Social Media, Moralities and Teenagers....

69

Social Media, Moralities and Teenagers: To analyse the

Effects of Social Media on Teenagers
Mr. Tauqir Aamir

Abstract
This article analyses the unchecked and excessive use of
social media and deterioration of moralities in teenagers from
different studies in the world. In this study meta-analysis and
systematic review of secondary data is used. Nowadays use
of social media websites among the teenagers has become a
common activity. Social media websites offer a portal for
communication and entertainment for youth that have grown
up their personalities. The usage of social media has been
described as one of the preferred activities for teenagers.
Systematic searching retrieved a number of publications
exploring the effects of excessive and unchecked use of social
media and deterioration of moralities in teenagers. Findings
show that about 71% and 65% of respondents agree with the
statement that social media has negative effect on teenagers‟
health and education, respectively. While 29% and 35% dis-
agree with this statement. The data suggests that there is need
to develop policies and guidelines regarding use of social
media by teenagers, and promote the technical and ethical
trainings about the use of this modern technology.

Keywords
Unchecked, Moralities, Social Media, Teenagers, Ethics

Introduction
Social media has significant role for individuals, however, like any
other marketing tool, it is difficult to foresee impact that it lays on the
people. In recent years, numerous studies have been conducted to sort the
percentage group in prospects of soil media cites user. The results of


Lecturer, Department of Social Work, University of Sargodha, Sargodha,
Pakistan
70 MUSLIM PERSPECTIVES Volume III, Issue 4, 2018

these studies have been identified that many young people (age group
between 18-25 years) are the excessive users of networking sites
(especially Facebook and Twitter) than any other age group, and due to
that, these social networking sites have abundant users than other sites
worldwide. Besides, different researchers have contended that the
perceived positive benefit of the use of social media, in which hopeful
feedback produces more and more users, increases its social platform
(Murdough, 2009).
According to Merriam Webster Encyclopaedia Britannica
Company defines the teenager when someone is young and has not yet
become an adult during life time. Youth is extremely significant for
future of any nation and country‟s development. Nowadays, social media
is important for youth within the field of learning and education to find
out new trends/innovations in education field, to enhance the
communicating and writing skills, cultural promotion, religious and
political information gathering and sharing links, for better living style,
growth and development of a society.
Use of information technology and communication is more
extensive and rapidly developing in the different parts of the world. In
fact, in 2015 it was estimated that about 7,000 million mobile phone lines
were in excess of mobile phone users, and that the number of web users
had increased to 3,000 million but lines were only extended to 3,174
million. Globally there are more than 7 billion mobile cellular
subscriptions as compared to less than 1 billion in 2000. According to an
estimate, worldwide 3.2 billion people are using the internet and 2 billion
are from developing countries (ITU, 2015).
Social networking websites such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter,
and WhatsApp are among the useful way that allow individuals to
contact with one another, and can be a useful source to advertise
products in effective style. In past, a number of studies have been
conducted on usefulness and efficiency of social networking, and have
concluded that social media can be a very helpful tool for the firms to
introduce their businesses, and allow the individuals to contact with one
another (Powell, 2009).
Social Media, Moralities and Teenagers.... 71

The facts confirm that the large economies lead the path in
utilization of social media and developed nations are bit by bit joining
the advanced world. Developments have driven societies towards
creating new innovation for a middle person. The use of social media,
such as Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Twitter and Google, has need to
produce new spaces for exchanging ideas and educational encounters. In
the most recent decade, the existence of texting applications, for
example, WhatsApp, Wire, WeChat and others intended for cell phones
have risen exponentially, intensifying innovative use to the point that
resident presently check their cell phones multiple times every day
(Lacoste, 2016).
A study conducted by Deloitte (2015) showed that about 85% and
58% of users use the social media and check their informal
communication daily. In recent years, only few studies have discussed
the positive or negative impact of using these sites. Therefore, the
present study is conducted to find the negative and positive use of social
media sites. We have selected the teenagers as the major factor and
investigated the use of social media and its effects by using meta-
analysis techniques.

Literature Review
Effectiveness of Social Networking for Youth
A number of studies have been conducted to evaluate the
effectiveness of social media for youth. Kuppuswamy and Narayan
(2010) and Shankar and Yadav (2010) claimed that social networking
websites gain focus of the students and then divert them towards
immoral activities and promote non-educational behaviour comprising
on useless chatting . Social media cites may have negative effects on the
academic life as well as learning experiences of the students, however,
these effects were more severe for teenage students as compared to other
age students (Khan, 2012). In another study, conducted for Americans,
Lenhart and Page (2015) argued that more than 57% of teens have used
the social websites for only making the new friends. Among them, 57%
belonged to age group of 13-17 years, and have used these sites for the
replacement of friends online. The authors also discussed that most of
72 MUSLIM PERSPECTIVES Volume III, Issue 4, 2018

those relationships stay within the digital world; and only 20% of all
teenagers have met with their web friends face to face. In gender context,
boys are more likely than girls to form online friends; as the percentage
was 61% and 52% for boys and girls respectively. A number of elder
teens were also found forming online friends. In additions, the most
common spots for online meeting with friends on social media were sites
such as Facebook or Instagram. Teenager females who have met new
friends online are more likely to satisfy them via social networking (78%
vs. 52% of boys), while teenagers males are considerably more likely to
satisfy new friends while playing games online (57% vs. 13% of girls)
(Lenhart & Page, 2015).
There are a lot of ideas inside the mind of an adolescent with
regards to making sound decisions. These incorporate intellectual,
mental, social, and societal factors. More than half (54%) said they spend
an excessive amount of time on their cell phones, and 41% said they
overdo it on social media. So, teens spend an average of time 09 (nine)
hours per day online, matched to about 06 (six) hours for those aged 8-12
years (Russell et al., 2017).
Actually, technological tools such as mobile phones, computers and
laptops can look like „psycho technologies‟, since they speak to the real
world and influence the young generation‟s mind. This feature can
encourage someone who is addicted, particularly in the individuals who
have psychotic characters like depression and anxiety as due to these
reasons teenagers lose their confidence, and create disturbance for their
families and school (Munno et al., 2017).

Intercultural Relationships
Recently developed web-based social media cites like Facebook,
MySpace, Twitter and YouTube and have enabled individuals from all
over the world to speak with each other and remain connected in the web
based life. A study conducted by Boyd and Ellison (2007) reveals that
newly developed sites will straight forwardly effect, whichever decidedly
or contrarily and the development of intercultural relations in the online
network through the making system of separate social relationship with
other members of society (Boyd and Ellison, 2007).
Social Media, Moralities and Teenagers.... 73

WhatsApp, a well-known social networking site, has showed a great

impression on youth‟s personality, in positive and/or negative way,
during their socialization. In positive sense, WhatsApp is a platform for
learning, but, in term of negative, WhatsApp addicts teens to remain
aloof from the real world. The use of social media and blogging not just
established a constructive outcome on the expansion of networks and
intercultural relationships; moreover expanded the level of participants‟
intercultural communication capability by adopting this modern
technology, both in advanced and developing countries (Elola, 2010).

Cultural Identity and New Media

Community communication stays unaffected with development of
latest social media sites, yet the knowledge of social and gathering
relations via social association in the computer-generated community is
not like those built from expectable eye to eye contact (Belay, 1996).
Social character developed by internet based life is not a result of
recorded development restricted during an admission procedure of
persons in a geographical place. It did not even now be a specific
aggregate awareness reliant on the individuals' sense-production process.
The computer-generated community is portrayed by a better level of
heterogeneity and a lower degree of interrelationship due to free and
excessive use of social media sites (Van Dijk, 2009). The relationship of
online networking and globalization have achieved new encounters for
individuals, like new literary encounters, new relations among clients,
new mass-media technology, new originations of the natural body's
relationship to technological media, better approaches for
communication to the world and production of innovative programs on
different websites and other online accessed links (Lister et al., 2009).
These encounters will certainly test the normal and social development in
personality. As such, the utilization of social media is shaking the morale
of social character by weakening the supremacy of the association among
individuals and community (Singh, 2010).
New media keeps on building up various sorts of new groups
without the limit of space and time which makes social character more
powerful, strong and forces some difficulties to the self-sufficiency and
strength of social personality. The influence of new media on social
74 MUSLIM PERSPECTIVES Volume III, Issue 4, 2018

character has turned out to be among the problems about which

intercultural communication researchers are lacking their concerns
(Chen, 2015).
Meanwhile, social media allows people over the globe to exchange
messages to know individuals from various cultures, it has turned out to
be prevalent for sojourners or foreigners by using online networking to
speak with their friends, colleagues, and relatives in both their native and
non-native country that has direct influence on socialization process of
individual personality (Bennett et al., 2008). Chen, Wang and Wang
(2010) have explored that the more drawn out outsider dwell within the
host nation, the more they speak with the host countries through social
media, yet the reappearance of surfing their distinctive nation's sites is
diminishing. The authors also argued that unnecessary use of social
media demonstrates a critical influence on the method of foreigners'
intercultural change.
Sawyer and Chen (2012) investigated how worldwide understudies
utilize online networking, and the way it influence their intercultural
adjustment. The authors found that internet based life gives an area to
universal understudies to associate individuals with their homes, peers,
friends, community and host nations, which inspires them to strengthen
individual influence and a sense of getting an area with the host culture.
The usage of social media enables worldwide understudies to adapt to
social hindrances during the time spent in intercultural adjustment. The
research likewise discovered that, due to the impact of culture shock,
sojourners will in generally depend upon web-based networking media to
stay connected with those individuals they recognize within their country
with the top goal to select emotions of supporters in the new situation. As
time continues onward, use of social media changed to interfacing with
the host countries to support them to integrate into the new culture.

Impact of Social Media on Teenager’s Morality

New Zealand founded comforting understudies reported tobacco
symbolism was prevalently seen in connection to articulation of mental
self-image and style because of excessive use of social media in decline
of morality (McCool et al., 2004). The studies also distinguished that
Social Media, Moralities and Teenagers.... 75

youth who were non-smoking, living in homes and were more opposed
to smoking; they were fewer users of social media (McCool, 2005). It
has been recognized that problems happen in Samoa, where family
assumes a focal job in social development of teenagers, due to
uncontrolled use of social media (Rennard et al., 2006). Teenagers can
promptly discover tales about savagery, burglary, sexual indiscrimination
and insatiability in a variety of news sources comprising subjective
programming, unscripted TV dramas, rap music, and the internet.
Experts have composed broadly on how the media influences teenagers‟
behaviour, both prosaically and unsocial. However, they have considered
the ethical trainings so that youngsters can avoid these types of harmful
practices (Elliot et al., 2006). The job of media as an effect on
temperaments towards tobacco use among the teens has been disregarded
to a great extent (Erick-Peleti et al., 2007).
Media, in the form of electronic or print, is perceived as a key factor
regarding social and mental growth (Stoolmiller, 2012). Over the
previous decade, extensive studies have attempted to quantify and
comprehend the effect of media depictions in different phases of
personality development especially effect of tobacco use on teenagers,
tobacco related practices, and temperaments which are harmful for their
health and have negative impact on their education (Shmueli and
Blecher-Prigat, 2010). A number of studies are concentrating on the
different kinds of social media being devoured by youngsters and their
approach to digital media, specifically the internet and cell phones, that
have profoundly expanded and is probably going to be point of
convergence for stimulation and the source of different types of
information for youngsters (Freeman, 2012). BBC News research (2013)
deliberated that 67% Facebook users are documented. Students or
teenagers involve themselves in unethical and anti-social activities on
social media portal, share fake material and differing types of posts that
are harmful for national dignity and foreign relationship of the country
(Chhetry, 2017).
Moral development in teenagers is pursued as predicted
developmental method. Given an ethical situation, children having age
more than 08 years usually judge an activity as wrong when it leads to
76 MUSLIM PERSPECTIVES Volume III, Issue 4, 2018

conflicts with the rules put by authority figures. As teens develop, they
believe various points of views during a situation. At the end of the day,
their moral thinking seems to be more adaptable and „other‟ located.
Valkenburg et al. (1999) have directed a couple of studies focused on the
cases of watching brutality on TV influencing youngsters‟ ethical
thinking. In one study, they displayed 6-12 year-olds with speculative
stories during which culprit performed hostility either for reasons of
insurance called „legitimized‟ savagery or for irregular reasons called
„unjustified‟ brutality. The bulk of the teenagers seemed to have
unjustified anger for not being right (Wilson, 2018).

Technological Development, Risk Perception and Teenagers’

Morality
Most youngsters don't share only one selfie rather they exchange
different types of selfies with each other through social media. This
strategy gives a sentiment of association with those people who interact
and have a sense of significant presence in universe (Kedzior et al.,
2016). Teens shape a group with a great authority of technology and an
observation that communicating individuals online isn't something that
they consider as being hazardous. They trust that internet encourages
them to fortify their social relationships, not seeing a risk in online
communication with their friends and peers (Galvez-Rodriguez et al.,
2016).
Lack of knowledge about hazards of social media by guardians
suggests that they can't deal with risky circumstances. Web related
dangers influence the frequency with which young people are associated.
For example, as per findings from an on-going review including
respondents aged 18–30, 23% of respondents reported to become victim
of erotic entertainment, 93% endured emotional disturbance identified
with association on the website, and 51% reported that they had thought
about committing suicide with regards to encountering certain online
conflicting relations (Hoeben and Weerman, 2016). The study focused
on the use of selfies for Facebook and sharing through WhatsApp and
Twitter and other tools of social media to increase supporters. In this
modern time, online life via social media is a work of development. The
number of likings, remarks, and supporters reflect young person‟s feeling
Social Media, Moralities and Teenagers.... 77

of self-adequacy and confidence during online activities. For instance,

understudies who distinguish as being shyer see Facebook as a protected
and friendly place for digital performance via social media (Sheldon and
Bryant, 2016).
According to Byrne et al. (2018), activities seen to be little risky as
youngsters would peruse for data include browsing photographs, reading
news articles, visiting medical sites and travel sites. Activities seen to
express normal hazard would be; opening links, selling on craigslist and
downloading entertainments, and emailing with links. Those deliberated
to have the most elevated dangers would be; purchase from ambiguous
website, share passwords, download texts and online gambling. In any
case, adolescents think that it is hard to absolutely evaluate the
dimension of hazard associated with certain online activities (Byrne et
al., 2018).
Technology and social networks have changed the manner in which
young people collaborate with one another. Social networks, especially
the internet, reduce separation and give the open door for the individuals
who are far off to interact. In any case, this quick communication shows
different dangers and hindrances. One of these is the difficulty in man
dependent maturing social network. Numerous young people progress
toward online video gaming or web based gambling (Griffiths, 2000). A
model is simply the wonder of hikikomori, where teens secure
themselves in a room while associating with the internet throughout the
day. Hikikomori disorder is essentially culture-bound to Japan and might
be a case of internet addiction. Those encountering hikikomori disorder
have less interaction with family, have a dynamic reduction in school
performance and face psychological problems and rest issues (De Luca,
2017).
In another study, the researchers investigated unchecked use of
social media in which teens are engaged and pleased with it, however,
their parents are worried for them. This can lead the young to uncover
themselves online and thus the excessive use of social media has directly
negative influence on teen‟s behaviour (Barry et al., 2017). In another
study, Young et al. (2017) argued that because of having a greater level
of online performance in contrast with more developed grown-ups,
78 MUSLIM PERSPECTIVES Volume III, Issue 4, 2018

teenagers may have a higher probability of becoming victims of

cybercrimes. Similarly, Groenestein et al. (2018) explored in two focused
group studies the number of adolescent young females who survey if an
online outsider is a grown-up or a friend. Their results proposed that only
43% could survey effectively this difference. Researchers proposed that
check and safety recommendations from guardians at home and teachers
at school are better ways for their perfect socialization and personality
development.
In Europe, numerous teenagers use the internet pretty much
consistently and without parental control at home; due to these reasons
they suffer from different types of ethical dilemmas and it has direct
effect on their socialization (Livingstone et al., 2005). Young people try
different things with themselves in another job, unique in relation to that
of a teenager with peers and friends. This new role requires more
prominent mindfulness and prompts the growth of character building of
childhood, which is the essential objective of pre-adulthood socialization
(Peter and Valkenburg, 2008). Young people use the internet for
different drives, for example, staying in touch with mates or peers but
they live far away from their families and clan. Due to these causes,
some part of their personality development remains less socialized
(Eleuteri et al., 2017).
In brief, many studies revealed that in these days social media is
more frequently used by youngsters as compare to watching TV who,
with their unripe opinions and lack of comprehensive studies, are unable
to distinguish between right and wrong, legitimate and illegitimate,
authentic and unauthentic posts on social media. They even fail to
analyse the applicability of forwarded massages to particular situations.
Hence, they are easily trapped and even go astray by heaving enticed by
the knowledge provided by them.

Methodology of the Study

Meta-analysis and secondary data review techniques are used for
this study. Meta-analysis is defined as useful statistical method for
combining data from multiple studies. Meta-analysis, also referred
as quantitative, formal, and epidemiological study design, is used
Social Media, Moralities and Teenagers.... 79

to systematically evaluate the results of previous studies, and to derive

the conclusions form the idea of existing literature. A Secondary Data
Review (SDR) also defined as research technique which is used
to obtain the knowledge and to make a transparent analytical overview.
An analyst undertaking an SDR takes under consideration multiple
pieces of secondary data so as to make as coherent as possible picture
on a selected topic. For meta-analysis, studies were searched from three
popular search engines, i) Google Scholar, ii) Science Direct, and iii)
Web of Science.
The major keywords excessive use of social media, teenager's
health, education, morality, socialization, family norms, cultural pattern,
sexuality, social norms, moral development and savagery were used for
searching the relevant studies. We sort out all the studies (total number
42) that examined the effects of social media on teenagers which may be
(positive and/or negative). Then, analysed the studies carefully and
categories them in two groups, studies that agreed- and/or -disagreed
with hypothesis statement, and percentage was find out by dividing to
total number of selected studies. The studies having insufficient
information and case reports were excluded.

Problem Statement
Unchecked and excessive and use of social media is cause of moral
dilemmas in teenagers.

Hypothesis Statement
It was hypothesized that unchecked and excessive use of social
media will have a negative impact on the moralities in teenagers.

Discussion
Effects of Social Media on Teenager’s Health, Education, Family
Norms and Cultural Patters
Our findings show that about 71% and 65% of respondents agree
with the statement that social media has negative effects on teenagers‟
health and education, respectively. While 29% and 35% disagree with
this statement for health and education, respectively (Figure 1). About
80 MUSLIM PERSPECTIVES Volume III, Issue 4, 2018

70% of studies have mentioned that social media has negative impact on
family norms; however, about 30% studies disagreed with current
statement (Figure 1). Overall no difference was found for cultural
pattern.
Figure 1) Effects of excessive use of social media on teenagers‟
health, education, family norms and cultural patters. The values were
findings from published studies, according to the author(s) point of view
against said parameters.
Social Media, Moralities and Teenagers.... 81

Effect of Social Media on Teenagers’ Morality and Socialization

The results show that about 63% of respondents agreed with the
statement that social media has negative effects on teenager‟s morality.
Nonetheless, 37% disagreed with this statement for teenager‟s morality
(Figure 2). About 60% have mentioned that social media has negative
influence on socialization; however, about 40% of respondents disagree
with this statement (Figure 2).
Figure 2) Effects of unnecessary use of social media on teenagers‟
morality and socialization. The values were finding from published
studies, according to the author(s) point of view against said parameters.

Does social media affect the Teenger's morality and Socialzation ?

70
(63%)
Teenager's morality (60%)
60 Socialization

50
Percentage (%)

(40%)
40 (37%)

30

20

10

0
Dis-agree Agree

Effects of Social Media on Moral Development, Savagery, Sexuality

and Social Norms of Teenager
About 62% and 63% of respondents agreed that social media is non-
beneficial to the moral development and savagery of teenager,
respectively. Nevertheless, 38% and 37% disagreed with this statement
for development and savagery respectively (Figure 3). About 72% of
respondents mentioned that social media promotes the sexual behaviour
among teenagers. However, about 28% disagreed with current statement
82 MUSLIM PERSPECTIVES Volume III, Issue 4, 2018

(Figure 3). Over all 60% of respondents said that social media has
negative effects on social norms, however, 40% disagreed with this
statement (Figure 3).
Figure 3) The influence of extreme use of social media on moral
development, savagery, sexuality and social norms of teenager. The
values were finding from published studies, according to the author(s)
point of view against said parameters.
Social Media, Moralities and Teenagers.... 83

Discussion and Conclusion

This study was focused on different published studies on excessive
and unchecked use of social media and deterioration in morality of
teenagers. The social media cites, which are employed within the study
tool, are Facebook, Skype, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram and MySpace.
From systematic review globally, about 3.2 billion people are
using social media of which 2 billion are from developing countries.
As discussed above, the most common spots for online meeting with
friends are social media sites such as Facebook or Instagram. Teenager
females, who have met new friends online, are more likely to satisfy
them via social networking (78% vs. 52% of boys), while teenager males
are considerably more likely to satisfy new friends while playing games
online (57% vs. 13% of girls) (Lenhart and Page, 2015).
From the meta-analysis of 42 studies, we have concluded that the
unchecked and excessive use of social media has showed negative effects
on health, education, morality, socialization, family norms, cultural
pattern, sexuality, social norms, moral development and savagery of
teenagers. These findings strongly agree with the studies (Eleuteri et al.,
2017; Griffiths et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2011; Lareki et al., 2017).
However, some studies are with disagreement of these findings (Lusk,
2010; Park et al., 2011).
In brief, people from different cultures can exchange and express
their views and develop relations with each other (Bennett et al., 2008)
With its consideration on intercultural collaboration, this research
clarifies the influence of social media on social characteristics and social
identity, and the effects of social media on three sections namely
intercultural interaction, intercultural dialogue and intercultural
relationships. As an outcome of these results more attention needs to be
paid to intensify training of teenagers at school levels. Trainings should
be conducted to promote the moral aspects of teenagers through their
families, peers, friends, community and school etc. Social networking
sites are changing the way for individuals to interact and communicate
with each other. These online environments allow users to share their
personal ideas with others, to make friends and network with colleagues.
84 MUSLIM PERSPECTIVES Volume III, Issue 4, 2018

Experts should be engaged with teenagers to guide them properly to

boost up their skills in this area.
Social Media, Moralities and Teenagers.... 85

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