Application

Natural Language Processing

Natural languages are the languages used by humans for communication (among
other functions). They are distinctly different from formal languages, such as C++,
Java, and PROLOG. Natural languages are ambiguous, a given sentence can have
more than one possible meaning, and in some cases the correct meaning can be
very hard to determine.Formal languages are almost always designed to ensure that
ambiguity cannot occur. Natural language processing is a collection of techniques
used to enable computers to “understand” human language. In general, they are
concerned with extracting grammatical information as well as meaning from
human utterances. It is also concerned with understanding those utterances, and
performing useful tasks as a result.

Ambiguity and Uncertainty in Language

Ambiguity, generally used in natural language processing,

can be referred to as the ability of being understood in
more than one way. Natural language is very ambiguous. NLP
has the following types of ambiguities −
Lexical Ambiguity : The ambiguity of a single word is called lexical ambiguity.
For instance, in English, the word “back” can be a noun ( back stage), an adjective
(back door) or an adverb (back away).For example, treating the word silver as a
noun, an adjective, or a verb. Example:

● She won three silver medals. Here, silver is a noun.

● She made a silver speech. Here, silver is an adjective.
● His stress had silvered his hair. Here, silvered is a verb.

Syntactic Ambiguity : This kind of ambiguity occurs when a sentence is parsed in

different ways. For example, the sentence “The man saw the girl with the
telescope”. It is ambiguous whether the man saw the girl carrying a telescope or he
saw her through his telescope.

Semantic Ambiguity : This kind of ambiguity occurs when the meaning of the
words themselves can be misinterpreted. In other words, semantic ambiguity
happens when a sentence contains an ambiguous word or phrase. For example, the
sentence “The car hit the pole while it was moving” is having semantic ambiguity
because the interpretations can be “The car, while moving, hit the pole” and “The
car hit the pole while the pole was moving”.

Anaphoric Ambiguity : This kind of ambiguity arises due to the use of anaphora
entities in discourse. For example: The horse ran up the hill. It was very steep. It
got tired soon. Here, the anaphoric reference of “it” in two situations causes
ambiguity.

Pragmatic Ambiguity : Such kind of ambiguity refers to the situation where the
context of a phrase gives it multiple interpretations. In simple words, we can say
that pragmatic ambiguity arises when the statement is not specific. For example,
the sentence “I like you too” can have multiple interpretations like I like you (just
like you like me), I like you (just like someone else does).

Levels in Natural Language Processing

It is also called the phases or logical steps in natural language processing.

The following are the different processing levels in NLP:

1. Phonology : This is needed only if the computer is required to understand

spoken language. Phonology is the study of the sounds that make up words
and is used to identify words from sounds. It deals with the ways in which
computers can understand speech.
2. Morphological Analysis : This stage of analysis is applied to words, once
they have been identified from speech, or input into the system. Morphology
looks at the ways in which words break down into components and how that
affects their grammatical status. For example, the letter “s” on the end of a
word can often either indicate that it is a plural noun or a third-person
present-tense verb.
3. Syntax Analysis : This stage involves applying the rules of the grammar
from the language being used. Syntax determines the role of each word in a
sentence and, thus, enables a computer system to convert sentences into a
structure that can be more easily manipulated.
 4. Semantic Analysis : The purpose of this phase is to draw exact meaning, or
you can say dictionary meaning from the text. The text is checked for
meaningfulness. For example, a semantic analyzer would reject a sentence
like “Hot ice-cream”.
5. Pragmatics. This is the application of human-like understanding to
sentences and discourse to determine meanings that are not immediately
clear from the semantics. For example, if someone says, “Can you tell me
the time?”, most people know that “yes” is not a suitable answer. Pragmatics
enables a computer system to give a sensible answer of current time to
questions like this.
6. Discourse Integration: It means a sense of the context. The meaning of any
single sentence depends upon previous sentences. It also considers the
meaning of the following sentence. For example, the word “that” in the
sentence “He wanted that” depends upon the prior discourse context.

Morphological Parsing (Morphological Parsing)

The term morphological parsing is related to the parsing of morphemes. We can

define morphological parsing as the problem of recognizing that a word breaks
down into smaller meaningful units called morphemes producing some sort of
linguistic structure for it. For example, we can break the word foxes into two, fox
and -es. We can see that the word foxes is made up of two morphemes, one is fox
and other is -es.In other sense, we can say that morphology is the study of

● The formation of words.

● The origin of the words.
● Grammatical forms of the words.
● Use of prefixes and suffixes in the formation of words.
● How parts-of-speech (PoS) of a language are formed.

Types of Morphemes

Morphemes, the smallest meaning-bearing units, can be

divided into two types −
● Stems
● Word Order
Stems

It is the core meaningful unit of a word. We can also say

that it is the root of the word. For example, in the word
foxes, the stem is fox. Affixes add some additional meaning
and grammatical functions to the words. For example, in the
word foxes, the affix is −es. Further, affixes can also be
divided into following four types:
Prefixes: As the name suggests, prefixes precede the stem. For example, in the
word unbuckle, un is the prefix.

Suffixes : As the name suggests, suffixes follow the stem. For example, in the
word cats, -s is the suffix.

Infixes : As the name suggests, infixes are inserted inside the stem. For example,
the word cupful, can be pluralized as cupsful by using -s as the infix.

Circumfixes : They precede and follow the stem. There are very few examples of
circumfixes in the English language. A very common example is ‘A-ing’ where we
can use -A precede and -ing follows the stem.E.g. Awaiting. Other example is
unacceptable,unbreakable.

Morphological Parser
The following are the requirements for building a morphological parser:

Lexicon : The very first requirement for building a morphological parser is

lexicon, which includes the list of stems and affixes along with the basic
information about them. For example, the information like whether the stem is a
Noun stem or Verb stem, etc.

Morphotactics : It is basically the model of morpheme ordering. In another sense,

the model explains which classes of morphemes can follow other classes of
morphemes inside a word. For example, the morphotactic fact is that the English
plural morpheme always follows the noun rather than preceding it.
Orthographic rules : These spelling rules are used to model the changes
occurring in a word. For example, the rule of converting y to ie in words like
city+s = cities not citys.

Syntactic Analysis or Parsing

Syntactic analysis or parsing may be defined as the process of analyzing the strings
of symbols in natural language conforming to the rules of formal grammar.

Concept of Parser

It is used to implement the task of parsing. It may be defined as the software

component designed for taking input data (text) and giving structural
representation of the input after checking for correct syntax as per formal grammar.
It also builds a data structure generally in the form of a parse tree or abstract syntax
tree or other hierarchical structure.

Types of Parsing

Derivation divides parsing into the followings two types −

● Top-down Parsing
● Bottom-up Parsing

Top-down Parsing : In this kind of parsing, the parser starts constructing the parse
tree from the start symbol and then tries to transform the start symbol to the input.
The most common form of top down parsing uses a recursive procedure to process
the input. The main disadvantage of recursive descent parsing is backtracking.

Bottom-up Parsing : In this kind of parsing, the parser starts with the input
symbol and tries to construct the parser tree up to the start symbol.
Example:

Concept of Parse Tree

It may be defined as the graphical depiction of a derivation. The start symbol of

derivation serves as the root of the parse tree. In every parse tree, the leaf nodes are
terminals and interior nodes are non-terminals. A property of parse tree is that in-
order traversal will produce the original input string.

Concept of Grammar

Grammar is very essential and important to describe the syntactic structure of well-
formed programs. In the literary sense, they denote syntactical rules for
conversation in natural languages. Linguists have attempted to define grammars
since the inception of natural languages like English, Hindi, etc. The theory of
formal languages is also applicable in the fields of Computer Science mainly in
programming languages and data structure. For example, in ‘C’ language, the
precise grammar rules state how functions are made from lists and statements.

A mathematical model of grammar was given by Noam

Chomsky in 1956, which is effective for writing computer
languages.Mathematically, a grammar G can be formally
written as a 4-tuple (N, T, S, P) where −
N or VN = set of non-terminal symbols, i.e., variables.

T or ∑ = set of terminal symbols.

S = Start symbol where S ∈ N

P denotes the Production rules for Terminals as well as Non-terminals. It has

the form α → β, where α and β are strings on VN ∪ ∑ and least one
symbol of α belongs to VN
Phrase Structure or Constituency Grammar

Phrase structure grammar, introduced by Noam Chomsky, is based on the

constituency relation. That is why it is also called constituency grammar. It is
opposite to dependency grammar.All the related frameworks view the sentence
structure in terms of constituency relation. The constituency relation is derived
from the subject-predicate division.The basic clause structure is understood in
terms of noun phrase NP and verb phrase VP.
Dependency Grammar

It is opposite to the constituency grammar and based on dependency relation. In

DG, the linguistic units, i.e. Words are connected to each other by directed links.
The verb becomes the center of the clause structure. Every other syntactic unit is
connected to the verb in terms of directed link. These syntactic units are called
dependencies.
The Parse tree that uses Constituency grammar is called constituency-based parse
tree; and the parse tree that uses dependency grammar is called dependency-based
parse tree.

Context Free Grammar

Context free grammar, also called CFG, is a notation for

describing languages and a superset of Regular grammar. It
can be seen in the following diagram −
Definition of CFG

CFG consists of finite set of grammar rules with the

following four components −
1. Set of Non-terminals : It is denoted by V. The non-terminals are syntactic
variables that denote the sets of strings, which further help define the
language, generated by the grammar.
2. Set of Terminals : It is also called tokens and defined by Σ. Strings are
formed with the basic symbols of terminals.
3. Set of Productions : It is denoted by P. The set defines how the terminals
and nonterminals can be combined. Every production(P) consists of non-
terminals, an arrow, and terminals (the sequence of terminals). Non-
terminals are called the left side of the production and terminals are called
the right side of the production.
4. Start Symbol : The production begins from the start symbol. It is denoted
by symbol S. Non-terminal symbols are always designated as start symbols.

Semantic Analysis

Semantic Analysis can be divided into the following two parts :

 1. Studying meaning of individual words : It is the first part of the semantic
analysis in which the study of the meaning of individual words is performed.
This part is called lexical semantics. It is done with the help of WordNet.

2. Studying the combination of individual words : In the second part, the

individual words will be combined to provide meaning in sentences.

Elements of Semantic Analysis

Some of the critical elements of Semantic Analysis that must be scrutinized and
taken into account while processing Natural Language are:

Hyponym: Hyponyms refers to a term that is an instance of a generic

term(Hypernyms). They can be understood by taking class-object as an analogy.
For example: ‘Color‘ is a hypernym while ‘grey‘, ‘blue‘, ‘red‘, etc, are its
hyponyms.

Homonymy: Homonymy refers to two or more lexical terms with the same
spellings but completely distinct in meaning. For example: ‘Rose‘ might mean ‘the
past form of rise‘ or ‘a flower‘, – same spelling but different meanings; hence,
‘rose‘ is a homonym.

Synonymy: When two or more lexical terms that might be spelt distinctly have the
same or similar meaning, they are called Synonyms. For example: (Job,
Occupation), (Large, Big), (Stop, Halt).

Antonymy: Antonymy refers to a pair of lexical terms that have contrasting

meanings – they are symmetric to a semantic axis. For example: (Day, Night),
(Hot, Cold), (Large, Small).

Polysemy: Polysemy refers to lexical terms that have the same spelling but
multiple closely related meanings. It differs from homonymy because the meanings
of the terms need not be closely related in the case of homonymy. For example:
‘man‘ may mean ‘the human species‘ or ‘a male human‘ or ‘an adult male human‘
– since all these different meanings bear a close association, the lexical term ‘man‘
is a polysemy.
Meronomy: Meronomy refers to a relationship wherein one lexical term is a
constituent of some larger entity. For example: ‘Wheel‘ is a meronym of
‘Automobile‘

Tasks involved in Semantic Analysis

In order to understand the meaning of a sentence, the following are the major
processes involved in Semantic Analysis:

1. Word Sense Disambiguation

2. Relationship Extraction

Word Sense Disambiguation:

In Natural Language, the meaning of a word may vary as per its usage in sentences
and the context of the text. Word Sense Disambiguation involves interpreting the
meaning of a word based upon the context of its occurrence in a text. For example,
the word ‘Bark’ may mean ‘the sound made by a dog’ or ‘the outermost layer of a
tree.’ Likewise, the word ‘rock’ may mean ‘a stone‘ or ‘a genre of music‘ – hence,
the accurate meaning of the word is highly dependent upon its context and usage in
the text. Thus, the ability of a machine to overcome the ambiguity involved in
identifying the meaning of a word based on its usage and context is called Word
Sense Disambiguation. It is done by referring to WordNet.

Relationship Extraction:

Another important task involved in Semantic Analysis is Relationship Extracting.

It involves firstly identifying various entities present in the sentence and then
extracting the relationships between those entities. In this task, we try to detect the
semantic relationships present in a text. Usually, relationships involve two or more
entities such as names of people, places, company names, etc. These entities are
joined through a semantic category, like “works at,” “lives in,” “is the CEO of,”
“headquartered at.” For Example, Consider the following phrase
Phrase: Steve Jobs is the founder of Apple, which is headquartered in California
The above phrase contains two different relationships:
Meaning Representation
While, as humans, it is pretty simple for us to understand the meaning of
textual information, it is not so in the case of machines. Thus, machines
tend to represent the text in specific formats in order to interpret its
meaning. This formal structure that is used to understand the meaning of
a text is called meaning representation.
Basic Units of Semantic System:
In order to accomplish Meaning Representation in Semantic Analysis, it
is vital to understand the building units of such representations. The
basic units of semantic systems are explained below:

● Entity: An entity refers to a particular unit or individual in specific

such as a person or a location. For example Chirag, Delhi, etc.
● Concept: A Concept may be understood as a generalization of
entities. It refers to a broad class of individual units. For example:
city, student,school.
 ● Relations: Relations help establish relationships between various
entities and concepts. For example: ‘Chirag is a student’, ‘Delhi is
a city.’, etc.
● Predicate: Predicates represent the verb structures of the
sentences.
In Meaning Representation, we employ these basic units to represent
textual information.Some of the most popular approaches to meaning
representation are :
● First-order predicate logic (FOPL)
● Semantic Nets
● Frames
● Conceptual dependency (CD)
● Rule-based architecture
● Case Grammar
● Conceptual Graphs
AI in Robotics

A robot is a machine—especially one programmable by a computer—capable of

carrying out a complex series of actions automatically. A robot is an autonomous
machine capable of sensing its environment, carrying out computations to make
decisions, and performing actions in the real world.

Components of Robot : Several components construct a robot, these components

are as follows:
Actuators: Actuators are the devices that are responsible for moving and
controlling a system or machine. It helps to achieve physical movements by
converting energy like electrical, hydraulic and air, etc. Actuators can create linear
as well as rotary motion.

Power Supply: It is an electrical device that supplies electrical power to an

electrical load. The primary function of the power supply is to convert electrical
current to power the load.

Electric Motors: These are the devices that convert electrical energy into
mechanical energy and are required for the rotational motion of the machines.

Pneumatic Air Muscles: Air Muscles are soft pneumatic devices that are ideally
best fitted for robotics. They can contract and extend and operate by pressurized air
filling a pneumatic bladder. Whenever air is introduced, it can contract up to 40%.

Muscle wire: These are made up of nickel-titanium alloy called Nitinol and are
very thin in shape. It can also extend and contract when a specific amount of heat
and electric current is supplied into it. Also, it can be formed and bent into
different shapes when it is in its martensitic form. They can contract by 5% when
electrical current passes through them.
Piezo Motors and Ultrasonic Motors: Piezoelectric motors or Piezo motors are
the electrical devices that receive an electric signal and apply a directional force to
an opposing ceramic plate. It helps a robot to move in the desired direction. These
are the best suited electrical motors for industrial robots.

Sensor: They provide the ability like see, hear, touch and movement like humans.
Sensors are the devices or machines which help to detect the events or changes in
the environment and send data to the computer processor. These devices are
usually equipped with other electronic devices. Similar to human organs, the
electrical sensor also plays a crucial role in Artificial Intelligence & robotics. AI
algorithms control robots by sensing the environment, and it provides real-time
information to computer processors.

Applications of Robotics

Robotics have different application areas. Some of the important applications

domains of robotics are as follows:

Robotics in defense sectors: The defense sector is undoubtedly the one of the
main parts of any country. Each country wants their defense system to be strong.
Robots help to approach inaccessible and dangerous zones during war. DRDO has
developed a robot named Daksh to destroy life-threatening objects safely. They
help soldiers to remain safe and deployed by the military in combat scenarios.
Besides combat support, robots are also deployed in anti-submarine operations, fire
support, battle damage management, strike missions, and laying machines.

Robotics in Medical sectors: Robots also help in various medical fields such as
laparoscopy, neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, disinfecting rooms, dispensing
medication, and various other medical domains.

Robotics in Industrial Sector: Robots are used in various industrial

manufacturing industries such as cutting, welding, assembly, disassembly, pick and
place for printed circuit boards, packaging & labeling, palletizing, product
inspection & testing, color coating, drilling, polishing and handling the materials.
Moreover, Robotics technology increases productivity and profitability and
reduces human efforts, resulting from lower physical strain and injury. The
industrial robot has some important advantages, which are as follows:
 ● Accuracy
● Flexibility
● Reduced labor charge
● Low noise operation
● Fewer production damages
● Increased productivity rate.

Robotics in Entertainment: Over the last decade, use of robots is continuously

getting increased in entertainment areas. Robots are being employed in the
entertainment sector, such as movies, animation, games and cartoons. Robots are
very helpful where repetitive actions are required. A camera-wielding robot helps
shoot a movie scene as many times as needed without getting tired and frustrated.
A big-name Disney has launched hundreds of robots for the film industry.

Robots in the mining industry: Robotics is very helpful for various mining
applications such as robotic dozing, excavation and haulage, robotic mapping &
surveying, robotic drilling and explosive handling, etc. A mining robot can solely
navigate flooded passages and use cameras and other sensors to detect valuable
minerals. Further, robots also help in excavation to detect gasses and other
materials and keep humans safe from harm and injuries. The robot rock climbers
are used for space exploration, and underwater drones are used for ocean
exploration.

AI technology used in Robotics

Computer Vision

Robots can also see, and this is possible by one of the popular Artificial
Intelligence technologies named Computer vision. Computer Vision plays a crucial
role in all industries like health, entertainment, medical, military, mining, etc.
Computer Vision is an important domain of Artificial Intelligence that helps in
extracting meaningful information from images, videos and visual inputs and take
action accordingly.

Natural Language Processing

NLP (Natural Languages Processing) can be used to give voice commands to AI

robots. It creates a strong human-robot interaction. NLP is a specific area of
Artificial Intelligence that enables the communication between humans and robots.
Through the NLP technique, the robot can understand and reproduce human
language. Some robots are equipped with NLP so that we can't differentiate
between humans and robots. Similarly, in the health care sector, robots powered by
Natural Language Processing may help physicians to observe the disease details
and automatically fill in EHR. Besides recognizing human language, it can learn
common uses, such as learn the accent, and predict how humans speak.

Edge Computing

Edge computing in robots is defined as a service provider of robot integration,

testing, design and simulation. Edge computing in robotics provides better data
management, lower connectivity cost, better security practices, more reliable and
uninterrupted connection.

Complex Event Process

Complex event processing (CEP) is a concept that helps us to understand the

processing of multiple events in real time. An event is described as a Change of
State, and one or more events combine to define a Complex event. The complex
event process is the most widely used term in various industries such as healthcare,
finance, security, marketing, etc. It is primarily used in credit card fraud detection
and also in the stock marketing field. For example, the deployment of an airbag in
a car is a complex event based on the data from multiple sensors in real-time. This
idea is used in Robotics, for example, Event-Processing in Autonomous Robot
Programming.

Transfer Learning and AI

This is the technique used to solve a problem with the help of another problem that
is already solved. In Transfer learning technique, knowledge gained from solving
one problem can be implemented to solve related problems. We can understand it
with an example such as the model used for identifying a circle shape can also be
used to identify a square shape. Transfer learning reuses the pre-trained model for
a related problem, and only the last layer of the model is trained, which is
relatively less time consuming and cheaper. In robotics, transfer learning can be
used to train one machine with the help of other machines.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning is a feedback-based learning method in machine learning

that enables an AI agent to learn and explore the environment, perform actions and
learn automatically from experience or feedback for each action. Further, it also
has the feature of autonomously learning to behave optimally through hit-and-trail
action while interacting with the environment. It is primarily used to develop the
sequence of decisions and achieve the goals in an uncertain and potentially
complex environment. In robotics, robots explore the environment and learn about
it through hit and trial. For each action, he gets rewarded (positive or negative).
Reinforcement learning provides Robotics with a framework to design and
simulate sophisticated and hard-to-engineer behaviors.

Affective computing

Affective computing is a field of study that deals with developing systems that can
identify, interpret, process, and simulate human emotions. Affective computing
aims to endow robots with emotional intelligence to hope that robots can be
endowed with human-like capabilities of observation, interpretation, and emotion
expression.

Mixed Reality

Mixed Reality is also an emerging domain. It is mainly used in the field of

programming by demonstration (PbD). PbD creates a prototyping mechanism for
algorithms using a combination of physical and virtual objects.

AI in Healthcare

From chronic diseases, like cancer, to radiology, AI is being leveraged to deploy

efficient and precise inventions that will help take care of patients suffering from
these diseases and hopefully find a cure for them. AI provides several advantages
over traditional methods of analytics and making clinical decisions. AI algorithms
make the systems more precise as they get the opportunity to understand training
data, which further helps humans get unprecedented insights into treatment
variability, care processes, diagnostics, and patient results. As per the reports of
Acumen Research, the global market of AI in the healthcare industry is expected to
rise to US$8 billion by the year 2026. Now, let’s look at a few of the examples of
Artificial Intelligence in healthcare.

1. Accurate Cancer Diagnosis

PathAI offers one of the best Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence tools in
healthcare that allows pathologists to make accurate diagnoses. PathAI reduces
errors during the process of cancer diagnosis and offers a range of new techniques
for individual medical treatment. With increased accuracy in the diagnosis of
cancer patients, most of them can be looked after or be cured at a stage where it
does not turn fatal, saving numerous lives.

2. Early Diagnosis of Fatal Blood Diseases

Artificial Intelligence proves to be of immense help when it comes to diagnosing

possibly fatal blood-related diseases at an early stage. With the help of AI-
enhanced microscopes, doctors are now able to scan for harmful substances and
bacteria in samples of blood at a much faster rate compared to the speed in manual
scanning. Scientists used over 25,000 blood sample images so that the machines
could learn how they should find the harmful bacteria. AI allowed the machines to
learn to identify these bacteria in the blood and predict their presence in the new
samples with an accuracy of 95 percent, reducing fatality by a large margin.

3. Customer Service Chatbots

Chatbots are developed using technologies like NLP, allowing patients to raise
their queries regarding appointments, bill payments, and more. Chatbots also
communicate with the patients with respect to their illness and symptoms, which in
turn helps in reducing the load on medical professionals. Further, the chatbots
assist in offering the required solutions to the patients, allowing Healthcare experts
to focus on other important tasks at hand. This healthcare solution not only
engages patients but also gives advanced treatment to them and offers better
outcomes.

4. Virtual Health Assistants

Virtual health assistants are responsible for a number of things, including

responding to the queries of routine patients via calls and emails, managing
medical information of the patients and covering sensitive data, scheduling
appointments with doctors, sending follow-ups and clinical appointment reminders
to the patients, etc. This is created by integrating systems with cognitive
computing, augmented reality, and body and speech gestures. It is among the most
useful AI applications in healthcare that offers a personalized experience to
patients in terms of managing their health and getting rid of their queries. It
reduces the frequency of visits to the hospitals, benefitting both patients and
healthcare experts.

5. Treatment of Rare Diseases

BERG is an AI-based clinical-stage biotech platform that works on mapping

diseases to speed up the finding and creation of advanced breakthrough medicines
and vaccines, changing the approach to healthcare. It uses research and
development (R&D), along with interrogative biology, that allows medical
professionals to create robust products for patients fighting rare diseases. BERG
has also presented its discovery for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. This
disease is a disorder in the brain that results in stiffness, shaking, and troubles in
carrying out simple tasks like balancing, coordinating, and walking. The symptoms
of Parkinson’s disease begin slowly and become worse with time, making it one of
the worst diseases. BERG uses Artificial Intelligence to tie up the links between
human body chemicals that were not known earlier. This proves that the use of AI
is helping the healthcare industry immensely and will continue to do so in the
future.

6. Targeted Treatment

With the help of technologies such as Deep Learning and AI, BenevolentAI
became capable of providing the correct treatment to the required patients at the
right time, resulting in achieving better target selection of patients and offering
insights. The company is working on getting its drugs licensed and creating
portable medications for rare diseases.

7. Automation of Redundant Healthcare Tasks

Another significant role of Artificial Intelligence and its tools in healthcare is that
it automates redundant, time-consuming tasks. This leads administrators to have
some spare time and go on working with other important and necessary tasks.
Olive is an AI-based platform that automates several processes such as checking
the eligibility of un-adjudicated medical claims, transferring the necessary medical
data to the respective medical professionals, and so on. Olive integrates with the
existing tools and software of a hospital easily, eradicating the requirement for
expensive downtimes and integrations.

8. Management of Medical Records

Healthcare is among the next Big Data frontiers that need to be tamed. Like a
needle in a haystack, significant and valuable data may get lost in the huge pile of
data, leading to the loss of billions of dollars a year for the industry. Moreover,
without being able to connect significant data points, the development of proper
diagnosis and new medicines and drugs slows down. Data Science in healthcare
has made several healthcare organizations turn to AI to stop the hemorrhaging of
data. AI allows them to break down the data and connect the required data that
earlier took years for processing.

9. Reduction of Dosage Errors

Even a single extra dose of a medicine or a drug can have some dire consequences
on a patient’s body, which is why it is important that the patient takes the right
amount of medicine as prescribed. Otherwise, there may be serious repercussions.
With the help of Artificial Intelligence, the industry will be able to reduce the
margin of probable errors in medication.

10. Robot-assisted Surgery

Robot-assisted surgery has gained a lot of popularity recently. Several hospitals are
implementing robotics that assists them in completing tasks that require precision,
control, and flexibility. It is used in tasks, including open-heart surgery, exceeding
human capabilities. Robots integrated with mechanical arms, cameras, and
required surgical instruments augment the knowledge, skills, and experience of the
doctors, creating a new form of surgery. This allows surgeons to sit at the console
of a computer and control the robot’s mechanical arms, while the robot offers a
magnified, 3-dimensional view of the surgical site that is impossible to look at with
their own eyes. Surgeries that are assisted by AI-implemented robots result in
lesser complications, comparatively lesser pain for the patients, and a faster
recovery rate.

11. Automated Image Diagnosis

AI applications make it easy to decipher images to conduct analysis. Using Deep

Learning technologies and programs, these AI systems equip themselves with
algorithms that offer a quicker reading of complex images, including those from
CT scans and MRIs. The automated image diagnosis system offers improved
performance to doctors, providing better diagnoses of diseases. Moreover, it is a
vital tool when it comes to combating the shortage of radiologists and other
medical professionals in hospitals. AI has made tremendous progress in medical
imaging in the past years.

12. Fraud Detection

While there are several patients searching for effective medical services that save
cost, there is also an exponential rise in the rate of fraud cases. This has made most
medical organizations and patients suffer huge damage. With the help of AI-based
solutions, these fraud attempts have reduced massively as these tools allow
elaborate navigation through the processes and detect fraud.

13. Clinical Trial Participation

In clinical trials, a large amount of data needs to be collected and organized to get
the right theory for a particular disease and its treatment. With the help of AI
applications, hospitals become capable of facilitating a result-driven approach to
the respective clinical trials. For these trials, AI allows neural networks to predict
the bioactivity and characteristics of each patient. AI platforms have assisted
researchers to find the right candidates to test developmental drugs for various
diseases and disorders. It is indispensable in these cases to select the right
candidates, and due to AI, the healthcare industry has witnessed a statistical rise in
the success of clinical trials with increased speed and lesser investment.

14. Development of New Medicines

Coming up with new drugs for clinical trials takes a lot of time and money. The
unique benefit of Artificial Intelligence technology allows healthcare professionals
to scan pre-existing medicines and use them to redesign medication in a way that
allows them to fight against specific diseases. This makes it cheaper to develop
new drugs.

15. Improved Healthcare Access

Artificial Intelligence has led to the development of several medical software that
offers interactive and customized healthcare services like anytime appointments
with doctors. The patients have better and improved access to the hospitals when
required, and the AI chatbots help them further. If the issues are minor, then the
patients are automatically recommended the respective medication, and if a doctor
visit is necessary, then the same is suggested to the patients.

Pros and Cons of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

Pros Cons

Improved diagnosis Complications in learning AI

Serves rural communities better A difficult change to adapt to

Better clinical decisions Requires human assistance

Streamlines several processes Requires correct AI platform

AI in Retail

Advanced AI analytical capabilities convert raw data collected from the IoT and
other sources into actionable insights. AI in retail also utilizes behavioral analytics
and customer intelligence to glean valuable insights about different market
demographics and improve many different touchpoints in the customer service
sector of business.

Some examples of how AI in retail is reshaping the entire industry

Inventory Management – AI in retail is creating better demand forecasting. By

mining insights from marketplace, consumer, and competitor data, AI business
intelligence tools forecast industry shifts and make proactive changes to a
company’s marketing, merchandising, and business strategies. This also impacts
supply chain planning, as well as pricing and promotional planning.

Adaptive Homepage – Mobile and digital portals are recognizing customers and
customizing the e-retail experience to reflect their current context, previous
purchases, and shopping behavior. AI systems constantly evolve a user’s digital
experience to create hyper-relevant displays for every interaction.

Dynamic Outreach – Advanced CRM and marketing systems learn a consumer’s

behaviors and preferences through repeated interactions to develop a detailed
shopper profile and utilize this information to deliver proactive and personalized
outbound marketing — tailored recommendations, rewards, or content.

Interactive Chat – Building interactive chat programs is a great way to utilize AI

technologies while improving customer service and engagement in the retail
industry. These bots use AI and machine learning to converse with customers,
answer common questions, and direct them to helpful answers and outcomes. In
turn, these bots collect valuable customer data that can be used to inform future
business decisions.

Visual Curation – Algorithmic engines translate real-world browsing behaviors

into digital retail opportunities by allowing customers to discover new or related
products using image-based search and analysis — curating recommendations
based on aesthetics and similarity.

Guided Discovery – As customers look to build confidence in a purchase decision,

automated assistants can help narrow down the selection by recommending
products based on shoppers’ needs, preferences, and fit.

Conversational Support – AI-supported conversational assistants use natural

language processing to help shoppers effortlessly navigate questions, FAQs, or
troubleshooting and redirect to a human expert when necessary — improving the
customer experience by offering on-demand, always-available support while
streamlining staffing.

Personalization & Customer Insights – Intelligent retail spaces recognize

shoppers and adapt in-store product displays, pricing, and service through
biometric recognition to reflect customer profiles, loyalty accounts, or unlocked
rewards and promotions — creating a custom shopping experience for each visitor,
at scale. Stores are also using AI and advanced algorithms to understand what a
customer might be interested in based on things like demographic data, social
media behavior, and purchase patterns. Using this data, they can further improve
the shopping experience and personalized service, both online and in stores.

Emotional Response – By recognizing and interpreting facial, biometric, and

audio cues, AI interfaces can identify shoppers’ in-the-moment emotions,
reactions, or mindset and deliver appropriate products, recommendations, or
support — ensuring that a retail engagement doesn’t miss its mark.

Customer Engagement – Using IoT-enabled technologies to interact with

customers, retailers can gain valuable insights into consumer behavior preferences
without ever directly interacting with them.

Operational Optimization – AI-supported logistics management systems adjust a

retailer’s inventory, staffing, distribution, and delivery schemes in real-time to
create the most efficient supply and fulfillment chains, while meeting customers’
expectations for high-quality, immediate access and support.

Responsive R&D – Deep learning algorithms collect and interpret customer

feedback and sentiment, as well as purchasing data, to support next-generation
product and service designs that better satisfy customer preferences or fulfill unmet
needs in the marketplace.

Demand Forecasting – Mining insights from marketplace, consumer, and

competitor data, AI business intelligence tools forecast industry shifts and make
proactive changes to a company’s marketing, merchandising, and business
strategies.

Customized Selections – Taking customer service to the next level, many retailers
are using AI to help them provide unique, personalized experiences for customers.
And, there’s big money in providing such services. “Brands that create
personalized experiences by integrating advanced digital technologies and
proprietary data for customers are seeing revenue increase by 6% to 10% — two to
three times faster than those who don’t,” according to a study by the Boston
Consulting Group.
Why Do You Need AI in the Retail Industry?

There are countless benefits that can be credited to artificial intelligence in the
retail business, but here are five primary ones that retailers can count on.

Captivate Customers – With a plethora of innovative competitors providing

shoppers with immersive shopping experiences, traditional retailers need to engage
customers in a personalized and relevant manner that is unique and inspiring across
all touchpoints.

Create Exciting Experience – To drive continued interest, retailers need to

differentiate their products and offer consumers compelling services and
experiences. By integrating predictive analytics to gather more market insight,
retailers can lead with innovation rather than react to change.

Create Insights from Disparate Data – Faced with an onslaught of information

from all aspects of their business from supply chain to stores to consumers,
retailers need to filter through the noise to transform these disparate data sources
into consumer-first strategies.

Synchronize Offline & Online Retail – Digital and physical shopping channels
typically operate under a different set of initiatives and approaches but treating
these channels as distinct business units adds friction for customers seeking a
seamless shopping experience and leads to operational inefficiencies.

Empower Flexible Logistics Networks – In order to service a wider range of

customer demands that are moving from mainstream to niche, retailers need to
rethink their traditional supply chain in favor of adaptive and flexible ecosystems
that can quickly respond to consumers’ shifting behaviors.

AI in Banking

Here are some major AI applications in the banking industry through which you
can reap the numerous benefits of the technology.

Cybersecurity and fraud detection : Every day, a huge number of digital

transactions take place as users pay bills, withdraw money, deposit checks, and do
a lot more via apps or online accounts. Thus, there is an increasing need for the
banking sector to ramp up its cybersecurity and fraud detection efforts. AI can help
banks improve the security of online finance, track the loopholes in their systems,
and minimize risks. AI along with machine learning can easily identify fraudulent
activities and alert customers as well as banks.

Chatbots : Undoubtedly, chatbots are one of the best examples of practical

applications of artificial intelligence in banking. Once deployed, they can work
24*7, unlike humans who have fixed working hours. Additionally, they keep on
learning about the usage pattern of a particular customer. It helps them understand
the requirements of a user in an efficient manner. By integrating chatbots into
banking apps, the banks can ensure that they are available for their customers
round the clock. Moreover, by understanding customer behavior, chatbots are able
to offer personalized customer support and recommend suitable financial services
and products accordingly.

Loan and credit decisions : Banks have started incorporating AI-based systems to
make more informed, safer, and profitable loan and credit decisions. Currently,
many banks are still too confined to the use of credit history, credit scores, and
customer references to determine the creditworthiness of an individual or
company. However, one cannot deny that these credit reporting systems are often
riddled with errors, missing real-world transaction history, and misclassifying
creditors.

An AI-based loan and credit system can look into the behavior and patterns of
customers with limited credit history to determine their creditworthiness. Also, the
system sends warnings to banks about specific behaviors that may increase the
chances of default. In short, such technologies are playing a key role in changing
the future of consumer lending.

Tracking market trends : Artificial intelligence in financial services helps banks

to process large volumes of data and predict the latest market trends, currencies,
and stocks. Advanced machine learning techniques help evaluate market
sentiments and suggest investment options. AI for banking also suggests the best
time to invest in stocks and warns when there is a potential risk. Due to its high
data processing capacity, this emerging technology also helps speed up decision-
making and makes trading convenient for both banks and their clients.
Data collection and analysis : Banking and finance institutions record millions of
transactions every single day. Since the volume of information generated is
enormous, its collection and registration turn into an overwhelming task for
employees. Structuring and recording such a huge amount of data without any
error becomes impossible. In such scenarios, AI-based innovative solutions can
help in efficient data collection and analysis. This, in turn, improves the overall
user experience. The information can also be used for detecting fraud or making
credit decisions.

Customer experience : Customers are constantly looking for a better experience

and convenience. For example, ATMs were a success because customers could
avail essential services of depositing and withdrawing money even when banks
were closed. This level of convenience has only inspired more innovation.
Customers can now open bank accounts from the comfort of their homes using
their smartphones.

Integrating artificial intelligence in banking and finance services will further

enhance consumer experience and increase the level of convenience for users. AI
technology reduces the time taken to record Know Your Customer (KYC)
information and eliminates errors. Additionally, new products and financial offers
can be released on time.

Eligibility for cases such as applying for a personal loan or credit gets automated
using AI, which means clients can eliminate the hassle of going through the entire
process manually. In addition, AI-based software can reduce approval times for
facilities such as loan disbursement.AI banking also helps to accurately capture
client information to set up accounts without any error, ensuring a smooth
experience for the customers.

Risk management

External global factors such as currency fluctuations, natural disasters, or political

unrest have serious impacts on banking and financial industries. During such
volatile times, it’s crucial to take business decisions extra cautiously. AI-driven
analytics can give a reasonably clear picture of what is to come and help you stay
prepared and make timely decisions. AI also helps find risky applications by
evaluating the probability of a client failing to pay back a loan. It predicts this
future behavior by analyzing past behavioral patterns and smartphone data.

Regulatory compliance : Banking is one of the highly regulated sectors of the

economy worldwide. Governments use their regulatory authority to ensure that
banking customers are not using banks to perpetrate financial crimes and that
banks have acceptable risk profiles to avoid large-scale defaults. In most cases,
banks maintain an internal compliance team to deal with these problems, but these
processes take a lot more time and require huge investment when done manually.
The compliance regulations are also subject to frequent change, and banks need to
update their processes and workflows following these regulations constantly.

AI uses deep learning and NLP to read new compliance requirements for financial
institutions and improve their decision-making process. Even though AI banking
can’t replace a compliance analyst, it can make their operations faster and more
efficient.

Predictive analytics : One of the most common use cases of AI includes general-
purpose semantic and natural language applications and broadly applied predictive
analytics. AI can detect specific patterns and correlations in the data, which
traditional technology could not previously detect. These patterns could indicate
untapped sales opportunities, cross-sell opportunities, or even metrics around
operational data, leading to a direct revenue impact.

Process automation: Robotic process automation (RPA) algorithms increase

operational efficiency and accuracy and reduce costs by automating time-
consuming repetitive tasks. This also allows users to focus on more complex
processes requiring human involvement. As of today, banking institutions
successfully leverage RPA to boost transaction speed and increase efficiency.

Important Questions

1. What is NLP? Explain the different levels of NLP.

2. Explain the different types of ambiguities in NLP
3. Explain Morphological Parsing in detail.
4. Explain Syntactic Analysis in detail.
 5. Explain Semantic Analysis in detail.
6. Explain Pragmatic Analysis in detail.
7. Explain the different components of a robot.
8. Explain the different applications of Robotics.
9. Explain the different AI technologies used in Robotics.
10.Explain with examples the role of AI in Healthcare.
11.Explain with examples the role of AI in Retail
12.Why Do You Need AI in the Retail Industry?
13.Explain with examples the role of AI in Banking

References:
https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2021/06/part-9-step-by-step-guide-to-
master-nlp-semantic-analysis/

https://www.analyticssteps.com/blogs/semantic-analysis-working-and-techniques

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/understanding-semantic-analysis-nlp/

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/natural_language_processing/natural_language_pr
ocessing_semantic_analysis.htm

https://appinventiv.com/blog/ai-in-banking/

https://global.hitachi-solutions.com/blog/ai-in-retail/