters required to calculate the minimum SFD/SOD for a double wall single image ofa pipe weld \ A. Focal spot i B. Thickness of pipe C._Diameter of pipe DE Alll the above Ri-chan-07 (REV2) .Stop bath, acetic acid, and water Developer, stop bath, and H,0) Developer , fixer, and water washing AS Three liquids which are essential to process an exposed fllm properly are: A 8. & D. Acetic acid, fixer, and stop bath ‘The advantage of two side emulsion films over single side are . A. High sensitive B. Decrease exposure time C. Increase the contrast D/ Allthe above A characteristic curve or H- D curve is a graphical representation of the relationship between. The Log Relative exposure to the film and the sensitivity Density and contrast ‘The Log Relative exposure to the film and the resultant optical density Intensity and SFD popre The activity of the developer solution is maintained stable by: Constantly agitating it Maintaining processing solutions within the recommended temperature range Avoiding contamination from the wash bath Adding replenisher poePrs In industrial Radiographic, Film speed determines ‘Amount of Exposure necessary to produce adequate den: Amount of Inherent Fogging ‘The temperature of the developer during processing All the above posers What is the role of Fixer chemicals such as Ammonium Thiosulphate and sodium thiosulphate in film processing Supplying electron and make latent image to visible For converting unexposed silver halide crystals to water soluble and. dissolve in fixer tank For Drying the Films To improve the film density ooe> “The two most common causes for excessively high-density radiographs are: Insufficient washing and overdevelopment Contaminated fixer and insufficient washing Overexposure and contaminated fixer Overexposure and overdevelopment popes During Processing the accepted development time is Fixed duration irrespective of exposure conditions Development time depends on the exposure conditions Depends on the temperature of the film oP Pe than-08 (REVI) Pave 1b. The voltage range of the available X-ray machine \ Excessive exposure of film to light prior to development of the film will most likely result in: A foggy film Poor definition Streaks Yellow stain Reticulation on the radiograph is probably caused by: Crimping film after exposure Sudden extreme temperature change while processing Water or developer on unprocessed film Excessive object-to-film distance Reticulation appeared like Net-like film surface/ grainy leather on the radiograph Wavy lighting Star shaped crack Dark density area During manual film Processing Insufficient final washing leads to High density dark spots Low density white spots Yellow Fog because of Fixer on the film, Allthe above 7 Fixer solution is: Acid Alkaline Saline Colloidal When sharp, black, bird-foot, lightning shaped marks which are known not to correspond with any discontinuities appear at random on radiographs, they are probably caused by: Prolonged development in old developer Exposure of the film by natural cosmic ray showers during storage Static discharges caused by friction Inadequate rinsing after fixing Developer solution is: Acid Alkaline saline Colloidal The formation of latent image because of some of silver halide grains during storage without exposure is called as Inherent Sharpness Inherent Fogging Mottling Reticulation“48)- The maximum acceptable inherent fog is %. A tod BOS © 18 DB 03 19) Frilling or loosening of the emulsion from the base of the film is most likely caused by: Water or developer on unprocessed film Low temperature of processing solutions Developer solution contamination Warm or exhausted fixer solution ene 20) Two different speed films shall be used in the same cassette when A. Tocompare the quality To check the definition and contrast ‘The component thickness range more than the latitude of the film 8. © D. Both A&C _2AF" when xays, gamma rays ht, o electrons strike the photographic emulsion, ioniation takes place nthe siver nade crystals Ts change called A. Photographie density B. Photographic sensitivity Ce tatentimoge 3. Characteristic curve Uttra-fine grain films area slowest in speed requiring relatively long exposure time but provide ‘A. Good definition and low contrast B. Poor definition and high speed Ce High contrast and good definition D. Low speed and Poor contrast. DAY The portion of the characteristic curve in which increase in exposure will decrease the density and curve start to drop to the right hand side of the shoulder Is termed as A. Solarisation or reversal 8, Inherent unsharpness ©. Diffraction mottle D. Gradient of the curve 24) Development change the Latent image to visible image by supplying_ to film emulsion exosed erystals A. Protons B, Neutrons Cons D. Electrons 25) The normal development time for manually processing X-ray film is: 12-18 minutes in processing solutions at 24 °C (75 °F) 3:8 minutes in processing solutions at 16 *C (60 °F) 412-18 minutes in processing solutions at 68° C (154° F) 5-8 minutes in processing solutions at 20° C (68° F) pore 26) After Development process, the film needs to immerse in top bath. What I the purpose of using 0p bath ‘A. To Remove the unexposed silver halides 8. ToHarden the film C.__ Toneutralize the developer and stop developing, D. _Toimprove the development process 1 solution and the time when the original difuse, 27) The interval between the time a film is placed in a yellow milkiness disappears is known as: A. Hardening time Pace 3 RI-Chan-08 (REV)BL Clearing time o C. Fixing time D. Oxidation time 28) The uneven distribution of developed subjective impression of: Ae Graininess B. Streaks Spots D. White scum ns within the emulsion of « processed X-ray fllm causes the 9)" Developer reduces the ‘A. _Unexposed silver ion than exposed silver ions Bx Exposed silver ion than Unexposed silver ions CC. Reduces the sharpness D. None of the above 30) The purpose of agitating an X-ray film during development is to: A. Protect the film from excessive pressure Be Renew or equalize the effect the developer at the surface of the film C. _Disperse unexposed silver grains on the film surface D. Prevent reticulation 31) The purpose of fixation is: To remove all the undeveloped silver salts of the emulsion To leave the developed silver as a permanent image To harden the gelatin, All of the above poe 32) Amottled radiograph can be caused by: Not removing the paper interleaving before exposure 8. Using tin-coated lead screens ©. Xray diffraction effects D. Allof the above > 33) Which of the following are the not the reason for high density in radiograph film? ‘A. Developer temperature high or wrong mixed developer B. Over exposure Excessive development D. Exhausted developer 34{° The radiographic appearance of ifraction patterns is mottled and may be confused with which one of the following indications? ‘A. Segregation over the entire weld B. Oxidation or burn through C+ Herringbone pattern over the entire weld similar to worm hole porosity D. —_ Reticulation net like structure 35) X-ray diffraction patterns appearing in a radiograph are typically observed in the radiography of: A. Thick castings at greater than 1 MEV B. Thin metallic specimens with large grain size C. Thin metallic specimens with fine grain size D. Thick metallic specimens with low atomic number (2) 36) method for distingu by A. Re expose the film using a much high exposure factor B. Used Lead foil filters . Change the angle of incidence of the beam by 1-5 degrees and re expose fan-OR (REV) ee a ae Pore ing between diffraction mottling and other causes or to reduce the mottling effectAllthe above 37) When water or fixer splashed on the film before development due to poor dark room practice, indications goer will Appear as light spots with decreased density on the film Appear as dark spots with increased density on the film Straight line like a crack |. No effect 38) Water spots on films can be minimized by: ooeP poerg The rapid drying of wet film Using a wetting agent solution Using a fresh fixer solution Cascading water during the rinse cycle In order to achieve uniformity of development over the area of an X-ray film during manual processin, The film should be placed in a dryer after being developed The developer should be agitated by using mechanical stirrers or circulating pumps The film should be agitated while in the developer The film should be transferred directly from the developer to the fixer 40) Which of the following artifact will not occur during processing? goer > poe 42) To increase the thickness | oper ener > goer os poe a © ° Reticulation Radiation fogging Air bubble or air bells Dark spots or streaks 11) X-ray films with large grain size: ‘Will produce radiographs with better definition than film with small grain size Have slower speeds than those with a relatively small grain size Have higher speeds than those with a relatively small grain size "Will take longer to expose properly than film with relatively small grain size” ide which of the following is best suitable? Two different speed films shall be used in the same cassette Filter shall be used for hardening the radiation Increase KV All the above White crescent shaped indication appearing on a developed radiograph are the result Static marks Scratches on lead foil screen Crimp marks or Pressure due to Poor handling of film before exposure Poor handling after exposure ‘The best method of arresting the development process is to place the film in: ‘An acid stop bath A fixer solution Awater rinse A wetting sol A What is the reason for Coloured stains on a processed radiograph? Neutralization of the alkaline in the fixer solution Neutralization of the acid in the fixer solution Insufficient fixing (Over development re beret RI-Chap-uy (RiVZy a ro ” PagetFine dark wavy lines with a feathery appearance usually emanating from the centre of the weld crater is HAZ crack Central crack y) AC Star crack or Crater crack 8. C D. A B. c Dr AYO What willbe the reason for limiting the density to 4.0 in industrial applications A 8. Ge D 4) A 8. a D, SIO When viewing film, background lighting should: A. Br c D 6) A 8. c Root crack An wide, elongated irregular darker density with fuzzy edges, in the center of the width of the weld image with gradual change in density is Lack of penetration Lack of fusion slag Root concavity Due to reduced contrast Transmitted light in the film will be very high which will be difficult to view the film Transmitted light will be low, need high intensity viewer which may burn or distort the film due to heat high intense light Film contrast will be very high. t from To prevent damage to films, which of the following should be provided when viewing radiographs? ‘Masks or screens Foot switch Heat filter Opal glass Be virtually eliminated Be subdued and Not reflect on the film under examination Be carefully filtered Be fully reflected on the film {An ideal radiograph should have minimum Distortion of the image Sharp definition High contrast and adequate density All the above ‘An indication appearing on a radiograph as a single, dark, elongated area of varying length or width located at the centre of a weld , which is almost same as root gap would probably be classified as: Aligned porosity Slag line Wagon tracks A 8. c. D/ Lack of penetration RI 1-Chap-09 (REV2) SS ce) eae86 A darktine of varying with ona agra that allows he so the san one of 3 Wel nde A Underantin & Incomplete sion crore D Shintege 9) _Allighter density in the center ofthe weld width, extended along the wold or isolated circular “drops” ‘Av Excess penetration B. Root crack C. Tungsten inclusion D. Lop 10) An oval or circular dark spot with smooth edges appearing on the radiograph would most probably be indicative of: ‘A. Burn through 8. Crater crack Cc Porosity or gas pore D. Lack of fusion 11) density below 1.5 in the weld area is too low and not acceptable because: A. Subject contrast & definition is low 8. Sensitivity is high Co Radiographic contrast is impaired and low D. Low density is not unacceptable 12) Aterm used to describe the oxides and other solids which are shown radio graphically as elongated or rounded inclusions is: Av Slag 8. Porosity C. Suck-up Worm holes 5 d; Indications appearing singly or as clusters of small, light spots in GTA weld would most probably be A. Weld spatter B. Non-metallic inclusion CY Tungsten inclusion D. Gasholes 14) Avery thin continuous or intermittent straight dark likes appearing on a weld radiograph, parallel with the edge of the weld cap is probably: A. Aslag inclusion B. Lack of root penetration C. Misalignment Dx» Lack of side wall fusion 15) A localized darker density with irregular fuzzy edges in the center of the weld image in root pass. It may be wider than the width of the root pass image. A LOP 8. Excess penetration © Lack of fusion Dx Burn Through ih Film artefacts are considered as A. True indications BY False indications C. Due to low density D. High sensitivity RI-Chap-09 (REV2) Page 220) ger 2 RI-Chap-09 (REV2) Page Indications on a radiograph that appear as dar, jg jagged lines of variable widths and numerous branches with no definite line of continuity are indicative of: Cracks Core shifting Porosity Slags Which of the following density range is mostly acceptable during RT of welds? 1t02 18104 203 BothB&C small round, irregular ight spots on the image ofthe parent metal and the weld Tungsten Inclusion Slag inclusion Spatters Al the above When correct exposures time used, which ofthe flm screen combination is best suitable for specified density con same job with iridium source? Fine Grain, high contrast film with fluorometallic screens Large Grain, high contrast film with lead screens Fine Grain, high contrast film with lead screens Any of the above is suitable to achieve density in the range