Extend

I. Describe the following disorders of special senses.

A. Disorders of Olfaction

1. anosmia- The inability to perceive smell/odor.

2. hyperosmia- Overwhelming sensitivity to smells.

3. dysosmia- Refers to a change in your sense of smell.

A. Disorders of Gustation
1. ageusia- complete loss of the taste function of the tongue

2. hypergeusia- a diminished sense of taste.

3. dysgeusia- condition where a person’s perception of taste is altered; everything seems

sweet, sour, bitter, or metallic.

B. Disorders of Vision

1. Myopia- Near objects appear clear, but objects farther away look blurry.

2. Hyperopia- A common vision condition in which you can see distant objects clearly, but
objects nearby may be blurry.

3. Prebyopia- A refractive error that makes it hard for middle-aged and older adults to see
things up close.

D. Disorders of Hearing

1. Conductive Deafness- Sound may be blocked by earwax or a foreign object located in the ear
canal.

2. Sensoryneural Deafness- Happens when there is damage in your inner ear.

Evaluate

A. Encircle the letter of your answer.

1. Which of the following receptors respond B. Merkel’s disc

to pain?
C. free nerve endings
A. Meissner’s corpuscle
D. Ruffini’s end organ
 B. pupil.

2. Which does not belong to the group? C. cornea.

A. touch. D. vitreous body.

B. smell.

C. hearing. 7. The olfactory receptors are located in the

D. balance. A. nasal cavity.

B. papillae.

3. Anterior 2/3 of the tongue is innervated C. vestibule.

by
D. sacule.
A. Facial Nerve.

B. Trigeminal Nerve.
8. The structure responsible for kinetic
C. Olfactory Nerve. equilibrium is the

D. Glossopharyngeal Nerve. A. vestibule.

B. spiral organ.

4. It is also known as blind spot. C. semicicular canal.

A. retina. D. cochlea.

B. pupil.

C. optic disc.

D. conjunctiva.

5. They are responsible for light- dark

discrimination

A. sclera.

B. choroid.

C. rods.

D. cones.

6. It separates the anterior and posterior

chambers of the eye.

A. lens.
Name: jenelyn W. Matias Rating: ______
Section: BSN-1C Date: ________

Graphic Organizer 9

Route of Sound Waves through the Ear

The outer ear

external ear, or auris

external is the
external part of the
ear, which consists of
the auricle (also pinna)
and the ear canal. It The middle ear
gathers sound energy
and focuses it on the An air-filled,
eardrum (tympanic membrane-lined
membrane). space located
between the ear
canal and the
Eustachian tube, The inner ear
cochlea, and
Has two main parts the
auditory nerve.
cochlea , which is the
hearing portion, and the
semi-circular canals is
the balance portion.

Temporal lobe of the

cerebrum
Group Name: group R Rating: ______
Section: BSN-1C Date: ________

Group Dynamics 9

Test of Essence on Test of Sense

Directions:. As a group, go the Nursing Library and look for the use/ significance of the
following diagnostic tools used with special senses. Elaborate on how each test is
done.

1. Snellen Chart- Snellen chart - Invented in 1862 by a Dutch ophthalmologist named

Herman Snellen, is the most widely used technique in clinical practice for measuring
visual acuity.The Snellen chart is a portable tool for quickly assessing monocular and
binocular visual acuity. The Snellen Chart uses a geometric scale to measure visual
acuity, with normal vision at a distance being set at 20/20. The numerator represents the
distance that the patient is standing from the chart (in feet), while the denominator
represents the distance from which a person with perfect eyesight is still able to read the
smallest line that the patient can clearly visualize. Finally, the sizing of letters is
geometrically consistent, meaning that optotypes representing 20/40 are twice the size
of those representing 20/20.

2. Astigmatism Chart- Astigmatism is caused by a cornea or lens that has a different shape
than normal. Astigmatism is very common. Doctors don't know why the shape of the
cornea or lens varies from person to person. But they do know the risk of getting
astigmatism is inherited (passed down from parents).Tests of astigmatism acuity. Your
vision becomes hazy both up close and at a distance if you have astigmatism. You can
check your vision's clarity by focusing on the letters on a chart.Astigmatism Chart Acuity
Tests1. Print the chart.2. Place the chart on a wall with no windows on it.3. Place a chair
10 feet away from the wall. Sit in the chair.4. Make sure the chart is at eye level.5. Cover
one eye.6. Read the smallest letters you can see clearly.7. Repeat with the other eye.

3. Ishihara’s Test- Ishihara Test Color vision test, also known as the ishihara color test,
measures your ability to tell the difference among colors. The capacity to distinguish
between colors is measured using an Ishihara color test, also called a color vision test.
Red-green color blindness is tested for using the Ishihara method. An Ishihara test
involves looking at a series of circles (sometimes referred to as Ishihara plates) that
have dots of various colors and sizes on them. The shapes and numbers will be difficult
to notice, or they might not be visible at all, for someone who has problems seeing red
and green. One may be diagnosed with poor color vision or colour blindness depending
 on how difficult it is to distinguish the colors on an Ishihara plate. Complete color
blindness, on the other hand, is a relatively uncommon condition in which a person can
only perceive grayscale.

4. Weber Test- Weber Test Strike a tuning fork and place the base on the bridge of the
nose, forehead, or teeth. A typical test does not exhibit lateralization of sound. Affected
ear receives sound lateralization when there is a unilateral conductive loss. When a
person has a single sensorineural deficit, sound lateralizes to the side where hearing is
normal or better. In order to differentiate between conductive and sensorineural hearing
loss in patients with unilateral hearing loss, the Weber test has mostly been employed to
make a diagnosis. It is an efficient, fast, and straightforward screening tool for
determining hearing loss. The test can identify unilateral sensorineural and conductive
hearing loss.

5. Rinne Test- The Rinne test differentiates sound transmission via air conduction from
sound transmission via bone conduction. It can serve as a quick screen for conductive
hearing loss. A Rinne test should be done in conjunction with a Weber test to detect
sensorineural hearing loss.The Rinne test is frequently recommended when one
suspects a conductive hearing loss. The external ear collects sound vibrations from the
air and focuses these sounds onto the tympanic membrane. Vibrations are transmitted
through the middle ear by the ossicular chain (malleus, incus, and stapes). The stapes
transmits these vibrations to the cochlea through the oval window (fenestra ovalis).
Sound can also be transmitted through the bones of the skull to the cochlea. The hair
cells in the cochlea convert the physical vibrations into action potentials transmitted via
the nerves in the vestibulocochlear (auditory) nerve to the brainstem for further
processing. Rinne Test Procedures:1. Ensure the room is quiet 2. Lightly vibrate
the fork by stroking it between the thumb and index finger or tapping it on your knuckles
3. Place the base of the vibrating tuning fork on the mastoid bone (behind the ear
and level with the ear canal) 4. Ask the patient if they hear anything a. When
the patient answers "yes" ask them to tell you the very instant the sound goes away b.
If no, the patient may have severe/total sensorineural hearing loss on that side 5.
When the patient indicates they can no longer hear the sound, quickly place the
vibrating tines as close as possible to the ear canal a. Ensure the "U" of the tuning
fork is facing forward which maximizes the sound for the patient 6. Ask the patient if they
can hear the sound 7.Repeat the test on the opposite side
6. Romberg Test- A Romberg test, sometimes referred to as Romberg's sign, is a quick
physical examination to determine if you have balance issues connected to balance and
coordination, your body's capacity to perceive movement and position. The test can
specifically tell if the dorsal column pathway of your brain and spinal cord, which
regulates proprioception, is malfunctioning. The Romberg test is a test that measures
your sense of balance. It’s typically used to diagnose problems with your balance, which
is composed of your visual, vestibular (inner ear), and proprioceptive (positional sense)
systems during a neurological exam. Specifically, the test assesses the function of the
dorsal column in your spinal cord. The dorsal column is responsible for proprioception,
or your sense of your body’s movement and position. A law enforcement officer may
also use a modified Romberg test to check a person’s sobriety.