URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Course Code: Q220/221

Subject: Building Utilities 03

Requirement No.:
PRELIM Term – RSW No. 2
Requirement Title:

LIGHTING SOURCES
Date Due: March 20, 2024.

Submitted by:

Name: Padua, Aldritz John T.

Student No.: 20211169

Submitted to:
ARCH. RAYMUND S. DULLA, UAP , MMEnP
CEA- Instructor
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

LIGHTING SOURCES

Daylighting

Daylighting is the controlled admission of natural light,

direct sunlight, and diffused-skylight into a building to
reduce electric lighting and saving energy. By providing a
direct link to the dynamic and perpetually evolving patterns
of outdoor illumination, daylighting helps create a visually
stimulating and productive environment for building
occupants, while reducing as much as one-third of total
building energy costs.

Characteristics of outdoor illumination

Quality characteristics of illumination

In exterior and interior lighting, the components of illumination quality are determined by visual
performance, visual comfort and the visual atmosphere. Here, visual performance comprises the
level of illumination and the limitation of glare. Visual comfort determines color rendering and a
harmonious distribution of brightness. The visual atmosphere is defined by light color and light
direction.

Visual performance
Visual performance is determined by the level of illumination. It is influenced by the degree of
illuminance and the reflection properties of an illuminated surface. Here, the following applies: The
lower the reflection, the higher the degree of illuminance must be. A white wall has a reflection
degree of up to 85%, while a red brick facade only has up to 25%. To compensate for low visual
performance, the degree of illuminance must be raised.

Maintained illuminance
Maintained illuminance defines the average degree of illuminance on a reference surface. In the
course of the working life of a lighting system, ageing and environmental influences change lamps,
luminaires and spaces. The degree of illuminance diminishes. This reduction is described by
maintained illuminance. To compensate, new systems should have higher illumination values.

Maintained illuminance = maintenance factor x value as new

Maintenance factor
The maintenance factor is dependent on the type of lamp, the luminaires, the dirt in the
environment and the maintenance intervals.

In a clean environment, for example in an office, a value of 0.67 can be applied for a maintenance
cycle of three years; in a dirty room situation, a value of 0.5. The area on which the illuminance is to
be realized is used as the basis for calculation.
In office workplaces, the measurement is taken at a height of 0.75 m above the ground; in high-
traffic areas, a maximum of 0.1 m.

The required maintained illuminance values are specified for indoor workplaces for different room
types and activities in the standard DIN EN 12464-1 and for outdoor workplaces in DIN EN 12464-2.
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luminance
Luminance describes the brightness impression that the human eye has of a luminous or illuminated
surface.
Luminance (L) is measured in candela per square meter [cd/m2]. Here, the luminous intensity is
placed in relation to the illuminated or luminous surface. To assess the quality of road lighting, the
calculation of luminance is mandatory. On account of the standardized reflection properties of road
surfaces and the definition of the location of the viewer, the calculation of luminance is an integral
part of the planning of road lighting.

The planning aid “Light for Europe’s roads” regulates the illumination of roads, paths and squares in
accordance with DIN EN 13201. It clarifies that an increase in luminance of 1 cd/m2 to 2 cd/m2, for
example, reduces the accident rate by around one third.
The different luminous flux levels of lamps, different light distribution by the luminaires or varying
geometry in lighting systems influence the illumination of a road. Another important factor here is
the reflection property of the road surface. In order to evaluate the exact luminance of the
carriageway, a flat part of the carriageway must be selected with uniform reflection behavior.
A representative luminaire spacing with two luminaires and an observation location 1.5 m above the
centerline of the carriageway is used.

Recommendation:
Residential street: 7.5 lx
Main road: 1.5 cd/m2
Car park: 15.0 lx

Light and shade

Light defines our spatial environment. Light and shade give room a structure. Objects appear to be
plastic, and surfaces are explained. The interplay between light and shade enables us to determine
distances and dimensions. Room situations that are visually easy to understand and grasp give us a
feeling of safety. There are now two extremes of illumination that cannot be ignored: diffused light,
which hardly develops any shadows, and extremely directed light, with strong shadows.

In diffused light, the room does not appear plastic, it appears monotonous. Objects and dimensions
are hard to detect.

In extremely directed light, individual room elements are strongly emphasized and cast high-contrast,
hard shadows. The rest of the room remains unilluminated. Both lighting situations can trigger
discomfort and insecurity.

A balanced combination of both lends the room a dimensional appearance and gives objects
plasticity. For this reason, many luminaires are developed to combine directly with indirect
proportions of light. This leads to a significant increase in their possible applications.

Directed illumination
Directed illumination can be used when it is important to emphasise objects, surface structures or
persons. Only directed light makes surface structures visible. To avoid mistakes, fatigue and
accidents, it is important to limit glare. This applies particularly to perspectives above the horizontal
of the field of vision.

The degree of direct glare caused by the luminaires of a lighting system outdoors is called GR (Glare
Rating).

Relationship between GR ratings and glare assessment:

GR value: Glare assessment

80 - 90: Unbearable
60 - 70: Disturbing
40 - 50: Just acceptable
20 - 30: Satisfactory
10: Just noticeable
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Glare
Glare is caused by light surfaces in the field of vision and can be perceived either as psychological
glare or as physiological glare. The glare caused by reflections on reflecting surfaces is generally
known as veiling reflection or reflected glare.

Glare limitation · Reflected glare

Reflected glare and direct glare are caused by bright surfaces in the field of vision and are disruptive
factors.

The term reflected glare is used to describe irritations caused by luminaires or windows with high
luminance, for example. This occurs particularly frequently on wet asphalt roads, glossy paper or on
display screens. The occurrence of such disruptive factors can be avoided with the right choice and
arrangement of luminaires in buildings or outdoor spaces. In order to calculate reflected glare on
horizontal shining surfaces, the CRF (Contrast Rendering Factor) is determined using suitable
software. As a rule, an office has a minimum CRF value of 0.7, and when glossy materials are being
used, a higher value must be assumed.

Besides the reduction in luminance levels reflected in glossy surfaces, it is also possible to change
the arrangement, thus minimizing the reflective surface.
Depending on the degree of direct or reflected glare, physiological or psychological glare may occur.
Physiological glare is accompanied by problems in perception caused by a reduction in visual
performance. The recognition of shapes and depth perception are made more difficult.

Psychological glare, on the other hand, cannot be quantified in terms of measurements. Only the
subjective sensation of the individual is decisive and opinion-forming. Symptoms may be discomfort,
insecurity or fatigue. To ensure that such effects do not occur in the first place, it is good policy to
avoid glare, particularly above the horizontal of the field of vision.

What is the daylight factor in interior design?

The daylight factor is defined as the ratio

of horizontal indoor to outdoor
illumination by daylight under
continuously overcast sky conditions,
expressed as a percentage
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Incandescent lamp

Glass Bulb
An incandescent lamp has a glass enclosure
including a tungsten filament.

Inert Gas
The inert gas used to fill the light bulb is
argon/nitrogen to reduce the evaporation of
the filament. So, it increases the life of the
lamp by preventing the filament from falling
too quickly.

Tungsten Filament
The Filament in the lamp is the thread or
wire that lights up once you turn it on. The
material used to make this filament is Tungsten metal because the melting point of this is very
high and heat resistant.

Contact Wires

The base of the bulb with two connections is called contact wires which provide electrical
connections toward the filament.

Support Wires

Support wires are small wires which are connected to the stem to give support to the filament
of the lamp.

Glass Mount or Support

Incandescent light bulbs include a glass mount that is connected to the base of the lap which
permits the electrical contacts to run throughout the envelope without air or gas leaks.

Screw Thread

Most of the lamps screw into a socket. In household bulbs, a medium screw base is used which
is called an Edison screw. Its diameter is 1¹⁄16 inches including seven threads for every inch.

Insulation

The base of the lamp is made of brass originally & protected with plaster of Paris & after that
porcelain. Nowadays, aluminum is used at the outside of the lamp & glass is used to protect the
inner base so that a stronger base can be formed.

Electrical Foot Contact

At the base of a lamp or light bulb is known as electrical foot contacts which are coated with a
material to protect the electricity. These two contacts will help in connecting with an electricity
source.
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Special incandescent lamps

(tungsten halogen lamp)

A halogen lamp (also called

tungsten halogen, quartz-
halogen, and quartz iodine
lamp) is an incandescent lamp
consisting of a tungsten
filament sealed in a compact
transparent envelope that is
filled with a mixture of an inert
gas and a small
amount of a halogen, such as
iodine or bromine.

Fluorescent Lamp

Fixtures

Fixtures can be utilitarian or

decorative, but the purpose of the
fixture is to provide safe housing
for the tube and ballast. The
fixture also houses connections to
a power source, such as electrical
wiring or batteries.

Starter

Only older fluorescent light fixtures have starters, which are small metallic cylinders. The starter
was meant to delay electricity coming into the gas-filled tube.

Tube

The tube holds the gas. Traditional fluorescent lights have tubes shaped into straight cylinders.
Compact fluorescent lights, CFLs, are fluorescent tubes bent in half like a letter "U" or bent into
the shape of incandescent bulbs in a swirl. In "neon lights," the tubes are bent to form graphics
or words.

Ballast

The ballast actually is a power supply rather than a buoyancy device as its name implies. There
are magnetic and electronic ballasts. Electronic ballasts are found only in newer fixtures; they
don't get as hot or loud as a magnetic ballast. However, magnetic ballasts generally last longer.
While electronic and magnetic ballasts perform essentially the same function, they are not
interchangeable. To change the kind of ballast, for instance if you prefer less humming noise,
you must replace the entire fixture.
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Function of fixture base in fluorescent lamp

Fluorescent lamp fixtures also require a ballast to regulate current through the lamp and a
starter that allows current to flow through the incandescent coils and gives a high voltage
starter pulse.

High-intensity discharge light bulbs

HID, or high-intensity discharge light bulbs and lamps,

are a family of gas-discharge arc lamps which create
light by sending an electrical discharge between two
electrodes and through a plasma, or ionized gas. An
additional gas is generally used, and this gas serves
as an easy way to classify the major types of HID
lamps: Mercury, sodium, and metal halide.

These lamps are known for their high efficiency at

turning electricity into light and their long-rated life.
HID lamps require a ballast in order to generate the
initial surge of electricity needed to start them and to
regulate their power during normal operation.

The mercury vapor lamp

The mercury vapor lamp is a high intensity discharge

lamp. It uses an arc through vaporized mercury in a
high-pressure tube to create very bright light directly
from its own arc. This is different from fluorescents
which use the mercury vapor arc to create a weaker
light that mainly creates UV light to excite the
phosphors. The "Merc" as it is known has been a
workhorse for society; lighting streets, factories and
large areas for over 100 years.

Metal-halide lamps

Metal-halide lamps are used for general lighting

purposes both indoors and outdoors, such as
commercial, industrial, and public spaces, parking lots,
sports arenas, factories, and retail stores, as well as
residential security lighting; automotive and specialty
applications are further fields of usage.
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High-pressure sodium

High-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps have been widely

used in industrial lighting, especially in large
manufacturing facilities, and are commonly used as
plant grow lights. They contain mercury. They have
also been widely used for outdoor area lighting, such
as on roadways, parking lots, and security areas.

low pressure sodium lamp

Low pressure sodium vapor (LPS) lights are a specific

type of gas-discharge light (also known as a high intensity
discharge, HID or arc light). The bulb principally contains
solid sodium metal inside a borosilicate glass tube that
vaporizes once the lamp is turned on.

LED lamps

LED Driver

Mainly divides into: RC driver and IC driver

RC driven voltage fluctuation range is very
narrow, the voltage is not stable, easy to burn.
New light source can be used low voltage in the
range of 100 v – 130 v, high voltage
range of 220-240 – v. voltage too high will burn
and too low will darken, flicker.
But the IC driver accept 10% voltage fluctuation
range, usually can use low voltage in the
range of 90-160 v, high voltage range of 160-
260 v, no flicker.
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

LED Chip

Mainly divides into: 2835 and 5730 chips

2835 chip, is refers to the size (length) x 2.8 3.5 (width) x 0.8 mm (thickness) of the LED
0.5 W per pcs.
chip, generally 3 W LED bulb 2835 chip, power of 0.2 W per pcs, 9 W, 12 W LED bulb is
chip, generally 5 W, 7 W LED bulb every 5730 chip, power 0.5 W.
5730 chips, is refers to the size (length) x 3.0 5.7 (width) x 0.8 mm (thickness) of the LED
performance is better, 2835 has become the bulb, the ball bubble lights, panel lights, and
When compare with 730 chips, 2835’s heat dissipation and other comprehensive
other designated choice of lamps and lanterns of LED chip in the LED industry.

LED Chip baseplate

Mainly divides into: Glass fiber plate and aluminum plate

Glass fiber board: using glass fiber cloth, low cost, high pressure resistance, but poor
heat dissipation.
Aluminum plate: with a special kind of metal base copper-clad r.p. panel and heat
higher.
conduction performance is good, electric insulation performance is poorer, the cost is
High-grade LED bulb will adopt high quality aluminum plate.

LED Radiator

The radiator is the aluminum cover

LED bulb adopts aluminum plastic package, fully combined with plastic insulation,
corrosion resistance and the characteristics of metal aluminum heat fast, coupled with
the unique structure of air convection, makes heat dissipation quickly and ensure life,
reduce light decrease.

LED Bulb cover

milky white, transparent cover are the mainly two kinds cover in the market, the material
are PC, glass, ceramic, silica gel.
soft light and is also most expensive.
Nowadays, LED bulb PC cover is the best, transmission of light is 85 ~ 90%, uniform and

6 LED PBT shell

Generally, adopts insulation of PBT shell and has the very good
insulation and corrosion resistance.

7 LED Base

LED bulb can replace ordinary incandescent lamp, conventional lamp holder E27, E14,
also, can implement tailored for different countries standard lamp holder.
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DIFFERENT TYPES OF LUMINAIRES

Pendants

Pendant lights are most often

thought of as the go-to lighting to
hang over a kitchen island, where
they help you cook or set the mood
for hosting. But they can be used in
a myriad of spaces. For smaller
rooms a pendant light can replace a
chandelier or keep surfaces clear
for a side table.

Sconce

A sconce or wall light is a decorative

light fixture that is mounted to a wall.
The sconce is a very old form of
fixture, historically used with candles
and oil lamps.

Recessed lights

Recessed lights, also known as downlights or can lights,

are a type of lighting fixture installed into the ceiling or
wall. They are designed to sit flush with the surface for
a sleek and polished finish. The housing and electrical
wiring components are hidden, and the bulb appears to
glow from within the opening.

Track lighting

Track lighting is a method of lighting where light fixtures

are attached anywhere on a continuous track device
which contains electrical conductors. This is in contrast
to directly routing electrical wiring to individual light
positions.
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Chandelier

Chandelier a decorative light that hangs from the

ceiling and has several parts like branches for
holding light bulbs or, esp. in the past, candles: A
gorgeous crystal chandelier hung in the dining
room.

Ceiling lighting

Ceiling lighting is a type of lighting fixture that is

mounted on the ceiling. It can be used to provide
ambient lighting, task lighting, or accent lighting.
Ceiling lighting fixtures come in a variety of styles,
including ceiling flush mount fixtures, recessed
lights, track lights, and semi-flush ceiling lights.

Ceiling mounted light

A ceiling mounted light can refer either to flush

mount lights, which is mounted flush to the ceiling
or recessed lighting, which is a bulb that's installed
into a hollow opening in the ceiling.

Floor Lamp

an electric light supported by a tall pole with a

base on the floor.
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Cabinet lighting

As its name suggests, under cabinet

lighting refers to lights that are installed
under a cabinet, resulting in illumination
of the area immediately below a row or
section of cabinets. It is most commonly
used in kitchen areas, where additional
lighting is useful for food preparation.

Direct light

Direct light is when the light from a

fixture or lamp falls on a specific area
or an object. Direct light is created
from a fixture or a screen that
focuses all light in a certain angle.
Directional light creates a sharp
contrast between light and shadow.

Directional recessed fixture or downlight

With the LED gimbal downlight, the module can be rotated

360° and tilted 24° downward to the area you want to
illuminate. With a fixed LED downlight however, the
direction of the light cannot be changed. Therefore, a
specific area of a room or space cannot be illuminated.
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Emergency light

An emergency light is a battery-backed lighting

device that switches on automatically when a
building experiences a power outage.

Garage and canopy lighting?

Parking garage lighting and canopy lighting

are terms used to describe both outdoor lighting
and indoor lighting that is commonly surface,
pendant, or recessed-mounted to a structure's
ceiling, soffit, or overhang. This type of lighting
is generally used to provide illumination to areas
for vehicle and pedestrian use.

Recessed fixtures

Recessed lighting fixtures are those circular

holes, most commonly found in ceilings, that
house an illumination source. Unlike
chandeliers, pendants or flush mount lamps,
which are designed to be visible, recessed
lamps provide light without a visible fixture.