FORM 1, 2 &3 JC SOCS SHORT NOTES -Maps only show what the mapmaker wants to show

but satellite images show everything that is on the way

FORM 1 NOTES: of the camera when the picture is taken.

MAP READING -The altitude and slope of the land can easily be shown
on a map but these are difficult to show on satellite
A map is a drawing representing all or a part of the
images.
earth’s surface.
-Maps have a key, scale, title and direction sign while
(EQ)ATTRIBUTES/ ELEMENTS OR
satellite image does not show these attributes
CHARACTERISTICS OF MAPS
(EQ) MAP SCALES:
Title – shows us what the map is about.
There are three types of map scale
Scale – is used to calculate the ground distance
between places on a map. STATEMENT SCALE – This type of scale is written
in the form of a statement. For example, one
Key (Legend) and symbols – The key / legend help
centimetre on the map represents hundred kilometres
us to identify places/meaning of symbols on a map.
on the ground.
Direction sign – Help us to locate places on maps. It’s
LINEAR SCALE/LINE OR BAR SCALE – This
shown by the se of north arrow.
type of scale is shown in the form of a line or bar. E.g.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A MAP AND A
RATIO SCALE / REPRESENTATIVE
PLAN:
FRACTION (RF) SCALE –m e.g. 1: 200 000. This
-Maps provide general information while plans give means that 1centimeter on the map represents 200 000
detailed and specific information about a small area. centimetres on the ground. It can also be in the form
of a fraction e.g.1/200 000.
-Plans are drawn to a large scale while maps are drawn
to a small scale. Landforms

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A MAP AND AN Landforms are features such as hills, mountains,
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH: depressions, rivers, lakes etc. that we find in our
-Maps are drawings made by hand while aerial environment.
photographs are photos taken using a camera from an
Contour lines:
aircraft/ air balloon/ drone.
-Maps only show the information that the mapmaker These are lines drawn on maps joining places of the
wants to show while aerial photographs show same height above sea level or altitude. Altitude is
everything that the camera was able to pick at the time always shown in metres
the picture is taken.
-Maps have a key, scale, title and direction sign while GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
aerial photographs do not have a key, scale, title and
direction sign. This is a computer based information system that is
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A MAP AND A used to capture, store, retrieve and use interpret data
SATELLITE IMAGE: in order to make good decisions on the use of our land
resources.
-Maps are drawings while satellite images are taken by How can we use GIS techniques?
a satellite orbiting around the earth.
-To plot single features on the map (Thematic maps)
-To plot multiple features on the map (Composite
map)

1
-To find relationships between two or more features collect. E.g. on e can prepare questionnaires and
-To measure an area interviews questions if required.
-To ask and answer questions about specific aspects 7. Collect the data: Here you make a plan that shows
of the environment. the days and times when you will collect the
-Can show where wildlife is located in a park and can information. This includes making arrangements to
explain why the wildlife is found there meet the people to interview or knowing the times
-Can tell us the best times when the wildlife is found when the areas you are to gather data at opens and
at that place closes. E.g library.
RESEARCH SKILLS: 8. Analyse and present the collected data
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH: 9. Draw conclusions based on your findings
-It helps us to understand problems e.g to get 10. If required, suggest recommendations based on
answers to questions that worry us your findings and conclusions
-It helps us to find out what other people think. E.g 11. Compile a report
understands why certain behaviours occur in people TYPES OF DATA:
and appreciate or tolerate them a)Quantitative data: This is the information/ data
-Help us to evaluate issues e.g it trains us to be critical that involve use of numbers/statistics. It can be
and objective in how we look at life presented in forms like line graphs, bar graphs/bar
-Help us to discover new knowledge chart, histograms, pie charts, tables etc
RESEARCH PROCESSES: b) Qualitative data: This involves information about
These are stages that you follow when you carry out peoples attitudes, beliefs,ideas,opinions and
a research personal experience.It can be prseesnted using text
They follow in the following order: form/notesform and using diagrams, drawings,
1. Gather background information: This is general pictures, photographs etc.
information known about the topic before you IDENTIFY COMPONENTS OF A RESEARCH PROJECT
actually start collecting information on the issue. It 1. TITLE PAGE: Is usually a cover page where the
helps to bring some understanding of the issue to the topic/problem is written or stated. It has the
researcher or the reader. following information;
2. Describe the research problem: This is a description
of the problem that you will investigate. This Name of the researcher: Mpho Ditshwanafela
description helps a person reading your report to Name of school: Chichi hill CJSS
Class: Form 1D
understand why you are doing the research and why
Year:2012
it is important.
Topic: Why students arrive late for school at Chichi
3. Formulate aims and objectives of the research: hill CJSS
Here you state what you would like to find out. The Supervisor: Mr Maitseo Radijo
aims can be stated in the form of questions. 2. HYPOTHESIS: In an intelligent guess which is
4. Formulate the research hypotheses: Here you proved true or false by the findings.
make a statement or several statements about what 3. TABLE OF CONTENTS: An example of a content
you think are the possible answers your research will page:
provide to the research aims. Page
5. Decide on what type of data to collect: Here you Acknowledgements 1
ask yourself the type of data you will gather. E.g. Introduction 2
Quantitative or qualitative data: Background 3
Literature Review 4
6. Choose appropriate research methods to collect
Aims/Objectives/Purpose of 5
data: Your research methods will depend on the aims study 6-7
of the research and the kind of data you want to Methodology 8
Findings 9-10

2
 Conclusions 11 1. Which factors do you think make students to
Recommendations 12 come late to school?
Bibliography references _________________________________________
___________________________
4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Here you thank those who Advantages & Disadvantages of a Questionnaire:
helped you during the research project. Advantages Disadvantages
5. INTRODUCTION: This gives us a brief explanation -The researcher can - it can be lost
of what the project is about cover a larger - Respondents can
6. BACKGROUND INFORMATION: This is the general population at once. bring it back
information known about the topic before you (Can be distributed to unanswered
actually start collecting information on the issue as many people as you - it is not user friendly
7. LITERATURE REVIEW: Is a summary of what other want. to illiterate people
writers have written about the issue. -It gives respondents
8. AIMS: Refer to what you want to find out in more privacy. It gives
carrying out the research. respondents the
9. METHODOLOGY: Refers to instruments or freedom to express
methods which we use to collect data/information. themselves freely on
These methods include; sensitive matters
a) Oral interview: Here the interviewer/researcher -It saves time
asks the interviewee/respondent/participant
questions (orally) face-to- face or over the phone. c) Observation method: Here the researcher makes
Advantages/benefits and disadvantages/negatives physical visits to have evidence of the issue at hand.
of oral interview method: Could visit the school to see whether students come
Advantages Disadvantages late to school
-Allows for follow up -High travelling costs to Advantages/benefits and disadvantages/negatives
questions the research area of observation method:
-Saves time -Shortage of transport. Advantages Disadvantages
-Suitable for both When the researcher
-The researcher gets first- -Security risk at the
literate and illiterate does not stay in the same
hand information venue/site where
people place that they want to
-The researcher is able to data is being
-Answers are obtained collect data
record other details collected
immediately/spot on
-It is high in accuracy -Bad weather
-The researcher can
conditions can
prompt clarity
disturb the study
-High travelling
b) Questionnaire/Self-reporting instrument: These costs to the research
are usually written questions or statements given to area
the research participant to respond to. There are two -Shortage of
types of questionnaires; transport. When the
i) Controlled questionnaires: They provide the researcher does not
stay in the same
respondent with answers to choose from. They
place that they want
contain close-ended questions. The respondent has to observe
no room to express his opinions. E.
ii) Uncontrolled questionnaires: Contain open ended d) Document study: Here the researcher can use
questions. They do not limit the respondent.e.g written sources to get the information on the issue at
Please answer the following questions in the hand e.g. files, registers, books etc.
spaces provided; Advantages Disadvantages

3
 -Saves time as records -Information can be with the title ‘They will cry no more’. This is how you
are readily distorted/Biased will present this information in a bibliography;
available/contains -Information can be Radijo. M. (1992) They will cry no more. Gaborone:
already analysed data outdated Pentagon Publishers.
-Cheaper to use -Some files might be 15. APPENDICES: Contain any attachment that is
because travelling missing relevant to the research such as questionnaires and
costs are saved interview questions.
-Documents can be (EQ) Identify any 2 factors that the researcher needs
revisited to verify the to consider when preparing for the study.
findings -Establish the research topic
-Determine where the study is going to be carried out
10. FINDINGS: At this point the information collected -Decide on the population target group
is analysed and interpreted. -Identify possible sources of data
a. Recording data: Making the crude gathered data -Determine resources/budget
user friendly to assess and make it more compatible THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF
b. Presenting data: Make it more logical e.g divides it BOTSWANA:
in to sub themes
Discuss any three natural elements of the physical
c. Analyse/Interpret data: e.g breaks data into
environment:
graphs, tables e.t.c
d. Present findings: 1. SOIL/ LAND: There are different types of soil in
11. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING THE the environment e.g. sandy soils, clay soils etc. People
STUDY/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: Here the live on the land, produce and source their food from
researcher tells us what he faced during the research. the soil, get water from the soil, construct their shelter
This mostly depends on the type/nature of the using water. The land/soil is faced with challenges
research. And hence could differ from one research such as soil pollution and soil erosion due to
to the other. It could comprise of the following; deforestation and poor waste management.
-Disruption due to bad weather conditions
2. VEGETATION: The different types of
- Language Barrier
- Uncooperative respondent vegetation include scrubs, shrubs, forests, grass,
- Lack of money creepers and climbers. It is a source of food, a
-Shortage of transport source of raw materials and energy, it produces
12. CONCLUSION: This is a summary of what the oxygen for people, helps in the formation of
project has taught you as a researcher. They are rainfall and regulates temperatures. However, the
derived from your findings. vegetation is being destroyed by different human
13. RECOMMENDATIONS: Here you give your own activities such as clearing land for farming.
views on solutions to the problem or the issue under
3. WATER: There are different sources of water that
study.
include underground water and surface water.
14. BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES: Contain a list of
books and other sources such as magazines, internet 4. ANIMALS: These animals include domesticated
which you used during the research. When writing a and wildlife.
bibliography one has to start with the surname of the
author written in full, followed by the Initials, then 5. ATMOSPHERE: It contains different gases e.g
the year of publication, then the title, then the place oxygen etc.
of publication, and lastly the publishing company. 6. LANDFORMS:e.g hills, mountains etc
Example: A book written by Mpho Radijo published in DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN WEATHER
1992 by a company called Pentagon, in Gaborone, AND CLIMATE:

4
Weather is the condition of the atmosphere over a - Then pour the water from the glass tube in to a
short period of time e.g. a week, a day or a month measuring cylinder
while Climate is the average weather conditions of the -Then place the measuring cylinder on a flat surface
atmosphere over a long period of time 40 years in a - Take the readings of the water level in the measuring
given area. cylinder below the miniscus
-Record the amount of water in the cylinder in mm
Instruments for measuring weather
closest to the bulb.
Weather Instrument Units of Measuring Humidity
Element Measurement We use hygrometer to measure humididy. If the air is
Rain Rain gauge Mm full of moisture, there will be no evaporation
Wind Speed Cup km / hr Wind Direction Wind vane is used to find the
Anemometer direction of the wind. The arrow points towards the
Wind Wind vane Compass direction from which the wind is blowing.
Direction points
Temperature Thermometer ºC Wind Speed A cup anemometer is used to measure
Humidity Hygrometer %
wind speed. The speed is measured in km / hr.
Cloud Cover Eyes Oktas Scale
Atmospheric Barometer Millibars Cloud cover
pressure The sky is observed and the period of cloud cover is
Sunshine Sunshine Hours and recorded.
recorder minutes per Air pressure Atmospheric pressure is measured by
day mercury Barometer and Aneroid Barometer
(EQ) Describe any four steps that are followed to Types of Rainfall
collect the data using a raingauge.
- After the rain, remove the funnel from the Convectional Rainfall
cylindrical container

-The sun heats the land

-Warm moist air rises over hills or mountains
-The air cools as it rises and water vapour
Source : Diamond S / studies book 1 condenses to form clouds
-When clouds are saturated with water, rain
(EQ) Describe the rain formation process
falls on the hill
of Relief or Orographic Rainfall

Frontal or Convergence rainfall

-Convectional rainfall occurs when the sun

Difference between Convectional and Frontal heats the earth and water while frontal rainfall
Rainfall / Convergence occurs when cold and warm air masses meet.

5
 -Convectional rainfall is accompanied by thunder and -It is cold in winter
lightning while frontal rainfall is light and drizzles.
-Frontal rainfall commonly occurs along coastal areas -Temperatures in summer are between 27-40 while in
while convectional commonly occurs in areas that winter they are between 0 and 12ºC.
experience high temperatures
b)Humidity- humidity is low due to low rainfall

Difference between Convectional and Relief c)Soil: Most of the desert area is covered with sandy
Rainfall soils.

-Convectional rainfall occurs when the sun heats the e) Vegetation:

earth and water while relief occurs when moist air is
forced to rise over hills / mountains. (EQ)Describe any 2 characteristics of the
-Convectional rainfall is accompanied by thunder and vegetation in the desert environment/how the
lightning while relief rainfall is calm and gently. vegetation has adapted to the desert environment:
-Plants have long tap roots to reach for underground
Difference between Frontal and Relief Rainfall water
-Relief occurs when moist air is forced to rise over
-Plants have needle like/waxy leaves to keep moisture
hills / mountains while frontal rainfall occurs when
/They have small leaves to reduce transpiration
cold and warm air masses meet.
-Relief occurs around mountainous areas while -Some plants have fleshy roots and leaves to store
frontal occurs mostly around coastal areas water

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SEMI DESERT

THE CLIMATE OF BOTSWANA: ENVIRONMENT:
-Rainfall:
-It rains in summer a) Rainfall – This area receives average rainfall of
-Winters are dry between 250mm and 400 mm annually.
-Most parts of the country receive convectional type of -It receives convectional type of rainfall
rainfall. Only hilly areas in the eastern part of . It rains in summer
the country like Tswapong,Otse,lobatse and b) Temperature – It is hot in summer
Kanye etc receive type of relief rainfall -It is cold in winter
Temperature:
-Hot/warm in summer - Average temperatures in summer are between 260C
-Cold in winter and 28ºC while in winter they are between 12 0C and
17ºC.
THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMANITY c) Humidity- humidity is low due to low rainfall
Botswana’s major environmental zones: d) Soil:
Most of the desert area is covered with sandy
(eq)Describe any 2 characteristics of the desert soils.
environment:
e) Vegetation:
a)Rainfall – This area receives average rainfall of less The semi desert has bush and shrub, acacia thorn
than 250mm annually trees and savannah vegetation. The shrub
savannah grows closer to each other compared to
-It receives convectional type of rainfall
that of the desert because rainfall is slightly
. It rains in summer higher.

b)Temperature – It is hot in summer (EQ)Discuss any 3 ways in which desert and

semi desert environment have influenced the

6
 traditional lifestyles/economic activities of a) Rainfall: - This area receives average rainfall of
people living there: between 350mm and 550 mm annually.
a) They were hunter gatherers-Due to the -It receives convectional type of rainfall. Hilly
availability of wild animals and wild fruits in areas of otse, Kanye,tswapong experience relief
their environment this enabled them to hunt rainfall
wild animals and to gather wild fruits for . It rains in summer
food. However, over dependence on these b) Temperature – It is hot in summer
resources (e.g. Over hunting) led to depletion -It is cold in winter
and migration of animals. -Temperatures in summer are between
26-27 while in winter they are between
b) They practiced pastoral farming:-Due to 120 C and 18 ºC.
the availability of good pastures, People kept c) Soil: The area is covered by reddish Limpopo
livestock such as goats. However, people kept soils which are fertile soils. The soils are well
large numbers of animals in a small grazing area drained. The rocky soils are found particularly
which caused overgrazing and soil erosion. on hills and areas around Bobonong.
d)Humidity- humidity is moderate
c) Transport (they used camels for transport):
People used camels to transport goods from one place e) Vegetation:
to the other because it can survive in dry conditions for
a long time without food. The vegetation consists of mophane savannah
plants. For example, tree and bush savannah and
(EQ) Explain any 3 reasons why people in the mophane trees. Trees are deciduous type of trees
desert use camels for transport/Describe the that lose their leaves in winter and grow again in
physical characteristics of a camel that make it easy summer.
to be adapt to the desert conditions.
-Camels can walk for long distances without water How the hardveld/ eastern margin
-They have a flat hoof which makes it easy to walk on environment has influenced the traditional
sand lifestyles/the economic activities of people
-It can easily close its nostrils during sand storms living there:
-It can convert the fats stored in the hump in to a) They practiced arable farming – Since
energy/food when its hungry their environment had fertile soils, they
How the environment influenced their social way of grew crops.
life: b) They practiced pastoral farming –
Because their environment received high
a) They built temporary shelter- Shelter was built
rainfall they reared livestock.
using branches and grass.
c) They caught fish– Those who lived near
b) They were nomadic people- they moved from one
rivers caught fish to supplement their
place to another following wild animals and in search
diet.
of wild fruits.
c)They painted on rocks- e.g. Basarwa are known for How the environment influenced their way of
painting Tsodilo hills. life:
d)They wore clothes made of animal skins-High
temperatures influenced them to put on light clothes d) They built their shelter using clay soil
hence needed fewer animal skins to make clothes. – They built huts using clay soil and
e) They used ostrich egg shells to store water roofed with grass as these were available
in their environment.
Characteristics of the hard veld or eastern margin
environment CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SWAMP
ENVIRONMENT:

7
a) Rainfall – This area receives rainfall of between CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DECIDUOUS
450mm and 600 mm annually. FOREST:
-Rains fall in summer a) Rainfall – This area receives average rainfall of
-It mostly receive convectional type of 600 mm or more annually. -Rains fall in summer
rainfall. –It is mostly convectional and frontal type.
b) Temperature – Temperatures in summer are b) Temperature – Temperatures in summer are
below 27ºC while in winter they are below 16 ºC. below 26 ºC and in winter they are between 12
-Experience warm summers and 18 ºC.
-Experience cold winters c) Humidity is high
c) Humidity is high.
d) Soils Soils
The area is covered by fertile alluvial soils. Soils The area is covered mostly with sandy soils. There
around the Makgadikgadi area are greyish in colour, is also clay soils which are easily water
poorly drained and saline (salty) soils. logged (poorly drained).

e) Vegetation Vegetation:
Most of the vegetation found in this area is
The vegetation consists of tall trees and grass. It also
deciduous. This type of vegetation loses its leaves
has water loving plants such as reeds and water lilies.
in winter. It consists of tall trees which are
Palm trees are found around the swamps.
hardwoods e.g. mukwa and mukusi, few bushes
(EQ) Explain any 2 ways in which the swamp and scattered grasses.
environment has influenced the traditional
lifestyles of people living there How the deciduous environment has influenced
the traditional lifestyles of people living there:
a) They used canoes for transport – They used a) They were hunting-
canoes made from tree trunks that they got from b) They were gathering –
their environment to use in the swamp. c)They practiced farming – They practices
b) They practiced fishing – Their environment had small scale pastoral farming due to available
perennial rivers so they were able to catch fish. tsetse fly and predators in the area.
c) Built shelter using reeds - they used reeds that d) They used canoes for transport-
grew in the swamps and rivers as building e) They practiced fishing – in the chobe
materials. river
d) They practiced basketry- they used reeds that f) Built shelter using reeds –
grew in the swamps and rivers to make baskets g) They practiced basketry-
and mats h) They practiced wood carving-
e) They were gathering – They gathered water-lilies,
reeds that were found in their environment to Analyse any two socio-economic factors that lead to
supplement their diet. an unsustainable environment
f) They were Hunting- They hunted animals such as
hippopotamus that were found in their environment to a) Impact of Poverty/ Unemployment –Poor
supplement their diet. people have no means of survival and therefore
g) They practiced farming – They practices small they depend on the natural resources on the
scale pastoral farming due to available tsetse fly and environment such as vegetation, etc. to make a
predators in the area. Due to available fertile alluvial living. E.g. some cut down trees to make
soils, people also grew crops. firewood and sell to make money. This results in
h) They practiced wood carving- this was enabled over exploitation of such resources leading to
by the availability of hardwood in the area. desertification and soil erosion.
b) Lack of Environmental awareness – Some
people lack education & knowledge on the need

8
 to conserve the environment. They therefore -Ploughing across the
over hunt animals to get food. This leads to a slope
decline/depletion of wild animals
c) Use of Pit-latrines: -Keeping the correct
d) Desire for wealth: stocking rate
e) Impact of HIV & AIDS:

(EQ)Explain any two major environmental

problems in Botswana and ways of solving them Analyse any two role of indigenous knowledge
systems (iks) in the management of natural
Environ Problem Solution resources in Botswana:

Pollution -Use of public -Use of taboos(meila)taboos (meila):e.g. people did

education not hunt certain animals because of certain beliefs.e.g.
Batswana never hunted owls because they were said to
-Use of laws be used by witch people. This belief protected the owls
from extinction and made them to multiply.
-Recycling and reusing
-Careful gathering of veld products: The san people
waste
collected infertile ostrich eggs. This ensured that
- Create landfills ostriches multiplied. When cutting plants to go and
made medicines, they did not cut down the roots. This
Deforestation/Woodland - Use of public ensured that plants continue to reproduce.
depletion education -Drying of food: Food grains like maize were dried,
meat was dried in to biltongs. This ensured that food
-Use of laws continued to be available for future use.
-Use of environmentally
-Certain trees were never cut for firewood
friendly technologies.e. g e.g.mosetlha
gas instead of fire wood (EQ) Discuss any two factors affecting water
resources in Botswana:
- Practice afforestation
a) Low rainfall – Botswana receives little
Overgrazed lands -Keeping the correct rainfall so it takes long for dams to fill up.
stocking rate Low rainfall leads to drought and shortage of
surface water.
-Dividing grazing land b) Pollution of underground water– this is a
in to paddocks result of use of pit-latrines. Polluted water is
unsafe for people to drink it. Water is
-Buying supplementary
polluted through poor waste management and
feeds for your animals
use of pit latrines. Polluted water is useless to
Desertification -Keeping the correct people.
stocking rate c) Sandy soils – Botswana’s soils have poor
water holding capacity so water quickly runs
- Practice afforestation off.
d) Seasonal rainfall
-Public education e) –Drought – Botswana often experiences
drought so water sources dry up.
Soil erosion - Practice afforestation f) High temperature –
g) Pollution of underground water– this is a
-Public education
result of use of pit-latrines.

9
 (EQ) Explain any 2 water conservation over family property. This denies the woman the right
practices in Botswana to accumulate own wealth and to have control over
family property.
1. Using water restriction measures-e.g. not - Customary marriage deny women the right to
allowing people to water their gardens with make decisions: Women were excluded from
clean water. However, insufficient decision making processes. The husband made all
monitoring mechanisms have led to clean decisions concerning the family. This denies the
water being used for purposes not allowed. woman her right to contribute in the decision making
process in matters affecting the family.
2. Recycling of water- e.g. watering gardens - Customary marriage deny women the right to
with dirty water and construction of water good health: Polygamous marriages compromised the
treatment plant. However, water treatment health of married women. This makes women to be
plants/recycling systems are expensive to exposed to Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI’s).
install. - Customary marriage deny women the right to
3. Installation of water tanks: custody of children – Children belong to the
4. Educating people about water husband’s family.
Conservation: - Customary marriage deny women the right to
5. Increasing water tariffs/Charges:- i choose to marry in community or out of community
6. Water is conserved through the construction of of property:
dams/ wells/ sinking boreholes-
7. Dry gardening techniques:eg. Using stones b) Civil Marriage
and pottery to decorate gardens
The Implications / effects of civil
FAMILY IN BOTSWANA: marriages on the rights and
responsibilities of married couples:
Explain any two importance of marriage:
Rights
 Marriage makes the relationship between a  Both the man and woman are allowed to
man and a woman official and legal. It gives marry only one spouse: Both husband and
the couple a lifetime commitment to begin wife are accountable to their spouses. This
their own family. gives them the right to claim their conjugal
 Marriage gives the husband and wife certain rights to each other.
rights and responsibilities towards each other  The husband and wife are both heads of their
– married people give each other conjugal family: They consult each other and have to
rights. give consent (permission) before any
 Marriage gives the husband and wife special decisions can be made about a family
rights in their communities’ e.g. only married property. That protects the rights of the
people can attend traditional marriage couple over their family property.
ceremonies (patlo).  Couples can choose to marry ‘in community
 Marriage creates new family relationships: of property’ or ‘out of community of
TYPES OF MARRIAGES IN BOTSWANA: property’.
 When the couple divorce, custody of children
a) Customary marriage
is decided by the court of law.
(EQ) Evaluate any 2 implications/effects of
customary marriage on the rights of married c) Religious marriage
women in Botswana The Implications / effects of religious
marriages on the rights and responsibilities of
-Customary marriage deny women the right to own married couples:
family property: Only men owned and had control Rights in religious marriages

10
  Religions like Islam, ATR, allow a man to  Training children in to undertaking adult
marry more than one wife. Some religion duties. E.g. men trains boys to milk cows
allows only one partner e.g. Christianity.  Parents should provide for their children e.g.
Where religious marriage allows polygamous food and clothing.
marriage, this can expose women to Sexually  Men take care of livestock and women take
Transmitted Infections (STI’s). care of crops at the land
Discuss any two rights of family members:
 Marital Power: Some religions give the -The tight to own property:
husband the right to be the head of the family -The right to participate in decision making:
and to manage family resources. He makes all Assess any two challenges facing families in
decisions concerning the family and the wife Botswana and ways of addressing them:
is expected to be completely submissive to
the husband. This denies the woman her right CHALLENGES WAYS OF
to contribute in the decision making process FACING THE ADDRESING THEM
in matters affecting the family. FAMILY

HIV/Aids -People should be

 Some religions discourage divorce. Men
encouraged to go for
and Women are not expected to divorce their
HIV Testing
partners.
Discuss any three factors that influence family sizes Poverty and -People should generate
in Botswana unemployment money through self-
 Family planning services – Because of the employment and also
use of contraceptives such as the pill and apply for poverty
condoms families have fewer children. eradication programmes
However, due to lack of knowledge and e.g. LIMID
accessibility to family planning services
some families fail to control their size. Divorce -Couples should go for
 Education –Women who take more years in marriage counselling
furthering their education tend to delay child before marriage
bearing.
 Cultural customs – Some cultures still Domestic -Family members
practice polygamy. So such families usually violence/Gender based should go for
have a larger number of children. violence counselling
 Early parenthood –
Etc.
 HIV / AIDS-
 Government legislations – the country’s law (EQ) Discuss any two role of the family in
on maternity leave discourages families from conserving natural resources:
having many children. (EQ)How families conserve vegetation:
etc. -Plant trees
(EQ)Discuss any two roles/ responsibilities -Keeping the correct stalking rate
of family members  (EQ)How families conserve water
 Married men and women all take part in -Harvesting rain water from roof tops e.g. erecting
important family matters e.g. family jojo tanks
negotiations -Re-using dirty water for watering gardens
 Managing family property: e.g. men take care -Using dry gardening techniques e.g using plastic
of cattle’s and women take care of house- flowers rather than natural flowers that need
hold property water
(EQ)How families conserve soil:

11
 -By using crop rotation in order to maintain soil  They took care of the girl child during
fertility confinement period.
-Keeping the correct stalking rate  They supervised the initiation school for
-Planting trees around homes to control soil girls.
erosion.
-Use natural manures for crops e.g. using plants (EQ)Discuss any two changes in the roles of men
wastes to make compost heap and women
-Collect litter
GENDER ISSUES:  They are both heads of their families. They
Gender is the social and cultural roles, both contribute to the decision making and
characteristics and values given to males and welfare of the family. This has proven to
females by society. increase wealth of the family.
Gender equality is the idea that males and females  Women now hold positions of authority in
should be treated in exactly the same way. the society e.g. chiefs. This has enable
Gender equity is treating males and females in women to advocate for their rights fully
ways that are fair to each in a given situation.  Men also do household chores.
Explain any two importance of gender equity:
(EQ)Discuss any two Cultural practices that
 It enables males and females to benefit from
discriminate against men
opportunities, resources and developments in
their countries fairly. E.g. by allowing them  Payment of bride price - When a man marries
to study courses of their own choice and he has to pay bride-price (bogadi) but a
being given land woman does not. This discriminated against
 It ensures political rights and fairness for both men as those who could not afford to pay
women and men. E.g. women are also bride-price could not marry.
enjoying leadership positions.  Payment of damage- men were supposed to
 Helps men and women to value each other as pay for impregnating a woman before
human beings. This encourages them to marriage. This discriminated against men as
respect and support each other in a given the decision was consensual
situation.  Confinement after child-birth - A man was
(EQ) Explain any 2 traditional roles of men in not allowed to enter the confinement room
a traditional society: after child birth.
 They were the heads of their families: They (EQ)Discuss any two Cultural practices that
made all decisions concerning the family discriminate against women.
matters. This denied women the opportunity  The practice of polygamy - Men are allowed
to take part in the decision making. to marry more than one wife but women are
 They represented and negotiated on behalf of not. This put the woman at a risk of
their families especially during weddings. contracting sexual diseases.
 They owned and took care of the family  Excluding women from holding certain
cattle. leadership positions: Women were not
 They supervised the initiation school for allowed to be chiefs. This denied them full
boys. participation in decision making.
 A woman has no right to claim maintenance
(EQ) Explain any 2 roles and status of women
from the father of the child if the child is born
in a traditional society
out of marriage.
 Took care of household chores like cleaning,  Wearing of special mourning clothes during
cooking etc. bereavement when the husband has died.
 Planted and harvested the crops. (EQ) Outline any 2 ways in which men and women
have been empowered/ (EQ)Evaluate attempts

12
made to promote gender equity in Botswana / -Empowering men and women through public
Suggest any two ways of empowering men and education so that they can know where and when to
women: get help
-Provide counselling to victims to allow them to deal
-Educating the public on gender issues: The
with violence
government raise public awareness on gender issues
-Promotion of gender equality by giving both males
through workshops. However, this education is limited
in rural areas. and females equal opportunities

-Changing of laws: The government has tried to THE ORIGINS OF HUMANS:

remove laws that discriminate both genders. However, Pre-history – is the period before people started
failure to implement this laws make other gender to be writing.
vulnerable. History- It is a period when people first
developed writing and started creating written
-Males and females are given equal access to documents.
opportunities e.g. land, education, jobs. Discuss any two sources of historical
information:
-Establishing gender affairs department:
-Material remains / artefacts
Etc.
These are things that Historians use to learn about the
(EQ)Describe any two forms of gender based past. They can include artefacts and pottery. However,
violence some artefact used by people in the past no longer exist
because they got rotten and there is no evidence about
-Physical violence – This is about causing pain and
them.
injury to the body e.g. beating etc.
-Sexual violence - This is about forcing a person into -Oral traditions
any sexual or persistent unwanted sexual attention e.g.
rape These are stories about the past that are passed from
-Mental/ emotional violence – damaging another one generation to the next by word of mouth.
person’s self-esteem and self-confidence e.g. being Researchers usually get this information by
constantly humiliated and insulted. interviewing old people. It enables the researcher to
Describe any two causes of gender based violence get first-hand information from eye witnesses. Hoe
ever information can be distorted as people can give
-Unfaithfulness in relationships – this causes conflicts information that favours them
among couples due to lack of trust
-Lack of proper guidance and non – violent mentors in -Documentary sources
upbringing of children: Some children are brought up
from violent families and this influence their These include written information, photographs and
behaviour films about events that took place in the past.
-Unequal access to resources such as land and However, some records may be may be destroyed and
education: sometimes writes can state their opinions as facts and
-Socialization – In some societies men are made to also files can be misplaced.
believe that women cannot challenge them.
(EQ) Describe the origins of humans under the
-Low self-esteem/ bitterness/ pride/ inferiority
following sub-headings:
complex
(EQ) Describe any two ways of solving gender -Theory of evolution: or The Charles Darwin’s
based violence: scientific theory of evolution:
-Changing policies/laws: Introducing strict measures -Human beings are believed to have evolved from
against perpetrators hominids

13
-The hominids developed certain characteristics as -Adam was put to sleep and a rib was taken from him
influenced by the changes in the physical environment to create Eve as Adams wife
in order to adapt to the environmental changes -They were told to multiply and to fill the earth
Cultural beliefs of Origins of other tribes:
-The earliest stage was the Australopithecus and they
evolved in to Homo-habilis, who also evolved in to the -Basarwa: The Basarwa believe that on supernatural
Homo-erectus. The Homo-erectus then evolved in to being called Huwe
the Homo-sapiens who are the ancestors of modern
humans. -Bakalanga; They say that Ngwale was their creator.
-Batswana: They believe their first ancestor was a
-Biblical theory of creation: man called Matsieng.

-God created the first man called Adam from the soil
-He blew the breath of life through his nostrils and
Adam came to life

(EQ) Outline/Describe any four characteristics of the

early stone age technology.
(eq) Explain 2 ways in which the physical
development/characteristics of the -Tools were heavy in weight: e.g. the core and
australopithecus has influenced its activities or how olduwan tools made by the homo habilis
their characteristics enabled them to survive in their -Tools were blunt
environment -Tools had two edges for cutting/bi-facial. E.g. the
acheulian tools made by the homo erectus
-They had long toes, long and strong arms, short -Tools were crude/simple
legs:This enabled them to cling to easily cling to tree -Tools were large in size
branches for protection against predators and to Which process/method was used to make tools in
gather/harvest fruits from trees for food. the early stone age period: Trimming. (Hitting a small
-They had strong large flat-topped teeth and jaws:The piece of stone with a larger one)
strong teeth helped them to grind hard food to
swallow and to hunt small animals. A picture of Oldowan tools:
-They walked on two legs: This enabled them to
gather fruits from trees and to see predators from a
distance. They walked more upright
(EQ) Outline/Describe any four characteristics of the
-They had low foreheads and a sloping brow which
middle stone age technology.
were mechanisms to guard against predators
-They were short and had less weight. This enabled -Tools were lighter: e.g the flake-blade tools which
them to walk long distances and to run fast away from were made by the homo sapiens
predators -Tools were a bit finer
(EQ) Explain how physical characteristics of the -Tools were small/thinner. E.g. flake tools
homonids enabled them to adapt to their climatic Which process/method was used to make tools in
conditions: the middle stone age: Chipping (Knocking off large
flakes from a core stone using a bone or a piece of
-They had a hairy body to protect them from cold
wood as a hummer)
-
TECHNOLOGICAL STAGE OF STONE AGE PERIOD: (EQ) Outline/Describe any four characteristics of the
late stone age technology.

14
-Tools were lighter e.g. the microlith tools made by (EQ) Using two examples explain the differences
the homo sapiens between the early Stone Age and the late stone age
tools
-Tools were sharp.e. g spears and knifes
-In the early stone age Tools were heavy in weight e.g
-Tools were small the core and olduwan tools while in the late stone age
tools were more lighter e.g the microlith tools
Which process/method was used to make tools in
-In the early stone age tools were blunt while in the
the late stone age: Chipping
late stone age tools were sharp.e. g spears and knifes
-In the early stone age period tool were large in size
while in the late stone age period tools were small

15
Physical characteristics of Australopithecus: The method used is called smelting. The iron
ore is crushed and mixed with charcoal. The
-They walked on two legs but with a forward stoop mixture is heated in a clay furnace (heater). This
(bend) to see predators from afar. is done until a chunk of iron is produced. The
-Had strong teeth to grind meat heated piece of iron is hammered into the type
-Had big toe-like thumb that enabled them to climb of tool desired. Examples of tools made are hoe
trees heads, spears, blades that were used for
Physical characteristics of Homo habilis: cultivating the land, axes, knives, spears etc.

-They walked on two legs with a stoop to see Way of life of people in the early and the late
predators from afar, and to use upper limbs for other stone age period
tasks.
-They had a larger skull and brain than Explain the economic activities practiced by Iron
Australopithecine that enabled them to: age people:
make tools known as oldowan tools and manipulate -Cultivation of crops/Arable farming: This was
objects with precision. made possible by the invention of iron hoes
Way of life of homo erectus: -Pastoral farming: Kept livestock such as goats
-To live in the caves and near rivers. -Traded: People exchanged iron tools for livestock
-They were the first hominids to make and use fire and animal products and food grains
to cook food and keep warm.
-Make tools with precision (tools for a specific -Occupation: Men hunted and made iron tools while
purpose) called Acheulian tools women took care of crops
Physical characteristics of Homo sapiens: -They made pottery for selling and for domestic use
-They walked upright to see afar and to walk faster (EQ) Discuss two differences between the
-Had a larger brain than Homo erectus technological development of the Stone Age and
The Iron Age Technology the iron age periods.

This was the period when people mined and used -People in the Stone Age used stones and wood to
iron or metal to make tools. The Bantu speaking make tools. e.g the grindstones which was used to
people are believed to be the ones who introduced grind seeds while people in the iron age used iron
and wood to make tools
this technology in Southern Africa.
- People in the Stone Age hunted with bows and
Early Iron Age - During the Early Iron Age period arrows while people in the Iron Age hunted with
pottery was made. The pottery made was thick, and iron spears
not well fired hence not hardened. E.g. Gokomore, -People in the Stone Age stored water in ostrich
Broad Hurst, Tloutswemogala. egg shells while people in the Iron Age stored
water in clay pots
Late Iron age- the pottery made was thinner than -People in the Stone Age used branches of trees to
that of early Iron Age and well fired and hardened.
make shelter and also slept in caves while people
The pattern around the mouth of the pot was neat.
in the Iron Age built permanent homes with mud
The pots were painted or polished in red or black.
and tree branches
E.g. Great Zimbabwe.
EARLY CIVILISATIONS

Mesopotamia is a low lying area between Tigris and soils that enabled them to grow crops. The water in
Euphrates rivers. Mesopotamia is located North- the river enabled them to practice irrigation. They
west of the Persian Gulf and on the East is the transported water to their fields through canals and
Zagros Mountain.. ditches
-Fishing- they caught fish in the Tigris and
Discuss any 2 the economic activities which were Euphrates rivers.
practiced by the Mesopotamians:
-Trade: They battered goods like barley with their
-Practiced farming –They were mixed farmers. neighbours for timber and minerals.
The Tigris and Euphrates rivers deposited fertile

16
-Mining: They mined gold and smelted it to make Settlements:
home ornaments Similarities
-People in Mesopotamia lived in cities just like
-Transport: They used ox pulled carts on roads to people in the modern world.
transport goods and they used boats to travel along -People in Mesopotamia lived near rivers just like
rivers. people in the modern world.

Discuss the political ways of life:

Differences
-Government/Leadership/Administration: Head
of government was a king. He ruled with the help of -In Ancient Mesopotamia cities were surrounded by
priests who were responsible for distributing land. wall and moat while modern cities are not walled.
The king was responsible for leading the military,
administering trade, presiding over disputes and -In Ancient Mesopotamia people lived in cities
supervising religious ceremonies. while people in the modern world people live in
cities, towns and villages.
-Establishment of Laws – the king made all the
laws with the help of his advisors. Every city state -In Ancient Mesopotamia cities were smaller while
had its own laws. King Hammurabi of Babylon cities in the modern world are bigger.
wrote all the 282 laws dealing with matters like tax,
marriage, crime etc. laws were compiled in a -In Ancient Mesopotamia people lived in city-states
document called a code of Hammurabi. while in the modern world people live in countries
or nation states.
-City states- people were citizens of city states, each
city had its own laws. Government

(QE) Using 2 examples explain the technological Similarities

developments of Mesopotamia
-In ancient Mesopotamia people were ruled by kings
-Writing – Their form of writing was known as just like people in the modern world
cuneiform. They used pictures to represent different
-In ancient Mesopotamia they had written laws just
words. They wrote on wet clay tablets. This enabled
like people in the modern world
them to keep permanent records. It was difficult to
draw pictures on wet clay tablets therefore the -In ancient Mesopotamia people were governed by
writing was simplified to use wedge shaped lines. written laws and those who break the law were
punished just like people in the modern world
-The wheel – The wheel was made from wood.
They used it to transport heavy goods. Sometimes -In ancient Mesopotamia people had rights to own
donkeys were used to pull it. property just like people in the modern world
-Seeder plough – It enabled farmers to plough and Differences
plant at the same time. This enabled farmer to save
time and to plough larger fields producing more -In Ancient Mesopotamia city states were ruled by
food. kings who were believed to be gods while modern
world leaders are elected and are not believed to be
-Irrigation – Farmers dug ditches or canals from gods.
rivers across their fields to water their crops. These
rivers sometimes flooded so they built dykes or -In Ancient Mesopotamia there were independent
weirs (barriers) to avoid this problem. state with each having its own laws while modern
world the county’s laws are used by all people.

Technology:
Compare and contrast early Mesopotamian
technology, settlement and government with Similarities
those of modern times:

17
  In Ancient Mesopotamia were able to read  In Ancient Mesopotamia used the plough
and write just like people of the modern just like people of the modern world
world  In Ancient Mesopotamia used the wheel
 In Ancient Mesopotamia people irrigated just like people of the modern world
their crops used just like people of the
modern world
Differences  In Ancient Mesopotamia they used
wooden wheel while in the modern world
 In Ancient Mesopotamia they used weirs they use metal and rubber wheel.
and dykes for irrigation while in the  In Ancient Mesopotamia they used mud
modern world they use sprinklers and drip and clay as building material while in the
feed. modern world they use steel and cement.
 In Ancient Mesopotamia they used the  In Ancient Mesopotamia they wrote on
wooden plough while in the modern world clay tablets using stylus while in the
they use iron disc plough. modern world they write on paper using
 In Ancient Mesopotamia they used form ink pens.
of writing called cuneiform while in the (EQ) Compare/show the differences between any
modern world they use letters of the 3 ancient Mesopotamian technologies with
alphabet. modern day technologies.
EARLY CIVILIZATION IN EGYPT

The Social way of life of people of ancient Egypt  Pyramid – it was built using heavy blocks
of stones. The mummified bodies were
 They belonged to different social kept in the pyramids
classes. The classes were upper class
(king, queen and nobles), middle class Discuss the economic ways of Life/Activities:
(soldiers, scribes, and traders), lower class
(peasant farmers, servants) and slaves.  Farming – Farming took place along the
People were able to move from one class banks of the Nile River as it deposited
to another. fertile soils that enabled them to grow
 They were religious people– They crops. They used wooden ploughs which
believed in many gods. A statue of the god were pulled by cows. Used sickles for
or goddess was kept in the temple and was harvesting.
cared for by the priest and priestesses.  Trading – They bartered with their
They believed in life after death hence neighbours for iron and silver. This
they mummified bodies of the dead. enabled them to acquire goods not
 They married. People married within available locally. Later, they began to use
their social classes. The husband was the silver pieces to pay for goods.
head of the family.  Hunting and gathering –
 Education – Only boys and a few girls  Payment of tax – All farmers paid tax in
from the upper class attended school. the form of grain to the Pharaoh.
People who could write were called  Transport: Boats were used for
scribes and were highly respected. Other transporting goods.
classes were denied the opportunity to go Political ways of life/ governance
to school.
(EQ) Describe any two of the major features of
 Mummification –Egyptians preserved
the early Egyptian form of government:
dead bodies by drying them. The body
was preserved in order to keep it in good  Leadership- the ancient Egyptians were
condition as they believed in life after led by a Pharaoh who was a divine ruler.
death. They removed all internal organs
Leadership was hereditary. The Pharaoh
including the brain.

18
 had absolute powers. He controlled the  In ancient Egypt they used simple
military, administration and religion. technology while in the modern world
 Making of laws – the Pharaoh made all they use complex technology.
the laws with the help of his advisors. All  In Ancient Egypt they used mud and stone
the people obeyed these laws. Those that as building material while in the modern
broke the law were punished through world they use steel and cement.
death or fines.  In ancient Egypt they mummified the
dead bodies while in the modern world
The Administration they freeze the dead body in mortuaries.
The senior officials of the administration were the  In ancient Egypt they used stylus to write
viziers or chief ministers. Their duty was to while in the modern world they use pens
supervise district governors, ensure that canals were to write.
dug and settle disputes.
Similarities
Discuss the Technological Development in Egypt:
-In Ancient Egypt were able to read and write just
(QE) Using 2 examples explain the technological like people of the modern world
developments of Egypt
-In Ancient Egypt people irrigated their crops used
-Writing –Their form of writing was known as just like people of the modern world
hieroglyphics. This type of writing used pictures to
-In Ancient Egypt people wrote on paper just like
represent objects, ideas or sounds. They wrote on
people of the modern world
scrolls made from the papyrus reeds. They wrote by
dipping the stylus on ink made from special plants. -In Ancient Egypt used ox-drawn ploughs just like
people of the modern world
-The Plough – They ploughed using a light wooden
plough which was pulled by oxen. Settlements

-The shaduf – this was used to draw water from the Similarities
river when the water level was down. Water was
then poured it into a canal next to the river at the -People in Egypt lived in villages and cities just like
edge of the field. The crops were irrigated this way. people in the modern world.
-People in Egypt lived near rivers just like people in
-Irrigation – Farmers dug small canals to carry the modern world.
water from the Nile River to small ponds into their
fields. Differences
-In Ancient Egypt most people lived in villages and
COMPARISONS OF EGYPT WITH THE
few people lived in cities while modern world most
MODERN WORLD:
people live in cities and towns and few in villages.
(EQ) Discuss any 3 technological differences
Government
between ancient Egypt and the modern world.
Technology Similarities
Differences
-In Ancient Egypt they used shaduf to draw water -In ancient Egypt people were ruled by a king just
for irrigation while in the modern world they use like people in the modern world
sprinklers and drip feed.
-In ancient Egypt people were governed by written
-In Ancient Egypt wooden plough while in the and those who break the law were punished just like
modern world they use iron disc plough. people in the modern world

-In Ancient Egypt they used form of writing called -In ancient Egypt there was formalised structure of
Hieroglyphics while in the modern world they use government just like people in the modern world
letters of the alphabet.

19
-In ancient Egypt senior government officials were modern world senior government officials are
appointed by the leader just like in the modern appointed based on their qualification.
world. -In Ancient Egypt legal disputes were settled by the
viziers while in the modern world they are settled by
Differences courts of laws.
-In Ancient Egypt leadership was hereditary while -In Ancient Egypt laws were made by Pharaohs
in the modern world most leaders are elected. while in the modern world laws are made through
-In Ancient Egypt the position of senior government the parliament.
officials was inherited by their sons while in the THE ORIGINS OF THE NATION:

COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE (EQ) Discuss any 2 factors that led to the
LIFESTYLE OF THE SAN AND THE KHOE migration of the Bantu speaking people in to
AROUND 1800 Southern Africa
 The Bantu speaking people moved due to
SIMILARITIES pests and disease. The Bantu depended
1. They were both nomadic mainly on agriculture therefore they moved
2. They both lived in temporary shelter to protect their livestock from tsetse fly
3. They were both hunter gathers which caused sleeping sickness (nagana)
4. They both wore animal skin to protect for both people and livestock. This enabled
themselves from harsh weather them to have a large herd of cattle as the
new environment was conducive.
(EQ) Explain any 3 Differences between the ways  The need for fertile land: The Bantu were
of life of the San and the Khoe mixed farmers and needed fertile soils to
1. The Khoe had chiefs while the San leader produce better crop yields. However, at
times they met resistance from other
was chosen based on a certain skill e.g. fire
communities as they moved in to look for
making skills areas to settle and this often triggered wars.
2. The Khoe kept livestock while the San only  Internal conflicts: People were fighting
over chieftaincy forcing other people to
kept hunting dogs
flee with their leaders.
3. The Khoe lived in larger groups while the  Increase in population: the increase forced
San lived in small bands. people to move in search of new land to
4. The Khoe built their houses using poles and settle and sources of food.
 Harsh climatic conditions/Drought:
woven mats while the San used grass and
tree branches found in the environment.

Describe 2 ways that show the interaction of the

Bantu speaking people with the Khoesan around
1800:

 Their languages influenced each other -  Traded with each other – exchanged iron
Cultural exchanges resulted in both groups objects for (and get) animal skins and ostrich
borrowing words from each other. However, the egg shell beads.
Bantu language became dominant over the
Way of life/economic activities of the bantu
Khoisan language.
(sotho-tswana, the nguni, and the shona):
 Intermarriages – Bantu speaking men married
Discuss the way of life of Southern Bantu before
Khoisan women. As a result, new societies were
contact with the Europeans:
created e.g. Sotho-Tswana. Most of these
marriages were forced and those who refused 1. They practiced mixed farming – They grew
fled into the drier areas of the Kalahari Desert. crops such as beans and sorghum and kept
livestock like cattle and goats.

20
2. The practiced hunting and gathering – They 5. They had political leaders-they were led by
hunted animals like hares for their families; chiefs and headmen and the position of
bigger animals were hunted with the permission chieftainship was hereditary
from the chief. 6. The chief was responsible for the welfare of the
3. They mined and smelted iron – They used iron people, making laws, settling major disputes
to make tools E.g. spears and knives. and for defending them.
4. Traded with neighbouring groups – They 7. They ruled with the assistance of the headman
practiced barter trading (exchanging goods for and they consulted them before making
others). important decisions.
Political ways of Life

-Make government policies and implement them.

-Make the annual financial budget.
Source: Diamond S / studies book 1 -Propose new laws, amendments of old laws or
changes to the constitution.
GOVERNANCE IN BOTSWANA
-Maintain peace and order in the country.
Botswana has three main branches of government;
these are the Legislature, Executive and the THE JUDICIARY
Judiciary.
Composition of the Judiciary
LEGISLATURE
It is made up of Court of appeal, High court,
Composition of the Legislature Magistrate courts, Industrial courts, Juvenile courts,
Customary courts and Land tribunals
-National assembly; president, vice president,
elected members of parliament, specially elected Duties of the Judiciary
members of parliament, attorney general (legal
-They hear criminal cases.
advisor), speaker of the national assembly and
-Interpret the Constitution.
deputy speaker of the national assembly.
-Interpret the laws passed by parliament.
-Ntlo ya dikgosi -Settle civil cases E.g. adoption and divorce.
The system of checks and balance in Botswana’s
Duties/functions of the Legislature Constitution
ii. Explain any 2 checks and balances outlined in
-Pass new laws, change existing laws and make new the constitution
laws. (EQ) Using 2 examples discuss the challenges
facing the legislature in its effort to promote good
-Discuss government policies.
governance in Botswana OR Explain how the
-Approve the government National Development executive checks and balances the powers of the
Plans. legislature

-Approve the annual budget. -Limitation on the implementation of laws: The

legislature can agree on a certain bill to become law,
-Give the government permission to borrow money but if the presidents do not sign the bill it cannot
from other countries become law. This prevent the legislature to
effectively help to amend the laws of the country.
EXECUTIVE
-The president has the powers to appoint all
Composition of the executive senior government officials: All senior officials in
oversight bodies like DCEC,DIS,IEC are appointed
It’s made of the President, then the Vice president, by the president. This makes it difficult for
then the Ministers and Assistant ministers and the parliament to hold accountable underperforming
public service officers because they are supervised under office of
the president.
Duties of the Executive

21
-The legislature gets the permission from the -If judiciary declares a law unconstitutional,
president(executive) for introducing or amending Parliament can change the constitution instead of
bills meant for dealing with tax changing laws so that the constitution is not violated.

Explain how the legislature can check and -Parliament can make laws that control the judiciary
balances powers of the executive:
Explain how the executive Checks and balances
-Can pass a vote of no confidence on the sitting powers of the judiciary:
president if the president is deemed incapable.
-Approve the national development budget and -The president has the power to appoint the chief
plans proposed by the executive. judge and judges
-Approves government policies proposed by the
-The president has the power to reduce or suspend
executive.
or punish, forgive or free anyone convicted by a
-Amends laws proposed by the executive
court of law. This is known as the Prerogative of
-Approves the President’s salary and allowances
Mercy.
proposed by the executive
-Checks the conduct, effectiveness and efficiency of The purpose of law:
cabinet through parliament accounts committee.
Explain how the judiciary checks and balances -Promotes justice and prevents injustice: The use of
powers of the Legislature: police, courts of law and prison system are used to
-The High Court and Court of Appeal have the enforce law.
power to declare laws passed by the National
Assembly unconstitutional. -Maintain peace and order: This is done by stating
Explain any 2 ways in which the judiciary checks what is acceptable and not acceptable. Those who
and balances the powers of the executive. break the laws are punished.
-The executive cannot remove judges of the court
-Protect the rights of all people equally- ensures that
of appeal and the high court simply because they protection of peoples right outlined in the
do not like their judgments: Judges can only be constitution are upheld.
removed after a tribunal recommends it. This
prevents the executive from interfering with the The structures of the central and the local
work of the judiciary. government:
Explain how the legislature Checks and
balances powers of the judiciary:

(EQ) Explain the differences between the -Government at local level collect refuse while
responsibilities of the local government and the government at the national level provides public
central government: services such as water
-Government at Local level provides minor
infrastructure and services such as construction of Discuss the importance of any two national
minor/local roads, building and maintaining clinics principles of Botswana
and feeding primary schools while government at
the Central/national level builds major infrastructure Self-reliance
such as major roads, hospitals, airports power -Government spends less money supporting citizens.
supply, communication systems etc.
Citizens are independent and assist the government by
- Government at local level prepare district
development plans in relation to national starting companies and employing fellow citizens.
development plans while government at This enhances development in the country. It allows
central/national level prepares the national the government to concentrate on developing the
development plans and the national budget country. People are able to take care of themselves so
-The local government makes by-laws while the the government does not have to spend money on
government at the national level makes and enforce them.
the law.

22
 -It reduces dependence on imports. Therefore, the -It enables the country to be competitive. The GDP
country can become self-sufficient in the production goes up and the country can produce goods and sell
of goods and services. This reduces reliance on to other countries.
exports and saves money for the country.
-It enables people to control their future. This
ensures that they take decisions that are best for
Botho
themselves and their communities.
Democracy -It promotes social harmony. People are treated with
respect and dignity. People feel that they are valued
-It promotes the respect for human rights and
and respected. This encourages peace, tolerance and
freedom. People will be allowed to enjoy their
cooperation in the country.
rights. The rights are listed in the constitution and
have to be protected. The law enforcers charge
people who violate people’s rights. Characteristics / forms of government:
-It allows people to choose the political leaders of
Democracy
their choice. Most democratic countries are peaceful
as leaders are not imposed on people. This promotes
peace. -Citizens elect the leaders that they want and
elections are fair and free.
-Leaders are answerable to their people. Elected
members are expected to act and deliver on their -Government makes decision in an open and
promises. A national referendum is held where need. transparent way.
If political leaders do not fulfil their promises they
can be removed. -There is no abuse of power as there is a system of
checks and balances.

Unity -The government consults the people through a

-It encourages citizens to place the interests of their referendum.
country ahead of their own. People have to
forfeit their rights for the larger good of the -Human rights are respected so people are treated
nation. The country then remains peaceful as fairly and justly
people who that the nation benefits.
-There is rule of law.
-It enables people to be tolerant on one another.
People respect other people’s views and opinions.
Dictatorship
-It promotes cooperation. Where there is unity  Citizens do not elect the leaders that
people are willing to help each other and work they want and elections are not fair
together for the common good. This brings peace and free.
within the nation and to improve other.  Government does not make decision
in an open and transparent way.
Development  There is abuse of power as there is no
system of checks and balances.
-It enables people’s living standards to be improved.
 The government does not consult the
This enables people to have better living standards.
people when making decisions.
-Since people have access to better health they live  Human rights are not respected so
healthier. The mortality rate in the country has gone people are not treated fairly.
down since health care has improved. People in rural Monarchy
areas also have access to good health as government
Types of monarchies
has made development across the country.
-Absolute monarchy – The king or queen has total
control over the government or his or her people.

23
-Constitutional monarchy – The king or queen a king/ Queen (Monarch) and
shares power with political leaders elected by the prime minister.
people. The monarch is the Head of state while the
elected members run the government. -In a democracy leaders are elected while in a
constitutional Monarchy the position of the monarch
is hereditary.

Characteristics of Monarchy Which 2 countries are practicing Constitutional

monarchy: Lesotho and Britain
-A king or queen is leads the government.
Compare and contrast democracy and
-The position of king or queen is hereditary. absolute monarchy
Similarities:
 They both have consultation with people
Comparing democracy with dictatorship
Similarities
(EQ) Explain three ways in which Democracy
-They are both headed by a leader differs from Monarchy(Absolute
monarchy).
 In a democracy there are regular elections
Differences while in an absolute monarchy there are no
elections but the ruler rules for a lifetime
-In a Democracy there is practice of multi-party
 In a democracy major decisions are made
political system while in dictatorship there are no
by elected representatives while in an
political parties and no opposition allowed.
absolute monarchy decisions are made by
-In Democracy the rule of law is observed while the royal family
dictatorship it lacks rule of law and people are ruled  In a democracy is headed by a president
by decree while in an absolute monarchy they are
headed by a monarch (king/ queen)
-In a Democracy the country is led by an elected
president while in dictatorship the country is led by Etc.
a dictator. etc
KAGISANO

Kagisano means social harmony and peace.

Compare and contrast democracy and
constitutional monarchy (EQ) Explain any 2 modern ways of promoting
Similarities kagisano in the society

-They both have rule of law -Formation of society groups/associations. e.g burial
societies
-They both have regular elections
-Formation of organisations:e.g political
-They both respect human rights movements/parties
-Formation of committees:e.g PTA,
-They both have political parties Twantshoborukhutlhi etc
(EQ) Explain 2 ways of promoting Kagisano in a
-They both have elected political leaders community

 Encouraging people to respect one another.

Difference This involves people treating each other
 In a democracy there is one head with dignity and courtesy.
of state being the president while  Respecting rights of people. For example,
in a constitutional Monarchy allowing freedom of speech and the right to
there are two heads of state being participate in community meetings and
discussions.

24
-Solving conflicts peacefully. This is done through The resources that a country can use to create wealth
negotiations and dialogue. are water, land, wildlife, minerals, fish etc.
-Sharing natural resources fairly in the community. Sectors of production:
e.g. arable land and water
-Encouraging tolerance among people. Accepting a) Primary Sector – This sector of
each others differences E.g. religion production involves removing/ extract raw
materials from natural resources in our
Ethnic Identity: environment. For example, fishing,
This is a sense of belonging to a particular ethnic mining, quarrying, farming etc.
group b) Secondary Sector – This involves
Symbols of ethnic identity are language, totems, processing raw materials into semi-
clothing and food etc. finished and finished goods. For example,
National Identity construction, milling, breweries, textile
This is about belonging to a country. Symbols of production, wine making. Etc.
National identity are coat of arms, national anthem, c) Tertiary Sector – It provides activities that
language, currency. provide services to individuals or
(EQ) Explain 2 ways by which national identity businesses. For example, education,
is important to a country: training, banking, entertainment,
transportation, water, insurance.etc.
 It unites people from different ethnic groups: d) Quaternary Sector –this involves
This helps avoid tribal wars. intellectual activities that provide
 It encourages tolerance among all by information and knowledge. Examples are
accepting diversity of culture: People tolerate libraries, information technology, archives,
their differences in cultures and view consultancy, etc.
themselves as one
(EQ) With some examples explain how the
 It promotes patriotism by encouraging a sense
primary and the secondary sectors of production
of belonging and loyalty to one’s country.
differ.
 It encourages citizens to put the country’s
needs ahead of their own. (EQ) Explain any 3 ways through which the
mixed economic system/model can benefit
(EQ) Suggest Ways of nurturing and protecting
Botswana/OR Its importance to her economy OR
Botswana’s image as a peaceful country OR (EQ)
Its advantages:
Explain any 3 ways through which Botswana
image can be protected  Creates investment opportunities:
Capable individuals have the opportunity
 Respecting human rights: People should
to start their own businesses. This leads to
respect the rights of others to avoid possible
creation of employment.
conflicts e.g. wars
 It promote development of
 Encouraging tolerance among people: People
infrastructure: The private sector
should accept their differences e.g.
contributes in the development of
differences in religion
infrastructure such as hospitals, schools
 Solving conflicts peacefully: This is done
etc. This helps to stimulate developments
through negotiations and dialogue
even in remote areas of the country.
 Consultation: Involving everyone in decision
 It helps to ensure that people have access
making to promote unity. e.g. allowing
to a variety of services: People have the
people to choose their leaders.
opportunity to choose between the services
BOTSWANA’S ECONOMIC
provided by government and private sector.
DEVELOPMENT:
E.g. health services, education. This helps
Economic development refers to using the resources
people to enjoy good quality services and
of the country sustainably and profitably (wisely) to
helps to create competition in service
improve the living standards of people and wealth of
delivery.
the country.

25
  Customers enjoy reasonable prices. will bring poverty in the family. The children
Government control prices of basic goods can be left behind as orphans
and services. -Loss of saving/income by family members:
Family members will spend a lot of money
etc helping the sick person to go for medical
checkups. This will impoverish the family
Discuss any two disadvantages of Botswana’s
Evaluate any three impacts of economic
mixed economy
development on the lives of the people of
Botswana:
 Government monopolises provision of
essential services. Essential services such  Increase in income levels. This is
as water, electricity are provided by possible because of improvement in the
government only. The government cannot economic development. Business
meet the demands of the people resulting in investment and employment opportunities
poor service provision. There is limited are available for people to earn more
choice for such services. money. This has enabled them to improve
 Poor service provision by government. their standard of living. However, there
Government is not good at providing are still some people who are not
services mainly due to shortage of skilled employed
personnel and funding. People do not get  Availability of health services – There are
the quality of services they need. many clinics and hospitals that have been
 Limited profit making by the private built as a result of economic development.
sector. Private businesses will not be able This has improved the health standard and
to make more profit because they are lowered mortality rate. However, there are
competing with government funded still some areas in the country where access
businesses that are given soft loans (loans to medical services is a challenge.
with low interest rates).  Increase in access to education – Most
 It widens the income disparity between Batswana are now educated as many
the rich and the poor. etc people are able to attend schools to learn.
This has led to increase in literacy rate,
(EQ) Evaluate any 2 effects of HIV/AIDs on the skills and knowledge.
economy of Botswana
 Improved Transport and
- Loss of skilled personnel – Trained personnel die communication networks–. etc
due to HIV/AIDS. This results in government
(EQ) Explain any 2 ways in which
spending more money to train new workers to
corruption and economic crime can affect
replace those instead of carrying out development
the economy of the country
plans.
-Stretches government budget: Increases  The government losses money – money is
government spending in buying ARVs. This lost through bribery, tax evasion, etc. the
constrains government to carry out development money that was supposed to accumulate to
projects. government is not paid to government. In
-Lead to a decline in productivity: A lot of the end, the government is unable to carry
productive time is lost during sick leaves and out the planned development projects.
hospital check-ups. This makes service delivery  It leads to unequal developments in the
poor. country. Developmental projects may not
-Decline in food production:– (6) etc be distributed fairly within the country
(EQ) Evaluate any 2 ways in which HIV/AIDs where officials responsible for such
could be a challenge to the family services are corrupt. This frustrates
government efforts to develop the country.
-It leads to loss of bread winners: Working
 It leads to low productivity. Where
parents can die due to HIV and Aids and this
people who are not qualified for particular
jobs may be employed instead of the

26
 qualified ones. This leads to poor quality (EQ)Explain any 3 Problems facing the
work and poor service delivery. Agriculture Sector in Botswana
 It can scare away investors. Investors can
avoid starting business in the country PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
because it is risky and costly to do business
Low and unreliable -Drilling of boreholes
where there is more bribery.
rainfall/Drought and construction of
 It increases the cost of doing business in
dams must be
a country.
considered for
 It undermines the rule of law.
irrigation.
(EQ) Discuss any 2 ways in which the -Farmers must plant
government is trying to address/solve corruption drought resistant and
and economic crime fast maturing crops
Pests and diseases e.g. -Famers need to be
 Provision of public education/ awareness foot and mouth that educate
– People must be taught about the dangers affect beef exports -Farmers should rear
of corruption and economic crime. The use livestock and grow
of mass media, addressing kgotla meetings crops that area
and workshops in the work-place to teach resistant to diseases
people about corruption. -Use of pesticides
 Strengthening of laws-The government
must intensify charges against criminals & Poor soils -Farmers should adopt
the charges must range according to the modern farming
weight of the case. techniques that can
 Making it easy for people to report suit the poor sandy
corruption – The government has soils in the country
introduced toll free lines and protect -Farmers should be
identity of whistle blowers encouraged to
 Formation of Crime prevention groups maximise crop
 Use of Information technology – e.gThe production in areas
use of CCTV cameras etc that have fertile soils
 Investigate and prosecute offenders- Farmers lack -Teach farmers
knowledge of good modern farming
AGRICULTURE: farming methods methods.
Shortage of labour -Create better
(EQ)The Importance of agriculture in opportunities for
Botswana’s economy: young people so that
they are interested in
 Source of employment:
training for agriculture
 Source of income: courses
 Provides investment opportunities:
 Source of food –
 Source of raw materials for other
industries –
Discuss any two ways/options for diversifying  Dairy farming – Farmers must be
agriculture in Botswana: encouraged to use the right farming
methods and technologies so that milk
 Horticulture – Local farmers should yields are high.
produce enough vegetables and fruits in  Harvesting and processing veldt
order to meet the national demand. products:e.g mophane worms
 Oil Seed crops – Subsistence farmers must  Game farming –rearing game animals like
be encouraged to grow crops such as ostriches.
sunflower and groundnuts.  Bee keeping:

27
Evaluate any two government policies aimed at  Overstocking – Keeping more animals in
promoting agriculture in Botswana: a small grazing area causes overgrazing
 Policy on financial assistance:This policy and soil erosion.
is meant to assist farmers with loans at low  Over use of fertilizers – This pollutes
interest through organisations like water in rivers as chemicals are washed
CEDA,NDB.This encourages farmers to into rivers when it rains.
expand their buDisinesses hence improved  Mono cropping – Growing the same crop
food production on the same land for many years reduces
 Policy on commercial farming: The the fertility of the land.
government has come up with programmes  Burning the bush to destroy pests –
which offer financial assistance and  Clearing the land for farming –
technical support to commercial and dairy
farmers.e.g NAMPAAD.This lead to an Best practices for ecologically sustainable
increase in food production. development in agriculture:
 Policy on technology development
/farming skills: This policy is meant to  Crop rotation – This helps to reduce
provide farmers with the necessary skill weeds and loss of soil fertility.
and technology to ensure an increase in  Maintaining the correct stocking rate –
production under the countrys poor This helps prevent overgrazing
environmental conditions.  Allow land to lie fallow – This allows the
 Policy on targeted subsidies:e.g soil to recover and ensures that the soil
subsidised prizes in animal feeds remains fertile.
 Policy on pricing/marketing:  Cultivating the soil to control weeds –
Weeds must be controlled by cultivating
(EQ) Explain 2 agricultural practices that can the soil.
negatively impact on the environment:
MINING:

Diamonds are mined using a method called

open pit or open cast. This method allows
Source diamond book 1 miners to extract minerals that are near the
surface of the earth. The vegetation and top soil
STAGES OF MINING DIAMONDS IN
(overburden) are removed, and then the rock
BOTSWANA
containing the diamonds is blasted and loaded
 Extraction – Mining the diamong ore into trucks for processing.
from under ground.

Explain the open pit/open cast method used to

mine diamonds in Botswana:
Open cast

 When it rains, water can collect in

or flood the pit & interfere with
Advantages of Open Cast Mining extraction.
 It is cheap compared to shaft mining  The pit has to be abandoned once
 It is fairly safe because people work on the the mineral is too deep.
surface of the earth so there few accidents  Open pit scars the land.
occur.  Dust from the open pit pollutes
 Minerals are extracted quickly. the air.
 A large area of land around the
Disadvantages of Open Cast Mining open pit is left unused.

28
  Processing – This stage involves the # Sorting, grading & valuation – Diamonds are then
following: sorted according to size, shape,
purity and weight.
# Crushing – The mineral ore is crushed into small # Cutting and Polishing – Diamonds are cut to a
pieces. certain shape and polished so that they
sparkle.
# Concentrating – The crushed ore is mixed with
NB Quality diamonds are known as gemstones
water and chemicals in large drums
while low quality ones are called industrial
diamonds. Diamond Trading Company Botswana
(Cyclones). This makes the lighter waste material to (DTCB) is responsible for sorting, valuing and
float at the top selling diamonds mined in Botswana.

and the diamonds or heavy waste material to sink.  Marketing – Botswana’s diamonds are
exported to European and Asian
# Drying – The concentrated material is taken to a
countries.
machine where it is dried.
STAGES OF MINING COAL IN BOTSWANA
# Separating - The dried material is passed through
and X-ray machine. This shines the
 Extraction – A method of mining known
diamonds and triggers and air gun. The air gun
blows air which separates the diamonds from the as box – cut is used. Coal is extracted
waste material. using a big machine known as the
# Hand sorting – The remaining waste material is continuous miner
removed by hand.

Zambia. BCL mine uses it to heat copper

nickel smelters
 Processing – The processing stages of
coal are
STAGES OF MINING COPPER NICKEL
# Cleaning – This is where coal is taken to the
conveyor belt to a machine for cleaning This
 Extraction - This mineral is mined used
removes waste.
the shaft method of mining. Explosives
# Screening – Coal pieces that are about 30mm in are placed in holes drilled into the mineral
size are transported to a stock pile while the bigger ore and blasted. The mineral ore is loaded
pieces are taken to the crusher. into a skip which is pulled to the surface
# Crusher – Bigger pieces are crushed so that they and the ore is taken to a processing plant.
are 30mm in size.

 Marketing of coal – Most of the coal that Shaft Method

is extracted in Botswana is used locally (EQ) Draw a fully labelled diagram of the
while some is sold to Zimbabwe and shaft mining method

 The land above the mine can be

put to other uses such as building the
processing plant.

Advantages of Shaft Mining Disadvantages of Shaft Mining

(EQ) Describe any 2 dangers associated with the
 The deepest mineral ores can be shaft mining method
extracted.  It is dangerous working
underground where accidents such as

29
 collapsing tunnels & gas explosions may is used to make glass, detergents and
occur. fertilizers.
 It is difficult to rescue workers Uses of Minerals:
when accidents happen deep
Mineral Use Destination
underground. Diamonds Making jewellery USA, UK,
 Shafts & tunnels of abandoned Used for India,
mines are not filled up, these become strengthening the Belgium,
dangerous when settlements are built tips & edges of Holland &
above them as they may collapse. drilling & cutting Switzerland
tools & machinery
 Processing – This involves the
Copper For making copper Zimbabwe,
following stages: nickel wire, coins, South Africa,
 Shaft mining is very expensive electrical Norway, USA
because transport, lighting and cool fresh appliances,
air have to be provided to miners working electrical
underground. transmission lines,
galvanizing other

metals.
# Crushing – The mineral ore is crushed
Coal Generating Not exported
into small pieces. thermal electricity
# Grinding – The mineral ore is grounded Domestic
into powder. purposes like
# Concentrating – The crushed ore is mixed cooking
with water and chemicals in large tanks. Soda Ash Glass making Zimbabwe,
(concentrators). Making detergents South Africa,
and common salt Zambia
Copper nickel floats and waste material
sinks.
(EQ)Discuss the effects of mining on the
# Drying – The concentrated material is development of Botswana OR its importance on
taken to a machine where it is dried. the economy

# Smelting - The dry concentrate is heated  Creates jobs – People are employed to do
using coal. Copper nickel turns into a thick
hot liquid and sinks to different jobs e.g. managers, engineers etc.
the bottom while waste floats.  Source of revenue: The government earns
# Cooling – The concentrate is removed
from the smelter and put in water where it cools money by selling minerals to other countries
and forms matte.  Stimulate the development of other
# Separating and refining – Copper is
separated from nickel and impurities businesses: - Mining companies depend on
removed. other businesses to supply them with
services e.g. petrol stations, banks.
 Marketing – Taken to Zimbabwe and
Norway.  Improves infrastructure: etc
Opportunities in the mining industry:
STAGES OF MINING SODA ASH:  It offers employment
opportunities.
 Extraction – the salty water is pumped to  Other people can start businesses
the surface and water is put in large ponds. to supply others with goods and services.
 People can invest in mining and
 Processing - The solid material is then
share the profits that the company makes.
separated from the water by evaporation.
The material is dried and processed into  Multiplier effect - Mining leads to
salt and soda ash. the development of other industries
because they supply each other with
 Marketing – Exported to South Africa, goods & services.
Zimbabwe, Zambia and Central Africa. It

30
Explain any 3 challenges in the mining industry  Vibration from the mines –
blasting of the rocks underneath causes
 It is difficult to find ways of controlling the earth to vibrate. This causes the houses
negative impacts like pollution. to crack, shake & break.
 Minerals are non-renewable and there is
fear that one day they will run out. Solutions to problems facing Mining industry:
 Mining companies have very little control
over the prices of minerals and can go  Train citizens in the skills
bankrupt. required by the mining sector.
 There is shortage of skilled labour:  Mount HIV / AIDS awareness
 The soda ash mine faces stiff campaigns for the workers.
competition for a market with the United  Adopt environmental protection
States: and management measures to ensure
(EQ) State 2 ways in which mining affect the environmental damage is limited.
environment/Its impact on the environment  Reduce costs of production so that
minerals can be sold at competitive prices.
 Pollution – Mining pollutes the air  Add value to minerals before
land and water. This damages plants and exporting them, so that the country can
people’s health. earn more money.
 Damages landscape – Where open
pit mining is used, plants as well as places
where animal live are destroyed.
 Noise from the mines – Loud
noise is produced when drilling through
the rocks & when the rocks are blasted.

Volcanic mountains are formed through force of

tension acting on the crust as tectonic plates drift
FORM 2 NOTES: away from each other. When this happens, the
earth’s crust cracks and a liquid known as magma
WORLD PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
forcefully rises up through the crack (pipe) into the
Landforms refers to natural relief features that have earth’s surface. When magma reaches the earth’s
formed on the earth’s surface such as mountains, surface it changes to a gas which is called lava. Once
lakes, craters, deltas etc. lava remains in the atmosphere for some time, it
solidifies and builds up to form a volcanic mountain.
Geomorphological features and how they were
formed Examples of such mountains are Mount Kenya,
Mount Cameroon, Mount Kilimanjaro
a) Volcanic Mountains
Volcanic eruption
Formation Process

-Development of fault lines on the earth crust due

to tensional forces
Formation process of a Block Mountain
-When the parallel faults have developed, the land
With the aid of a diagram, describe how
in between the faults is pushed upwards above the
fault/block/horst Mountains are formed
land outside the faults to create a highland called a
-Development of tensional forces produced by the block or Horst mountain.E.g. Khara in Namibia,
movement of tectonic plates Harz mountains in Germany and Ruwenzori in east
Africa.

31
A picture showing the formation process of a
block/Horst mountain

Formation process of Fold Mountains upwards. Example Atlas Mountain, Table

Mountain, Cape mountains and the Drakensberg
They are formed when plates move towards each Mountain.
other this forces the earth’s crust to be pushed

Human Uses of Mountains / Importance of 13. Mountains influence climate and weather
mountains to humanity: patterns. e.g. the windward sides of mountains
receive more rainfall than the leeward side.
8. People who live near volcanic mountains
practice arable farming. Mountains can also be Formation process of a valley/Rift valley
used for grazing livestock.
9. They are a tourist attraction. When plates move away from each other, they cause
10. People hide on them during wars. the land above to crack. This causes the land
11. People also live near them for their milder between the two faults to crack and sink. Examples
climate. of rift valleys are the Great Rift Valley, Baikal Rift
12. People practice mining. Valley (Europe) and The Rhine Rift Valley (Europe)

(EQ) Discuss any 2 ways in which the okavango

delta influence the lifestyle of people around
Formation Process of Coastal Deltas (Near the it/Discuss the importance of the okavango delta
Sea) to the local community
Deltas are formed when a river flows into a sea, -Source of fish: People can fish and sell it to improve
ocean or another river. As the river flows from high their living standards. However over-fishing can
land to low land, it carries along with it soil, stones, deplete fish resources.
bones and plant materials. When a river reaches a -Source of water; people use water from the delta for
sea or a low land it slows down, the flow of water different purposes e.g irrigation.However, pollution
slows down and it starts to deposit the material that of deltas lead to water shortages
it is carrying. The deposited material slowly builds -source of raw materials: People collect the reeds to
up into a low- lying swampy plain (delta). build shelter.
-Transportation: People trtasport goods using boats
Examples of deltas are Nile delta and Zambezi delta.
across the delta
Formation Process of an Inland Deltas (Example -Tourism
of an Inland delta is the Okavango Delta - (Far
(EQ) Explain any 2 ways in which the Okavango
away from the Sea)
delta could be mismanaged by people.
(EQ) Describe the formation process of the
-Pollution: Tourists may throw litter and toxic
Okavango delta
materials in the delta which can result in the death
-Development of faults due to tensional forces. This of aquatic life
faulting cut off the Okavango river from Lake
-Depletion of aquatic life: e.g overharvesting of
Makgadikgadi
fish may lead to loss of biodiversity
-Downward movement of the crustal block (the
Formation process of Lakes
collapse of the land between the faults
i. Through force of tension: When plates
-This created a depression that blocked the river
move away from each other and force
resulting in the accumulation of water in the
two parallel faults to occur of the crust.
depression hence forming a delta
The middle block between two parallel

32
 faults moves downwards, it creates a coming out of the pipe during volcanic eruption is
depression on the land surface. Once finished and dried up. The magma sinks or collapses
the depression fills with water it into the pipe and leaves a large depression on top of
becomes a lake. For example, Lake a volcano (mountain). NB A Caldera is a very large
Malawi & Lake Tanganyika. crater which is formed when a large volume of
magma drains away through eruptions under a
Formation process of Craters volcanic mountain. For example Tengger
(Indonesia)
1. A Volcanic crater:
Examples are Nyos in Cameroon, Ngorongoro in
A volcanic crater is a circular depression on a
Tanzania
volcanic mountain. It is formed when the magma
coastal areas experience higher winter
temperatures than places further inland.
2. A meteorite Crater: Botswana experience mild cold winters as
compared to cape town.
A meteorite crater is formed through the fall of a
d) Position of continents – Inland areas like
meteorite. A meteorite is a piece of rock from space
Botswana have mild summers and milder
which hits the surface of the earth at very high speed
winters
creating a depression on the earth’s surface.
e) Aspect – Aspect is the horizontal direction
Examples of meteorite creator include Lake Chad in
in which a slope faces. A slope facing the
Chad (North Africa).
sun is warmer than a slope facing away
Human uses of craters / Importance from the sun.
f) Mountain barriers/aspect:
14. They are a tourist attraction which creates
employment and provide market for local Explain any 3 factors that influence the
businesses. climate of Botswana
15. They are sources of water that is used for both
domestic and agricultural purposes for income
THE WORLD CLIMATIC REGIONS:
generation.
16. Some areas around craters have mineral, oil and Equatorial Region
gas deposits that people mine & sell.
It is of Location – 5°N to 5° S of the
Explain any 3 factors that influence the climate equator.
of a place:
(EQ)Explain any three characteristics of the
a) Latitude: Places near the equator have equatorial climate/the rainforest:
high temperatures because the sun shines
directly overhead, whereas areas far away -Rainfall: -Rain falls throughout the year.
from the equator have lower temperatures -It receives convectional type of rainfall
because the sun shines at an angle. E.g. - It ranges between 1500 and 2000mm a
Botswana experience warm or mild hot year.
summers because it is not very close to the -Temperature – It is hot throughout the
equator. year.
b) Altitude –. Places with a high altitude -The temperatures of this region ranges
receive higher rainfall than low altitude between 26°C and 28 °C.
ones. Air becomes cooler as the altitude -The temperature range is 2°C.
increases.Places with high altitude are
cooler than those at lower altitude. -Vegetation - It is made up of tall trees
Botswana receive low to moderate rainfall -trees grow close together and in layers forming
because it has a low altitude. a canopy
c) Ocean currents – When warm air blows -trees have broad leaves.
from the ocean towards land in winter, the -They are evergreen.

33
 -Trees have large buttress roots to support their 5. The area is suitable for grass growth so
height, people in the Savannah rear livestock.
-there is little undergrowth due to little sunrays 6. There is abundant wildlife people practice
reaching the ground tourism and game viewing.
-Trees have drip tip leaves 7. Rains and favourable temperatures enable
-Soil – Areas closer to the equator have people to grow crops.
infertile soils as the area is water logged but 8. They built shelter using mud, cow dung,
as you move further the equator soils are grass and logs found in their environment.
fertile. 9. Seasonal hunger – because rains only fall
-Humidity – because it is hot & wet in summer, people do not have enough to
throughout the year humidity is always high. eat as there is only one rainy season.
(EQ) Discuss any 2 ways in which the Equatorial
Environment has influence the traditional Hot Desert and Semi Desert
lifestyles of the people living there
a) Location – 15°N to 30 °S of the equator.
1. Fishing – The area has rivers that have
water throughout the year so people catch
(EQ)Describe any 2 Characteristics of the desert
fish.
environment/climate
2. Hunting and gathering – There are a variety
of plants and animals that people eat (same as form 1 notes)
3. Practice lumbering – Hardwood trees
enable people to do logging for timber to (EQ) Discuss any 2 ways in which the desert
make furniture. Environment has influence the traditional
4. Shifting cultivation – when the soil is no lifestyles of the people living there
longer fertile, people move to another area.
This allows the soil to regain its fertility. (same as form 1 notes)

Tropical Savannah Mediterranean Region:

Location – 5°N to 15° S of the equator.
Location – 30°N to 45° S of the equator.
Characteristics of Savannah climate: Characteristics of the Mediterranean climate
a) Rainfall – Rain falls in summer and
winters are dry. a) Rainfall – Rain falls in winter and summers
-Rain is of convectional type. are dry.
-It ranges between 500 and 1500mm a year -It receives cyclonic type of rainfall.
b) Temperature –. It is very hot in summer -Annual rainfall ranges between 500 and
with average temperatures of up to 30°C 900 mm
and cold in winter with temperatures b) Temperature – summers are warm and
falling below 10 °C winters are cool.
c) Vegetation – is made up of tall trees and -Most of the rain falls in winter because
grass. moist winds blow from the sea towards the
-Trees lose their leaves in winter and grow land. The main winds that bring rainfall
in summer. are called Westerlies.
-trees develop long tap roots to reach water -Average temperatures in summer are
far underground. about 21°Cand 10 °C in winter.
d) Soils – Some of the areas in this region have c) Vegetation – Evergreen open forests are
fertile soils so people grow crops. found on mountain slopes
e) Humidity – because it is hot & wet in summer -Some plants have thick waxy leaves that
humidity is high in summer and low in winter. store water
-Some plants develop long root to reach for
How the Tropical Savannah underground water
Environment influence the people’s -Vegetation is mainly deciduous. Plants
Lifestyle? shed leaves in winter

34
 -Is made up of scattered woodland trees -They practice fishing: They catch fish in
and shrubs summer as it is available in the oceans there.
e) Soil - some areas have good soils that enable They use canoes made of seal skin to move
production of fruit crops. around when fishing because the warm
d) Humidity – humidity is low because it is temperatures in summer make the ice to thaw.
hot and dry in summer and in winter the However, today they use modern boats made of
temperatures are low even though it rains. metals to move around fishing.
Describe the characteristics of vegetation found -Transport: In winter as the land is frozen
in the Mediterranean climate people use sledges pulled by dogs(huskies)
while in summer when the snow has thawed
How Climate influence people they use canoes. However, today they use
-Arable farming – Cereal crops such as modern boats made of metal and engine
wheat, millet & oats are grown here. -Traditional shelter: In winter they built shelter
- Fishing – Abundant water enables people with ice blocks while in summer they made
to catch fish. shelter a tent made from animal skins.
-hunting and gathering – people hunt and - Nomadic herding –
gather fruits. -Practiced hunting and gathering- etc
-fruit production & Wine production – they
grow citrus fruits like grapefruit and Monsoon:
lemons. This region is a big producer of
wine. The word Monsoon means seasonal change in wind
direction.
The Tundra Region (Wet Desert):
Location – between 10° and 30°N and south of the
The word Tundra means treeless. People who live equator.
here are the Inuits of Canada & Greenland, the
Nganasan and Nenets of Russia. (EQ)Describe any 2 Characteristics of the
monsoon climate
Location – between 60°N and the Article circle
a) Rainfall – It receives summer rainfall of over
(EQ)Describe any 2 Characteristics of the tundra 2000mm.
climate -This area sometimes experiences floods.
b) Temperature – Temperatures are high in
a) Rainfall – It receives very low rainfall often
summer
less than 250mm a year.
- winter is cool
- Rain falls in summer and in winter it
-Summer average temperature is 30°C
snows.
-Winter average temperature is 24°C.
b) Temperature – It experiences long cold
c) Vegetation – Thick tropical forests can be found
winters and warm to cool summers.
in the wetter parts, the drier parts experience
-Average winter temperatures are
desert like vegetation. Most of the trees lose
sometimes -10°Cwhiles summers are 10°C
their leaves in winter.
c) Vegetation – Plants have shallow
d) Soils – Some people practice arable farming
spreading roots due to permafrost.
while others do not because of too much rainfall
d) Soil – This area has poor soils as the land
and flooding.
is mostly covered by snow and ice.
e) Seasons – from November to February, it is a
e) Humidity- is low because very low
warm to cool dry season, March to May it is a
temperatures reduce the amount of
hot dry season and from June to October it is a
moisture in the air.
hot wet season. It has 3 distinct seasons
f) Strong cold winds known as blizzards can
blow between 48 and 97 km per hour.
How Climate affects the people
(EQ) Discuss any 2 ways in which the tundra -They made their shelter from bamboo
Environment/climate has influence the reeds that are found in abundance where
traditional lifestyles of the people living there there is plenty rainfall.

35
 -Because of abundant rainfall they grew -They used the elephant and buffalo as
rice. In drier parts they grew wheat, maize, means of transport.
millet & cotton.
CLIMATE CHANGE: Greenhouse gases are gases like water vapour,
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide &
Explain climate change: chlorofluorocarbons that are contained in the
atmosphere.
Climate change is a long term change in the global
temperatures. Greenhouse effect is the trapping of heat that makes
the earth warmer.

(EQ) Evidence of climate change dioxide & release oxygen. When trees are
cut few trees are left to absorb carbon
-General rise in temperature throughout the dioxide & gas goes into the atmosphere
world. thereby contributing to global warming.
-Changes in precipitation – the amount, type c) Agriculture – Cow dung gives out a gas
and frequency of rainfall has changed. called methane. Methane helps in
-Melting glaciers & polar ice sheets at a destroying the ozone layer. Destroying the
faster rate – A glacier is a very large sheet Ozone layer results in ultra-violet rays
of ice that moves very slowly. Polar ice burning human beings & causing skin
caps are large sheets of ice covering the cancer.
Polar Regions. d) Fumes from industries – Pollutants
-Prolonged severe droughts released into the atmosphere affect the
-Summers being longer than winters or vegetation badly and this may lead to
vice versa. reduced rainfall amounts in areas of the
-Dying of vegetation. world where air pollution poses a very
Natural Causes of Climate change: serious problem.

Solar variations – small changes in the sun’s (EQ)Discuss any three effects of Climate Change
energy over a long period of time can lead to climate
changes. For example, an increase in the output of -Changes rainfall patterns
solar energy can lead to an average increase in -Reduces crop yields
global temperatures. -Increases temperatures
-Causes less moisture in the atmosphere
Volcanic eruptions – the ashes & gases produced -Accelerates erosion
by volcanic eruptions can result in a drop in average -Leads to flooding.
global temperatures. -Leads to shortage of food & water.
-Leads to loss of plant species.
Ocean Currents – Ocean currents carry warm water
and heat from the tropics towards the north & south (EQ)Suggest any three ways of Meeting/solving
poles and cool water the poles to the tropics, changes the Challenges of Climate Change
in the circulation patterns of ocean currents can
cause El Niño’s& El Nina -Environmental Education – People must
be informed of how climate change will
Human Causes of Climate change: affect the environment within which they
live.
(EQ)Explain any 3 causes of climate change:
-Reduce, recycle & reuse waste – this will
a) Burning of fossil fuels - Human beings save on raw materials & energy.
burn wood, waste, coal and gas oil for heat -Governments must formulate climate
energy. When these fuels are burned they change policies/laws e.g. people must be
produce carbon dioxide into the taxed so as to encourage the use of clean
atmosphere leading to global warming. and safe technologies.
b) Deforestation – Forests are called the lungs
of the world because they absorb carbon

36
 -Carpooling (travel together in one car) Location of cultural sites in Botswana
must be encouraged to reduce exhaust
fumes. Cultural sites are historical places in society, where
some significant events may have occurred about a
BOTSWANA’S CULTURAL HERITAGE: particular ethnic group

identity/Explain 2 elements of culture which can

be used to identify an individual
Identifying some of Botswana’s cultural heritage
-Language - The language that one speaks identifies
Name any 2 cultural heritage sites in Botswana: him or her with his family, ethnic group

-Museums -Music & Dance – Songs and dance can identify

peoples ethnic group.e. g Tsutsube dance of basarwa
-
-Food - People can be identified with the kind of
Cultural heritage are the elements of culture that are
food they eat. Bakgatla with sour porridge (ting).
considered important and valuable to preserve and
pass on to future generations. -Dress- People can be identified with the type of
dress they wear.e. g Victorian long dresses of the
Material Cultural heritage:
Baherero
-Traditional food e.g. bogobe, logala, seswaa, -Buildings / shelter –
Morogo wa dinawa. -Religious beliefs –

-Traditional dress – clothes made from animal skins (EQ)Discuss any two economic
are usually worn during traditional dance importance/potential of Culture
performances

-Traditional buildings & structures of historical

importance e.g. old Palapye church ruins. -Source of income: Members of different cultural
groups can produce cultural goods such as
-Tools & equipment e.g. traditional chairs, seteropo, handcrafts and paintings and sell them in order to
selei/sledge make money. They can also sell Music and dance
music groups record and produce music albums for
-Remains of old settlements e.g. stone age& iron age sale and groups are sometimes invited to special
sites. events to perform and they are paid for it.

Non – Material Cultural heritage: -Source of employment: People work in cultural

centres and cultural sites like Matsieng foot print
-Music, poetry, dance & songs are all part of
centre in Kgatleng and earn income.
Botswana’s non material cultural heritage.
-It can stimulate the development of new
-Customs & traditions such as rainmaking, marriage
businesses and industries: e.g. selling bogobe&
ceremonies
staging cultural festivals & creative businesses.
-Cultural beliefs

-Language
(EQ) Explain any 2 cultural practices that are
-Traditional knowledge & skills e.g. traditional harmful to the environment
medicine, leather processing.
-Overstocking –Culturally owning many cattle is
(EQ) Explain using examples how elements of prestige. Grazing many animals in one area leads to
culture can bring about individual soil erosion

37
–Cutting trees for fire wood: This leaves the soil male and old animals. This helped the pregnant
bare and easy to be eroded animals to keep reproducing.
-Grass Cutting – Communities still thatch their huts
with grass, because the grass is over cut the soil -Taboos(meila): People were forbidden to kill birds
becomes loose and is washed away by water. like owl because it was associated with witchcraft.
-Monoculture – Growing of the same crop on the This helped to preserve owls from extinction
same piece of land removes many nutrients from the
-Controlled gathering of wild foods – Only ripe
soil and causes future harvests to be very low.
fruits should be collected. The san people only
-Over harvesting of medical plants:
collected unfertilised ostrich eggshells. This helped
Explain any 2 positive effects of culture on the
ostriches to continue reproducing
environment OR Explain any 2 cultural practices
that protect the environment -Careful allocation of grazing areas –.
-Controlled hunting of wild animals –In order to
ensure that animals do not get extinct people hunted
SETTLEMENTS IN BOTSWANA: Smaller population as Highly populated.
people migrate to towns
(EQ) Explain any 2 Factors that influence
the location of settlements in Botswana
Opportunities of URBAN life (EQ) Outline any
-Availability of water – Most people live where 2 economic
there are water resources to use it for farming e.g. opportunities
rivers available in
rural areas
-Availability of good rainfall and favourable -More service centres: Better -Ownership of
temperatures: Most people settle where there are education and health large
good rains for arable farming purposes. facilities. People from rural agricultural
areas can benefit from land: This can
- Availability of Fertile soils – Fertile soils services like referral enable people to
encourage settlement as they enable people to hospitals do commercial
practice different types of farming. -More business farming
opportunities and markets: -Harvesting of
-Defence – People choose locations where they can e.g. people from rural areas veld
be defended easily e.g. around hills. can sell their commodities products:e.g
like farm products collection of
-Availability of minerals – -Better paying jobs and a phane for selling
variety of job opportunities: -Cultural
-Availability of pastures- Rural migrants can find jobs tourism
and in turn send money to opportunities
Difference between Rural and Urban Settlements rural areas to their families -Easier to secure
Etc. residential plots
Rural Settlements Urban Settlements Etc.
Most of the land is used Most of the land is used
for growing crops and for building industries
grazing and shopping centres.
There are few or no Heavy traffic, tarred and CHALLENGES OF RURAL AND URBAN LIFE
tarred roads & traffic improved roads.
A lot of traditional Tall buildings
URBAN RURAL
houses
No or few recreational More recreational -Long queues at -Shortage of manpower in
facilities facilities clinics and agricultural sector
Economic activities are People survive by hospitals -Lack of business
mainly farming. working in the -High crime rates opportunities and markets
industries, government -Traffic -Limited employment
institutions, banks etc. congestion opportunities and low
-Increased paying jobs
pollution

38
 -High cost of living -Slower infrastructural -People from rural areas go to towns for
-Lack of jobs development employment, banking and shopping.
-Shortage of land -Shortage of clean piped -Livestock farmers sell their livestock to abattoirs in
-Shortage of water towns.
affordable -Limited access to modern -Livestock farmers buy feeds in towns.
housing technology -Relatives in towns and those in villages visit each
Etc.
other.
Etc.
(EQ) Discuss 2 recommendations that you can make
to reduce rural urban migration
LINKS BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENT -Empowerment of rural youth through
skills/education: Will curb movement to look for
(EQ) Explain any 2 ways in which urban better education/training in urban areas
settlements may benefit people in rural areas -Promote/intensify rural agriculture: Will keep rural
dwellers engaged in agriculture/Provision of land for
-Cities and towns provide services to nearby smaller
agriculture
rural settlements e.g. Gaborone provides services to
-Improved rural infrastructure/Improved services:
Oodi, Tlokweng, Gabane.
-Rural industrialization/Cultural tourism:
-Decentralisation: of amenities, jobs, etc. to rural -Introduction/Provision of incentives in rural areas
areas and thus reduce the attractiveness of urban
areas
(EQ) Explain any two factors that have led to 2. Lack of employment opportunities and low
an increase in urbanisation in Botswana OR wages in rural areas – Young people go to urban
Explain any 2 factors that encouraged the growth of areas to seek for employment.
towns and cities in Botswana 3. Increased service activities – Towns have
1. The unpredictable nature of rainfall – this entertainment, banking and catering that are
makes agriculture difficult for people to depend better than those in rural areas so these attract
on so moving to towns to seek economic people.
opportunities is the only solution. 4. The desire for new or modern lifestyles:
5. Transport improvements –
6. Poor medical facilities in rural areas –

MFECANE WARS: to hunt elephants for ivory without

interference.
(EQ) Discuss any three Causes of Mfecane wars d) Drought & famine –
e) The need to control and own many cattle –
a) The need for power/ The desire to create large
kingdoms:Nguni groups gained power by (EQ) Discuss any 2 Effects of Mfecane wars in
capturing cattle and grazing lands that of Southern Africa
smaller groups. In order for them to build
strong armies, they captured young men from -Displacement of communities: Communities lost
other groups. people as most were forced to abandon their homes
b) Population growth & the need for farm land and move to safer area. Some sought refuge with
:Increase in population and livestock led to other people hence loss of culture.
demand for more land. Because they had no
way to expand to, stronger groups attacked -Loss of property: Communities lost herds of cattle.
weaker ones and took their land. This made people poor
c) The desire to control trade:Strong Nguni
-Loss of life: Many people lost their life’s during
groups wanted to take over trade by
wars. This left children as orphans and in poverty.
controlling hunting areas so they raided and
chased other groups from their lands in order -Reduction in food production –

39
-Loss of land –

(EQ) Describe the basis for the rise of the Zulu

kingdom OR Explain any 3 factors that led to the
rise of the Zulu kingdom

a) Military superiority:

-He banished the long stabbing spear as he said it left

soldiers unarmed after

(EQ) Discuss any three negative Effects of

interaction between traders / hunters with
Batswana

 Depletion of wildlife – Traders needed large

quantities of animal trophies to take to their
industries in Europe. They also used guns to
hunt and these allowed them to kill animals in
large numbers. This led to a decrease in the
number of wildlife.
 Loss of power by dikgosi – As the numbers of
traders increased chiefs found it difficult to
control trade. Some individuals became richer
and started challenging the authority of
Dikgosi
 Decline of local industries

(EQ) Discuss any three positive Effects of

interaction between traders / hunters with
Batswana

 Introduction of money: Traders replaced barter

trade with use of money which made trase
easier. This resulted in Batswana having to
migrate to South African mines to look for
employment
 Acquisition of guns: Batswana bought guns
that they used to defend themselves against the
invaders. Guns led to depletion of wildlife due
to overhunting.
 Development of trading centres: They crated
and developed areas where they could store
their goods safely and make goods accessible
to Batswana.This led to developments around
such areas. E.g Villages like Shoshong &
Molepolole
 Expansion of Tswana states:
 Improved transport and communication:
Traders created trade routes.

COLONIAL THREATS TO BATSWANA:

40
(EQ) Discuss any 2 activities which were carried -Loss of land: Africans’ fertile land was now occupied
out by the early European missionaries among by colonizers for production of cash crops and thus
Batswana: OR Effects of early missionaries among displacing some communities.
Batswana -Loss of culture: Colonised societies eventually
adopted colonial master’s cultures like languages.
 Preaching work: Missionaries built churches -Loss of independence and authority by traditional
where they taught people Christianity. However, leaders.
this made some Batswana to abandon their -Loss of natural resources: Africans lost minerals,
worship of ancestral spirits. ivory etc that were exploited and exported to Europe.
 They built schools: Here they taught Batswana
skills such as making crafts. This helped Discuss any 3 terms of the Berlin Conference of
graduates to be independent and find better jobs 1884
 They provided modern medicine: They built
clinics where they helped with modern medicine.  Freedom of navigation along the rivers of Niger
This improved health and reduced mortalities. and Congo. No restrictions on usage of rivers for
transport and trade would be placed
 Advised Batswana dikgosi: etc
 To inform each other when claiming land. This
Explain any 3 causes of the scramble for Africa: was meant to avoid conflicts over land
 To abolish slave trade. All European countries
 New markets – Factories in Europe were occupying the land would prevent slavery in
producing larger quantities of goods than they those territories
used to before. They therefore needed people  To have effective occupation of colonised land.
who could buy their goods.  To recognise existing colonies.
 Raw materials – They wanted raw materials such
as cotton, diamonds &gold that were not
available in Europe. Relations between Boers & Batswana:
 Strategic reasons – They wanted to build the road Boer threats to the lands of Batswana:
to the north and to acquire cheap labour. The Boers were afraid that the British would help
Missionaries thought that if their government’s Batswana to defend themselves against them. Then
colonized areas they had mission stations at it they called the British to a meeting called the sand
would be easier to spread Christianity. river convention.
 Power and wealth (Prestige) – Owning colonies Terms of the Sand River Convention
became a source of political power & national
It was agreed that:
pride so the number of colonies a country had the
more powerful and richer others thought of it.  Boers would rule the Transvaal the way they
wanted.
 Christianity:competition by countries to expand
their missionary actities.  Britain would control the sale of guns to the
Africans
(EQ) Explain any 2 effects of the scramble for  Britain would not protect Africans against the
Africa on Africans: Boers
The Battle of Dimawe and Kolobeng in 1852:Bores
-Creation of new borders: Africa was divided into fought Bakwena at Dimawe near Molepeole.
separate states.
-Territorial conflicts: Lack of clearly defined border (EQ) Discuss any 2 Factors that Led to the British
divisions led to conflicts between countries. Declaration of a protectorate over Bechuanaland
-Separation of ethnic groups and families: There was from 1885 To 1966
loss of identity and connectedness as groups were
separated to different countries. -Competition from other colonisers: The Germans
who had colonized Namibia were threatening to
colonize Bechuanaland.

41
-The need to protect the road to the north: This road went to London to tell the British government that
was important to access minerals from northern Batswana were against the incorporation.
Rhodesia to South African ports. Reactions of the Boers to the Dikgosi’s protests:

-Pressure from missionaries: Misionaries like John -The Boers imposed economic sanctions on the
Mackenzie who felt that by protecting Bechuanaland Protectorate. e.g. Batswana were no longer allowed to
the British government would be able to protect sell cattle that were below a certain weight.
missionaries from Boers who were living in the
country. Etc. -They threatened to stop migrant labour and to reduce
imports from Bechuanaland.
PERIOD OF COLONIAL RULE:
Proclamations of 1934
ATTEMPTS TO TRANSFER BECHUANALAND
TO BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY: Proclamations were laws made by the British
The British government wanted to the transfer administration that were used to govern Merafe in
because they believed that Bechuanaland was a Bechuanaland.
poor country. Britain did not want to spend money
Reasons for the British to Form Proclamations:
running, protecting and developing a poor
country. -They wanted to strengthen the administration as they
(EQ) Explain any 2 ways in which the Dikgosi felt that the chiefs were unable to develop
reacted to the plan to transfer Bechuanaland to the Bechuanaland.
British South Africa Company.
-They wanted to reduce the powers of the chiefs
-Went to England to protest against the plan to be
given to BSACO: Three Batswana chiefs being -Indirect rule – the British wanted to rule Africans
Kgama III, Sebele, and Bathoen travelled to England through their local leaders (dikgosi).
to register their protest
-Wrote their criticism about the British government on Discuss any two reasons why the British
newspapers opposing transfer: The Dikgsoi used formed/introduced the The Native Administration
newspapers to express their protest against the Proclamation and the Native Tribunal
transfer. Proclamations in 1934:
-Sought support from missionaries who acted as their
-To reduce the powers of the Dikgosi.
advocates: They travelled with Reverend Willouby to
protest the transfer. (EQ) Discuss any 2 changes brought the
-Sought support from humanitarian organisations to introduction of the native administration
protest: e.g London missionary society proclamation
Attempts to Transfer Bechuanaland to The Union -It introduced tribal councils: Chiefs were now
of South Africa: supposed to rule with the help of Tribal councils.
Britain wanted to transfer the protectorate because it Traditionally the chief was assisted by royal relatives
was too costly to run so in 1908 Britain started to and his chosen advisors.
prepare for the transfer.
Reactions to the Transfer of Bechuanaland to The -The British had the power to expel or suspend a chief:
Union of South Africa: This was against Setswana culture as among Batswana
-The South African government was happy with the the chief could only be removed by the will of his
transfer as it meant cheap labour for them and they morafe and the position was hereditary. This affected
would take land from the blacks. Bogosi since some chiefs lost their thrones.
-Batswana chiefs resisted and wrote petitions to
remain outside the union. In 1909 Sebele & Bathoen

42
  It undermined Batswana as traditionally at morafe and er on matters
kgotla meetings every male adult had the dikgosi that affected
right to express their opinion. them e.g.
allocation of
Purposes of The Native Tribunal Proclamation of 1934 funds.
 To enable
 To reform the way justice was carried out by the resident
commission
the dikgosi.
er to get
views on
(EQ) Discuss any 2 changes brought by the 1934
what people
native tribunal proclamations on the roles of thought
Bogosi institution: OR Effects of the Native about the
Tribunal Proclamation on Batswana running of
the
 Dikgosi could no longer try major cases like government.
murder and rape: These are now tried by  To debate
magistrate courts. This undermined dikgosi motions e.g.
absence of
as traditionally they were chief judges.
education
However, introduction of modern courts and racial
brought good results since chiefs did not have discriminati
the legal and technical know-how of law and on.
their judgements could be compromised. in
the past could make compromised judgments
when judging cases. European Advisory Council
 Creation of law courts/Tribunals: New courts
Formatio Composition Purpose
called tribunals were created to try cases. n
Dikgosi were not allowed to try cases 1920 Resident  It was
involving white settlers. Justice prevailed Commissioner formed to
because members of the tribunal were &representativ allow white
conversant with law. es of white settlers to
 Only members of the tribunal could settlers express
their views
participate during trials: This was against the
on matters
Setswana custom as traditionally everybody that affected
present during a trial had the right to them.
participate.  To enable
 Morafe would be consulted before their chief white
was appointed or removed by the High settlers to
commissioner. etc have a say
in the
The purpose, formation and composition of administrati
on of
Advisory Councils
Bechuanala
nd. To
African Advisory Council
influence
the transfer
Formatio Composition Purpose of the
n protectorate
1919 The Resident  Africans to the Union
Commissione used it to of South
r, two advice Africa
representativ resident
es from each commission

43
 Nationalism and the Road to Independence

Joint Advisory Council Nationalism is the desire to achieve political

independence by a country under foreign rule or by a
Formatio Composition Purpose country ruled by people with a separate identity and
n culture.
1951 Resident  Give
Commissioner members a (EQ) Discuss any 2 effects of the rise of
, an equal platform to
Nationalism in Botswana
number of debate
representative issues that
s from  It led to the country’s independence: Led to
concerned
Africans and both the formation of political parties which put
Europeans Africans & pressure on Britain to give Batswana
Whites. independence
 To create a
 It united Batswana: The people of
forum for
Batswana Botswana became a united proud nation and
to demand not just members of individual ethnic groups
running the  It put to an end to plans to transfer
affairs of Bechuanaland to the Union of South Africa.
the
Protectorat Outline any 3 major events that led to the road to
e.
independence from 1963 to 1966
1. Britain government surrendered to the pressure
The Legislative Council from political activism and began preparations to
hand over power
(EQ)Explain the purpose and composition of the 2. Preparations to give Bechuanaland independence
legislative council in Bechuanaland began with a conference held in July 1963 in Lobatse
Formatio Composition to discuss the terms on which would be given self-
Explain any 2
n functions/Purpose government
of the legislative 3. In 1964 the first population census was conducted.
council The information was used to create 31 electoral
1960 It was made  It was constituencies
up of 10 formed in
Africans, 10 order to 4. The first general elections for the National
Europeans, make laws Assembly took place in March 1965 and BDP won.
Protectorate for Here the country was self-governing but not
Administratio Bechuanala independent
n officials and nd
5. The BDP government asked for independence and
1 Asian  It was used
it to demand it was given independence on the 30th September
for 1966
independenc CITIZENSHIP IN BOTSWANA:
e and to Using two examples, explain the relationship
oppose
between rights and responsibilities in a democratic
plans to
make society.
Bechuanala
nd part of RIGHTS RESPONSIBILITIES
South Africa

44
 1.The right to freedom 1.The responsibility not -The right to choose: They have the liberty to select
of expression(the right to exercise this right to goods of their choice when buying.
to say what you think) harm others by using -The right to safety: They have the right to goods
vulgar language or to which are safe for use. They should not be dangerous
2.The right to vote incite violence and riots to life or heath
after reaching the age 2. The responsibility to -The right to information: They right to be given
of 18 vote and to vote wisely accurate information about the goods and services
3. The right to 3. The responsibility to they are buying or paying for.e.g. expiry dates
assembly(the right to hold meetings Etc.
hold meetings) peacefully and to obey (EQ) Evaluate any 2 strategies used by the
the law government of Botswana to protect the rights of
Discuss any 2 rights of citizens OR Discuss any 2 consumers
responsibilities of citizens -Provision of public education: The government raise
CIVIL RIGHTS OF CIVIL RESPONSIBILITIES public awareness on consumer education issues
CITIZENS IN THE EXPECTED OF CITIZENS through media. This will make them act when their
CONSTITUTION rights are being violated. However, there is lack of
- Protection of right -Respecting the rights and education in rural areas.
to life freedom of others -Establishment of laws: the government has come up
-Protection of -Paying tax if they are with laws to protect the rights of consumers and
freedom of required to do so charges those businesses which violate those rights.
expression -Defending the country However, the government is not strict in enforcing
-Protection of -Obeying and upholding the laws.
freedom of the laws of the country -Establishing minimum standards: Bureau of
conscience -Voting during general standards set minimum standards that goods in
-Protection of elections relation to quality, safety. Etc. before they can be sold
freedom of assembly Etc. to consumers
and association etc -Establish consumer protection organization: etc
Using 2 examples, show the relationship between
rights and responsibilities in an environmental
Discuss any 3 rights of people with HIV and AIDS. cvontext
They have the same rights enjoyed by other people
Discuss any 3 responsibilities of people with HIV and -The right to live in an environment that is not
AIDS. harmful to our health: People have the responsibility
-Seek treatment when ill and follow the treatment to keep our environment clean
plan by taking the medication as instructed -The right to education or information about our
-Avoid excessive alcohol usage and other substances environment and how best to protect it: People have
that may affect the health negatively the responsibility to seek knowledge about our
-Take care of themselves by following recommended environment, how it affect us and how we can protect
diet when they are sick and by regular exercising it
-If they are sick they should tell the doctors to the best -The right to fair access to and a share of natural
of their knowledge, accurate and complete resources such as water and land: -The responsibility
information about their current and past illnesses and to share resources and knowledge about the
treatments they are receiving, since this may affect environment with others
their care etc.
State any 2 rights that consumers have in Botswana: THE SIGNIFICANCE/ IMPORTANCE OF NATIONAL
SYMBOLS

45
The national symbols of Botswana are the coat of SIR SERETSE KHAMA PRESIDENTS DAY
arms, national colours, national flag and the national DAY
anthem
THE COAT OF ARMS: -Marks the birthday of -Honours the
the first president which president as the head
(EQ) Explain the significance of any three features of is the 1st of July of state and the
the Botswana coat of arms./Their importance. -It honours the life and government
achievements of -It gives the president
-The three cog wheels: Represent the importance of
Botswana’s first a chance to reflect on
industries in Botswana’s economy
president which include; his achievements and
-The three wavy blue lines: Represent the
*Playing an important challenges in
importance of water which is vital for agriculture
role in Southern African governance
of water brought by rain to life in general politics, *Supporting the -It gives the president
-The two zebras and the elephant task: Show the
liberation of SADC the opportunity to
importance of wildlife to the country’s economy
countries which were led interact with the
-The word ‘Pula’: Means rain. Show the importance
by white minority rule, citizens and to
-The black and white stripes of the Zebras: Show the
*Helped to establish the appreciate their
importance of racial harmony
organization of SADC in contributions towards
-The bulls head: Show the importance of cattle
1980 nation building
farming in the economy of Botswana
-The head of sorghum: Show the importance of
arable farming in the economy of Botswana THE IMPORATANCE OF BOTSWANA DAY
THE NATIONAL COLOURS:
-Symbolises the time when Britain gave us
The national colours of Botswana are sky-blue independence on the 30th of September 1966
(azure), black and white. The national flag was -Help Batswana to remember the end British colonial
adopted on the 30th Sep 1966 and uses the national rule and the achievements they have made since they
colours were given independence
TRADE AND INDUSTRY:
The significance/meaning/importance of national
INFLATION: Refers to a general increase in the prices
colours:
of goods and services over a period of time
-The blue colour: Represent water. Show that water
TERMS OF TRADE
is an important resource for animals and people as
This refers to the relative price a country paid for its
well as for crop production
exports compared with the price paid for its imports
-Black and white colours: Show that Botswana is a
The formula to calculate the terms of trade: Price
multi-racial nation and represent equality and
received for exports OVER price paid for imports X
harmony among people of all races
100
THE NATIONAL ANTHEM: Expresses the belief that
EXCHANGE RATES
the land was given to people by God as a gift to the
people of Botswana. It encourages people to work This refers to the price at which one unit of the
together for the common good of the nation and to currency of one country is exchanges for one unit of
remain united and peaceful the currency of another country.
THE IMPORTANCE OF SIR SERETSE KHAMA DAY,
PRESIDENTS DAY AND BOTSWANA DAY Explain any 2 types of financial institutions in
Botswana

46
-COMMERCIAL BANKS: Commercial banks are banks the USA without being charged customs duties, for a
licensed to provide services such as; Opening bank period of 8 yrs. Botswana has benefited from the
accounts to customers and lending money to agreement and will do so till 2015.
customers e.g. loans. Examples include Barclays bank,
Capital bank .However, services of this banks are THE COTONOU AGREEMENT AND THE ECONOMIC
limited in rural areas. PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS (APAs): Here Botswana
-STATUTORY BANKS: These are banks that were has benefited from the agreements known as the
created by the government through an act of Lomé Conventions (Terms of trade between EU and
parliament. Example is National Development Bank ACP countries). The terms of the trade agreement
(NDB) which was created to provide loans to are that;
entrepreneurs to start businesses. e.g farming a) It gave the ACP countries the preferential access to
-Non-banking financial institutions: They include EU markets. E.g. Bots was allowed to export over
insurance companies like Botswana life insurance 18000 tones of beef annually without paying customs
duties
Major multilateral trade agreements that botswana WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION: The terms of the
has with other countries trade agreement are that;
sacu trade agreement: a) All countries should allow free and fair
The terms of the trade agreement are that OR international trade without harming people or the
Discuss any 2 benefits that Botswana has within the environment.
SACU Trade agreement b) All countries should treat all trading partners
equally to reduce trade barriers
a) Members do not charge each other customs duties Discuss any two attempts made to attempts made
on goods and services imported from and exported to to promote industrial development in Botswana
other member countries. a) Establishment of financial assistance programmes:
b) Botswana gets a fair share of the accumulated The government has set up Institutions that
revenues funds on customs duties charged: borrow/loan money to people who want to start their
C) Botswana easily trade with other member states businesses by buying equipment’s include CEDA
SADC TRADE AGREEMENT: (b) Imparting skills entrepreneurs: Institutions that
Trade agreements that Botswana has with SADC help to impart skills to people who want to start
include the SADC Protocol on Trade in 1996: The businesses or those in business include LEA
terms of the agreement are that;
a) To remove trade barriers among SADC member etc
states, such as customs duties on imports and
(EQ)Discuss any 2 (EQ)Efforts made to
restrictions on most types and quantity of goods that
attempts made by the promote citizen
can be imported in to a member state. This is to
government to economic
promote trade and investment opportunities among
promote economic empowerment
member states by creating a form of a Free Trade
diversification
Area (FTA).
AFRICAN GROWTH AND OPPORTUNITY ACT (AGOA) -Training of personnel -Establishing Citizen
TRADE AGREEMENT: Is a law passed by the Unites to promote a Entrepreneurial
States of America on trade. It only affects certain Sub- knowledge based Development Agency:
Saharan African countries. economy: e.g the CEDA provides low
introduction of interest loans to citizen
The terms of the trade agreement are that;
innovative hub owned businesses.
a) Countries covered by the agreement can export -Promotion of However the lack of
unlimited quantities of most goods they produce to commercial business management

47
 agricultuyres so tha it skills by Batswana leads make information reach
contributes to more to the collapse of distant communities
export of goods businesses. widely.
-Promotion and
tourism sector: -Local procurement of
Diversification of goods and services: The Discuss any 3 ways in which transport and
tourism activities such government buys atleast communication is important to Botswana’s
as cultural tourism to 30% of all goods and economy
create economic services from local
businesses. The boost -Creates jobs e.g. pilots
opportunities
local busineses with -Is a source of income for business owners who
-Offering loans to
money.The government provide transport and communication services. The
different investors to
tendering and payment government also benefit from these businesses
support new businesss
system is slow and it through tax
initaiataives: e.g
frustrates businesses. -Stimulates development and investment. Good
through CEDA
-Reserving certain types roads and phone networks can encourage people to
of businesses to start businesses in rural areas
-Promote
Batswana. E.g. operating -Promote trade within Botswana as well as
beneficiation on
and owning taxis. internationally:
mineral resources: e.g
-Establishing LEA:It trains -Influence the attraction of investors:
local cutting and
Batswana in Business -Influence the competiveness of the economy and
polishing of diamonds
management and This help to improve productivity levels
creates employment
opportunities helps the locals in
acquiring skills needed to Discuss any 3 road safety measures used in
etc
run businesses. Botswana

-the use of road traffic laws

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION: -Road safety education campaigns
-Drivers are trained before given drivers licenses
Describe any 2 FORMS OF -Vehicles are inspected and tested and given road
forms of transport COMMUNICATION USED worthy certificates or licenses before being used to
used in Botswana avoid accidents
-Department of road transport and safety train
-Road: Bitumen or -Mail: People send or children in schools on how to use roads safely
tarred roads, gravel receive letters and -The government hires companies to patrol and clear
and earth/sand packages through post livestock from major roads. This helps to reduce
roads office or a courier accidents caused by livestock
company
-Rail: Railway line -Telecommunication: (eq) Explain any (EQ) Explain any 3 ways of
-Water: People send information 3 causes of road reducing the problem of road
Canoes(mekoro), electronically through fax accidents in accidents in Botswana
ferry, boats machines, cell phones etc Botswana
-Air: Aircrafts e.g. -Mass media: People -Drivers -what the government can do:
airplanes and communicate widely to carelessness: *Make regular and frequent
helicopters each other. E.g e.g., *Excessive road safety campaigns
newspapers, magazines, speeding,
advertising billboards can Drunken

48
 driving, *Make public education work time lost due to
Careless programmes on road safety traffic congestion
overtaking, measure e.g. on TV
Ignoring traffic *Strengthen law enforcement
lights, *Increase penalties for Their health benefits:
disrespect for common traffic offences
-Pedalling exercise the whole body and this helps
other road *Clean/remove obstacles on
keep the cyclists fit
users or traffic roads. E, g, tall trees
-Fitness helps cyclists to have less health costs and to
laws *Road designs should be
live longer
-Other factors: improved to include pavements
2. MOTOCYCLES:
e.g. for pedestrians and special lines
*Traffic for cyclists THEIR ECONOMIC THEIR
congestion *Improve public transport BENEFITS ENVIRONMENTAL
*Poor systems. This will help reduce BENEFITS
conditions of accidents caused by traffic
vehicles congestion -Cheap to buy and to -Produce less pollution
*Livestock that -What road users can do: maintain than cars
wonder on *Obey all traffic laws at all -Efficient in places -Require less land for
roads times where there is traffic parking. The other land
*Always ensure that your congestion is saved for other
vehicle is roadworthy -Requires less space for activities like gardening
storage or parking -Does not require
-Saves money for the massive land to create
Assess the economic, environmental and health country through where it can be cycled
values of using bicycles, motorcycles and public reduced petrol imports like huge land needed
transport -Improves productivity to pave way for roads to
since people will have be used by vehicles
1. BICYCLES:
no work time lost due
THEIR ECONOMIC THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL to traffic congestion
BENEFITS BENEFITS

-Cheap to buy and to -Produce no dangerous THEIR HEALTH BENEFITS:

maintain gas emission
-Exercises the body and keeps the body of the
-Efficient in places -No noise pollution
motorist fit. E.g. starting the engine of a motorcycle
where there is traffic -Require less land for
usually requires using a foot to push down a pedal
congestion parking. The other land is
-Requires less space saved for other activities 3. PUBLIC TRANSPORT:
for storage or parking like gardening
-Saves money for the -Does not require THEIR ECONOMIC THEIR
country through massive land to create BENEFITS ENVIRONMENTAL
reduced petrol where it can be cycled BENEFITS
imports like huge land needed to
-Improves pave way for roads to be -Is cheap -Helps reduce air
productivity since used by vehicles -Creates direct and pollution that can be
people will have no indirect employment e.g. caused by many
allows for people to be

49
 employed as bus private motor
conductors vehicles
-Reduce traffic congestion -There will be less IT’S HEALTH BENEFITS:
-Can help reduce demand waste produced -Force people to walk to bus or taxi stops. This helps
for fuel and money when the vehicle is to keep them fit
needed to expand roads. no longer used. -Reduce pollutions which lead to respiratory
-Stimulates development Unlike many motor problems on humans
and investment, especially vehicles which would
in rural areas. require a huge scrap TOURISM:
yard IDENTIFY TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN BOTSWANA

-Open opportunities for local producers to supply

goods and services
TOURISTS ATTRACTIONS IN BOTSWANA/WHAT -The opportunity to develop and market new tourist
TOURISTS COME HERE FOR? attraction centres. e.g. historical sites to attract more
tourists
-To see the wildlife and to have the wilderness
experience e.g. national parks
CHALLENGES FACED BY THE TOURISM SECTOR AND
-To see natural physical features e.g. the Okavango WAYS IN WHICH TOURISM CAN BE ENHANCED
delta
CHALLENGES FACED BY (EQ) suggest any 3
-Historical sites e.g. rock paintings of tsodilo hills THE TOURISM SECTOR ways in which
tourism can be
-Museums enhanced
-Competition from other -Develop and
-Cultural heritage e.g. the Kuru dance festival held
countries promote a wider
every year at D’kar near Gantsi, the Domboshaba
-Developing a wide variety variety of tourist
dance of the Kalanga people
of attractions in order to attractions
(EQ)Evaluate any 3 ways in which tourism is increase choice for tourists -Improve
importance to Botswana. -Lack of direct accessibility to
intercontinental air Botswana and
-Create employment services. There are no tourist attraction
direct flights between areas e.g. improve
-Source of income/revenue
Botswana and other flights between
-Stimulate the development of other continents Botswana and other
businesses/Diversify the economy -HIV and AIDS. It kills countries
workers in the tourism -Marketing
OPPORTUNITIES IN THE TOURISM SECTOR industry Botswana’s tourism
-Competing uses of -Making policies
-Business opportunities. People can invest in running resources. E.g. Game that will make it
lodges and selling of arts and crafts reserves compete for land easier to start
-Development of domestic tourism: People can make with farming tourism business.
tourist attractions more affordable and accessible to -Shortage of skilled labour E.g. policies on land
local people eg. Introduce more cultural events in It still remains a seasonal allocation
tourist’s areas business. E.g. most tourists

50
 come during winter -Develop and train the same good grasslands occupied by livestock.
because animals can easily local workers on Arable farming: Human beings need fertile lands to
be seen during this period skills needed in the grow crops and to drill boreholes. Livestock competes
-Controlling the tourism industry e.g. for the same fertile lands because they good pastures
environmental impact of tourism hospitality and space. At the same time wild animals like
tourism e.g. ensuring -Establish quality elephants eats the crops in the fields near national
proper disposal of waste by standards for parks.
tourists tourist’s facilities -Land space conflict/competition between human
-Increasing the e.g. cleanliness of settlements, Industrial and infrastructural
involvement of Batswana accommodation development and wild animals:
in the tourism business. -Promote domestic Increase in population of wild animals like elephants,
Most business owners are tourism. Offer means that they need more space. Sometimes this
still foreigners people special low means that wild animals enter human settlements
Etc. prices to visit some that are near game reserves and can cause damage to
traditional villages property.
they never saw EFFECTS OF TOURISM ON THE NVIRONMENT
before
Etc. (EQ) Discuss any 2 negative effects of tourism on the
environment.
-Pollution: Tourists generate waste and littering
EVALUATE ANY 3 ATTEMPST BEING MADE TO -Destroys the ecosystem/habitat for other animals:
DEVELOP ECO-TOURISM IN BOTSWANA Development of tourism facilities increase the
demand for land and destroy habitat for wild animals
- Educating people about the importance of -Tourists may bring diseases:
conserving natural resources: This is done through Explain any 2 ways in which tourism contributes to
environmental education and celebrating world the protection of the environment OR Any positive
tourism days. effects of tourism on the environment:
-Selective tourism policy: Here the intention is to
attract few high spending tourists in order to prevent -It helps to raise environmental awareness: It can help
over exploitation of and damage of the country’s to increase public awareness and appreciation of the
wildlife and wilderness resources environment through environmental awareness
-Promotion of non-consumptive tourism e.g. campaigns e.g. celebrating world tourism day. There
photographic safaris and cultural tourism is growth in environmental awareness evidenced by
-Promotion of Community Based Natural Resource an increase in the number of CBNRM projects in
Management (CBNRM). This policy gives local different communities
communities the responsibility to manage and use -Tourism encourages protection of the environment:
natural resources in their area wisely e Status are put in place to protect tourist attraction
LAND USE CONFLICTS BETWEEN HUMANS, areas and through anti-poaching campaigns.
LIFESTOCK, AND WILDLIFE However, this initiative may lead to conflicts between
the government and locals as it may interfere with the
The conflict/completion between human activities, lifestyle of the local communities. E.g. the san at CKGR
livestock and wildlife: -Tourism generate income used for conservation: The
money earned in tourism is used in projects that aim
-Pastoral farming:
to protect and conserve the environment.
Human beings need open grassland for large scale
commercial pastoral farming. Wildlife competes for

51
(EQ)Evaluate ant 2 attempts being made to promote -Establishment of Botswana tourism board to market
botswana’s tourism/ways in which tourism can be Botswana better as a tourist destination
enhanced -Decentralisation/Easy payments of game reserves
-Advertising tourist attractions e.g. through television and national park fees. Fees can be paid in advance in
programmes many places and this makes it easier for tourists to
-Diversifying tourism attractions: e.g Introduction of visit game parks
Makgadikgadi epic Discuss any 2 major environmental issues in the world
-Celebrating world tourism day to help raise
awareness of Botswana’s tourist attractions that can
make people visit them

52
FORM 3 NOTES:

INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES:

ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES CONSEQUENCE/EFFECTS

ISSUE
Global warming Greenhouse emissions, Deforestation, Ejected Changes in weather patterns. E.g. Floods in areas
gases from volcanic eruptions. Etc. that used to be dry, Droughts,Extreme colds in
winter and extreme hotness in summer, Rising sea
levels
Climate change Greenhouse emissions, Deforestation, Ejected Changes in weather patterns. Eg. Floods in areas
gases from volcanic eruptions. Etc. that used to be dry, Droughts, Extreme colds in
winter and extreme hotness in summer, Rising sea
levels
Ozone layer depletion The use of a chemical called chlorofluorocarbons Leads to skin cancer, damage
used for manufacturing products like, air Eye and immune system, cause mutations.
conditioners, perfumes. Etc
Acidic rain Greenhouse emissions, Ejected gases from Animals die from drinking poisoned water and
volcanic eruptions mixing with rain in the plants are destroyed by toxic water
atmosphere, Air-borne acidic pollutants released
from industries and volcanic eruptions like
sculpture dioxide
Deforestation Overharvest of wood, Shortage of land for Soil erosion, Changes in weather patterns,
settlements and industries Reduces soil fertility, Leads to poverty due to low
food production, concentration of carbon in the
atmosphere
Desertification Overgrazing,Overcultivation of soils, Over- Soil erosion, Reduces soil fertility, Leads to poverty
harvesting of wood for fuel, Overcutting of trees due to low food production
Overpopulation Increase in the number of people, international Overcrowded cities
migration
Pollution a) Water pollution is caused by oil spills, unsafe Global warming, Climate change, Spread of
dumping of hazardous waste in rivers, and toxic diseases,etc
waste from volcanic activities
b) Air pollution is caused by burning of fossil fuels,
Harzadous smog emissions from cars and
industries, hazardous gas emissions from volcanic
eruptions
c)Land pollution is caused by unsafe hazardous
waste disposal from industries and toxic waste
from volcanic eruptions
d)Oceanic or marine pollution caused by dumping
of hazardous waste in to oceans and oil spills and
toxic waste deposit in to oceans caused by
earthquakes and volcanoes.
Environmental Dumping industrial waste everywhere, poor Failure of land to produce enough forests
degradation farming practices
Loss of biodiversity Destruction of forests, pollution. Etc. A loss of balance in plants and animal species
Environmental Over-exploitation of natural resources. Eg. A well conserved environment will support a
conservation Overfishing balanced and sustained biodiversity

(EQ)Discuss any 2 major environmental issues in the world e.g Pollution

(EQ)Discuss any 2effects of pollution on the land

Explain any 3 consequences of mismanaging world

environment

53
 MISMANAGEMENT ITS CONSEQUENCES carbon in the atmosphere leading
ACTIVITY to global warming
a) Over-exploitation Loss of biodiversity as plants and c) Pollution Loss of habitat for marine animals
of natural resources. animal species became extinct, when rivers are polluted, Global
Eg. Overfishing Depletion of natural resources warming, Climate change, Spread
would affect the ability of people of diseases, Scarcity of clean
to produce food for survival and water
goods they need d)Poor farming Increased poverty and famine
b)Deforestation Loss of habitat for animals, Soil practices levels due to land degradation
erosion, Changes in weather and desertification caused by the
patterns, Reduces soil fertility, use of poor farming methods
Leads to poverty due to low food e) The use of ozone Depletion of the ozone layer
production due to land layer unfriendly which increases health risks to
degradation, concentration of chemicals people, and threatens the survival
of some plants and animals

Discus any 2 efforts being made by the international (EQ) EXPLAIN ANY 2 REASONS FOR CONSERVING THE
community to address mismanagement of the WORLD ENVIRONMENT:
environment -To preserve the biodiversity: If we use the environment
-Use of public education: Government raise people’s properly e. g avoiding over hunting of wild animals. This will
awareness on environmental issues through holding ensure that they don’t get extinct.
workshops to sensitise them about environmental -To preserve the aesthetic value of nature: Rivers, dams and
management. However, these campaigns do not reach forest will remain beautiful if we don’t litter them
people in remote areas easily (EQ) Discuss how any 2 environmental problems can affect
-Formulation of laws: Countries come up with relations between countries.
environmental policies and laws that conserve the
environment. g Botswana wildlife conservation policy.
However, the level of implementation of this laws is low,
hence mismanagement continues
-Signing of international agreements/protocols e.g. the
Kyoto protocol
-Invention and use of greenhouse technologies e.g. the use
of solar energy rather than coal

(EQ) Explain any 2 ways of conserving the world

environment
a) Reducing consumption of natural resources
b) Reducing emissions of pollutants and waste
c) Replacing renewable resources where possible
d) Recycling, re using and reducing usage of resources
where possible
e) Protecting certain habitats and environments from
exploitation. Eg. Declaring them world heritage sites,
through laws
f) Through enhanced Multi-Lateral Environmental
Agreements
g) Controlling population growth MAJOR NATURAL DISASTERS :
h) Controlling use of natural resources. Eg. Through laws
Natural Drought,floods,earthquakes/tsunamis,vo Their -loss of life, -Destruction of property, -
disaster lcanoes,hurricanes,epidemics impact on Land degradation, -Displacement, -
humanity Increase in migration, -Slows down
development, -Spread of diseases

54
 Their -Earthquakes/tsunamis and volcanoes coastal areas. Areas of clay soils are at
distributio are common along major fault lines and greater risk than sandy soil areas
n(Where boundaries of tectonic plates. And -Droughts are found in arid and semi-arid
they are Tsunamis being mostly common in areas regions and El Nino prone areas
mostly called the Pacific Ring of Fire (coastal -Epidemics. Areas that have more
found) areas along the Pacific Ocean). Volcanoes movements of people, crowded areas,
mostly occur at destructive plate and areas of poor sanitation are prone to
boundaries. epidemics.
-Hurricanes are along some coastal areas
-Floods are more prone in low lying areas State any 3 types of natural disasters in the world
along deltas, rivers, lakes, dams and in
(EQ) Explain any 2 ways that influence the distribution of -Establish national research institutes on natural disasters
epidemics: e.g. to do researches like modelling disaster events
-Poor sanitation and hygiene -Use of early warning systems
-Lack of proper education on health issues: - Enforcing disaster preparedness strategies e.g. insure
-Over crowded areas: properties, establish building codes or standards to
(EQ) Explain any 2 ways of preparing for natural disasters: encourage disaster resistant structures
-Public education e.g. undertake regular disaster
preparedness exercises, including evacuation drills
-Establishment of emergency funds
-Wise environmental management practices e.g. land use
policy and planning, risk assessments etc.
-Establishment of specific department to assist during
disasters

Ways of preparing for epidemics: -Vaccinations before traveling to disease prone areas

--Proper hygiene practices (EQ) explain any 2 factors that have influenced population
-sewage treatment distribution in Botswana:
-Chlorination of water -The distribution and availability of natural resources e.g.
Explain any 2 ways of preparing for drought: fertile soils
Explain any 2 impacts of natural disasters on humanity -The presence of tsetse fly
-Loss of life -The Wildlife protected areas and forest reserves
-Slow down developments: this is because the monies that -The availability of employment and business opportunities
could be used for development will be diverted to help the -The availability of services e.g. transport, schools etc.
victims
-Destruction to property: Eg. roads, power lines by earth (EQ) Explain any 2 main population problems in Botswana
quakes, hurricanes, volcanoes -HIV and AIDS:
-Poverty: Close to 50% of people live below the poverty line
POPULATION STUDIES: -Youthful population structure: The government and
families spend a lot of money to meet their needs
(EQ) Discuss any 2 factors influencing population growth -Income in equality: There is a wide gap between the rich
-Lack of access to family planning services and education: and the poor.
-Religious beliefs and teachings: -Gender inequality: e.g. more women are unemployed
-Cultural factors: e.g. polygamy than men
-High unemployment levels: Mostly among the youths and
-Improvement in health services: females
-Influx of immigrants: Increases the overall population -Shortage of land for residential and business:
-Excessive waste disposal:
Things that make population to decrease: High death rate -Depletion of resources: It put pressure/demand on natural
and migration resources e.g. water, land

55
-Crime: It is difficult to control crime in highly populated like -Shortage of land: Rapid population growth requires land
towns for residential plot. This will cause land shortage for farming
-Rural urban migration: Puts pressure on towns and cities activities, which will cause the two government to import
e.g. queues at clinics food
(EQ) Explain any 2 challenges of having a youthful Ways in which overpopulation can positively influence
population in Botswana development
-The government has to spend more money by building -Create markets for goods
more tertiary schools to absorb them: -Stimulate foreign direct investment
-It leads to more dependant orphans who need assistance (EQ)Discuss any 3 Ways in which a large population/
from the government: overpopulation can negatively affect the environment
-It put pressure/demand on natural resources e.g. water,
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POPULATION, land
DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT -Produce more waste
-Shortage and high cost of electricity can make people to
People use the natural resources in their environment to use fire wood and hence cause deforestation
meet their needs. E.g. they use soil to produce food for Ways in which the environment influence population
consumption and to sell to develop their communities distribution:
-People prefer to settle in areas with adequate rainfall for
(EQ)Discuss any 3 Ways in which a large population/ them to grow crops and rear livestock
overpopulation can negatively affect development -People prefer to settle in areas with good drainage:
OR State any 2 problems that can be a result of population Availability of plenty of underground water and rivers that
growth on development aid the construction of dams
- It puts pressure on facilities: Rapid population growth can -People prefer to settle in areas fertile soils suitable for
lead to a decline in the quality of services provided by growing crops
hospitals etc. e.g. over crowding -People prefer to settle in insects and disease free areas
-It put pressure on limited financial resources: This strains
the government ability to achieve development.e. g
eradicating poverty
(EQ) Discuss any two negative effects of rural-urban
(EQ) Assess/evaluate any strategies that are used by the migration/internal migration on rural areas.
government to manage population growth -Decline in agricultural production: More active
-Family planning education: The annual population growth people moving to urban areas hence a decline in
rate declined agricultural production.
-Free distribution of contraceptives: The 2001 population
-Depopulation of rural areas: As more people leaver
Census showed that the birth rate declined
to urban areas, the government tends to make more
-Women empowerment: Educating more women delay
them to have children.
developments in urban areas and this makes rural
-Infusion of population and family life studies the school areas less attractive to investors leading to poor
curriculum: living standards.
-Policy on maternity leave: -Migration of brains to urban areas: Learnt people
-Improving infant and child health care services moving to urban areas to look for employment
hence lack of development in rural areas.
Discuss the causes of both internal and international -Breakdown of family ties: Movement of family
migration:
members leads to dysfunctional families
-The search for employment
CONSEQUENCES OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION:
-The search for better services
Discuss any 2 negative effects/consequences which can
-Escaping from environmental hardships e.g. drought
arise in South Africa (the host country) when more
-The need for personal safety and security e.g. need for
workers leave Botswana to seek employment in South
crime free areas
African mines:
-Escaping wars

56
-Xenophobic attacks: Migrant might suffer from -Be positive role -Develop their leadership skills
discrimination and abuse in a new place models e.g. in by allowing them to participate
-It can breed complex criminal activities: It becomes difficult behaviour in community affairs
for countries to control cross border criminal -Create support services which
activities/gangs cater for the needs of the youth
-It can lead to pressure on resources and service delivery:
e.g when more people queue for medical assistance in NON GOVERNMENTAL CIVIL SOCIETY
hospitals. ORGANISATIONS(NGOs)
YOUTH EMPOWERMENT: -Educating the youth about -Protect them from
It means helping the youth to gain control of their lives by their human rights any form of
giving them the power, knowledge, skills and resources that -Protect the human rights of exploitation and
they need to make informed decisions and to realize their youth abuse
full potential as individuals or as a group. -Create support training -Support the physical,
Common behavioural problems exhibited/shown by the opportunities for youth in emotional, moral,
youth various skills spiritual and
-Use of alcohol and illegal drugs, smoking, and substance -Influence the government and economic well-being
abuse community leaders to include of young people
-Juvenile delinquency e.g. involvement in criminal activities youth issues when making -Encourage young
-Early sexual behaviour decisions and policies people to participate
-Peer pressure -Educate the youth on issues of and contribute to the
-Violence sexual and reproductive health economic, political
-Rebelliousness against parents, teachers and other adults and social life in the
Factors that contribute to the development of society
unacceptable behaviours among the youth
-Poverty: e.g. young women can turn to prostitution to take (EQ) Evaluate/assess 2 efforts the government of
care of themselves Botswana is making to empower the youth
-Lack of education: The difficulty to get a good paying job
can make them to turn to crime THE GOVERNEMNT PRIVATE BUSINESSES
-Lack of parental guidance: - Providing education and -Providing job
-Modern technology: training opportunities to training
-Drug and alcohol abuse: empower them: The opportunities for
-Lack of communication between youth and their parents: government do career completers so that
some parents fail to discuss with their children on issues counselling for them and build they can acquire skills
that affect their growth and development tertiary schools. This helps needed by employers
-Gangsters: them to go into careers of their -Create employment
-Exposure to traumatising events: Children exposed to choice opportunities
domestic violence -Provide them with financial -Encourage youth
(EQ) Outline 2 roles for each of the following stakeholders assistance to start businesses: entrepreneurship
in the welfare of the youth They are given youth grants and
a.Parents loans by CEDA. This has good
b. NGOs results because we see a lot of
PARENTS TRADITIONAL AND OTHER youth managing businesses
COMMUNITY LEADERS -Make laws and policies that
-To provide basic Dikgosi, councillors, religious protect the youth
needs e.g clothing leaders have to: -Provide facilities for them e.g.
-Teach them -Teach them acceptable moral sporting facilities
acceptable moral values
values -Protect them from abuse Explain any 3 major challenges facing the youth in
-Protect them from -Be positive role models e.g. in botswana
abuse behaviour -Unemployment:

57
-HIV and AIDs and Sexually transmitted diseases: They -Improvement in -Political stability: Never
have a challenge to adopt a behavioural change to use health: experienced election wars
condoms to be free from STIs -Access to safe -Peace: Never experienced civil
-Inadequate education and training: Many young people of drinking water: wars. Involvement in peace
school going age are idling because of limited educational -Reduction on the keeping and peace building
opportunities in tertiary schools impact of poverty initiatives
-Teenage pregnancy: on vulnerable -Respect for the rule of law:
-Crime: children: Protecting the constitution
-Sexual, physical, emotional abuse: -Improvements in -Very low levels of corruption
-Alcohol abuse, illegal drugs and substances: infrastructure: compared to other countries:
-Orphan hood: -Improved standard Botswana is considered to be the
-Globalization and cultural change: of living: Growth in least corrupt in Africa
the GDP -Helped in the formation of
Economic projects that could be run by the youth -Increase in formal SADC:
-Agricultural business projects: e.g. borrow money from employment: -Respect for human rights:
CEDA and run a vegetable farm
-Can run businesses that provide services but need little Explain the significance of any 2 pillars outlined in vision
capital to start e.g. car wash 2016
-can run manufacturing projects. They can use skills they -
acquired at school to produce crafts -
-Can run information technology centres e.g. internet, (EQ) Discuss 2 ways in which vision Botswana’s long term
printing services etc. vision is important OR The significance of Vision 2016 or
-Participating in the music industry. E.g. setting music vision 2036
groups, running studios, being DJs etc. -Promotes unity: Create a common and shared national
goals which help to promote national cooperation,
THE COLONIAL ERA: tolerance and respect the diversity in cultures in the
Explain any 3 major domestic challenges leaders of the country. This promotes peace and social harmony in the
new republic of Botswana faced at independence country.
-Drought: It lasted between 1961 until 1966. Food aid had -It provides the focus needed to accomplish the set goals: It
to be given to people to prevent hunger gives the nation a guide, purpose and a meaning of what
-Lack of money: At independence the country was one of needs to be done in order to achieve the end results.
the ten poorest in the world. Botswana had to rely on However, there is a challenge of monitoring and evaluating
financial aid from Britain to pay for costs of governing the the set goals
country FOREIGN RELATIONS:
-Limited industrial and commercial businesses: The major Discuss any 3 major ways by which nations interact with
business was BMC in lobatse. The challenge was to promote one another
the establishment of other businesses by Batswana -Trade: e.g. exporting and importing goods
-Poverty: -Through signing common diplomatic protocols or
-Inadequate and poor educational services: agreements e.g. Kyoto protocol
-Limited health facilities: etc -Through organizations that allow them to deal with
collective problems or issues of concern e.g. SADC
Explain any 2 major political achievements made by -Sporting activities: e.g. common wealth games unite
Botswana since independence former British colonies
-Security alliances: e.g. ECOWAS, UN Security Council
SOCIO-ECONOMIC POLITICAL ACHIEVEMENTS members
ACHIEVEMENTS -Cultural exchange and cultural identities:
-Rise in income -There is multiparty democracy: -Through establishing diplomatic missions:
levels: There are multi-party elections
--Improvement in and there were never political Explain any 3 factors that determine Botswana’s foreign
education: prisoners policy

58
-Botswana’s national principles: e.g. the country’s principle 1990: Botswana as a -Supporting refugees
of Democracy, will influence it to support actions of member of UN had a and liberation
countries that promote democracy challenge to use strategies movements that fought
-The geographical location of Botswana in Southern Africa: that would allow her to oppressive regimes in
As a landlocked country Botswana has to remain in good continue with SA Southern Africa
terms with its neighbours for access to the sea -The influx of refugees from -Joining the United
-The common good: Botswana supports the decisions that the 2008 political crisis in nations in 1966: helped
promote the common good and benefit the majority of her Zimbabwe the country to develop
citizens and nations of the world -Relocations of Basarwa and relate well with
-Botswana’s self-awareness: Being aware of the country’s from CKGR: Survival others
strengths and weaknesses economically, militarily and International was against the -Negotiating SACU
politically relocation agreements that
-Ideologies and ethics benefited Botswana
-Botswana’s membership of various organizations: e.g. economically
membership to organizations such a SADC
THE MAJOR PRINCIPLES THAT GUIDE BOTSWANA’S CITE CASES OF BOTSWANA ‘S INVOLVEMENT IN
FOREIGN POLICY PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS AND PEACEMAKING
Explain any 3 major principles that guide Botswana’s INITIATIVES
Foreign policy: INVOLVEMENT IN PEACEMAKING INITIATIVES
-Peaceful co-existence and good neighbourliness: PEACEKEEPING
Botswana believes in fostering friendly relations and INITIATIVES
peaceful resolution of disputes between countries BDF soldiers have BOTSWANA’S PEACEMAKING
-Respect for international law: Botswana uphold laws taken part in INITIATIVES
made at international conferences e.g. UN human rights peacekeeping -Botswana’s involvement in the
charter missions in; peacemaking in DRC: Former
-Respect for human rights: Botswana condemns violation -Somalia in1992- presidents Sir Ketumile Masire
of human rights 1995 was appointed by SADC in 1999
-Botswana’s national interest: Issues of national concern -Mozambique in to act as a mediator in the ‘Inter-
are considered before major decisions are made with other 1993-1994 Congolese Dialogue’
countries -Rwanda from -Participation in monitoring
-Non-Interference in the internal affairs of other 1993-1994 elections (sending election
countries: -Darfur in Sudan in observers)
-Respect for the territorial integrity of other states: Feb 2003 -Showing support for the
-Non-alignment: -Lesotho in March initiatives to bring dictatorship
1998 t leaders to international criminal
Outline Botswana’s major foreign policy challenges and courts
successes from 1966 to the present -Participation in the SADC
Major foreign policy Major foreign policy protocol on firearms,
challenges successes armaments and related
-Botswana’s relations with - Being a member of the materials established in 1995
the apartheid South Africa: front line states that
It had a challenge to avoid persuaded the white (EQ) Discuss any 2 ways in which foreign relations affect
military conflicts with SA minority governments the lives of Batswana /citizens
-Military incursion from in southern Africa to *Trade: Countries with friendly relations make it easier for
Rhodesia: Liberation fighters give independence to citizens to export and import goods between member
and Rhodesian soldiers black majority states. This will improve the economy of the country
always entered Botswana to populations *Creation of employment opportunities: Citizens can seek
pursue raids against each -Peaceful settlement of employment in other sister countries. This will help to
other the sedudu islands reduce the burden of unemployment.
-UN Sanctions against the dispute with Namibia
apartheid South Africa in

59
-Foreign aid: Rich countries can assist poor each other with The main reason behind its formation: Was to allow tree
money during disasters. Organisations can help member trade among member states.
states when in trouble Explain any 2 benefits that Botswana has within the SACU
-Easiness of travel to other countries: trade agreement:
Members signed memorandum of agreement to:
THE FORMATION AND ORGANISATION OF THE SACU, i. Charge a common external tariff/customs duty on all
SADC, AU and UN goods imported in to the customs union from non-
Southern African Customs Union (SACU): Was formed on members states
29 June 1910 by SA, Lesotho, Botswana, Swaziland and ii. To share revenue collected from customs duties among
Zimbabwe. Presently its members are Botswana, Namibia, members
South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Its headquarters are iii. Free movements of goods between members without
in Windhoek, Namibia tariffs being charged or limitations in quantities of exports
The organizational structure of SACU:

i. Promote sustainable economic and social development

Southern African Development Community (SADC): through regional integration
Was formed by leaders of a group called the frontline ii. Promote and defend peace and security
states. It held its first conference in 1980 with Sir Seretse
Khama as its first chairperson. It was initially called, iii. Develop common political values, systems and
southern African Development Coordination Conference institution
(SADCC) and later in 1989 changed to SADC. Currently its 15 iv. Co-ordinate national and regional strategies and
members include; Angola, Botswana, DRC, Lesotho, programmes
Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, v. Strengthen historical, social and cultural links among the
Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and people of the region
Zimbabwe.
State the aims/ objectives of SADC:
The organizational structure of SADC:

SADC Secretariat: Is the principal executive institution of

Responsibilities of each organ of SADC: SADC responsible for, among others, strategic planning,
The Summit of Heads of state: Is composed of all Heads of policy implementation and the supervision of other organs
State and is the highest policy making body of SADC.
Chairing the summit is on rotational basis AFRICAN UNION (AU): Was formed on the 25 May
The Council of Ministers: Consists of ministers from each 1963.It was previously known as the Organisation of
member state, usually those responsible for ministries of African Unity (OAU). Members include all African
foreign affairs
countries except
Organ on Politics, Defiance and Security: Responsible for
The organizational structure of AU:
promoting peace in the region
Tribunal: Is responsible for settling disputes referred to it
concerning the adherence to and the interpretation of the
SADC agreements

60
Responsibilities of each organ of AU: The Court of Justice: The AU has agreed to establish
The Assembly: same as SADC to settle legal disputes.
The Executive Council: Made up of foreign ministers
of member states. It advises the assembly UNITED NATIONS (UN): Is the successor of the
Peace and Security Council (PSC): It was established organization called the League of Nations, founded in
to resolve conflicts among member states 1919, which aimed at maintaining world peace. It
Pan-African Parliament: Made of representative filed to prevent the Second World War. In 1945 co
from member states
untries met San Francisco, USA and accepted the UN -Each constituency or ward has one seat and is
charter and signed on the 26 June 1945. It officially represented by a single elected member/One man
came in to existence on the 24th of October 1945. Its one vote
headquarters are currently in USA in New York and -The candidate who receives the most (not majority)
every country in the world is a member except of the votes compared to other candidates wins to
become a Member of Parliament or councillor
Responsibilities of each organ of UN: -The political party that has won the majority of
The General Assembly: meeting of heads of states parliamentary seats also wins the right to rule the
The Security Council: Consists of 5 permanent country
members being the USA, Britain, France, Russia and
China. The re non-permanent members are elected (EQ) Outline any 2 disadvantages of First Past the
by the general assembly and only serve for 2 yrs. It Post electoral system:
helps to maintain world peace e.g. UN peace keeping -It leads to wasted votes: Only a party that wins
missions majority votes in council or constituency is
The International Court of Justice: Its role is to settle represented in council or parliament. All other votes
legal disputes are not accounted for
The Secretariat: -It gives a distorted view of the results: Government
The Trusteeship Council: It suspended its operations may be formed by a party with overall low votes. The
in 1994. party that has the majority seats in parliament wins
(EQ)Explain the importance of any 3 regional bodies even though the overall votes may be less than the
in Southern Africa that are dedicated to combined opposition votes
development. -Limited/ no representation of women and
OR Explain any 3 common minorities. In patriarchal societies like Botswana
objectives/Aims/importance/Purpose for being women fare badly against men in elections
formed of international/regional organisations: -The ruling party may temper with delimitation of
- Promote sustainable economic development: This is constituencies: Such that the constituencies where
achieved through coming up with trade policies and skills the opposition is strong remain few and many where
exchange initiatives that benefit all member states. the incumbent is strong/it may encourage cheating
-Promote peace and security among member states: This -The voters have limited choice of candidates to vote
is done through the establishment of committees aimed at
for
restoring peace where there is instability among members.
(EQ)Advantages of first past the post system:
e.g. use of peace keeping missions.
-It is easy to interpret and understand elections
-Strengthen social and cultural links among members: They results/counting is not complicated
invite members to their cultural, independence days to -Allows for bi-elections to be held
strengthen friendships. (EQ) Describe 2 ways in which first past the post
BOTSWANA’S ELECTORAL SYSTEM: electoral system differs from the proportional
(EQ) Explain any 2 characteristics of first past the representation electoral system
post/Botswana’s electoral system

61
-In first past the post voters vote for candidates -To register citizens who qualify to vote and prepare
while in proportional representation voters vote for the voters roll
political parties -To carry out voter education and encourage voters
to register to vote
-In firsts past the post the party that wins the is DELIMITATION OF CONSTITUENCY BOUNDARIES
determined by the total number of constituencies it
attained while in proportional representation the What are constituency boundaries?
winning party is determined by the total percentage
Electoral districts used to elect members of
of votes attained.
parliament
Why is it necessary to carry out delimitation?
-In FPTP constituencies or wards are represented by
To ensure that constituencies have an almost equal
one representative while in proportional
population quota.
representation a constituency or ward can be
THE PROCEDURES AND PROCESSES OF
represented by more than one representative
DELIMITATING CONSTITUENCY BOUNDARIES

-FPTP (has wasted votes) only recognises voted of 1. It is done after every 10 years, usually after the
the winner regardless of their significance while PR national population census. The delimitation
recognises all votes (PR prevents wasted votes) commission draws the constituency boundaries on
the basis of the census population
-In FPTP the candidate with more votes than others 2. The establishment of the delimitation commission
become a winner and get a seat in parliament or is done by the Judicial Service Commission following
ward level while in PR a party is allocated seats on a population census
the basis of the percentage it scored 3. The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) holds
meetings with Districts, Towns and City Councils in
-In FPTP there are bi-elections while in the PR system the country to explain to them the process of
parties choose representatives from the party list delimitation
4. The Delimitation Commission consults the public
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE INDEPENDENT and various stakeholders such as politicians and local
ELECTORAL COMMISIION (IEC) authority leaders. The commission holds public
meetings throughout the country at venues such as
When and how was it formed? kgotla and civic centers to get the views of the public.
Individuals are allowed to submit their views in
It was established in 1997 after a national referendum
writing to the commission
voted in favour of having an independent body being
5. The President publishes a proclamation in the
in charge of conducting and supervising general
Government Gazette declaring the new constituency
elections in Botswana.
boundaries as delimited by the commission
Why was it formed?
Factors considered when delimiting constituency
To ensure that the general elections are transparent,
boundaries:
free and fair
It responsibilities: -The interests of the community
-conduct and supervise elections and to declare the -The means of communication and travel distances
results of each election -The geographical features
-Ensure elections are conducted fair and freely -The population density
-Arrange and conduct the national referenda -The boundaries of Tribal Territories and
-Register all political parties wishing to participate in Administrative Districts
any general election

62
DEMARCATION OF POLLING DISTRICTS/WARDS AND 2. THE PROCESSES/PROCEDURES DURINGTHE
IDENTIFICATION OF POLLING STATIONS ELECTION DAY:
What are Poling districts?
Where we elect councillors to represent us at the 1. The voter goes to the polling station in the area
district, town or city council level. where they have registered
What are polling stations? 2. Show their registration cards and Omang to the
Are the venues where voters go to register to vote polling officer
before elections and cast their vote on polling day 3. Polling officer checks name of the voter on the
THE PROCEDURES AND PROCESSES OF voter roll to confirm personal details
DEMARCATION OF POLLING DISTRICTS/WARDS AND 4. Officer then gives the voter a ballot paper and
IDENTIFICATION OF POLLING STATIONS marks against it to prove the ballot paper was given
-It is done after the delimitation of constituency out
boundaries has been conducted 5. The voter then goes to a polling booth and secretly
-The Secretary of IEC divides the delimitated marks his/her paper, folds it up and puts it in a ballot
constituencies in to polling districts and establishes box and leaves a polling station
polling stations within each district 6. When voting ends, the ballot boxes are sealed and
-The Secretary of IEC publish in the gazette or any sent to one place where votes are counted in the
manner he or she considers suitable the boundary presence of the representatives from all competing
and name of each polling district, and the location parties
and name of each polling station 7. The candidate who wins the most votes becomes
-Outside Botswana polling stations may be the elected representative
Embassies, Consular Missions or other places OUTLINE THE IMPORTANCE OF VOTING
identified by IEC -To promote democracy because citizens express
their choice of leadership
-To have a say in the way the country is run
How are polling stations identified? -Ones vote makes a difference. A single vote can be
the difference between winning and losing an
The IEC consults traditional leaders and political election
leaders in each electoral district before deciding -To create a peaceful environment for development
where to locate the polling stations within each -Citizens are able to choose their leaders
polling district. -Provides an essential link between the government
and the governed
N.B. During the 2009 general elections, there were
-Promote good governance by ensuring that leaders
490 polling districts or wards/Dikgaolo tsa botlhophi
are chosen freely and fairly and that as elected
tsa bokhanselara
representative they are held accountable to the
IDENTIFY THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE VOTING electorates
PROCESS

1. THE PROCESSES/PROCEDURES BEFORE THE (EQ)Discuss any 2 roles of (EQ)Ways of

ELECTION DAY: elected representatives e.g holding elected
members of parliament, representatives
I. Voter registration/Screening: A person should be councillors accountable
18yrs and above and have valid ID
-They are the link/act as a -Keep a record of
II. Compilation of the voters roll: The IEC lists all the mouth piece between the campaign promises
voter’s names and make it available for inspection by electorates and the and monitor
the public. This list is known as the voters roll government: They relay

63
 information from implementation: -If demand is lower than supply, the price will
parliament to the people They can call their decrease
who elected them through representatives to The effects of the price on the demand?
kgotla meetings
a public meeting so -When the price falls, demand increases
. Also they call kgotla
that they explain -When prices increase, demand increases
meetings to consult and get
ideas from the people and why their promises EXPLANATION OF BUSINESS CONCEPTS:
give them feedback on have not been SPENDING: Is the act of using money to buy goods
matters of interest. fulfilled. and to pay for services
However some SAVING: The act of conserving money by not
representatives never take -Demand regular spending it
the matters of constituents meetings with INVESTING: Is using money in order to earn more
to relevant authorities representatives:
-Educate people about money. e.g. buying shares
government policies: They BORROWING: Is any arrangement by which one
-They should
should call kgotla meetings obtains something, such as money, from someone
ensure that
to inform people about else and agrees to return it within a specified period
programmes like CEDA and unproductive
of time
how they can benefit from candidates lose
BUDGETING: Is the process of planning and making a
such initiatives. However, elections by voting
budget. A budget list all expected income and
some people fail to attend them out:
meetings and lack planned expenses for a given period
information
-Promotion of peace: WAYS OF SAVING WAYS OF
INVESTING

-Open a savings account -Investing in real

-Children can create containers estate/Property:
WHAT IS ENTREPRENEURSHIP? (piggy banks) to save coins and e.g. build houses
notes when they do not want to and rent the out or
Is the action and skill of starting and running a
spend sell them for profit
business or an enterprise in order to make a profit?
-Be a wise borrower e.g. borrow -Creating insurance
EXPLAIN ANY 2 FACTORS OF PRODUCTION from lenders offering the lowest policies: e.g one
rates can benefit from
-Land: refers to all the natural resources in the -Make personal voluntary the monies having
environment that are used to produce goods or contributions in to a pension accumulated
services e.g. water, fish fund: This will increase interest over time
retirement savings -Buying of bonds,
-Labour: -Join burial societies: To be able shares/stocks/equi
to save for the costs self and ties: One can gain
-Capital: money and machinery
relatives during funerals money from
-Entrepreneurship: The management ability of an -Spend less than you earn: Cut dividends paid to
entrepreneur to come up with a good business idea down on spending on non- him
essential and unnecessary items -Collective
Explain how supply and demand affect the price of -Be a wise buyer: e.g. investments: e.g.
goods and services: *Buy goods in bulk: you can get a opening motshelo
the effects of demand on the price? discount for buying in bulk accounts with other
-If the demand is higher than the supply, the price will people and share
increase *Buy goods on sale: the interests

64
*Compare prices before you buy: -Education and government and private -lack of business
training: This can companies to support management and
-Joining motshelo stimulate your job business initiatives e.g. entrepreneurship skills
LEA, CEDA, YFF, etc -Lack of financial resources
mobility
-Creating a job for one to start a business
self: Avoid remaining -Inadequate raw materials
unemployed within the country:
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF SELF -The development of Importing them will raise
EMPLOYMENT business management business cots
skills: Skills to start and -Competition with
OPPORTUNITIES CHALLENGES run a business established businesses
-People of all ages and -Shortage of local skilled
-You are your own boss: -Requires hard work and background can succeed labour
All the benefits/profits perseverance: -There is a choice of -Shortage of market for
go to you -The threat of failure to pay business one prefers some products
-May not require for business costs if there is given their abilities, -High utility bills
specific resources or no profit challenges and interests -Failure to strike the right
experience e.g. running -Unforeseen natural -One has flexibility in balance between business
a kiosk phenomenon: If you get sick terms of location of the and leisure
-Plenty of support the business might close business e.g. home, etc.
programmes set by the down

(EQ) EVALUATE ANY 2 GOVERNMEMNT POLICIES THAT -Proper management of the environment conservation,
ARE AIMED AT PROMOTING INVESTMENT IN BOTSWANA educating people, doing Environmental Impact
assessments before projects take place
-Citizen economic empowerment programmes/schemes: -Maintaining peace. During wars large sums of monies can
Citizens get financial assistance from CEDA and start their be used to buy weapons rather than to develop the country
own businesses. However, the government fail to monitor -Controlling population growth. Overpopulation deplete
this business and hence some end up collapsing. resources quickly
-Tax policies: The country has low tax rates and this -Increasing resource productivity e.g. recycling, re-using,
encourage foreign investors to set up businesses here reduce
-Policies that encourage foreign direct investment: -Sharing resources fairly and justly. Bridging the gap
International Financial Services Centre (IFSC) are between the rich and the poor
responsible towards attracting foreign companies to come OUTLINE THE BENEFITS OF SOUND ENVIRONMENTAL
and operate here to create employment for Batswana as MANAGEMENT
well as promoting the local raw materials.
-Foreign exchange policy: Botswana does not have any -Conserves natural resources e.g. water
foreign exchange controls, and this attract foreign
companies to invest here. -Promotes sustainable development e.g. people will
-Foreign trade policy: The policy helps local entrepreneurs continue to have adequate food and water
to buy raw materials that are not locally available from
-Saves money by reducing environmental damage. It is very
other SADC countries. It does this by reducing tariffs on
expensive to fix problems caused by mismanagement
incoming raw materials etc.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
-Create and maintains a healthy environment e.g. diseases
that results from pollution can be controlled
Means development that meets the needs of the present
-Preserves bio-diversity
without compromising the ability of future generations to
-Preserves the aesthetic value or beauty of the
meet their own needs
environment
(EQ)DISCUSS ANY 2 WAYS OF ACHIEVING SUSTAIBNABLE -Helps to reduce natural hazards like floods, drought etc.
DEVELOPMENT -Prevents damage to local ecosystems
HOW THE ENVIRONMENT influence DEVELOPMENT?

65
1. How natural resources influence development: e.g. The meaning of human resource development: It is the
manufacturing industries can use trees to produce timber. planned and organized process of activities undertaken, to
Fertile soils support arable farming. equip people with necessary knowledge and skills that need
2. Natural disasters: e.g. Floods, earthquakes can damage to meet current and future job demands, and to contribute
infrastructure. More money can be used to re build the effectively to the economic, social, cultural, intellectual,
damaged infrastructure and political life of the society
3. Climate: Some areas like deserts receive little rainfall.
This limits agricultural production and makes it difficult to Education contributes towards the development of
achieve food self-sufficiency human resources in the following ways:
4. Diseases and pests: Crops damaged by pests and
-If an education system does not produce individuals with
diseases results in lower yields. This limits agricultural
the knowledge and skills, that they can use to improve their
production and makes it difficult to achieve food self-
lives and the society needs, this can hinder human resource
sufficiency
development
5. Unfriendly physical environment: e.g. deserts have poor
-Education creates a pool of people with the knowledge and
soils, extreme temperatures and inadequate water supply
skills that they can use to contribute to economic
which limit human settlement and economic activities
development and find jobs
Discuss any 3 ways in which development influence/affect
-Educational qualifications can ensure that you are
the environment
admitted to other institutions e.g. BGCSE certificate in order
1. Human economic activities like furniture production to find admission in HIS institutions
leads to more demand of trees. Expansion in agriculture can EXPLAIN ANY 2 WAYS OF IMPROVING HUAMAN
lead to clearing of more forests. Improperly disposed waste RESOURCES IN BOTSWANA
from industries can pollute the environment. Irrigation
-Providing basic education to all children e.g. the 10-year
schemes that extract large volumes of water from rivers can
basic education in which parents only pay 5% of educational
reduce their water levels
expenses
2. Developments leads to changes of the natural
-Creating life-long learning opportunities: e.g. adult
environment: Vegetation is removed to make roads and to
education programmes, increasing distance learning
construct buildings
programmes
3. Low development can lead to environmental damage:
-Providing relevant curriculum at school and tertiary:
Lack of electricity in homes can lead to over harvesting of
Introduce other courses or subjects in the curriculum which
firewood which in turn leads to depletion of wood
can encourage economic, social and economic growth of
resources
the society
EDUCATION AND HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT:
-Training people to be skilled workers: Increase training
PURPOSE OF EDUCATION institutions and introducing modern courses that can
increase job opportunities for graduates
-To equip people with knowledge and skills: -Providing career guidance: This will make learners to
choose careers that match their interests and also that offer
-To develop positive values and attitudes: skills that are needed by the employers etc.
CLASSIFYING DIFFERENT TYPES OF CAREER
-To develop the ability to reason and think critically:
OPPORTUNITIES IN FORMAL AND INFORMAL SSECTORS
-To awaken the desire to learn:
TYPES OF CAREER EXAMPLES OF
-To transmit the culture of a society: OPPORTUNITIES IN THE CAREERS
FORMAL SECTOR
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EDUCATION AND HUMAN
RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT Professional careers: A Teachers, lawyers,
profession is an occupation that accountants,
requires a person to have at least

66
 a diploma, but usually a nurses, economists, Trading in goods Hawking, Street
bachelor, master, or doctorate bankers etc.
degree qualification. People in Providing services Car mechanics,
professional careers usually hairdressing, etc
belong to professional
associations, and have to abide Manufacturing Carpentry, production of
by ethical code of conduct of the arts and culture, welding,
profession. Usually they have to etc
apply and be issued with a
license before they are allowed
to practice their profession CAREERS REALATED TO THE CARE FOR THE ENVIRONMENT

Vocational careers: They involve Mechanic, -Environmental education careers: A teacher or lecturer of
skills that have been acquired plumbers, computer environmental education etc
through practical training at technicians, tailors,
technical colleges or chefs, hair dressers, -Careers on environmental cleanliness and safety
apprenticeship programmes. A etc.
certificate may be awarded at -Waste management officer: Manages waste disposal,
the end of the training period collection and recycling facilities

Management Chief executive -Careers in environmental conservation and protection: e.g.

officer, managers, wild life officers,
managing directors,
-Careers in environmental research: Conservation
etc.
scientists. E.g. Ecologists,
General duties -Cleaners,
messengers,
drivers, secretaries,
receptionists, office
assistants

END OF FORM 3 NOTES “””””””””””””” Cheers

REVIEWED BY:
MR KABOYAONE DODO NAOLAKGOSI

National Secretary for Botswana Social Studies

TYPES OF CAREER EXAMPLES OF CAREERS Association (BOSSA)
OPPORTUNITIES IN THE
INFORMAL SECTOR Cell:76662706

Email: kaboyaonenaolakgosi @gmail.com.

13/01/2023

67