Cont. Sheet No, NEERING MODELS & EQUIPMENT, ROORKEE 1.0 2.0 3.0 GRAIN FINENESS TEST INTRODUCTION: Granular particles of various si i jable interstices (space rious sizes and shapes provide variab © between grains) and hence are directly ‘sponsible for permeability and compactness of the sand. Granular particles have higher strength but lower permeability, whereas round grains have high permeability and lower strength. Grain fineness test determines the (a) Grain size, (b) distribution and (6) grain fineness. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP: ‘The apparatus required for detcrmining grain fineness consists of a number of standard sieves mounted one above the other, on a shaker. The shaker vibrates the sieves and the sand placed on the top sieve gets screened and collects on different sieves depending upon the various sizes of gains present in the molding sand. ‘There are ten standard sieves mounted one above the other and under the bottom most sieve is placed a pan. The top sieve is the coarsest and the bottom-most sieve is the finest of all the sieves. The in-between sieves are placed in order of fineness from top to bottom EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: ‘To carry out this test, a sample of dry sand, free from clay is placed on the topmost sieve beating U.S. series. A set of standard testing sieves having U.S. Bureaii of Sevclard Meshes 12, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, 100, 140, 200 & 270 are mounted on a sie Shaker. The above sample is vibrated for a definite period of time, ARer this, wei ae the sand retained on each sieve can be obtained, s, weight of ‘To obtain the grain-fineness, weight of the sand retained by each sieve is multip 2 which gives the percentage of Weight retained by each sieve Teds Multiplied by again multiplied by a multiplying factor. - This percentage is ‘The A.P.S. (American Foundry Men’s Society) grain fineness number will b will be Total sum of product — Total sum of the % of sand retained by different sieves ana nd pan"INEERING MODELS & EQUIPMENT, ROORKEE Cont. Sheet NO. 4.0 CALCULATION: ; Calculation for A.F.S. Grain Fineness Number Sieve Sieve size Sand-retained Multiplying | Product Number | (microns) — Weight % wt. factor (ASTM) retained (2x Wt) 12 1,700.0 : - 5 = 20 850 : - 10 : 30 600 ‘ - 20 - 40 425 - - 30 : 50 300 oe - 40 . 70 212 - - 50 - 100 150 - : 70 e 140 106 100 200 15 140 270 53 200 Pan... : 300 Total = - Total sum of product Grain Fineness Number = Total sum of the % wt. retained| | EXPERIMENT -6 GRAIN FINENESS TEST To find the distribution of sand grains using a set of sieves and to find the average grain fineness number, Material used: Base sand-Silica sand Apparatus used: Balance, Set of Sieves (Indian & British standards), Stop watch, Vibrato or sieve shaker. Introduction & Theory: The grain size of the sand is expressed by a number called “grain fineness number”, A given grain fineness number corresponds to standard sieve of 200 mm diameter which has the identical number of meshes in it. To determine this number for @ given sand sample, itis customary to use a standard sieve set which contain several sieves having one above the other, a varying but known number of meshes. The coarsest sieve is placed at the top and finest at the bottom. A system has been developed to rapidly express the average grain size of a given and sample. The Grain Fineness Number (GFN) is the quantitative indication of the grain size distribution of the sand sample by carrying out a sand sieve analysis. GFN is important because it provides the foundry a way to verify that its sand is within specification for the castings being produced and helps avoid conditions that could lead to potential casting problems. Sand that is too fine (higher GFN) or too coarse (lower GFN) can affect the quality of castings produced. Sand that is too fine can create low permeability and result in casting gas defects. Sand with high permeability (too coarse) can create problems with metal penetration, rough surface finish, burn-in and burn-on. The grain fineness of sand is measured using a test called Sieve Analysis, A sieve analysis is a practice or procedure used to assess the particle size distribution of a granular material. Sand sieve analysis is a method for determining the grain size distribution of particles typically between 1,0 mm and 0.062. mm. It is a relative accurate method for determining depositional hydrology and for refining sedimentary environments. With experience, most geologists can visually measure grain e within accuracy of the Wentworth grade scale at least down to silt grade. Silt and clay can be differentiated by whether they are crunchy or plastic between one’s teeth, Clay stones and siltstones are not amenable to size analysis from an optical microscope. ‘Their particle size can be measured individually by electron microscope analysis. Boulder, cobbles, and gravel are best measured manually with a tape measure or ruler. Sands are most generally measured by sieving. Both graphic and statistical methods of data presentation have been developed for the interpretation of, sieve data. The percentage of the samples in each class can be shown graphically in bar charts or histogram. Another method of graphic display is the cumulative curve or cumulative arithmetic curve. Cumulative curves are extremely useful because many sample curves can be plotted on the same graph and Cumulative curves differences in sorting are at once apparent. The closer a curve approaches the vertical the better sorted itis. as a major percentage of sediment occurs in one class. Significant percentages of coarse and fine end- members show up as horizontal limbs at the ends of the curve.© si sure of central tendency ical mea: i ist easure of cent TI atisti surements for sieved samples consist of a m he four statistical measi an 7 (including median, mode, and mean); a measure of the degree of scatter or so ie ; ind ke wness, the Vv: een defined for these skedness; and skewness, the lop-sidedness of the curve. Various formulae have bs i peakedness; parameters. The size distribution is often of critical 7 in use. A portance to the way the material performs in us is wei ively finer sieves ve sample of the sand is weighed and passed through a series of progressively representat sively ae (screens) while being agitated for a 15-min test cycle. The sand retained on each screen is weighed ani weights are recorded. The weight retained one ach sieve is divided by the total sample weight to arrive at the Percent retained on each screen. In economics, a numerical coefficient showing the effect of a change in one economic variable on another. The factors for the sieves are based on the fact that the sand that is retained on a particular sieve such as 50 mesh is not all 50 mesh in size, but rather it is smaller than 40 mesh (passed ‘hrough 40 mesh screen), but larger than 50 mesh (won't pass through 50 mesh screen). The result should be rounded to one decimal place decimal place. After performing the sieve analysis test, the distribution of sand grains on the screens can be just as ignificant as GEN. The distribution refers to how much is retained on each sieve, rather than the average of all ofthe sieves. Formula below used to calculate Grain Size Fineness; SPHERICTY ‘weows SPER tow sPvenciry "An ANGAAR SUDANGIEAR Sun AGURORD ROUNDS WELROMNDED Fig: Differ ‘apes of a foundry sand grainCLAMP HAND CLAMP PLATE WHEELS Psa “* LARGE PLAIN, ——"™ CLAMP WASHERS ~ “SIDE HANDLE LEVERS ROUND CLAMP, SIEVE STACK RODS 1 Mains inlet 12.Blaaking Plug ae Rear 2 4 Power on lndictor 7 nceeraent bation "8 Decrement button 9 Mode/Pause button 11. Intermittent! Continous svitel et of sieves with shaker (Indian standard)aa<— Adjusting Knob Clamping strip '<— Side flexible bar Set of sieve Spring aurper aA am Timer Toggle switch Indicator lamp Levelling in «sere Base PROCEDURE 1. Weigh a 50 gm or 100 gm sample of the sand when it is perfectly dry (free of clay & moisture) 2. Place the sample of the sand into the coarsest (top most) sieve 3. Place the set of sieves on shaking device to shake Shown in figure above. 4, Shake the sample in set of sieve on shaking device for definite length of time for 15 minutes, 5. Afier shaking start removing sieves form top sieve to bottom, weigh the quantity of remaining sample on each sieve. 6. The weight collected from each sieve is multiplied with sieve mesh number. 7. Finally divide the total product by the total sample weight & this produces the fineness number, which in the AFS (American Foundry Society). After calculating the number is called AFS number‘Tabular Column: (BS Set of sieves) ee Weigh Percentage tsieve | Weight | ofSand i ; i Cumulativ Si Ga with | Retained | retained | sutiote | product | e% of No. | Novtay | 8° | sand ] sont (B)] CC) ff tune | Pra tea w2-Wh ined wi | we | wow | ~ 100 Pee ies) 3 2 [10 8 ste antG 10 4_[ 22 16 sa) e720 22 | 44 30 7 _|_60 44 s_|_100 60 9 [140 100 10_|_200 140, 11_|_PAN 200 te Q= P=XC ae Tabular Column: As Set of sieves) Weight | Weight] Percentage empty | sieve with | of Sand a si. | Sieveno. | S#¥e | sand oon Multiplie | Product | © % of No. | (A) wi | we | waa | | Ox | sand | ao retuine T_|_1700 3 2 | _850 10 3_[__600 20 4 [425 30 3_|__300 40 6_|_212 30 7_|_150 70 &| 106 100 9 75 140 TOs |i53) 200 1_[_PAN 300 = Q= fie [z0xo Average GFN = Q/PResults: 1. Plot the frequency response distribution or normal distribution curve by taking percentage of sand retained on Y-axis v/s sieve no. on X-axis 2. Similarly plot the histogram Cumulative % sand is calculated by adding the sum of % weight of sand retained of all the previous sieves and graph is plotted between % cumulative sand and sieve Questions: 1. Define grain grain distribution and grain fineness number. 2. Write short notes on graph which obtained by plotting percentage of sand v/s sieve number. 3. Explain effects of fine grains in sand moulds t