Title Page

PLANN 423: PLANNING 3

Overview of Urban and Regional Planning

Theories and Issues: Implications to
Architectural Practice

Group 8
 Title Page Introduction

who is patrick geddes?

Introduction Scotsman Sir Patrick Geddes is regarded as the modern-day

father of city planning. Born on 2 October 1854 in Ballater,
Aberdeenshire

Sir Patrick believed town planning was more than just “place”
planning. Instead, it was primarily “people” planning.

He considered the planner in charge of transforming the city’s

personality and goals into something people could relate to,
arguing that the city was not a machine but rather a complex
Sir Patrick Geddes tapestry or organism.
Scottish biologist and
sociologist
Geddes’s concepts on building with nature to make it an integral
part of the physical contour of the cityscape to form the basis of
planning are just as relevant today as they were in his day.
 Title Page Introduction Urban Planning

what is urban planning?

Urban Planning
Urban Planning is a technique and method of development that contributes to the organization,
development and evolution of urban areas and their urbanizing environs, based on economic, social,
legal and aesthetic concepts and conditions in order to promote the welfare of public and quality of
environment.

Urban planning, design and regulation of the uses of space that focus on the physical form,
economic functions, and social impacts of the urban environment and on the location of different
activities within it.

Because urban planning draws upon engineering, architectural, social and political concerns, it is
variously a technical profession, an endeavour involving political will, public participation, and an
academic discipline.

Urban planning concerns itself with both the development of open land (“greenfields sites”) and the
revitalization of existing parts of the city, thereby involving goal setting, data collection and analysis,
forecasting, design, strategic thinking, and public consultation.
Title Page Introduction The Urban Planning B

The Urban Planning Basics

Urban Planning Basics

Goal of Planning - to guide the development of a city or town so that it furthers the
welfare of its current and future residents by creating convenient, equitable, healthful,
efficient and attractive environments.

Urban planning is the process of developing and designing urban areas to meet the
needs of a community.

The practice draws from a number of disciplines—architecture, engineering,

economics, sociology, public health, finance, and more—and strives to prepare cities
and towns for the future. It is typically used as part of a larger city plan, and should tie
back to the city’s mission and vision statements.
 Title Page Introduction The Urban Pla Three key aspect of u

what is the 3 key aspect of urban or city planning?

Three key aspects of Urban/City Planning:

Physical Environment Social Environment Regional Planning

This includes the location of Includes the groups to which a The concept of regional planning
the city or town, its climate city's residents belong, the was first introduced by Patrick
and its proximity to sources of neighborhoods in which they live, Geddes who began to develop his
food and water, as well as the the organization of its workplaces. broader philosophy of regional
area’s geologic history. It The existing social fabric of a planning in his 1915 seminal book,
involves the design and town or city is a crucial Cities in Evolution: An introduction
organization of physical component in the expansion or to Town Planning Movement and
structures and spaces. revitalization of a particular area. It the Study of Civics. He put forward
includes the integration of various a synoptic vision of ‘place, work,
aspects, including land use, and folk’ to explain the symbiotic
transportation, housing, and relationship between economic
sustainability. and sociocultural well-being.
 Title Page Introduction The Urban P Three key aspect of References

Insert your topic here

Sources
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, September 28). Sir Patrick Geddes. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Patrick-Geddes

Fainstein, S. S. (2023, November 7). urban planning. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/urban-planning

Sailus, M. (2024, January 9). 7 types of urban planning concepts explained. ClearPoint Strategy.
https://www.clearpointstrategy.com/blog/types-of-urban-planning

Kianjaya, A. (2023, May 5). Patrick Geddes and his contribution to urban planning. RTF | Rethinking The Future. https://www.re-
thinkingthefuture.com/architectural-community/a10012-patrick-geddes-and-his-contribution-to-urban-planning/

5 key factors in urban planning. EagleView US. (2023, July 12). https://www.eagleview.com/government/5-key-factors-in-urban-
planning/#:~:text=This%20consists%20of%20three%20essential%20categories%3A%201%20Physical,might%20help%20or%20hinder%
20a%20city%E2%80%99s%20development.%20

New Urban Planning Strategies for the Philippines. Cities Alliance. (2019, January 25).
https://www.citiesalliance.org/resources/publications/project-case-studies/new-urban-planning-strategies-philippines

Regional planning. Regional Planning - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-

sciences/regional-planning
Title Page

PLANN 423: PLANNING 3

Regional Planning Theories and Issues:

Implications to Architectural Practice

Hannie Ferrer
Title Page Introduction

Regional Planning Theories and Issues: Implications to Architectural Practice

Regional planning
Regional planning deals with
the efficient placement of land-
use activities, infrastructure,
and settlement growth across
a larger area of land than an
individual city or town.
Title Page Introduction Regional Planning

Regional Planning Theories and Issues: Implications to Architectural Practice

THEORIES OF EXPLAINING
THE EMERGENCE OF TOWNS:
1. Central Place Theory
2. Public Choice Theory
3. Bid Rent Theory
 Title Page Introduction Regional PlanningTheories

Regional Planning Theories and Issues: Implications to Architectural Practice

Central Place Theory

Developed by the German geographer Walter Christaller
in 1933. It explains the reasons behind the distribution
patterns, size, and number of cities and towns.

The image in this section illustrates the hierarchy of urban

sizes in Europe, particularly in the relatively physically
homogeneous part of France in the lower right. CPT appears
to best fit the central places in France, such as Rouen, Caen,
and Le Mans, with over 100,000 people each, surrounded by
second-order satellite towns, with the faintest dots being the
third-order towns. Paris is a central place in its own right, the
center of a hexagon comprising the entire country of France.
In urban geography terms, it is the consummate primate city.
Northwestern Europe: Paris is in the center, and London is in the lower left.
Parts of France and England have a hierarchy of central places
 Title Page Introduction Regional PlanningTheories

Regional Planning Theories and Issues: Implications to Architectural Practice

Central Place Theory

Basic Elements of Central Place Theory
A central good
A central place
A complimentary region

Assumptions
humans will always purchase goods from
the closest place
unbounded isotropic (all flat),
homogeneous and limitless surface
evenly distributed population
all settlements are equidistant and exist in
a triangular lattice pattern
evenly distributed resources
Title Page Introduction Regional PlanningTheories

Regional Planning Theories and Issues: Implications to Architectural Practice

Public Choice Theory

Advanced by Paul Peterson in his 1981 book, City
Limits. States that urban politicians and governing
regimes are subordinate to the overall economic
principles that force cities to compete, to capture
new investment and capital. The competitive
nature of cities encourages the business elite and
politicians to favour new development.
Title Page Introduction Regional PlanningTheories

Regional Planning Theories and Issues: Implications to Architectural Practice

Bid Rent Theory

Land/property/rental unit costs increase the
closer one gets to a city's central business district.
Created by the urban planner William Alonso
(1933-1999) is credited with creating bid rent
theory.

Geographical economic theory that refers to how

the price and demand for real estate change as
the distance from the central business district
(CBD) .This is based upon the idea that retail
establishments wish to maximize their profitability,
so they are much more willing to pay more for land
close to the CBD and less for land further away
from this area. The amount they are willing to pay
is called "bid rent".
 Title Page Introduction Regional PlanningTheories References

Regional Planning Theories and Issues: Implications to Architectural Practice

Sources
Christaller, W. 'Central places in southern Germany.' Prentice-Hall. 1966; originally publ. in 1933.

Longley, R. (2022, October 27). What is public choice theory? ThoughtCo.

https://www.thoughtco.com/public-choice-theory-6744655

Central Place Theory: Definition & Example | StudySmarter. (n.d.). StudySmarter UK.
https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/human-geography/urban-geography/central-place-
theory/#:~:text=Central%20Place%20Theory%20Example,-
Photos%20taken%20by&text=Paris%20is%20a%20central%20place,is%20the%20consummate%20prim
ate%20city.

Bid Rent Theory: Definition & Example | StudySmarter. (n.d.). StudySmarter UK.
https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/human-geography/urban-geography/bid-rent-
theory/#:~:text=What%20is%20the%20bid%20rent,business%20district%20due%20to%20demand.
Title Page

PLANN 423: PLANNING 3

Theories of explaining how towns are

arranged

Gef Flores
Title Page Introduction

Theories of explaining how Towns are arranged

THEORIES OF EXPLAINING
HOW TOWNS ARE ARRANGED
1. Grid Model/Hippodamian Plan
2. Concentric Zone Model
3. Multiple Nuclei Method
 Title Page Introduction Theories

Theories about the origin of towns

Origin of Towns in theories

Different theories of urbanism have
sought to explain the historical
emergence of towns as a type of human
settlement. Among the factors that have
given rise to towns, according to these
theories, are technological advances,
increased literacy rates and education,
industrialization, and economic
development. A town is also defined by its
fairly large settled population, which often
consists of relatively small families (in
Mecca in the 1880s. Cropped from original.
comparison with traditional rural societies)
 Title Page Introduction Theories

Theories of explaining how Towns are arranged

Grid Model/Hippodamian Plan

Proposed by Hippodamus of Miletus who is considered the
father of rational city planning. The center of the city
contains the agora (Market place), theaters, and temples.
Private rooms surround the city’s public arenas. The plan
can be laid out uniformly over any kind of terrain since it’s
based on angles and measurements. The Hippodamian
Plan is, essentially, a city plan that looks like a gridiron. An
early example is Tell el-Amarna in Egypt, dating back to the
fifteenth century BCE; Enkomi is a bit younger. The idea
was introduced in the Greek world by Hippodamus of
Miletus, who designed the new port of Athens, Piraeus, in
the mid-fifth century BCE. He is also credited with the urban
Illustration of Hippodamian plan/Grid design of Thurii in southern Italy.
model used in Priene City
 Title Page Introduction Theories

Theories of explaining how Towns are arranged

Concentric Zone Model Also known as The Burgess Model, The Bull's Eye
Model. Developed in the 1920's by the urban
sociologist Ernest Burgess. The model portrays how
cities social groups are spatially arranged in a series
of rings. The size of the rings may vary, but the order
always remains the same.

Concentric Zone Model: the first significant model of

US urban form and growth, devised by Ernest Burgess
in the early 1920s. It describes a predictable pattern
of six expanding commercial, industrial, and
residential zones that characterized many US urban
areas and served as the basis for modifications that
Fig. 1 - Concentric Zone Model. Zones from innermost to became other models in US urban geography and
outermost are Central Business District; Factory Zone; Zone of
sociology.
Transition; working-class zone; Residential Zone; and
Commuter Zone
 Title Page Introduction Theories

Theories of explaining how Towns are arranged

Multiple Nuclei Method

The Multiple Nuclei Model is an ecological model created by
Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in the 1945. City grows from
several independent points rather than from one central
business district. As these expand, they merge to form a single
urban area. Ports, universities, airports and parks also act as
nodes. Based on the idea that people have greater movement
due to increased car ownership. Urban geographers Edward
Ullman and Chauncy Harris created the multiple-nuclei model in
1945. It is a model of US cities that improves on two influential
but limited models, the Hoyt Sector Model from 1939 and the
Burgess Concentric Zone Model of 1925. All three models are
associated with the "Chicago School" of urban sociology and are
intended to aid urban planners, governments, and the private
sector. Multiple-Nuclei Model: A US urban geography model that
describes cities with more than one center. It is based on the
following premises: 1) some types of economic activities have to
have their own locations; 2) economic activities attract other
economic activities to their locations; 3) certain economic
Fig. 1 -The Multiple Nuclei Model activities exclude other economic activities; 4) some economic
activities can't afford real estate in certain areas.
 Title Page Introduction Theories of ex Theories References

Regional Planning Theories and Issues: Implications to Architectural Practice

Sources
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, September 28). Sir Patrick Geddes. Encyclopedia
Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/town

https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/hippodamian-plan/

https://www.livius.org/pictures/a/maps/map-of-halos/

https://app.studysmarter.de/studyset/9791161/summary/63486102

https://app.studysmarter.de/studyset/9791163/summary/63486106

https://prezi.com/p/50-nheyrvffr/the-urban-and-regional-planning-theories-and-issues-implications-
to-architectural-practice/

https://www.slideshare.net/bgeffa/urban-models-23134278

https://besdirector.blogspot.com/2012_02_01_archive.html
Title Page

PLANN 423: PLANNING 3

THEORIES OF EXPLAINING HOW TOWNS

ARE ARRANGED
(cont..)

ANGELO S. DONGON
Title Page Introduction

Regional Planning Theories and Issues: Implications to Architectural Practice

THEORIES OF EXPLAINING HOW

TOWNS ARE ARRANGED
1. Urban Realms Model
2. Core Frame Model
3. Irregular Pattern Model
 Title Page Introduction Theories

Regional Planning Theories and Issues: Implications to Architectural Practice

Urban Realms Model

Developed by James E. Vance Jr.

in the 1960’s. Each realm is a
separate economic, social and
political entity that is linked
together to form a larger metro
framework. Suburbs are within the
sphere of influence of the central
city and its metropolitan CBD. Now
urban realms have become, so
large they even have exurbs, not
just suburbs.
 Title Page Introduction Theories

Regional Planning Theories and Issues: Implications to Architectural Practice

Urban Realms Model

The urban realms model is an improvement
upon the multiple nuclei model which was
proposed in 1945.
The main difference between the urban realms
model and the multiple nuclei model is that the
urban realms model sees mega-cities as
collections of several little realms (i.e. self-
sustaining cities) that are interconnected. By
contrast, the multiple nuclei model sees cities
as one single city-realm with multiple nuclei
(commercial districts) within it.
 Title Page Introduction Theories

Regional Planning Theories and Issues: Implications to Architectural Practice

For example, the urban realms model

conceives of the city as being composed of
realms. Each realm contains four types of land
use:
residential,
commercial,
industrial, and
public/semi-public.

They are, essentially, self-contained cities.

By contrast, in the multiple nuclei model, each
section of a city (or ‘nucleus’) doesn’t
necessarily function as a city with all the
commercial, residential, and industrial land
types within them.
 Title Page Introduction Theories

Regional Planning Theories and Issues: Implications to Architectural Practice

Examples Of The Urban Realms

Model
The urban realms model was originally created by James
Vance Jr. to study the problems of inner-city decay in San
Francisco but has since been applied to other cities
around the world.

Most of San Fransisco’s growth in the 20th and 21st

centuries has been fuelled by its “exurbs”, which have
grown to become independent realms in themselves. Aerial Image of San Fransisco, California
These “exurbs” include the famed Silicon Valley which is
part of the larger San Francisco Bay Area, Berkeley which is home to the University of California,
San Jose which now has a population larger than San Francisco itself, and Oakland.
 Title Page Introduction Theories

Regional Planning Theories and Issues: Implications to Architectural Practice

CONCLUSION
The urban realms model helps to overcome some of the weaknesses of the multiple nuclei model.
For large megacities, it’s often the case that cities are composed of many smaller self-contained
cities that interact with one another, but that also have their own distinct commercial, industrial,
and residential hubs. Each realm is not a nucleus entirely dependant upon the central downtown
area, but rather is its own realm that trades with the others and impacts the others.
 Title Page Introduction Theories

Regional Planning Theories and Issues: Implications to Architectural Practice

The Core frame model is a model

Core Frame Model showing the urban structure of the
Central Business District of a town or
city. The model was first suggested by
Ronald R. Boyce and Edgar M.
Horwood in 1959.

The Core frame model is a model

showing the urban structure of the
Central Business District of a town or
city. The model includes an inner core
where land is expensive and used
intensively. The outer core and frame
have lower land values and are less
intensively developed. The various
land uses are linked to the bid rent
theory.
Title Page Introduction Theories

Regional Planning Theories and Issues: Implications to Architectural Practice

Core Frame Model

 Title Page Introduction Theories

Regional Planning Theories and Issues: Implications to Architectural Practice

Irregular Pattern Model

Arrangement of Public space that
characterizes the stage of "Transition from
village to city" especially in Third World.

This urban model is due to lack of planning or

construction and illegal without a specific
order. Includes blocks with no fixed order, or
permanent and temporary structures.
Structures are not related to an urban centers
near the place.
 Title Page Introduction Theories of e.. Issues of Urban Plann

Regional Planning Theories and Issues: Implications to Architectural Practice

Issues of Urban Planning

Individual Control or Small Parcels of Land
Arbitrary Political Boundaries
Irregularity of Environmental Site
Heritage of Past Construction
Anticipation of Future Change
 Title Page Introduction Theories of e.. Issues of Ur... References

Regional Planning Theories and Issues: Implications to Architectural Practice

Sources
Art, W. (2018, January 18). Terminologies in Urban Theory—II. HubPages. Retrieved February 7, 2024,
from https://discover.hubpages.com/education/GATE-Architecture-Terminologies-Urban-Theory-II

Drew (PhD), C. (2023, March 1). Urban Realms Model (Definition, Examples, Strengths, Weaknesses)
(2024). Retrieved February 7, 2024, from https://helpfulprofessor.com/urban-realms-model/

The Urban and Regional Planning Theories and Issues: Implications to Architectural Practice,. (n.d.).
Prezi.Com. Retrieved February 7, 2024, from https://prezi.com/p/50-nheyrvffr/the-urban-and-regional-
planning-theories-and-issues-implications-to-architectural-practice/