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Letters
A Novel Impedance Compensation Method for IPT System
Applying Inverse Coupled Current Doubler Rectifier
Jian Cui , Graduate Student Member, IEEE, Guo Wei , and Yijie Wang , Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract—Inverse coupled current doubler rectifier (IC-

CDR) has been applied in high output current scenarios due
to its higher current gain and rectification efficiency than
diode full-bridge rectifier. However, existing analysis about
ICCDR has nonnegligible errors because the inductance
effect of a transformer is simply ignored. In this letter, the
inductance effect and energy storage-release process of
transformer are taken into account innovatively. Then, an
accurate input impedance model of ICCDR is first estab-
lished via modal analysis, whose equivalent inductor leads
to poor constant current effect within large load range.
Based on this input impedance model, a novel compensa- Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of S-S compensated system applying ICCDR.
tion method, which can eliminate the impact of its equiv-
alent inductor and optimize constant current output effect
by tuning primary capacitance, is provided. The proposed
S-S compensated inductive power transfer system applying that ICCDR has twice current gain of diode full-bridge rectifier
ICCDR achieves zero phase angle and shows a ±5% out- is obtained based on the assumption of ideal transformer. In
put current change rate within 8:1 load resistance range. low-voltage high-current scenarios, this approximate equiva-
The analysis is verified by a 20-A output prototype, which lence is fully applicable. Whereas within a relatively large load
shows a peak efficiency of 95.6%.
resistance range in practice, the winding inductance will lead
Index Terms—Impedance compensation, inductive noteworthy positive input impedance angle of ICCDR and make
power transfer (IPT), inverse coupled current doubler a noticeable impact on constant current output.
rectifier (ICCDR).
Conventional coupling coils and S-S compensation net-
work is equal to resonant T-network [4]. This design scheme
I. INTRODUCTION is premised on resistive load to achieve zero phase angle
(ZPA). In practice, the input impedance of ICCDR usually
NDUCTIVE power transfer (IPT) is developing rapidly. In
I high output current scenarios, the rectifier structure, which
has higher current gain and efficiency, is required [1].
performs to be resistive–inductive. Resistive–inductive input
impedance of ICCDR gets capacitive after the T-network
transformation and destroys original resonance [5]. A novel
Inverse coupled current doubler rectifier (ICCDR) has been
compensation method, which counteracts this impact by tun-
applied in LLC resonant converters [2] and IPT systems [3]. As
ing primary capacitance, is proposed. Then, constant current
shown in Fig. 1, two diodes of a diode full-bridge rectifier are
output and ZPA of ideal S-S compensated IPT system get
replaced by a transformer, which appears less rectification loss.
recovery.
In [3], ICCDR has been verified to be a more efficient rectifier
The contributions of this letter are listed as follows: 1) estab-
in high output current applications. However, the conclusion
lishing an accurate resistive-inductive input impedance model
of ICCDR, which takes nonideal transformer into account;
2) proposing a novel and simple compensation method based
Manuscript received 17 November 2023; revised 23 January 2024;
accepted 13 February 2024. (Corresponding author: Guo Wei.) on primary capacitance adjustment to achieve constant output
Jian Cui and Yijie Wang are with the School of Electrical Engineering current and ZPA over a large load range.
and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China. The rest of this letter is organized as follows. Section II
Guo Wei is with the School of Electrical Engineering and Automa-
tion, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China, and also proposes an accurate input impedance model of ICCDR and pro-
with the Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou Research Institute, vides the corresponding novel compensation method to optimize
Zhengzhou 450000, China (e-mail: [email protected]). constant current output effect and achieve ZPA. In Section III,
Color versions of one or more figures in this article are available at
https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2024.3371001. the analysis is validated by a 20-A output prototype. Finally,
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIE.2024.3371001 Section IV concludes this letter.

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Fig. 2. Key waveforms of ICCDR.

II. IMPEDANCE MODEL AND COMPENSATION METHOD

A. Impedance Model
Considering winding inductance effect, excitation inductor L
of transformer is taken into account. Supposing input current iin
as ideal sinusoid, there are eight states in a cycle rather than two
as applying ideal transformer.
Assuming that coupling coefficient reaches 1 and La = Lb
= L, key waveforms is depicted in Fig. 2. When current on the
excitation inductor L flows to load, iL is defined as positive.
The red and blue lines represent the path of input current and
transformer induced current, respectively, whereas the orange Fig. 3. Current directions in various operating states.
one represents current flowing from excitation inductor L to load.
State I [t0 -t1 ]: Fig. 3(a) shows current directions in State Ⅰ.
State VIII [t7 -t8 ]: Fig. 3(h) shows current directions in State
D2 turns ON at time t0 and remains ON. iin is negative, whose
Ⅷ. D1 remains ON. iL is negative and rises linearly. iin keeps
Abs is less than half of iL . iL is positive and drops linearly.
negative, whose Abs is less than Abs of iL but higher than half
State II [t1 -t2 ]: Fig. 3(b) shows current directions in State Ⅱ.
of that. At time t8 , Abs of iL is twice as Abs of iin . In this case,
D2 remains ON. iin reaches 0 at time t1 and then keeps positive.
D1 turns OFF naturally with ZCS.
iL is positive and drops linearly.
The value of current flowing through D2 is described as
State III [t2 -t3 ]: Fig. 3(c) shows current directions in State
Ⅲ. D2 remains ON. iin keeps positive and higher than Abs of iL .
iD2 = 2iin + iL . (1)
iL is negative and rises linearly. At time t3 , iin is equal to Abs of
iL . Due to the secondary resonant capacitor CR , there is no
State IV [t3 -t4 ]: Fig. 3(d) shows current directions in State bias current for iin . Thus, iL is central symmetric about its
Ⅳ. D2 remains ON. iL is negative and rises linearly. iin keeps zero-crossing point so that its average current in half cycle is
positive, which is less than Abs of iL but higher than half of that. 0. Defining that the input impedance angle and input current
At time t4 , Abs of iL is twice as iin . In this case, D2 turns OFF amplitude as β and iin , dc output current can be derived as
naturally with zero-current switching (ZCS).
State V [t4 -t5 ]: Fig. 3(e) shows current directions in State Ⅴ. 
iin = Iin sin (ωt)
D1 turns ON at time t4 and remains ON in State Ⅴ. iin is positive,  π−β (2)
IL = π1 β 2iin d (ωt) = π4 Iin cos β.
which is less than half of iL . iL is positive and drops linearly.
State VI [t5 -t6 ]: Fig. 3(f) shows current directions in State Ⅵ.
D1 remains ON. iin reaches 0 at time t5 and then keeps negative. Is is defined as the magnitude of iin at the moment of switch-
iL is positive and drops linearly. ing. Based on the modal analysis, iL changes from 2Is to -2Is
State VII [t6 -t7 ]: Fig. 3(g) shows current directions in State during a half cycle. Supposing ac input period as Ts , Is can be
Ⅶ. D1 remains ON. iL is negative and rises linearly. iin keeps calculated
negative, whose Abs is higher than Abs of iL . At time t7 , Abs I L R L Ts
of iin is equal to that of iL . Is = . (3)
8L
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS 3

TABLE I
LIST OF SYSTEM PARAMETERS

Fig. 4. Equivalent circuit of conventional S-S compensated system.

Defining ω as the operating angular frequency, conventional

resonant parameters meet the following relations:
1 1
ωLT = , ωLR = . (8)
ωCT ωCR
To eliminate the effect of equivalent input inductor, an obvious
solution is introducing parallel resonant capacitance
1
Cp = . (9)
ω2 L rec

However, Cp is not allowed to parallel with ICCDR in the ac

Fig. 5. IPT prototype applying ICCDR. side because the input voltage value of ICCDR is clamped to
2VL or −2VL during a half cycle by a filter capacitor Cf and the
The input impedance angle β can be derived from (2) and (3) transformer. That leads a conflict with the expected sinusoidal
 resonant effect of Cp so that the compensation method gets in-
Is = Iin sin β 
(4) valid in practice. Thus, triangle-star transformation is employed
β = arctan R L
ωL . based on Fig. 4. The primary capacitance CT is updated to
Input voltage vin performs as
 CT Lrec
vin = 2VL (D2 on) Cup = . (10)
(5) Lrec − CT (ωM )2
vin = −2VL (D1 on) .
To sum up, excellent constant current output effect and ZPA
Based on FHA, input impedance Zin can be derived as within a relatively large load resistance range are achieved with
32RL simple primary capacitance adjustment.
|Zin | = cos β. (6)
π2
III. VALIDATION
According to (4) and (6), the equivalent circuit is obtained as
Fig. 4 . The input characteristics of ICCDR appear as an inductor The analysis is validated by a 20-A output prototype whose
parallel with a resistor, whose values are expressed as follows: system parameters are listed in Table I.
 PQ35/35 core is chosen for the transformer and
Lrec = π322 L
(7) MBRF40250T is selected as rectifier diodes. The sizes of
Rrec = π322 RL . the transformer and two diodes with heatsink scarcely show a
difference. The inductance value of LT is 110 μH, including
10 μH for soft switching. The range of load resistance is limited
B. Compensation Method to less than 4Ω, which aims to ensure slight distortion of the
As a result of Lrec , the conventional S-S compensated system sinusoidal input current.
with ICCDR employs a nonconstant current output topology in Experimental waveforms of ICCDR are given in Fig. 6. High-
essence. Increasing L is an effective solution, but larger wingding order harmonics of input current are suppressed largely and the
inductance means much more volume occupancy and seriously assumption of ideal input sinusoid is valid. Fig. 6(a) reveals a
lower power density. Thus, it is desirable to apply Lrec as a 36° input impedance angle, which fits well with the calculated
part of novel compensation topology and tune original topology value 37° according to (4). The voltage and current waveforms of
parameters for constant current output and global ZPA. winding La is presented in Fig. 6(b), which verifies the inference
In this way, a 1:1 transformer with small winding inductance that diodes do not switch at zero point of input current.
is selected to achieve constant current output and ZPA along In low-voltage high-current output applications mentioned
with relatively higher power density. The size of core is chosen in [3], the IPT system can be operated in ZPA regardless of
based on output current while the winding inductance value L winding inductance. Within a large load range, hard switching
is first determined by load resistance range and (4). An input and voltage spikes occur in the case of conventional parameter
impedance angle no more than 45° is recommendable to avoid design due to the presence of Lrec . The inverter outputs with
high loss caused by iL . proposed and conventional design are separately presented in

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4 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

Fig. 6. (a) Input of ICCDR. (b) Voltage and current waveforms of La . Fig. 8. (a) Output current and (b) overall efficiency at different load
resistance.

judged to continually increase first and then decrease with higher

load resistance. The follow-up cases are excluded from experi-
ment validation due to the limitation of input current distortion.

IV. CONCLUSION
In this letter, a novel impedance compensation method for S-S
compensated IPT system applying ICCDR was proposed, which
was also suitable for other existing compensation topologies
(e.g., LCC-S). An accurate input impendence model of ICCDR
was first established. With the proposed corresponding com-
pensation method, IPT system with ICCDR achieved ZPA and
showed a ±5% output current change rate within 8:1 load re-
sistance range. Higher conversion efficiency and better constant
current output effect of IPT systems applying ICCDR could be
obtained.
REFERENCES
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power transfer system using quasi-Z-source inverter and current-double
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[2] M. Dong, C. Chen, Z. Xu, H. Chen, D. Han, and J. Zhang, “A high-efficiency
Fig. 7. Inverter outputs. (a) Conventional design. (b) Proposed design. bidirectional LLC resonant converter based on current-doubler rectification
circuit,” in Proc. IEEE 5th Int. Elect. Energy Conf., 2022, pp. 3434–3438.
[3] L. Shi, A. Delgado, R. Ramos, and P. Alou, “A wireless power transfer
Fig. 7 . As a significant contrast, the proposed one achieves ZPA system with inverse coupled current doubler rectifier for high-output current
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May 2022.
From Fig. 8, the output current with proposed design shows a [4] H. Li, Y. Yang, J. Chen, J. Xu, M. Liu, and Y. Wang, “A hybrid class-E
±5% output current change rate within 8:1 load resistance range topology with constant current and constant voltage output for light EVs
while the conventional design has a 30.7% maximum deviation. wireless charging application,” IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrific., vol. 7, no. 4,
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The proposed design maintains higher overall conversion effi- [5] S. Li, Y. Guo, C. Tao, F. Li, L. Wang, and Q. Bo, “Analysis of the input
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still on the rise at 4-Ω load resistance. The overall efficiency is
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