International Journal of Research in all Subjects in Multi Languages Vol.
7, Issue: 5, May: 2019
[Author: Dr. Shefali Vyas] [Subject: Education] (IJRSML) ISSN: 2321 - 2853
Vedic mathematics: A collection of ancient techniques to solve
mathematical problem in easy and faster way
DR. SONAL SEVAK SHEIFALI VYAS
Guide Research Scholar
Abstract:
Vedic mathematics is very ancient Indian technique to solve mathematics problems easily and very
fast. Though it is very useful technique for the students, it is not as much popular as modern
mathematical techniques. There are 16 Sutras (formulas) and 13 Subsutras of Vedic mathematics.
Vedic mathematics was first introduced by Shri Bharati Krishna Tirthaji Maharaja in 19th century. In
present study the researcher has presented the history, importance and usefulness of Vedic method.
1. Introduction
Vedic Mathematics is a system of reasoning and mathematical working based on ancient Indian
teachings called Veda. It is fast, efficient and easy to learn and use. Vedic mathematics, which
simplifies arithmetic and algebraic operations, has increasingly found acceptance the world over.
Experts suggest that it could be a handy tool for those who need to solve mathematical problems faster
by the day. How fast you can solve a problem is very important. There is a race against time in all the
competitions. Only those people having fast calculation ability will be able to win the race. Time saved
can be used to solve more problems or used for difficult problems.
2. Introduction to Vedic mathematics
The “Vedic Mathematics” is called so because of its origin from Vedas. To be more specific, it has
originated from “Atharva Vedas” the fourth Veda. “Atharva Veda” deals with the branches like
Engineering, Mathematics, sculpture, Medicine, and all other sciences with which we are today aware
of. The Sanskrit word Veda is derived from the root Vid, meaning to know without limit. The word
Veda covers all Veda-Sakhas known to humanity. The Veda is a repository of all knowledge,
fathomless, ever revealing as it is delved deeper.
Vedic Mathematics introduces the wonderful applications to Arithmetical computations, theory of
numbers, compound multiplications, algebraic operations, factorizations, simple quadratic and higher
order equations, simultaneous quadratic equations, partial fractions, calculus, squaring, cubing, square
root, cube root and coordinate geometry etc.
This subject was revived largely due to the efforts of Jagadguru Swami Bharathi Krishna Tirtha Ji of
Govardhan Peeth, Puri Jaganath (1884-1960). Having researched the subject for years, even his efforts
would have gone in vain but for the enterprise of some disciples who took down notes during his last
days. The basis of Vedic maths, are the 16 sutras, which attribute a set of qualities to a number or a
group of numbers. The ancient Hindu scientists (Rishis) of Bharat in 16 Sutras (Phrases) and 120
words laid down simple steps for solving all mathematical problems in easy to follow 2 or 3 steps.
Vedic Mental or one or two line methods can be used effectively for solving divisions, reciprocals,
factorization, HCF, squares and square roots, cubes and cube roots, algebraic equations, multiple
simultaneous equations, quadratic equations, cubic equations, biquadratic equations, higher degree
equations, differential calculus, Partial fractions, Integrations, Pythagoras Theorem, Apollonius
Theorem, Analytical Conics and so on.
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International Journal of Research in all Subjects in Multi Languages Vol. 7, Issue: 5, May: 2019
[Author: Dr. Shefali Vyas] [Subject: Education] (IJRSML) ISSN: 2321 - 2853
Vedic scholars did not use figures for big numbers in their numerical notation. Instead, they preferred
to use the Sanskrit alphabets, with each alphabet constituting a number. Several mantras, in fact,
denote numbers; that includes the famed Gayatri Mantra, which adds to 108 when decoded.
Vedic Mathematics provides answer in one line whereas conventional method requires several steps. It
is an ancient technique, which simplifies multiplication, divisibility, complex numbers, squaring,
cubing, square and cube roots. Even recurring decimals and auxiliary fractions can be handled by
Vedic Mathematics. Vedic Mathematics forms part of Jyotish Shastra which is one of the six parts of
Vedangas. The Jyotish Shastra or Astronomy is made up of three parts called Skandas.
A Skanda means the big branch of a tree shooting out of the trunk.
In Vedic mathematics System a manual approach is preferred. The simplicity of Vedic Mathematics
encourages most calculations to be carried out without the use of paper and pen. Methods like Shudh
Method is applicable in statistics. This mental approach sharpens the mind, improves memory and
concentration and also encourages innovation.
Once the mind of the student develops an understanding of system of mental mathematics it begins to
work more closely with the numbers and become more creative. The students understand the numbers
better. Vedic Mathematics is very flexible and creative and appeals to all group of people. It is very
easy to understand and practice.
It will be of interest to everyone but more so to younger students keen to make their mark in
competitive entrance exams. India’s past could well help them make it in today’s world. It is amazing
how with the help of 16 Sutras & 13 sub-sutras, the Vedic seers were able to mentally calculate
complex mathematical problems.
3. Introduction to Shri Bharati Krishna Tirthaji Maharaja
3.1 Early life
Shri Bharathi Krishna Tirthaji Maharaj was born on 14th March 1884 at Tinnievelly, Tamil Nadu. Shri
Bharti Krishna Tirtha was known as Venkatraman before he became a saint.
In July 1899 he was awarded the title of ‘Saraswati’ for all round proficiency and gifted oratory in
Sanskrit by the Sanskrit Association of Madras. He had a brilliant academic record with a Masters
(MA) degree in six subjects; Sanskrit, English, History, Philosophy, Mathematics and Science from
the Bombay Centre of the American College of Science, Rochester, New York.
After a brilliant University career, he became a lecturer in Mathematics and Science in the Baroda
College. Thereafter he became Principal of National College in Rajamundary, Andhra Pradesh, India.
In 1905 when the Freedom movement started in Bengal, Bharti Krishnaji participated in the freedom
movement along with Shri Aurobindo Ghosh and Gopal Krishna Gokhale, an ardent nationalist. Bharti
Krishnaji wrote to numerous newspapers propagating the freedom movement. He was also appointed
‘Warden of the Sons of India’ by Dr.Annie Besant in 1908.
There seemed a devout urge in Him to devote his life in the service of humanity, and he held that man
could render such service only after attaining Self Realization. Therefore, he proceeded in 1909 to
Shringeri Matha to realize it at the feet of Shri Shankaracharya Shri Sachchidananda Shiva Abhinava
Narasimha Saraswati.
3.2 Vedic Mathematics
From 1911-1918 Bharati Krishnaji practiced deep meditation and studied metaphysics and Vedas
which led him to practice an arduous life of a Sadhu (saint). He was leading a purely saintly life living
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International Journal of Research in all Subjects in Multi Languages Vol. 7, Issue: 5, May: 2019
[Author: Dr. Shefali Vyas] [Subject: Education] (IJRSML) ISSN: 2321 - 2853
on roots and fruits. His life was continuous “Sadhana” (meditation) and he devoted himself to the
study of Vedanta and resorted to the forest for deep meditation and spiritual attainments.
In his solitude he discerned the “Ganita-Sutras” or easy Mathematical Formulas on which he compiled
the monumental work “Vedic Mathematics” an original contribution in the field of Mathematics and
Research. Bharati Krishnaji got the key to Ganita Sutra coded in the Atharva Veda and rediscovered
Vedic Mathematics with the help of lexicographs . He found “Sixteen Sutras” or word formulas which
cover all the branches of Mathematics – Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry, Physics, plan
and spherical geometry, conics, calculus- both differential and integral, applied mathematics of all
various kinds, dynamics, hydrostatics and all.
3.3 Later life
Thereafter in July 1919 Sri Venkatraman Saraswati was initiated into Sanyas by Shri Trivikram
Teerthaji at Varanasi and since then he was called with the new name “Shri Bharati Krishna Tirtha”.
Shri Bharati Krishna Tirthaji Maharaja was a staunch follower of the Vedic Principles and he never
went astray from its rules. He was appointed as the Head of Dwarkapeeth by Shri Trivikram Tirthaji in
1921. Since then, He started the life of Shankaracharya and delivered discourses wherever he went.
In 1925 he became the Head of the Govardhan Matha Monastery in Puri, Orissa and was the pontiff till
1960 the year of his “Maha Samadhi” (departure of a Self-realized saint from his mortal coil.) Because
of His Holiness’s spiritual authority over millions of Hindus, the Government of India consults the
Jagadguru on policies relating to spiritual rules and Hindu Religious Matters.
3.4 USA Tour
In 1958, His Holiness Sri Jagadguru Shankaracharya of Puri, Head of the thousand year old monastic
Shankaracharya Order and the first of its leaders ever to visit the west, went for a three month tour of
the United States and the United Kingdom on an invitation by the Self Realization Fellowship (SRF)
founded by Paramhansa Yogananda. The tour was hosted by Sister Daya Mata the President of the
SRF.
He spoke at various lectures attended by thousands of students of various universities and
organizations such as Stanford University, University of California, San Diego College, Vedanta
Society Hollywood, Church of Religious Science- Los Angeles, Los Angeles City College, and
American Academy of Asian Studies, etc.
He addressed a selected group of Caltech graduate students in mathematics at California Institute of
Technology. He was introduced by Mr. Wesley L.Hershey executive secretary of Caltech YMCA and
thereafter Bharati Krishnaji discoursed and gave black board demonstrations. This meeting was the
first in the United States in which His Holiness presented his mathematical discoveries. The talk
aroused such interest that His Holiness was invited to return to the institute for further demonstrations.
A turn of events brought His Holiness back to Caltech. In his second discourse he took up Algebra and
Quadratics; and a third discourse at Caltech Sri Sankaracharya demonstrated the application of his
theories in the field of Calculus.
4. Sutras and Subsutras of Vedic Mathematics
Vedic Mathematics is a collection of Techniques/Sutras to solve mathematical arithmetic in easy and
faster way. It consists of 16 Sutras (Formulae) and 13 sub-sutras (Sub Formulae) which can be used for
problems involved in arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, conics.
4.1 Sutras of Vedic Mathematics
There are 16 sutras in Vedic mathematics. Name of these sutras and meaning of its are mentioned in
table 1.0.
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International Journal of Research in all Subjects in Multi Languages Vol. 7, Issue: 5, May: 2019
[Author: Dr. Shefali Vyas] [Subject: Education] (IJRSML) ISSN: 2321 - 2853
Table 1: Sutras and their meanings
No. Sutras Meaning
1 एकाधिकेन पू र्वेण By one more than the one before
2 धनखिलं नर्वतः चरमं दशतः All from 9 and the last from 10
3 ऊर्ध्व-धतर्वग्भ्याम् Vertically and Crosswise
4 परार्वर्त्व र्ोजर्ेत् Transpose and Apply
5 शून्यं साम्यसमुच्चर्े If the Samuccaya is the Same it is Zero
6 आनु रूप्ये शून्यंमन्यत् If One is in Ratio the Other is Zero
7 संकलन व्यर्वकलनाभ्याम् By Addition and by Subtraction
8 पू रणापू रणाभ्याम् By the Completion or Non-Completion
9 चलनकलनाभ्याम् Differential Calculus
10 र्ार्वदू नम By the Deficiency
11 व्यधिसमधिः Specific and General
12 शेषाण्यङ्केन चरमेण The Remainders by the Last Digit
13 सोपान्त्यद्वर्मन्त्यम् The Ultimate and Twice the Penultimate
14 एकन्युनेन पूर्वेण By One Less than the One Before
15 गु धणतसमुच्चर्ः The Product of the Sum
16 गु णक समुच्चर्ः All the Multipliers
4.2 Subsutras of Vedic Mathematics
There are 13 Subsutras in Vedic mathematics. Name of these sutras and meaning of its are mentioned
in table 2.0.
Table 2 :Subsutras and their meanings
No. Sutras Meaning
1 आनु रुप्येण Proportionately
2 धशष्यते शेषसंज्ञः The Remainder Remains Constant
3 आद्यं आद्येन् अन्त्यम् The First by the First and the Last by the Last
अन्त्येन
4 केर्वलः सप्तकं गु ण्यात् For 7 the Multiplicand is 143
5 र्वे िनम् By Osculation
6 र्ार्वदू नं तार्वदू नम् Lessen by the Deficiency
7 र्ार्वदू नं तार्वदू नीकृर्त् र्वगं Whatever the Deficiency lessen by that amount
च र्ोजर्ेत् and set up the Square of the Deficiency
8 अन्त्यर्ोदव शकेऽपी Last Totalling 10
9 अन्त्यर्ोरे र्व Only the Last Terms
10 समुच्चर्गु धणतः The Sum of the Products
11 लोपनस्थापनाभ्याम् By Alternate Elimination and Retention
12 धर्वलोकनम् By Mere Observation
13 गु धणतसमुच्चर्ः The Product of the Sum is the Sum of the
समुच्चर्गु धणतः Products
5. Uses of Vedic mathematics
The uses of Vedic mathematics are as follows:
1. More than 1700% times faster than normal Math: this makes it the World’s Fastest.
2. Eradicates fear of Math completely. So, If child has Math-Phobia High Speed Vedic Math is a
Fun-Filled way to do Math and arises interest in the child.
3. Much Improved Academic Performance in School and Instant Results.
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4. Sharpens students’ mind, increases mental agility and intelligence.
5. Increases speed and accuracy. Become a Mental Calculator yourself.
6. Improves memory and boosts self-confidence.
7. Cultivates an Interest in mathematics.
8. Develops left and right sides of brain hence using intuition and innovation. It has been noted that
Geniuses have been using the right side of the brain to achieve exceptional results.
9. Easy to master and apply. Students just need the knowledge of tables to learn this.
10.Vedic Maths Techniques/Sutras have the maths tricks for fast calculation and can be used in
exams like CAT, CET, SAT, Banking Exams, etc.
6. Importance of Vedic Mathematics
Many Indian Secondary School students consider Vedic Mathematics a very difficult subject. Some
students encounter difficulty with basic arithmetical operations. Some students feel it difficult to
manipulate symbols and balance equations. In other words, abstract and logical reasoning is their
hurdle. The importance of Vedic Mathematics is as follows:
11.Vedic Mathematics, derived from the Veda, provides one line, mental and superfast methods
along with quick cross checking systems.
12.Vedic Mathematics converts a tedious subject into a playful and blissful one which student learn
with smiles.
13.Vedic Mathematics offers a new and entirely different approach to the study of Vedic
Mathematics based on pattern recognition. It allows for constant expression of a student’s
creativity, and is found to be easier to learn.
14.In this system, for any problem, there is always one general technique applicable to all cases and
also a number of special pattern problems. The element of choice and flexibility at each stage
keeps the mind lively and alert to develop clarity of thought and intuition, and thereby a holistic
development of the human brain automatically takes place.
15.Vedic Mathematics with its special features has the inbuilt potential to solve the psychological
problem of Vedic Mathematics — anxiety. The Vedic Methods enable the practitioner improve
mental abilities to solve difficult problems with high speed and accuracy.
16.Helps student to apply the sutras to specific problems involving rational thinking, which, in the
process, helps improve intuition that is the bottom — line of the mastery of the mathematical
geniuses of the past and the present such as Aryabhatta, Bhaskaracharya, Srinivasa Ramanujan,
etc. One line, mental and super fast methods along with quick cross checking systems.
17.Converts a tedious subject into a playful and blissful one which students learn with smiles.
18.Constant expression of a student’s creativity, and is found to be easier to learn.
19.Ensure both speed and accuracy, strictly based on rational and logical reasoning through
application of the sutras leading to improvement in the computational skills of the learners in a
wide area of problems.
20.Helps to solve the psychological problem of Vedic Mathematics anxiety.
7. Conclusion
For some students, mathematics is boring and tough subject. Vedic mathematics makes its easy and
fast too. Time of mathematical problems solving through Vedic mathematics takes very little time in
compared to modern mathematical techniques. In present conceptual study, the researcher has tried to
importance and usefulness of Vedic mathematics.
References
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(unpublished doctoral dissertation), Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar.
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International Journal of Research in all Subjects in Multi Languages Vol. 7, Issue: 5, May: 2019
[Author: Dr. Shefali Vyas] [Subject: Education] (IJRSML) ISSN: 2321 - 2853
4. https://vedicmathsindia.org/vedic-mathematics/?v=7516fd43adaa
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