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101]

Innovation

e‑Learning resources for ophthalmologists

ABSTRACT
The Internet has made information available and accessible by all. Specialized knowledge of all sorts is now available literally at one’s fingertips.
The students of today may actually learn more online than in a conventional classroom. This is true in the medical field and in ophthalmology
as well. The vast amount of high‑quality multimedia content helps to augment the understanding of the subjects. In this article, we discuss the
various types of e‑learning resources available to ophthalmologists at present and review a handful of the best online ophthalmology resources.

Keywords: Apps, e‑learning, podcasts, webinar, websites, YouTube channels

INTRODUCTION making the lists for this article, and I thank them for their
contribution.
The use of electronic media, mainly the Internet, for the
purpose of education has been a boon to many seeking higher WEBINARS
education and knowledge.[1] e‑Learning has been defined
as “an educational method that facilitates learning by the Webinars present a great virtual opportunity to engage and
application of information technology and communication stimulate interactions between presenters and participants and
providing an opportunity for learners to have access to all the can accommodate more participants than a physical conference
required education programmes.”[2] Innovations in technology room setting which could be limited by space and accessibility.[6]
and devices have brought a revolution in the field of learning.
Ophthalmology, being an image‑rich specialty, has been Webinars provide participants the convenience of attending
known to adapt the latest and innovative digital technology, an academic presentation from the comfort of their offices
much ahead of other medical specialties. According to a study or homes while multitasking. A successful webinar session
among the undergraduate medical students by Kakkanatt is strongly dependent on the planning activities before the
et al., e‑learning has been shown to be more effective session, aligning the webinar theme to the expectation
than conventional teaching methods in ophthalmology of the audience, user‑friendly webinar platform, and the
clinics.[3] Artificial intelligence and machine learning were first presenters’ expertise and competence. Such webinars have
introduced in a big way in diabetic retinopathy by Google.[4] to be announced well in advance and communicated through
This article aims to highlight the important aspects and e‑mail to the prospective audience.
resources of e‑learning in ophthalmology.
John Davis Akkara, Anju Kuriakose1, Biju Raju2
A collection of online resources in ophthalmology [5]
Department of Glaucoma, Westend Eye Hospital, 2Department
made by ophthalmologists Dr. Pranesh Balasubramaniam of Retina, Dr. NSD Raju's Eye Hospital and Research Centre,
and Dr. Subhashini Manoharan as a freely downloadable Tripunithura Road, Cochin, Kerala, 1Department of Retina,
e‑book (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ZfnUB‑lVXudr Aravind Eye Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

27‑N1oE5OZxD1R2BqynT/view) has been very useful in Address for correspondence: Dr. John Davis Akkara,
Glaucoma Department, Westend Eye Hospital, Chitoor
Submitted: 28-Jun-2020 Accepted: 29-Jun-2020 Published: 25-Aug-2020 Road, Kacheripady, Cochin ‑ 682 018, Kerala, India.
E‑mail: [email protected]

Access this article online

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For reprints contact: [email protected]

DOI:
10.4103/kjo.kjo_92_20 How to cite this article: Akkara JD, Kuriakose A, Raju B. e-Learning
resources for ophthalmologists. Kerala J Ophthalmol 2020;32:191-8.

© 2020 Kerala Journal of Ophthalmology | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow 191

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Akkara, et al.: e‑Learning resources for ophthalmologists

To conduct a webinar, one needs a videoconferencing‑enabled WEBSITES

webinar hosting platform. Free and commercial platforms
exist that may be suitable for streaming webinars and other The Internet is a vast information superhighway and there are
interactive online events such as Microsoft Teams, Cisco a lot of e‑learning resources out there. Here are a few websites
Webex, Google Meet, Zoom, Adobe Connect, GoToMeeting, which have e‑learning resources for ophthalmologists:
Vidyo, Mconf, Facebook Live, and YouTube Live. These • AIOC Proceedings (http://proceedings.aios.org) [Figure 2]
platforms vary in the features they provide, and it is of value • The papers, posters, videos, instruction courses,
to compare and assess before committing to a platform.[7] and other sessions of the AIOS annual conferences.
Ideally, all the presenters and panelists are brought together Invaluable resources are available completely free
in the selected videoconferencing platform, and all the even if you are not a member of the society or attend
attendees are in a view and listen mode with an option to the conferences. Registration is not required.
ask questions with permission. Often, these are simulcasted
live on YouTube Live and Facebook Live using multistreaming • Moran CORE (https://morancore.utah.edu)
services for maximum reach among potential viewers. • Clinical ophthalmology resource for education by
the Moran Eye Center contains hours and hours of
Webinars allow the participants to interact with the presenter grand rounds, surgery videos, and clinical lectures.
during the live streaming of the session, thus providing
a platform for bilateral exchange of ideas. The All India
• EyeWiki (https://eyewiki.org)
Ophthalmological Society (AIOS) conducts webinars regularly,
• Wikipedia of ophthalmology written collaboratively
and each of these episodes are archived on the website.[8]
by ophthalmologists worldwide. If you find some
The Cochin Ophthalmic Club also has some webinars on
topic missing or needs editing, you can request an
its YouTube channel.[9] Due to COVID‑19 and the lockdown,
account and start editing yourself. They also hold
several state, national, and international ophthalmology
an annual contest with prizes for the best articles
conferences have been canceled, postponed, or converted
written by an ophthalmologist or trainee.[10]
into virtual conferences.

Here are a few webinars for ophthalmologists: • eOphtha (https://eophtha.com)

• Events in ophthalmology (https://eventsinophthalmology. • An online portal for ophthalmologists, with hundreds
wordpress.com) [Figure 1] of articles for residents about the subject as well as
• AIOC Webinars (https://aios.org/article‑127‑webinars. other aspects of residency and ophthalmology life.
php) There are inspiring articles, interviews, and guides
• Ophthalmology Reboot 2020 (https://tiny.cc/Reboot2020) for tough situations in ophthalmology. There is also
• Orbis Cybersight Webinars (https://cybersight.org/ a section for PowerPoint presentations on various
lectures/). topics and guides to the fellowships available in India.

Figure 1: Calendar from “events in ophthalmology” website showing the multitude of ophthalmology webinars scheduled for June 2020

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Akkara, et al.: e‑Learning resources for ophthalmologists

Figure 2: All India Ophthalmological Society proceedings website with the papers, posters, videos, instruction courses, and other sessions of All India
ophthalmological Society annual conferences freely available

• EyeLearn (https://www.eyelearn.in) • Atlas of Gonioscopy (http://gonioscopy.org)

• A guide for ophthalmology postgraduates with • Website by Dr. Wallace LM Alward, MD, dedicated
question banks, notes, articles, interviews, apps, to teaching gonioscopy through videos.
and various other study resources.
• Muthusamy Virtual University of Post Graduate
• Spotif‑Eye Study group (https://www.spotifeyestudygroup. Ophthalmology (http://www.mvupgo.com)
com) [Figure 3] • Free and open university with multiple online courses
• A quick and no‑nonsense website for spotters in to prepare for ICO, FRCS, and FRCOphth exams
ophthalmology ideal for exam going ophthalmology
residents. There are several scans and slides of • EyeDocs (https://www.eyedocs.co.uk)
various ocular conditions in optical coherence • Online community for ophthalmologists with EyeQ
tomography (OCT) macula, fields, Pentacam, fundus question bank for exams and reviews of courses in
fluorescein angiography, AS‑OCT, B‑scan, Orbscan, the UK.
specular microscopy, and microbiology slides.
• Ophthalmic Edge (https://ophthalmicedge.org/physician/
• Success in MRCOphth by Prof Chua (http://www.
courses)
mrcophth.com)
• A few online courses for ophthalmologists.
• Study resources for MRCOphth, FRCS, FICO with
multiple choice questions and notes on various
• NOVEL (https://novel.utah.edu)
clinical trials in ophthalmology.
• Neuro‑Ophthalmology Virtual Education Library
has several lectures and meeting proceedings of
• OphthoBook by Tim Root (https://timroot.com/
neuro‑ophthalmology in audio and video format
ophthobook)
• Fun intro to ophthalmology by Dr. Timothy Root starting from 1970s.
along with easy to understand videos.
• Retina Image Bank (https://imagebank.asrs.org)
• RootAtlas by Tim Root (https://timroot.com/rootatlas) • A free collaborative atlas of retina from the American
• Collection of fun and informative videos of Society of Retina Specialists.
ophthalmic conditions, procedures, and lectures by
Dr. Timothy Root for ophthalmology residents. • A A O O N E N e t w o r k ( h t t p s : / / w w w. a a o . o r g /
education‑browse)
• Orbis Cybersight Online Courses (https://cybersight.org/ • The American Academy of Ophthalmology
online‑learning) [Figure 4] ophthalmic news and education network can
• Free online courses with modules and MCQ feedback be accessed for free by members of the AIOS by
where one can earn online certificates. following the instructions in the AIOS website.[11]
Kerala Journal of Ophthalmology / Volume 32 / Issue 2 / May-August 2020 193
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Akkara, et al.: e‑Learning resources for ophthalmologists

• Atlas of ophthalmology (https://www.atlasophthalmology. • Glaucoma lectures from the University of Iowa.

net)
• Collaborative multilingual atlas of ophthalmology. • EyeGuru (https://eyeguru.org/residency‑essentials)
• Essentials for introduction to ophthalmology with
• Eye Rounds (http://eyerounds.org) practice images and video lectures.
• Eye Rounds by the University of Iowa has
clinical rounds, images, videos, and tutorials for • AAO Retinoscopy Simulator (https://www.aao.org/
ophthalmology residents. interactive‑tool/retinoscopy‑simulator) [Figure 5]
• Practice retinoscopy on virtual patients.
• e‑Learning Resources‑ICO (http://www.icoph.org/
resources.html?topic_id = 28) • AAO Strabismus Simulator (https://www.aao.org/
• e‑learning Resources from the International Council interactive‑tool/strabismus‑simulator)
of Ophthalmology. • Practice strabismus tests on virtual patients.

• RPC Rounds (https://rpcround.wordpress.com/download/) • SquintMaster (http://squintmaster.com).

• Ophthalmology resources including books by • SquintMaster (strabismus software and website) by
Dr. Dhaval Patel. Dr. Sudhir Singh.

• Iowa Glaucoma Curriculum (http://curriculum. YOUTUBE CHANNELS AND EYETUBE

iowaglaucoma.org)
YouTube is the largest Internet video‑sharing site and is
a useful tool in social communication, advertising, and
promoting learning resources to the public and students.

How best to utilize video instruction of clinical procedures

and their role in timely learning in clinical practice is a
field yet to be fully explored. One study found that medical
students could perform volar splinting better and faster when
they had timely access to an instructional video.[12] Another
study found that medical students and resident physicians
Figure 3: Spotif‑EYE website by Dr. Shana Sood, which has spotters of various performed better at chest tube insertion when they could use
investigations in ophthalmology a mobile device for timely access to an instructional video.[13]

Figure 4: Free online ophthalmology courses (with certificates) from Orbis Cybersight

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Akkara, et al.: e‑Learning resources for ophthalmologists

Exploratory studies have looked into how this knowledge is words and pictures in combination rather than as words alone
appreciated and suggest that timely access to instructional are all shown to significantly benefit learning.[17]
videos cannot stand alone, but rather augment the overall
learning experience.[14,15] Learning technical skills may need EyeTube is dedicated to ophthalmology, so the content
hands‑on experience and relevant feedback, which requires there is curated for ophthalmologists. However, being more
on‑site teaching on patients or simulation training. accessible, there are several hundreds of YouTube channels
useful to ophthalmologists both for learning the subject as
Mayer and Moreno lay the groundwork for the Cognitive well as surgical videos. To get started, we list a few of these
Theory of Multimedia Learning, which is a framework channels here:
for understanding multimedia‑assisted learning from the • EyeTube (https://eyetube.net)
learner’s perspective.[16] According to the theory, images • EyeTube 3D (https://eyetube.net/3d) [Figure 6]
and sounds are channeled into working memory, which then • Moran CORE (https://www.youtube.com/channel/
integrates and organizes information for short‑ and long‑term UCldQrlI8TxtG0AJ4JLhh1fQ)
memory.[16] Mayer also suggested that the capacity of this • Kings Classes by Dr. Pranesh (https://www.youtube.com/
system is limited and that learning outcome may depend kingsclasses)
on the presentation because learners can be overloaded • AIOS Proceedings 1 (https://www.youtube.com/channel/
with irrelevant details.[17] For example, highlighting essential
UCAh2bm20ebviP0uJNxLbYbw)
material, eliminating extraneous material, and presenting
• AIOS Proceedings 2 (https://www.youtube.com/channel/
UCbmGwj‑jAyhvWSbX4QHdCHg)
• AIOS HQ (https://www.youtube.com/channel/
UCVX8n‑I1kRESLgJ9FMcz28A)
• AIOC ARC (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCm_
GLgk7DJTeau1jzuUQ3Ag/videos)
• AAO (https://www.youtube.com/user/AAOtv/videos)
• Cochin Ophthalmic Club (https://www.youtube.com/
CochinOphthalmicClub)
• Orbis Cybersight (https://www.youtube.com/c/Cybersight/
videos)
• AuroTube by Aravind Eye Hospital– Pondicherry (https://
Figure 5: Interactive retinoscopy simulator which runs on a laptop/desktop/ w w w. y o u t u b e . c o m / c h a n n e l / U C u y l 9 H I b X _
smartphone from the American Academy of Ophthalmology fYTuJbLEz1KQw/videos) [Figure 7]

Figure 6: 3D Surgical Videos from EyeTube 3D

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Akkara, et al.: e‑Learning resources for ophthalmologists

Figure 7: Webinars, clinical videos, innovations, and other ophthalmic videos from AuroTube YouTube channel of Aravind Eye Hospital, Pondicherry

• Neuro‑ophthalmology with Dr. Andrew Lee (https://www. • Dr. Ramakrishna Tadanki (https://www.youtube.com/user/
youtube.com/channel/UC5HcfsELV0W9AqtvJvpQQSg/videos) drtadanki/videos)
• E y e A n a t o m y a n d P h y s i o l o g y b y D r. • Dr. Deepak Megur (https://www.youtube.com/channel/
Najeeb ( h t t p s : / / w w w. y o u t u b e . c o m / UCfBf_eZSur4tGh‑uSuqXZoA/videos)
playlist?list = PLO2O9UjkQxLcivzk6dIqj6MYK0‑BMFOt‑) • Dr. Ashish Mitra (https://www.youtube.com/user/
• Tim Root (http://www.youtube.com/eyevideofan) ashishmitra14/videos)
• Steve Cohen (https://www.youtube.com/user/scohen125/ • Dr. Biju Raju (https://www.youtube.com/c/BijuRaju/videos)
videos) • Dr. John Davis (https://www.youtube.com/channel/
• Y O S I ( h t t p s : / / w w w. y o u t u b e . c o m / c h a n n e l / UCYu8‑iP4xlIy_4CGWEVhDQg/videos).
UC7c0oitsACPG0ug2 gMi_StQ/videos)
• Dr. Agarwal’s Clinical Education (https://www.youtube. APPS
com/channel/UC51fruHrw7BYeGZzhAOGq5 g/videos)
• Ophthalmology Lectures (https://www.youtube.com/c/ This is the age of smartphones,[18] and there are several
Ophthalmologylectures/videos) innovative and interactive smartphone apps that are useful
• Sankara Academy of Vision (https://www.youtube.com/ learning resources for ophthalmologists.[19] There are apps that
channel/UCGtGcMADWuX96 gNQ_Xxjc7A/videos) teach anatomy, some in 3D and some in virtual reality. There
• Connie Koklanis (https://www.youtube.com/user/ are apps for learning clinical information, mnemonics,
conniekoklanis/videos) grading systems, surgical skills, and more.
• Dr. Uday Devgan (https://www.youtube.com/channel/
UCAVYJDgKXvxBrWBI‑HdJl9 w/videos) Here are a few of the e‑learning apps for ophthalmologists:
• Dr. Sudhir Singh (https://www.youtube.com/user/ • My Eye Anatomy (https://play.google.com/store/apps/
SquintMasterIndia/videos) details?id = com.visual3dscience.Eye) [Figure 8]
• Dr. Pradip Mohanta (https://www.youtube.com/channel/ • Cataract Mobile (https://apps.apple.com/us/app/
UCiCkQ2Mj2S7G7 IUBpv9FzWA/videos) cataractsurgery/id482530875)
• Dr. Sourabh Patwardhan (https://www.youtube.com/c/ • OphthoQuestions (https://play.google.com/store/apps/
SourabhPatwardhanPhacoTips/videos) details?id = com.optho.ophthoquestions)
• Dr. Ike Ahmed (https://www.youtube.com/user/ • FRCOphth (https://play.google.com/store/apps/
journey104/videos) details?id = com.reviseaid.frcophth)
• Eye Movies (https://www.youtube.com/user/Eyemovies1/ • EyeTube (https://apps.apple.com/us/app/eyetube/
videos) id473354087)
• Eye Infirmary, Nabha (https://www.youtube.com/user/ • AAO Ophthalmic Education (https://play.google.com/
eyeinfirmary/videos) store/apps/details?id = com.aao.cea.prod)
• Dr. Soosan Jacob (https://www.youtube.com/c/ • Wills Eye Manual (https://play.google.com/store/apps/
DrSoosanJacob/videos) details?id = com.aao.cea.prod)
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Figure 8: Interactive 3D model of the eye in the app “My Eye Anatomy”

• 3D Atlas of Ophthalmology (https://play.google.com/store/

apps/details?id = com.fundazone.ophthalmology_3D_
stereo_atlas) [Figure 9]
• Eye Grader (https://play.google.com/store/apps/
details?id = com.fundazone.eyegrader)
• OCTaVIA (https://apps.apple.com/us/app/octavia/
id1438979285). Figure 9: 3D Atlas of Ophthalmology which has Red‑Blue Anaglyphs,
side‑by‑side stereo photographs, and parallax movement clinical
PODCASTS photographs of the eye along with 3D surgical videos

A podcast is an online audio resource which is typically • Eyes for Ears (https://eyesforears.net)
published as a series, and this medium is useful in certain • JAMA Ophthalmology Author Interviews (https://
scenarios when you want to make maximum use of time. jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/pages/
It is particularly useful while driving or working out, when jama‑ophthalmology‑author‑interviews).
reading or watching videos is not possible, but you can still
listen. There are several interesting ophthalmology podcasts, E‑BOOKS
some of which are dedicated to teaching the subject, some
catch up on ophthalmic news, while others interview leading Even though paperback and hardbound books have their
ophthalmologists, innovators, and industry leaders. place, the convenience and other advantages of e‑books
are make them suited for ophthalmology residents. e‑Book
To get started, you can download a podcast streaming app such versions are available for almost all the major textbooks,
as Google Podcasts, Apple Podcasts, Podcast Addict, or Stitcher. and they are often stored in every ophthalmology resident’s
laptop or tablet computer for quick reference. They make
Here are a few Ophthalmology Podcasts that we recommend: it easier to carry around all the necessary books instead of
[Figure 10] lugging around heavy books. They help in easy searching for
• As Seen from Here (https://asseenfromhere.com) particular topics and quick preparation of student lectures.
• Ophthalmology off the Grid (https://eyetube.net/ In addition to the standard textbooks which are available for
podcasts/ophthalmology‑off‑the‑grid) purchase, there are several other books that have been made
• Straight from the Cutter ’s Mouth (http://www. freely available online by their authors.
retinapodcast.com/episodes)
• The Retina Channel (https://podcasts.apple.com/us/ CONCLUSION
podcast/the‑retina‑channel‑podcast/id1299937225)
• New Retina Radio (https://eyetube.net/podcasts/ Ophthalmologists have always been at the forefront in
new‑retina‑radio) using the latest technology. Even in the e‑learning space,
• SNippets from Sankara Nethralaya (https://anchor.fm/ there are a lot of valuable online resources that would be
sankara‑nethralaya) very useful for a fresh ophthalmology resident and the
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2. Golband F, Hosseini AF, Mojtahedzadeh R, Mirhosseini F, Bigdeli S.

The correlation between effective factors of e‑learning and demographic
variables in a post‑graduate program of virtual medical education in
Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Acta Med Iran 2014;52:860‑4.
3. Kakkanatt AC, Kuriakose A, Sasidharan A, John A, Gopinath G.
Comparison of e‑learning and conventional bed side teaching for medical
students in ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 2017;1:11.
4. Akkara JD, Kuriakose A. Role of artificial intelligence and machine
learning in ophthalmology. Kerala J Ophthalmol 2019;31:150.
5. Balasubramaniam P, Manoharan S. Online Resources in Ophthalmology.
Available from: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ZfnUB‑lVXudr27‑N1
oE5OZxD1R2BqynT/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook. [Last
accessed on 2020 Jun 27].
6. Pavelin K, Pundir S, Cham JA. Ten simple rules for running interactive
workshops. PLoS Comput Biol 2014;10:e1003485.
7. Fadlelmola FM, Panji S, Ahmed AE, Ghouila A, Akurugu WA,
Entfellner JB, et al. Ten simple rules for organizing a webinar series.
PLOS Comput Biol 2019;15:e1006671.
8. Webinars All India Ophthalmological Society. Available from: https://
www.aios.org/article‑127‑webinars.php. [Last acessed on 2020 Jun 26].
9. Cochin Ophthalmic Club. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/
CochinOphthalmicClub. [Last accessed on 2020 Jun 26].
10. International Ophthalmologists – EyeWiki. Available from: https://
eyewiki.org/International_Ophthalmologists. [Last accessed on 2020
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198 Kerala Journal of Ophthalmology / Volume 32 / Issue 2 / May-August 2020