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Report

B.tech (Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University)

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PYTHON

PROJECT REPORT

OF Industrial Training

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO
VIKAS KUMAR
AKTU Roll No. 1738310054 MANISH KUMAR

CSE & IT DEPARTMENT

Rajarshi Rananjay Sinh Institute of Management & Technology

Session 2020-21

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction
1.1 Python
1.2 Scripting Language
1.3 Object Oriented Programming
1.4 History of python
1.5 Behind the Scene of Python
2. Downloading & Installing Python
2.1 Downloading Python
2.2 Installing Python
2.3 Setup path of variable
2.4 Running The Python IDE
2.5 Python code Execution
3. Data Types & Operator
3.1 Variables
3.2 String
3.3 Python Operator
3.3.1 Arithmetic Operator
3.3.2 Comparison Operator
3.3.3 Logical Operator
4. Tuple & List
4.1 Tuple
4.1.1 Accessing Tuple Values
4.1.2 Basic Tuples Operation
4.1.3 Built in Tuple Functions
4.2 List
4.2.1 Accessing List Values
4.2.2 Basic in Operation
4.2.3 Built in Functions & Methods
5. Loops & Conditional Statements
5.1 Loops
5.1.1 Loops Definition
5.1.2 Loops Example
5.2 Conditional Statement
5.2.1 Conditional Statement Definition & Example
5.2.2 Conditional Statement
5.3.1 Function Syntex & Examples
6. Uses & Scope
6.1 Scope of Python
6.2 What can we do With Python?
6.3 Who Uses Python Today?
6.4 Why do People Use Python
7. Conclusion

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1. Introduction
1.1 Python

Python is a widely used high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic

programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and
its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than
would be possible in languages such as C++ or Java. The language provides
constructs intended to enable clear programs on both a small and large scale.
Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented,
imperative and functional programming or procedural styles. It features a
dynamic type system and automatic memory management and has a large and
comprehensive standard library. Python interpreters are available for
installation on many operating systems, allowing Python code execution on a
wide variety of systems.

1.2 Scripting Language

A scripting or script language is a programming language that supports scripts, programs

written for a special run-time environment that automate the execution of tasks that could
alternatively be executed one-by-one by a human operator.
Scripting languages are often interpreted (rather than compiled). Primitives
are usually the elementary tasks or API calls, and the language allows them to be combined
into more complex programs. Environments that can be
automated through scripting include software applications, web pages within a web
browser, the shells of operating systems (OS), embedded systems, as well as numerous
games.
A scripting language can be viewed as a domain-specific language for a
particular environment; in the case of scripting an application, this is also
known as an extension language. Scripting languages are also sometimes referred to as
very high-level programming languages, as they operate at a high level of abstraction, or as
control languages.

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1.3 Object Oriented Programming

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the

concept of "objects", which may contain data, in the form of fields, often
known as attributes; and code, in the form of procedures, often known as
methods. A distinguishing feature of objects is that an object's procedures can
access and often modify the data fields of the object with which they are
associated (objects have a notion of "this" or "self").
In OO programming, computer programs are designed by making them out of
objects that interact with one another. There is significant diversity in objectoriented
programming, but most popular languages are class-based, meaning
that objects are instances of classes, which typically also determines their type.

1.4 History of python

Python was conceived in the late 1980s, and its implementation was started in
December 1989 by Guido van Rossum at CWI in the Netherlands as a successor to the ABC
language (itself inspired by SETL) capable of exception handling and interfacing with the
Amoeba operating system. Van Rossum is Python's principal author, and his continuing
central role in deciding the direction of Python is reflected in the title given to him by the
Python community, benevolent dictator for life (BDFL).

“Python is an experiment in how much freedom programmers need.

Too much freedom and nobody can read another's code; too little
and expressiveness is endangered.”
- Guido Van Rossum

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1.5 Behind the Scene of Python

About the origin of Python, Van Rossum wrote in 1996:

Over six years ago, in December 1989, I was looking for a "hobby"
programming project that would keep me occupied during the week around
Christmas. My office ... would be closed, but I had a home Computer, and not
much else on my hands. I decided to write an interpreter for the new scripting
language I had been thinking about lately: a descendant of ABC that would
appeal to Unix/C hackers. I chose Python as a working title for the project,
being in a slightly irreverent mood (and a big fan of Monty Python's Flying
Circus).

2. Downloading & Installing Python

2.1 Downloading Python

If you don’t already have a copy of Python installed on your computer, you will need to
open up your Internet browser and go to the Python download page
(http://www.python.org/download/).

Now that you are on the download page, select which of the software builds you would like
to download. For the purposes of this article we will use the most up to date version
available (Python 3.9.1).

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Once you have clicked on that, you will be taken to a page with a description of all the new
updates and features of 3.9.1, however, you can always read that while the download is in
process. Scroll to the bottom of the page till you find the “Download” section and click on
the link that says “download page.”

Now you will scroll all the way to the bottom of the page and find the “Windows installer
32 bit.” If you want to download the 32-bit, feel free to do so. We believe that even if you
have a 64-bit operating system installed on your computer, the 64-bit is preferable. We say
this because it will still run well and sometimes, with the 64-bit architectures, some of the
compiled binaries and Python libraries don’t work well.

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2.2 Installing Python

Once you have downloaded the Python 3.9.1 , simply navigate to the download location on
your computer, double clicking the file when the dialog box pops up. After starting the
installer, one of two options may be selected.

If you select “Install Now”

 You will not need to be an administrator (unless a system update for the C Runtime
Library is required or you install the Python Launcher for Windows for all users)
 Python will be installed into your user directory
 The Python Launcher for Windows will be installed according to the option at the
bottom of the first page
 The standard library, test suite, launcher and pip will be installed
 If selected, the install directory will be added to your PATH
 Shortcuts will only be visible for the current user

If you select “Customize installation”

will allow you to select the features to install, the installation location and other options or
post-install actions. To install debugging symbols or binaries, you will need to use this
option.

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To perform an all-users installation, you should select “Customize installation”. In this case

 You may be required to provide administrative credentials or approval

 Python will be installed into the Program Files directory
 The Python Launcher for Windows will be installed into the Windows directory
 Optional features may be selected during installation
 The standard library can be pre-compiled to bytecode
 If selected, the install directory will be added to the system PATH
 Shortcuts are available for all users

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Now that you have completed the installation process, click on “Close”.

2.3 Setup path of variable

Begin by opening the start menu and typing in “environment” and select the option called
“Edit the system environment variables.”
When the “System Properties” window appears, click on “Environment Variables…”
Once you have the “Environment Variables” window open, direct your focus to the bottom
half. You will notice that it controls all the “System Variables” rather than just this
associated with your user. Click on “New…” to create a new variable for Python.

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Simply enter a name for your Path and the code shown below. For the purposes of this
example we have installed Python 3.9.1, so we will call the path: “Pythonpath.”

The string that you will need to enter is: “C:\Program Files\Python39\Scripts;”

2.4 Running The Python IDE

Now that we have successfully completed the installation process and added our
“Environment Variable,” you are ready to create your first basic Python script. Let’s begin
by opening Python’s by pressing “Start” and typing “Python” and selecting the “IDLE
(Python 3.9 64-bit).”

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Once the IDLE is open, we will begin by using the simplest directive possible. This is the
“print” directive which simply prints whatever you tell it to, into a new line. Start by typing
print directive like the one shown in the image below or copy and paste this text then press
“Enter”: print (“Industrial Training”)

2.5 Python code Execution

Python’s traditional runtime execution model: source code you type is

translated to byte code, which is then run by the Python Virtual Machine.
Your code is automatically compiled, but then it is interpreted.

Source code extension is .py

Byte code extension is .pyc (compiled python code)

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3. Data Types & Operator

Data Type

Data types determine whether an object can do something, or whether it just would not
make sense. Other programming languages often determine
whether an operation makes sense for an object by making sure the object can never be
stored somewhere where the operation will be performed on the object (this type system is
called static typing). Python does not do that. Instead it stores the type of an object with the
object, and checks when the operation is performed whether that operation makes sense for
that object (this is called dynamic typing).

Python has many native data types. Here are the important ones:
Booleans are either True or False.
Numbers can be integers (1 and 2), floats (1.1 and 1.2), fractions (1/2 and
2/3), or even complex numbers.
Strings are sequences of Unicode characters, e.g. an HTML document.
Bytes and byte arrays, e.g. a JPEG image file.
Lists are ordered sequences of values.
Tuples are ordered, immutable sequences of values.
Sets are unordered bags of values.

3.1 Variables

Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values. This means that when
you create a variable you reserve some space in memory.
Based on the data type of a variable, the interpreter allocates memory and decides what can
be stored in the reserved memory. Therefore, by assigning different data types to variables,
you can store integers, decimals or characters in these variables.
Ex:
counter = 100 # An integer assignment
miles = 1000.0 # A floating point
name = "John" # A string

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3.2 String

In programming terms, we usually call text a string. When you think of a string as a
collection of letters, the term makes sense.
All the letters, numbers, and symbols in this book could be a string.
For that matter, your name could be a string, and so could your
Address
In Python, we create a string by putting quotes around text. For example, we could take our
otherwise useless

• "hello"+"world" "helloworld" # concatenation

• "hello"*3 "hellohellohello" # repetition
• "hello"[0] "h" # indexing
• "hello"[-1] "o" # (from end)
• "hello"[1:4] "ell" # slicing
• len("hello") 5 # size
• "hello" < "jello" 1 # comparison
• "e" in "hello" 1 # search

3.3.1 Arithmetic Operator

Operator Meaning Example

+ Add two operands or unary plus x+y
+2
- Subtract right operand from the left or unary minus x-y
-2
* Multiply two operands x*y

/ Divide left operand by the right one (always results into x/y
float)
% Modulus - remainder of the division of left operand by the x % y (remainder
right of x/y)
// Floor division - division that results into whole number x // y
adjusted to the left in the number line

** Exponent - left operand raised to the power of right x**y (x to the

power y)

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3.3.2 Comparison Operator

Operator Meaning Example

> Greater that - True if left operand is greater than the right x>y
< Less that - True if left operand is less than the right x<y
== Equal to - True if both operands are equal x ==
y

!= Not equal to - True if operands are not equal x !=

y

>= Greater than or equal to - True if left operand is greater than or x >=
equal y
to the right

<= Less than or equal to - True if left operand is less than or equal x <=
to the y
right

3.3.3 Logical Operator

Operator Meaning Example

and True if both the operands are true x and y
or True if either of the operands is true x or y
not True if operand is false (complements the not x
operand)

4. Tuple & List

4.1 Tuple

A tuple is a sequence of immutable Python objects. Tuples are sequences, just like lists. The
differences between tuples and lists are, the tuples cannot be changed unlike lists and tuples

use parentheses, whereas lists use square brackets.

Creating a tuple is as simple as putting different comma-separated values. Optionally

you can put these comma-separated values between parentheses also.

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For example –
tup1 = ('physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000);
tup2 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 );
tup3 = "a", "b", "c", "d";

4.1.1 Accessing Tuple Values

To access values in tuple, use the square brackets for slicing along with the index or
indices to obtain value available at that index.

For example −
tup1 = ('physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000);
tup2 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 );
print "tup1[0]: ", tup1[0]
print "tup2[1:5]: ", tup2[1:5]
When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −
tup1[0]: physics
tup2[1:5]: [2, 3, 4, 5]

4.1.2 Basic Tuples Operation

Tuples respond to the + and * operators much like strings; they mean
concatenation and repetition here too, except that the result is a new tuple, not a
string. In fact, tuples respond to all of the general sequence operations we used on
strings in the prior chapter –

Python Expression Results Description

len((1, 2, 3)) 3 Length
(1, 2, 3) + (4, 5, 6) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Concatenation
('Hi!',) * 4 ('Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!') Repetition
3 in (1, 2, 3) True Membership
for x in (1, 2, 3): print x, 123 Iteration

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4.1.3 Built in Tuple Functions

Python includes the following tuple functions –

SN Function with Description

1 cmp(tuple1, tuple2) Compares elements of both tuples.
2 len(tuple) Gives the total length of the tuple.
3 max(tuple) Returns item from the tuple with max value.
4 min(tuple) Returns item from the tuple with min value.
5 tuple(seq) Converts a list into tuple.

4.2 List

The list is a most versatile datatype available in Python which can be written as a list
of comma-separated values (items) between square brackets. Important thing about a
list is that items in a list need not be of the same type. Creating a list is as simple as
putting different comma-separated values between square brackets.

For example −
list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000];
list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ];
list3 = ["a", "b", "c", "d"];

Similar to string indices, list indices start at 0, and lists can be sliced,
concatenated and so on.

4.2.1 Accessing List Values

To access values in lists, use the square brackets for slicing along with the index or
indices to obtain value available at that index.

For example −
list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000];
list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ];
print "list1[0]: ", list1[0]
print "list2[1:5]: ", list2[1:5]

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Output:list1[0]: physics
list2[1:5]: [2, 3, 4, 5]
Update: list = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000];
print "Value available at index 2 : "
print list[2]
list[2] = 2001;
print "New value available at index 2 : "
print list[2]
Output:Value available at index 2 : 1997
New value available at index 2 : 2001
Delete: list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000];
print list1
del list1[2];
print "After deleting value at index 2 : "
print list1
['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]
Output:After deleting value at index 2 :
['physics', 'chemistry', 2000]

4.2.2 Basic in Operation

Python Expression Results Description

len([1, 2, 3]) 3 Length
[1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] Concatenation
['Hi!'] * 4 ['Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!'] Repetition
3 in [1, 2, 3] True Membership
for x in [1, 2, 3]: print x, 123 Iteration

4.2.3 Built in Functions & Methods

SN Function with Description

1 cmp(list1, list2) Compares elements of both lists.
2 len(list) Gives the total length of the list.
3 max(list) Returns item from the list with max value.

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4 min(list) Returns item from the list with min value.

5 list(seq) Converts a tuple into list.

Python includes following list methods

SN Methods with Description

1 list.append(obj) Appends object obj to list
2 list.count(obj) Returns count of how many times obj occurs in list
3 list.extend(seq) Appends the contents of seq to list
4 list.index(obj) Returns the lowest index in list that obj appears
5 list.insert(index, obj) Inserts object obj into list at offset index
6 list.pop(obj=list[-1]) Removes and returns last object or obj from list
7 list.remove(obj) Removes object obj from list
8 list.reverse() Reverses objects of list in place
9 list.sort([func]) Sorts objects of list, use compare func if given

5. Loops & Conditional Statements

5.1 Loops

Programming languages provide various control structures that allow for more
complicated execution paths.
A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements multiple
times. The following diagram illustrates a loop statement −

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5.1.1 Loops Definition

Python programming language provides following types of loops to handle

looping requirements.

Loop Type Description

while loop Repeats a statement or group of statements while a
given condition is TRUE. It tests the condition before
executing the loop body.
for loop Executes a sequence of statements multiple times
and abbreviates the code that manages the loop
variable.
nested loops You can use one or more loop inside any another
while, for or do..while loop.

5.1.2 Loops Example

For Loop:
>>> for mynum in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]:
print "Hello", mynum
Hello 1
Hello 2
Hello 3
Hello 4
Hello 5
While Loop:
>>> count = 0
>>> while (count < 4):
print 'The count is:', count
count = count + 1
The count is: 0
The count is: 1
The count is: 2
The count is: 3

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5.2 Conditional Statement

5.2.1 Conditional Statement Definition & Example

Decision making is anticipation of conditions occurring while execution of the

program and specifying actions taken according to the conditions.
Decision structures evaluate multiple expressions which produce TRUE or FALSE
as outcome. You need to determine which action to take and which
statements to execute if outcome is TRUE or FALSE otherwise.

Python programming language provides following types of decision making

statements. Click the following links to check their detail.

Loop Type Description

if statements An if statement consists of a boolean expression followed
by one or more statements.
if...else An if statement can be followed by an optional else
statements statement, which executes when the boolean expression
is FALSE.
nested if You can use one if or else if statement inside
statements another if or else if statement(s).

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Example:

If Statement:
>>> state = “Texas”
>>> if state == “Texas”:
print “TX
TX
If...Else Statement:
>>> if state == “Texas”
print “TX”
else:
print “[inferior state]”
If...Else...If Statement:
>>> if name == “Paige”
print “Hi Paige!”
elif name == “Walker”:
print “Hi Walker!”
else:
print “Imposter!”

5.3.1 Function Syntex & Examples

Function blocks begin with the keyword def followed by the function name and
parentheses ( ( ) ).
Any input parameters or arguments should be placed within these
parentheses. You can also define parameters inside these parentheses.
The first statement of a function can be an optional statement - the
documentation string of the function.
The code block within every function starts with a colon (:) and is indented.
The statement return [expression] exits a function, optionally passing back an
expression to the caller. A return statement with no arguments is the same as return
None.

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Syntex -
def functionname( parameters ):
"function_docstring"
function_suite
return [expression]

Example -
1. def printme( str ):
"This prints a passed string into this function"
print str
return

2. # Function definition is here

def printme( str ):
"This prints a passed string into this function"
print str
return;
# Now you can call printme function
printme("I'm first call to user defined function!")
printme("Again second call to the same function")

6. Uses & Scope

6.1 Scope of Python

Science
 Bioinformatics
System Administration
 -Unix
 -Web logic
 -Web sphere
Web Application Development
 -CGI
Testing scripts

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6.2 What can we do With Python?

 System programming
 Graphical User Interface Programming
 Internet Scripting
 Component Integration
 Database Programming
 Gaming, Images, XML , Robot and more

6.3 Who Uses Python Today?

 Python is being applied in real revenue-generating products by real

 companies.
 Google makes extensive use of Python in its web search system, and
 employs Python’s creator.
 Intel, Cisco, Hewlett-Packard, Seagate, Qualcomm, and IBM use Python
 for hardware testing.
 ESRI uses Python as an end-user customization tool for its popular GIS
mapping products.
 The YouTube video sharing service is largely written in Python.

6.4 Why do People Use Python

The following primary factors cited by Python users

seem to be these –

 Python is object-oriented
o Structure supports such concepts as polymorphism, operation overloading,
and multiple inheritance.
 Indentation
o Indentation is one of the greatest future in Python.
 It's free (open source)
o Downloading and installing Python is free and easy
o Source code is easily accessible

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 It's powerful
o Dynamic typing
o Built-in types and tools
o Library utilities
o Third party utilities (e.g. Numeric, NumPy, SciPy)
o Automatic memory management
 It's portable
o Python runs virtually every major platform used today
o As long as you have a compatible Python interpreter installed,
o Python programs will run in exactly the same manner, irrespective of
platform.

Conclusion

I believe the trial has shown conclusively that it is both possible and
desirable to use Python as the principal teaching language –

 It is Free (as in both cost and source code).

 It is trivial to install on a Windows PC allowing students to take
their interest further. For many the hurdle of installing a Pascal or
C compiler on a Windows machine is either too expensive or too
Complicated.
 It is a flexible tool that allows both the teaching of traditional
procedural programming and modern OOP; It can be used to
teach a large number of transferable skills.
 It is a real-world programming language that can be and is used in
academia and the commercial world.
 It appears to be quicker to learn and, in combination with its many
libraries, this offers the possibility of more rapid student
development allowing the course to be made more challenging
and varied.
 and most importantly, its clean syntax offers increased
understanding and enjoyment for students.

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