Theorems of Probability Similarly, mp(1 — c) + pe(1 — m) + me a ) + mpe= 4 p)-+mpe=> 1 = mp pe+me—2mpe= 5 mp (1 ~¢) + pe (1 = m) + me (1 = p)== 2 > mp+ pe+ me 3mpe= = From Eqs (2) to (3), mpe= From Eqs (1) and (2), m-+p+e-mpe= ; 3 1) 1 _15+10+2_ 27 cmt ptonsei 4 t= EOI LT 4 2 10 20 20 38. For any two events A and B in a sample space E191) P(A) + P(B)~ 9 AA \ . (a) o(4)= PB) , PCB) #0 is always true. (b) PU B) hold. © PAB) disjoint. (@) None of these Solution (a) We know that PLANB) AIB) =O? PA ay P(A)- PAA B) does not ~ P(A) P(B), if A and B are ‘OBJECTIVE PROBLEMS: IMPORTA The probability that a leap year will have 53 Fridays or 53 Saturdays is (MPPET-2002) (a) 27 (b) 3/7 oan @ 7 A pair of dice is thrown, if 5 appears on at least ‘one of the dice, then the probability that the sum is 10 or greater is ‘PMPPEF-2001) (a) 11/36 (© 31 (b) 2/9 (d) 112 Also we know that P(AUB)S1 = P(A)+ P(B)- P(A B)S1 => PAN B)2 P(A) + P(B)~1 P(ANB) , P(A)+ PCB) P(B) PB) P(A) + P(B)=1 P(B) => P(AIB)> 39. Let E° denote the complement of an event E. Let E, F, G be pairwise independent events with P(G) > 0 and P(E 0 F 0G) =0. Then P(E 0 F°| G) equals: [IIT JEE-2007) (a) PUES) + PE) (b) PES) PU) (©) PEE)- PR) @) PE)- PR) ‘Solution (©) E, F, Gare pairwise independent events ©. PUEA F) = P(E) X P(F) PUF 0 G)= P(F) X PCG) P(GO BE) = PG) X P(E) (<2") PUES OF) 0G) » PG) _ P(G)- P(GNE)- PGAF) - PG) = P(G\I= P(E) PF) PG) P(E)— P(F) = P(E) — P(F) NT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS 3. Three coins are tossed together, then the prob- ability of getting at least one head is IRPET-O1; MPPET-89] (b) 3/4 (d) 78 4. A fair coin is tossed repeatedly. Iftail appears on the first four tosses, then the probability of head appearing on the fifth toss equals [17-1998] (a) 1/2 ©) 185. 1 8 10. ML. 12. (a) 12 (b) 1/32 (c) 31/32 (d) 1/5 Two dice are thrown simultaneously. The probability that sum is odd or less than 7 or both is (a) 23 (©) 3/4 (b) 172 (@) 18 The probability of getting head and tail alter- nately in three throws of a coin (or a throw of three coins) is IRPEP-1997] (a) U8 (b) 1/4 (©) U3 (d) 318 Let £ and F be two independent events. The probability that both £ and F happens is 1/12 and the probability that neither E nor F hap- pens is 1/2, then MIT-1993] (@) P(E) = 1/3, POP) = V4 (b) PE) =1/2, POF) = 6 (© PE) = 116, P(P)= V2 (@) None of these A card is drawn at random from a pack of cards, What is the probability that the drawn card is neither a heart nor a king? (a) 4/13 (b) 9/13 (©) 1/4 (d) 13/26 ‘The probability that an ordinary or a non-leap year has 53 Sundays is IMPPET-1996] (@) 27 (b) 17 © 37 (d) None ‘Two dice are thrown simultaneously, What is the probability of obtaining sum of the ‘numbers less than 11? (a) 1718, (b) nz () Mn2 (d) None of these The probabilities of three mutually exclu- sive events are 2/3, 1/4 and 1/6. The state- meat is (a) True (b) False (©) Could be either (d) Do not know A coin is tossed three times. The probability of obtaining at least two heads is or Three coins are tossed all together. The probability of getting at least two heads is [MPPET:1995] 13. 4. 16. 7. 18, 19. Theorems of Probability B.35 (a) 18 (b) 3/8 (c) 1/2 (d) 2/3 The probability of happening an event 4 in one trial is 0.4. The probability that the event A happens at least once in three in- dependent trials is [T-1980; Kurukshetra CEE-1998; DCE-2001] (a) 0.936 (b) 0.784 (c) 0.904 (d) 0.216 A bag contains 3 red, 7 white and 4 black balls. If 3 balls are drawn from the bag, then the probability that exactly 2 of them are of the same colour is (a) 6/71 (b) 7/81 (c) 10/91 (@) None of these A and B are tossing a coin altematively, the first to show a head being the winner. IfA starts the game, the chance of his winning is [MPPET$7] (a) 518 (b) 12 (©) 13 @ 2B A five-digit number is formed by writing the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 in a random order without repetitions. Then the probability that the num- ber is divisible by 4 is [Orissa JEE-2003] (a) 3/5 (b) 18/5 (© Us (d) 6/5 Out of 30 consecutive numbers, 2 are chosen at random. The probability that their sum is odd is (a) 1429 (b) 16729 (c) 1529 (d) 1029 Five coins whose faces are marked 2, 3 are tossed. The chance of obtaining a total of 12 is [MPPET-2001; Pb. CET-2000] (a) 1/32 (b) 116 (©) 316 (d) 5/16 If a committee of 3 is to be chosen from a group of 38 people; of which you are a mem- ber. What is the probability that you will be on the committee? (@) (3) () (2) 3 2 666 37 38 ofa) ofB.36 Theorems of Probabllty 20. If P(A)=1/2, P(B)= 1/3 and PA B)=7/12, then the value of P(A’ 0 B’) is (a) 712 (b) 3/4 (© V4 (@) 146 ‘Two numbers are selected randomly from the set S= {1, 2, 3,4, 5,6} without replacing one by one. The probability that minimum of the 2 numbers is less than 4 is 2. [IT Sc-2003] (b) 14/15 (d) 4/5 (a) 1s (c) 1S Let A and B be two events such that 1 22, PAU) PUAN B)= “and PCA 6 where 7 stands for complement of event A. Then eventsA and Bare ——[AIEEE-2005] (a) independent but not equally likely (b) mutually exclusive and independent (©) equally likely and mutually exclusive (@ equally likely but not independent ‘A person has to go through three successive tests. The probability of his passing the first exam is P. The probability of passing sueces- sive tests is P or P/2 according as he passed the last test or not, He is selected if he passes af least two tests, Then the probability of his selection is (1T-2003] (a) 2P- P (b) P= 2P° (@) 2P'- (d) None of these If and B are events such that P(A U B)=3/4, P(ANB)= 1/4, P(A) = 2/3, then PA B) is JAIEEE-2002] (b) 3/8 @) 14 (a) 5/12 (©) 58 25. Among 15 players, 8 are batsmen and 7 are bowlers. Find the probability that a team is chosen of 6 batsmen and 5 bowlers 21. ox! on (c) 1528 (a) (d) None of these IfA speaks truth in 75% cases and B in 80% cases, then the probability that they contradict each other in starting the same statement is IMPPET-1997, 2002] (@ 7/20 (b) 13/20 (@) 1220 (@) 2/5 A six-faced dice is so biased that it is twice as likely to show an even number as an odd number when thrown. It is thrown twice. ‘The probability that the sum of two numbers thrown is even is [MPPET-1995] (a) 2 (b) 146 (© 13 (d) 5/9 A dic is thrown. Let A be the event that the number obtained is greater than 3. Let B be the event that the number obtained is less than 5. Then P(A UB) is [AIEEE-2008] (a) 215 (b) 3/5 (© 0 @ If A and B are two mutually exclusive and exhaustive events with P(B) = 3P(A), then ‘what is the value of P(B)? INDA-2009] (a) 3/4 (b) 14 (©) 13 (d) 213 IfA and B are two events such that PUUB) Spa nB) j and r= 5 then the value of P(4) is [MPPET:2009] (a) 1/3 (b) 1/4 (© 12 (@ 28