COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

OAP

Sector : Agriculture and Fishery

Organic Agriculture Production

Qualification Title : NC II

Unit of Competency : Raise Organic Small Ruminants

Module Title : Raising Organic Small Ruminants

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HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING
MATERIAL
Welcome to the module in Organic Agriculture Production
NC II. This module contains training materials and activities for
you to complete.
You are required to go through a series of learning activities
in order to complete each learning outcome of the module. In each
learning outcome are Information Sheets, Self-Checks, Operation
Sheets and Job Sheets. Follow these activities on your own. If
you have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your trainer/facilitator
for assistance.
The goal of this course is the development of practical skills.
To gain these skills, you must learn basic components and
terminology. For the most part, you’ll get this information from
the Information Sheets and TESDA website www.tesda.gov.ph.
This module was prepared to help you achieve the required
competency, in Organic Agriculture Production NC II. A person who has
achieved this Qualification is competent to be:

• Organic Agriculture Farmer

• Organic Chicken Raiser
• Organic Hogs Raiser
• Organic Small Ruminants Raiser
• Organic Vegetables Farmer
• Organic Concoctions and Extracts Producer
• Organic Fertilizer Producer

This will be the source of information for you to acquire

knowledge and skills in this particular competency independently
and at your own pace, with minimum supervision or help from
your instructor.

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Remember to:
Work through all the information and complete the activities in
each section.
Read information sheets and complete the self-check. Suggested
references are included to supplement the materials provided in this
module.
Most probably your trainer will also be your supervisor or manager.
He/she is there to support you and show you the correct way to do things.
You will be given plenty of opportunity to ask questions and practice
on the job. Make sure you practice your new skills during regular work
shifts. This way you will improve both your speed and memory and also
your confidence.
Use the self-check, Operation Sheets or Job Sheets at the end of each
section to test your own progress.
When you feel confident that you have had sufficient practice, ask
your Trainer to evaluate you. The results of your assessment will be
recorded in your Progress Chart and Accomplishment Chart.

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 LIST OF
COMPETENCIES

No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code

Core Competencies

1. AGR612301
Raise organic chicken Raising organic chicken
2.
Produce organic vegetables Producing AGR611306
organic
vegetables
3. AGR611301
Produce organic fertilizer Producing organic
fertilizer
4. AGR611302
Produce organic Producing organic
concoctionsand extracts concoctions and
extracts
Elective Competencies
5.
Raise organic hogs Raising organic hogs AGR612302
6.
Raise organic small Raising organic
AGR612303
ruminants smallruminants

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 MODULE CONTENT

Qualification Title: Organic Agriculture Production NCII

Unit of competency: Raise Organic Small Ruminant
Module Title: Raising Organic Small Ruminant

Introduction:
This module covers the ability to carry-out the knowledge, skills and attitude required in raising
organic small ruminant.

Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this module, you must be able to:
1. Select healthy breeders and suitable cages
2. Feed small ruminants
3. Manage breeding of small ruminants
4. Manage does/ewes and their progenies
5. Grow and harvest small ruminants

Assessment Criteria:

1. Bucks and rams are identified according to breed

2. Healthy bucks/rams are selected based on industry acceptable indicator for healthy small
ruminants.
3. Suitable site for small ruminants are determined based on PNS recommendations.
4. Small ruminants cage design is prepared based on Good Animal Husbandry Practices (GAHP),
DENR and zoning ordinances PNS recommendations.
5. Cage equipment installation design is prepared in line with PNS recommendation and actual farm
conditions.
6. Cage equipment are set-up in line with housing equipment installation design.
7. Rice straws are placed as bedding materials based on PNS procedures
8. Suitable feed materials are selected based on availability in the locality, nutrient requirements
and PNS standards.
9. Feed materials are prepared following PNS procedures.
10. Maintenance of forage area are administered in accordance with PNS procedures.
11. Animals are fed based on feeding management program of PNS.
12. Feeding is monitored following PNS procedures.

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13. Signs of heat are monitored among sexually mature does and ewes
14. Breeding systems are identified based on PNS guidelines.
15. Animal pregnancy is monitored and tended based on enterprise procedures.
16. Unproductive buck/ram and doe/ewe are culled based on enterprise procedures.
17. Signs of approaching kidding/lambing are monitored following established farm procedures.
18. Placenta and dead kids/lambs are disposed properly according to DENR law.
19. Assisted kids/lambs to suckle colostrums according to organic practices.
20. Lambs/kids are weaned properly at 3 months from birth based from established farm
procedures.
21. Lactating goats and sheep are kept in clean and quiet environment, and are separated from the
breeder males based from established farm procedures.
22. Forage grasses, supplements and adequate water supply are provided according to PNS
recommendations
23. Growth rate is monitored based on enterprise procedures.
24. Health care program are implemented based on PNS and GAHP requirements.
25. Sanitation and cleanliness program are implemented based on GAHP requirements and PNS.
26. Organic wastes for fertilizer production are collected according to PNS.
27. Suitable small ruminants for harvest are selected based on PNS guidelines and market demand.
28. Production record is accomplished according to enterprise procedure

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 LEARNING OUTCOME SUMMARY

LEARNING OUTCOME # 1 Select healthy breeders and suitable cages

CONTENTS:

1. Small Ruminant
2. Breed of small ruminant
3. Goat House

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

1. Bucks and rams are identified according to breed

2. Healthy bucks/rams are selected based on industry acceptable indicator for healthy small
ruminants.
3. Suitable site for small ruminants are determined based on PNS recommendations.
4. Small ruminants cage design is prepared based on Good Animal Husbandry Practices
(GAHP), DENR and zoning ordinances PNS recommendations.
5. Cage equipment installation design is prepared in line with PNS recommendation and
actual farm conditions.
6. Cage equipment are set-up in line with housing equipment installation design.
7. Rice straws are placed as bedding materials based on PNS procedures

CONDITION:

All supplies, materials and farm implements needed during farm operations should be
readily available at the farm site:

• Small ruminants cage and house

• Practice animals

• Forage area

• Tools, supplies and materials

• Weighing balance (500 kg cap.) – for monitoring and marketing of small
ruminants • Plastic Pail • Pencil papers • Plant materials • Bedding materials
• Record books • Carpentry tools • Calculators • Feeding trough • Water
container • Shovel • Bite/push nipples • Wheel borrow • Knapsack sprayer
• Chopping board • Driving board

• Protective clothing equipment and materials. All workers involved in different activities
must be fully oriented and cautioned on the different specific work activities of the farm

• Technical supervisors should have skills and ability in the successful implementation of
work program activities

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ASSESSMENT METHOD:

Competency in this unit must be assessed through:

1. Demonstration with questioning
2. Oral interviews
3. Written examination

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 LEARNING EXPERIENCE
Learning Outcome 1: Select healthy breeders and suitable cages

Learning Activities Special Instruction

Read Information Sheet 6.1.1 If you have understood Information
and 6.1.3 Sheet 6.1.1 to 61.3, you may now
answer Self Check 6.1-1. If you have
got 100% correct answer in this self
check,
you can now move to
Information Sheet 6.2.1. If not,
review the information sheet and
go over the self check again.

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 INFORMATION SHEET 6.1.1
SMALL RUMINANT
Introduction :
Goats are amazing animals. They are tough and versatile and have more uses than you
could imagine. Goats can survive and thrive just about anywhere. A goat is a hoofed
mammals in genus “ capra”. Most goats are referred to as domestics goats which are sub
specie of the wild goats.
Goats are practically raised anywhere in the Philippines. It can be seengrown in both
rural and urban areas due to special delicacy of its meat, goats are one of the favorite food
for Filipinos. Many people believe that goats have medicinal components of its meat
because they eat mostly herbs and grasses in the farm. Raising goat can be a good source
for additional income and a hobby to unload stress.
Goat meat and milk is still consumed today and goats milk is becoming ever popular as a
healthy alternatives to cows milk. Goats milk is easier to digest than cows milk and many
call this milk as ‘ universal milk “ as it can be used to bottle feed most animals.
Goats are extremely curious and intelligent. They are easily house trained and you can
teach them pull carts and walk on leads. Goats are also known for escaping their pens, If
you have unsecured fencing, be warned your goats will be inquisive and test it out and
soon you will know where the gaps are. Goats are very coordinated and can climb and hold
their balance in the most awkward places. Theyare also widely known for their ability to
climb trees, although the tree generallyhas to be at a slight angle.

Philippine National Standards (PNS) Salient Features on RaisingOrganic

Small Ruminants

Conversion Period
Goats should be organically reared at least 180 days before slaughter.Milk from
lactating goat will only be considered as organic after 90 days of organic rearing.

Animal Husbandry Management

Management of the environment of the animals shall take into account
the behavioral needs of the animals and provide for sufficient free
movement ,sufficient fresh air and natural daylight, protection against

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unfavorable weather conditions, free access to fresh water and feeds.

Breeds and breeding

Breeding goals are such that animal diversity should be maintained.
Indigenous or native breeds should be preservedand promoted.
The use of artificial insemination techniques is allowed. But shallnot use
segregated, separated or modified sperm.
Breeding techniques that embryo transfer, genetic engineering,
treatments with reproductive hormones and semen sexing are notallowed.
The use of genetically engineered species or breeds is not allowed.

Mutilations and animal identification

Mutilations are prohibited but if it can improve welfare, health, or hygiene of
animals or for safety reasons, castration and dehorning could be carried out by
qualified personnel who shall see to it thatsuffering of animals is reduced to a
minimum.
Keeping the animals tethered is prohibited.

Animal Nutrition
The diet shall be offered to the animals in a form allowing them toexecute their
natural feeding behavior.
Supplementation of vitamins and minerals is allowed for as long as these
are obtained from natural sources.
Giving due consideration to the low availability of organic feed, thefollowing
proportion of feed ration could be used:
Year 1 50% non-organic feed, 50% organic feed
Year 2 30% non-organic feed, 70% organic feed
Year 3 10% non-organic feed, 90% organic feed
Year 4 onwards 100% organic feed

Animal Health
Health and well-being of animals must be ensured throughpreventative animal
husbandry practices.
The well-being of the animals is superior in the choice of treatment. Natural remedies
and complementary medical methods have first priority.
Use of antibiotics for prophylactic purposes is not allowed
however vaccinations could be carried out with direct supervision of duly
licensed veterinarian with the condition of it is required legally or when an
endemic disease is known in a region.
The use of steroids, other synthetic growth promoters or enhancers,
hormones, and substances of synthetic in origin is prohibited.

Transport and slaughter

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 The organic integrity of animals must be maintained throughout the
entire process of transport and slaughter.

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 INFORMATION SHEET 6.1.2
BREEDS OF SMALL RUMINANT

Local Breeds

The Small East African Goat

These goats occur throughout East Africa from desert to urban and known
intribal or local names. Their color ranges from pure white to pure black with
various intermixes of roan and speckled brown. The tassels (toggles) occur in up
to 30% of the population. Adult males can weigh 30- 40kg and female’s 25-
30kg.They grow up to a heightof 64cm at the shoulders. Both sexes have horns
that sweep directly backwards and are often curved upwards at the tip. The horns
vary from 2.5 cm to 20cm. The ears are of medium length (approximately 12cm),
are slightly pendent and rarely pricked. 40% of the males under 14 months have
beards. The coat is short and fine in both males and females but has longer hair
on the hind quarters. The males often have a pronounced mane running the full
length of the buck. They are
mainly kept for meat as their
milk is rarely enough for one
kid. They are a useful animal to
use as a base in an upgrading
programme.

The Small East African Goat (Male)

Galla

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The Galla goat is an indigenous to Northern
Kenya. It is also known as the Boran or
Somali goat. It’s the milk queen of the
Kenyan arid and semi arid areas. The
female is about 60cm wide at the shoulders
and weighs 45- 55kgs. The male weighs up
to 70kgs. They are white haired with a
black skin, on the nose (muzzle) feet and
underneath the tail.

Galla goat (female)

Another subtype exists that has colour around the neck and lower legs and black stripe
down the spine. The females are long-lived andwill continue to breed and rear healthy
kids up to 10 years of age. They carry better milk genes and give greater opportunity for
genetic selection for this trait. The back is fairly long and slightly dipped. They are
docile animals easy to handle but do not like cold wet climate, thriving best in low
altitude preferably in acacia bush country. They have a higher compensatory growth rate
after long dry season. The Galla produces about half litre of milk per day.

Saanen
This is the milk queen in the goat world. It originated from Switzerland. It’s all
white or creamy coloured with pink skin pigmentation. The face is straight, the ears
are upright and alert (pricked) the hair is short and fine and the body is long. As a
rule Saanen does not carry tassels. Under good management it produces 3-5 litres
of milk per day depending on management. They are prolific and have high twinning
rate. Sometimes the kids are born with both male and female organs

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(hermaphrodite). This has been observed on polled goats. Mature male weighs 70-
100 kg and mature femaleweighs 50-70 kg. The female measures 74 -80 cm in
height while the mature buck
measures 81-92cm. Udders are
usually shapely and well attached.

Saanen Goats (Notice the pink

pigmentation)

Toggenburg
There are two breeds of
Toggenburg one originating from Switzerland and the other one from Britain. The
British breed is bigger than the Swiss breed with the female of the British type
weighing up to 70kg and bucks up to 100 kg. With Swiss type, the female weights
are in the range of 50kgs with bucksup to 70 kg. They are brown or greyish brown
in colour with distinctive white stripes on the face and legs. They may be horned
or naturally polled. Horns in male are long and curving back. They may have
toggles (tassels) or not. They are very gentle and quiet in temperament. They are
easily handled andcan be trained. They
have a long body and seem bony. They
are bred for milk with average milk yield
of 1-3lts per day depending on
management. The breed is suited for the
higher cooler regions where heat stress is
not a problem and good quality fodder is
freely available.

Toggenburg goat (female)

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Alpine

The breed originated in French Alps. They are medium to large in size and are
hardy and adaptable animals thriving in many climates. They have a varied coat
colour with shades of grey, brown, black, redbuff and combinations. They have a
pronounced mane in both male and female. They may or may not have horns. The
goat is bred for milk with average milk yield ranging from 2.5-4lts subject to
levels of management. The Female weighs from 50-60kgs while bucks weigh 65-
80kg. The female ranges in height from70-76.cm and the male 80- 90cm when
mature.

Crosses
There are many crosses depending on the
breeds used. The exotic breeds have been crossed
with the local breeds to get a better adapted
and higher yielding animal than the local goats.
This is the best starting point for those with the
local goats wishing to keep dairy goats. The
performance of the crosses has varying degree of
success depending on environment and
management. There are also crosses between the
exotic breeds for instance Saanen and Alpine.

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GOATS ANATOMY

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 INFORMATION SHEET 6.1.3
GOAT HOUSE
HOUSING

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Goat housing should be a draught free shelter which will protect them from the
elements of unfavorable weather. It should have plenty of head room for the goat
to be able to stand upright on its hind legs with itsneck stretched out.
The goat shelter must also have enough height for you to work on. Ifyou keep
more than one goat, each goat should have at at least 4 square meter of floorspace.
Pen and door heights vary from breed to breed but 1.3 meters is recommended.
Dwarf goats obviously do not require so much height.
Goats do like to see one another, even if they are penned separately, so it is a good
idea to accommodate for this requirements by using gates and partition tha the
goat can see through. A secure, well fenced exercise yard is required which should
be 3 – 4 times the size of the pen / shelter.

Breeding
Selection of the breeding Buck
There are several important things when selecting for breeding
A healthy and good quality buck (he goat). The buck must be healthy,strong
and should have a well developed body frame. It must be of productive breed. It
must have normal sexual organs and well developed testicles. The buck must be
selected from does that produce a high volume of milk and are prolific.
Control mating i.e. Limit the number of does per male (therecommended ratio
is 1male for 35 does)
The Buck must be free of any physical defects e.g. undershot jaws,overshot jaws
It should have a strong masculine head and neck and noisy and shouldseek
out females on heat and mate them. If it’s shy and timid it should be culled.

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 Badly worn teeth indicate old age. Males with split, missing or worn teeth
should not be selected for breeding as they are physically unable to browseor
graze properly.
Legs should be checked for deformities and hooves trimmed.

Selecting a Replacement Buck

A healthy a well developed male for mating should be identified by the
second month of birth. It should be used for breeding when it is 11 monthsold.
Depending on the dairy breed the buck should weigh 10-15 kg at six months
and about 20-25 kg at 11-12 months of age.
At the beginning the use of young buck should be limited to 10-15 does per
male, but at the end of the second year the number of doescan be increased
and maintained at 35-40 does per buck. One active buck can deal with 20-25
females per season
Bucks should be properly utilized to control their temperament. Under-
utilized bucks tend to be vicious and very destructive. At least 3 services per
week will keep the buck busy.
Breeding of male and female polled goats may result in
hermaphrodite kid(s).
Replace bucks after 18-24 months of active service to prevent inbreeding.

Selection of the breeding doe

The productivity of a flock depends on the good quality of the mother.

Select does with high milk production and high fertilityrate.
The doe must be well built and healthy. A female should not be matedunless
it’s physically fit. Thin females will not come into heat, will be become pregnant and
abort, and reabsorb the fetus at early stage.
Those which are mated and carry their kid will be unable to rear it
satisfactorily.

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 Legs should be checked for deformities and hooves trimmed. Good strong legs
are essential for breeding doe. Weak bent hind legs are highly heritable factor
and females with this should not be selected for breeding.
It should produce kids every 8-10 months
It should produce twins frequently
It should produce enough milk to rear the twins and for the
household consumption
The udder should be soft to touch with two functional teats. Any hardiness
indicates the female has had a problem e.g. mastitis. Long pendulous udder is
highly heritable and females with this should not be used for breeding. Big udder
is liable to tearing by thorns and kids have difficult in suckling them. Italso
predisposes the doe to mastitis.
Badly worn teeth indicate old age. Females with split, missing or worn teeth
should not be selected for breeding as they are physically unable to browse or
graze properly.
Any female with physical deformities (e.g. bad feet, hard udders, blind eyes
)should not be selected for breeding

NOTE: Farmers should seek breeding animals from registered breeding

farms.

Things to do if the breeding objectives are not met

Evaluate the performance and physical characteristics of breeders and the

management practices (breeding, feeding and health of breeders)

Things to do if breeder animals are inadequate

Selection of replacement stocks either within the general herd or buy from
reputable sources through judging based from characteristics of a good
breeder.

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Breeding systems
There are several breeding systems that can be used in breedingof dairy
goats depending on the environment and purpose.

Heritability factors (Inheritable traits)

Many of the qualities in goats are highly heritable and knowledge of those
which can be passed on from parents to the progeny is useful to the breeder
who wishes to improve his stock

Highly heritability factor Low heritability Factors

Live weight at 6 months Birth weight
Age at first kidding Litter size
Body weight Kidding interval
Milk yield Milk flavor

Inbreeding
This is mating of closely related individuals without the introduction of
new animals from outside. If the process continues animals with
undesirable characteristics are likely to appear e.g. physical deformities,
sterility and reduced body sizes.

Line breeding
This is a mild form of inbreeding designed to concentrate the genes of aspecific
ancestor

Crossbreeding
This is system where two different parent breeds are mated. The first generation crosses
are intermediate to the parent breeds. The offspring are superior to the parental breed
in some cases (hybrid vigour). The offspring’s displays increase insize better live-weight
gains fertility and viability
Backcrossing
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This involves crossbred offspring’s being bred to one of the parents

Upgrading
Foundation refers to an F1 (first generation) at 50%, Intermediate (second
generation) is at 75%, an appendix (third generation) is at 87.5% and pedigree
(Fourth generation) is at 92.5%. The percentage represent theproportion of the
exotic blood in the resultant cross (breed)

Prevention of Inbreeding
Practice recordkeeping strictly including proper identification of animals.

Improving breeding efficiency

Proper care and management of breeders (selection of breeders,

providing appropriate nutrients for breeders, providing correct housing
requirements andimplementation of effective herd health program).

Alternative breeding system

If the breeder animals are limited, the alternative breeding system a farmer
could adopt is the use of artificial insemination upgrading to produce
offspring with superior quality and traits.

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 SELF CHECK 6.1.1

I. Read each question carefully and select the correct answer on the given choices. Write your
answer on separate paper. Do not write anything on the questionnaire.

1. Bread of small ruminant originated in French alps.

2. Is a bread of ruminant that originated both in Switzerland and Britain.
3. Indigenous goat in northern kenya
4. The milk queen in the goat world.
5. A male goat called .

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 ANSWER KEY ON SELF CHECK 6.1.1

1. Alphine
2. Toggenburg
3. Galla
4. Saanen
5. Buck

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 LEARNING OUTCOME SUMMARY

LEARNING OUTCOME # 2 Feed Small Ruminant

CONTENTS:

1. Feeding
2. Feeding managements program

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

1. Suitable feed materials are selected based on availability in the locality, nutrient
requirements and PNS standards.
2. Feed materials are prepared following PNS procedures.
3. Maintenance of forage area are administered in accordance with PNS procedures.
4. Animals are fed based on feeding management program of PNS.
5. Feeding is monitored following PNS procedures

CONDITION:

All supplies, materials and farm implements needed during farm operations should be
readily available at the farm site:

• Small ruminants cage and house

• Practice animals
• Forage area
• Tools, supplies and materials
• Weighing balance (500 kg cap.) – for monitoring and marketing of small
ruminants • Plastic Pail • Pencil papers • Plant materials • Bedding materials
• Record books • Carpentry tools • Calculators • Feeding trough • Water
container • Shovel • Bite/push nipples • Wheel borrow • Knapsack sprayer
• Chopping board • Driving board

• Protective clothing equipment and materials. All workers involved in different activities
must be fully oriented and cautioned on the different specific work activities of the farm

• Technical supervisors should have skills and ability in the successful implementation of
work program activities

ASSESSMENT METHOD:

Competency in this unit must be assessed through:

1. Demonstration with questioning
2. Oral interviews
3. Written examination

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 LEARNING EXPERIENCE

Feed Small Ruminant

Learning Activities Special Instruction

Read Information Sheet 6.2.1 and 6.2.2 If you have understood
Information Sheet 6.2.1 and 6.2.2,
you may now answer Self Check
6.2.1. If you have got 100%
correct answer in this self-check,
you can now move proceed to Task
Sheet6.2.1, after you perform it
correctly you may now move to
Information sheet 6.3.1. If not, review the
information
sheet and go over the self check
again

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 INFORMATION SHEET 6.2.1
FEEDING
Feeds
Goats require five major classes of feeds,
Energy
Protein
Vitamins Water
Mineral salts
Goats consume a wide variety of grasses, weeds and small branches of bushes
and trees. They can consume leaves, peelings and roots of vegetables, husks of
corn, citrus and banana peeling and other waste plant residues. Goats are
ruminantand therefore chew cud and are able to utilizeroughage with high fiber
content.
They produce protein, vitamin B and K in the rumen.
Goats are fastidious feeders as a result they are the last animals to diefrom
drought

Sources of Protein
Leucaena, Calliandra, Rensonii, Flamengia, Mulberry, Grevellia, Gliricidia,
Sesbania, Tithonia, Lantana camara, Siratro, Sweet potato vine,Clitoria
tarnatae,Lucerne, Desmodium,
Most of these herbaceous legumes have anti-nutritional factors (eg tannins and
cyanides). It’s recommended that these should not exceed 25% of the total
feedrequirement per day. They should be wilted before feeding.

Agro industrial by products.

Groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, Sunflower cake.

Energy feeds
Rhodes grass, Napier grass, Panicum spp, Cenchrus spp, Sorghum, Banagrass.
Banana stems and leaves should be fed as a last resort to feed demand.

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Crop residues;
Maize, millet, Rice, Wheat, Barley, oats Sorghum others includebeanhaulms,
Sugar cane tops, Sunflower heads.

Agro industrial by-products.

Maize germ, maize bran.

Scarce Feed Resources

When the feed resources are scarce, silage could be made or processed by treating
rice straw with concoctions and use of agricultural by-products.

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 INFORMATION SHEET 6.2.2
FEEDING MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

Care of Pregnant Doe (She-goat)

Protein supplements are important during the dry period (non
lactatingperiod). This is because the kids are growing faster at this time.
If you have been feeding legumes which are high in calcium its bestto
replace these with high energy feeds (e.g. hay) at least three weeks
beforekidding to prevent milk fever. This forces the doe to mobilize its own body
stores and prepare for milking.
Deworm the doe two weeks prior to kidding
A goat requires 3% (of its body weight in dry matter approximately
1.5 kg) per day or 5 kg of fresh materials should be availed to the doeper day.
Thecomplete meal should comprise of both the protein and energy feed.
Provide the does with salt lick and at least either half a kilo of dairy meal
perday or a mixture of pollard and bran
Provide adequate clean water all the time.

Care of lactating doe

At the end of the 5th month, check for the following signs of approaching birth;
Reduced feed intake
Rapid breathing
Doe will constantly look back unto her sides as if expecting tosee
youngones.
Enlarged udder that may or may not discharging colostrums.
Swollen vulva
And thick mucus discharge from the vulva.
The hair around the tail and the rear should be clipped and freshbeddings(straw or
grass) provided.
The kid is born after short labour but incase of difficult kidding expert
(Vetdoctor) should be consulted.

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Well attached udder of lactating Saanen doe

Feeding lactating doe

Amount of concentrates fed should be in proportion to the amountof
milkbeing produced.
A small quantity of concentrates should be fed to the dry doe in order to
build up the body reserves and help in the development ofher unborn kid.
The following table provides a guide to feeding concentrates to a lactating doe

Feeding of concentrate (dairy meal)

The dairy meal fed should be divided into 2 portions daily.

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Care of the kids.
To prevent naval infection the stump of the umbilical cord should be
cleanedand disinfected with iodine, strong salt solution or traditionalherbal remedy.
The new born kid should be placed in a warm area to protect it fromstrongwinds
(draft) and cold that may expose it to pneumonia.
Kids are allowed suckle the colostrums in the first three days after birth,
thecolostrums is very important to the health and growth of the kid. The
colostrums contain antibodies that protect the new kidagainst diseases
untilthey are able to protect themselves.
The kid should be allowed to suckle the mother enough milk so asto
havethe kid as future basis for breeding stock.
Fostering is advisable if the mother dies or incase of infection ofthe
udder(mastitis).
Bottle feeding is also an alternative in the absence of the mother.
Introduce green chop and water after 1 week.
Kids can be withdrawn from the mother at night so that the doe can
bemilked in the morning.
Kids should be weaned at 4 months. Weaning before this time should
becompensated with high protein supplements.
When bottle fed the kid should be fed as follows;

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 SELF CHECK 6.2.1

I. Enumeration. Give as what being ask. Write your answer on separate paper. Do not write
anything on the questionnaire.
A. Source of protein
B. Energy feeds
C. Crop residue

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 ANSWER KEY ON SELF CHECK 6.2.1

A. Leucaena, Calliandra, Rensonii, Flamengia, Mulberry, Grevellia, Gliricidia, Sesbania, Tithonia,

Lantana camara, Siratro, Sweet potato vine, Clitoria tarnatae,Lucerne, Desmodium,
B. Rhodes grass, Napier grass, Panicum spp, Cenchrus spp, Sorghum, Banagrass.
C. Maize, millet, Rice, Wheat, Barley, oats Sorghum others include beanhaulms, Sugar cane tops,
Sunflower heads

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 TASK SHEET 6.2.1
Title: Identification of forages
Performance Objective:

Given one of your learning outcomes of your qualification, , you should be able to identify different
forages
Supplies / Materials:

1. Samples of different forages

Equipment:

1.
Steps / Procedure:

1. From the given samples , you should identify different forages.

Assessment method:

Demonstration and Interview

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 Performance Criteria Checklist 6.2.1

CRITERIA YES NO
Did you identify the forages presented?

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 LEARNING OUTCOME SUMMARY

LEARNING OUTCOME # 3 Manage breeding of small ruminants

CONTENTS:

1. Breeding system
2. Manage breeding

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

1. Signs of heat are monitored among sexually mature does and ewes
2. Breeding systems are identified based on PNS guidelines.
3. Animal pregnancy is monitored and tended based on enterprise procedures.
4. Unproductive buck/ram and doe/ewe are culled based on enterprise procedures.

CONDITION:

All supplies, materials and farm implements needed during farm operations should be
readily available at the farm site:

• Small ruminants cage and house

• Practice animals

• Forage area

• Tools, supplies and materials

• Weighing balance (500 kg cap.) – for monitoring and marketing of small
ruminants • Plastic Pail • Pencil papers • Plant materials • Bedding materials
• Record books • Carpentry tools • Calculators • Feeding trough • Water
container • Shovel • Bite/push nipples • Wheel borrow • Knapsack sprayer
• Chopping board • Driving board

• Protective clothing equipment and materials. All workers involved in different activities
must be fully oriented and cautioned on the different specific work activities of the farm

• Technical supervisors should have skills and ability in the successful implementation of
work program activities

ASSESSMENT METHOD:

Competency in this unit must be assessed through:

1. Demonstration with questioning
2. Oral interviews
3. Written examination

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 LEARNING EXPERIENCE

Manage breeding of small ruminants

Learning Activities Special Instruction

Read Information Sheet 6.3.1 If you have understood
Information Sheet 6.3.1 ,
you may now answer Self Check
6.3.1. If you have got 100%
correct answer in this self-check,
you can now move proceed undergo
Institutional Assessment if you already
complete all UC. If not, review the
information sheet and go over the self
check again

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 INFORMATION SHEET 6.3.1
BREEDING SYSTEM

Signs of a doe on heat

For a doe to come on heat it should be nutritively fed under proper alongside
appropriate supplementary feeding of concentrates and minerallicks.

A doe on heat will show the following signs

• The vulva appears swollen and reddened
• loosing of appetite and restlessness
• Frequent urination
• Bleating and nervousness
• Wagging of the tail
• Slight mucus discharge from the vulva

The presence of a buck has been shown to induce heat in a doe that could have been
problematic in detection of heat.
Heat can also be induced by rubbing a piece of clothe around the base of the buckshorn
and then taking the clothe to the doe.

Mating
For successful fertilization to occur the doe has to feed well and kept in good shed. She
must be in good health. To become pregnant the doe and the buck must mate. A doe
noticed to be on heat should be brought to the buck and remain with itfor a period of not
less than 36 hrs for effective mating to take place. If mating is successful, heat signs will
not appear and pregnancy will be assumed to have occurred. The gestation period lasts
for 5 months. If mating has not been successful heat signs will occur and a second
mating service will be necessary.
Repeated signs of heat even when the doe has been mated could be due to a problem
with either the buck or the doe and therefore the doe and the buck should be examined
by a vet.

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 INFORMATION SHEET 6.3.2
MANAGE BREEDING

Management practices
These are a series of activities like spraying, de-worming, de-budding, castration,hoof
trimming, proper milking practices and general hygiene.

Management of parasitic infestation

Most animals carry parasites burdens, but the pressure of parasites is not
serious until the population rises to the extent that the host animalsstart
showingsigns e.g. weight loss, diarrhea, unthriftness, bottle jaw, coughs, loss of
hair, scratching against the wall.
The parasites are divided into ecto and endo –parasites.

Ecto-parasites (external)
These are mainly the ticks, biting flies, fleas, mites.

Endo-parasites (internal)
These are mainly worms e.g. round worms, tapeworms, lung worms, flukes.

Control
Regular deworming of goats and kids after every 3 months. Repeatdeworming to
any animal showing worm infestation.

Hoof trimming
This is a management practice to control abnormal growth ofhooves
thatmay lead to lameness in goats.
The overgrown hooves can be trimmed using hoof knife .
The stock should have their feet regularly checked for damagedue
toovergrown hooves.

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Castration
Castrate the young males not intended for breeding at six months

De-budding
This done at 3 months of age using hot bars (de- budding
irons)Its done to both male and female kids

Treating Bloat

Let the animal walk. Administer orally mineral oil, massage the rumen
and do not let the animal lie down.

Transporting Animals

A permit from the Municipal Veterinarian or Agricultural Officer must be

secured intransporting animals from municipality to another.

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 SELF CHECK 6.3.1

I. Explanation. Give a simple explanation of what is being ask. Write your answer on separate
paper. Do not write anything on the questionnaire.
1. How you treat bloating of goat.

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 ANSWER KEY ON SELF CHECK 6.3.1

1. Let the animal walk. Administer orally mineral oil, massage the rumen and do not let the animal
lie down

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 LEARNING OUTCOME SUMMARY

LEARNING OUTCOME # 4 Manage does/ewes and their progenies

CONTENTS:

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

1. Signs of approaching kidding/lambing are monitored following established farm

procedures.
2. Placenta and dead kids/lambs are disposed properly according to DENR law.
3. Assisted kids/lambs to suckle colostrums according to organic practices.
4. Lambs/kids are weaned properly at 3 months from birth based from established farm
procedures.
5. Lactating goats and sheep are kept in clean and quiet environment, and are separated
from the breeder males based from established farm procedures.
6. Forage grasses, supplements and adequate water supply are provided according to
PNS recommendations

CONDITION:

All supplies, materials and farm implements needed during farm operations should be
readily available at the farm site:

• Small ruminants cage and house

• Practice animals

• Forage area

• Tools, supplies and materials

• Weighing balance (500 kg cap.) – for monitoring and marketing of small
ruminants • Plastic Pail • Pencil papers • Plant materials • Bedding materials
• Record books • Carpentry tools • Calculators • Feeding trough • Water
container • Shovel • Bite/push nipples • Wheel borrow • Knapsack sprayer
• Chopping board • Driving board

• Protective clothing equipment and materials. All workers involved in different activities
must be fully oriented and cautioned on the different specific work activities of the farm

• Technical supervisors should have skills and ability in the successful implementation of
work program activities

ASSESSMENT METHOD:

Competency in this unit must be assessed through:

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1. Demonstration with questioning
2. Oral interviews
3. Written examination

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 LEARNING OUTCOME SUMMARY

LEARNING OUTCOME # 5 Grow and harvest small ruminants

CONTENTS:

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

1. Growth rate is monitored based on enterprise procedures.

2. Health care program are implemented based on PNS and GAHP requirements.
3. Sanitation and cleanliness program are implemented based on GAHP requirements
and PNS.
4. Organic wastes for fertilizer production are collected according to PNS.
5. Suitable small ruminants for harvest are selected based on PNS guidelines and
market demand.
6. Production record is accomplished according to enterprise procedure

CONDITION:

All supplies, materials and farm implements needed during farm operations should be
readily available at the farm site:

• Small ruminants cage and house

• Practice animals

• Forage area

• Tools, supplies and materials

• Weighing balance (500 kg cap.) – for monitoring and marketing of small
ruminants • Plastic Pail • Pencil papers • Plant materials • Bedding materials
• Record books • Carpentry tools • Calculators • Feeding trough • Water
container • Shovel • Bite/push nipples • Wheel borrow • Knapsack sprayer
• Chopping board • Driving board

• Protective clothing equipment and materials. All workers involved in different activities
must be fully oriented and cautioned on the different specific work activities of the farm

• Technical supervisors should have skills and ability in the successful implementation of
work program activities

ASSESSMENT METHOD:

Competency in this unit must be assessed through:

1. Demonstration with questioning
2. Oral interviews

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 3. Written examination

LEARNING EXPERIENCE
Learning Outcome 1: Feed Hog
Learning Activities Special Instruction

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 PRE-TEST
ORGANIC AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION NC II
UC 6: Raise Organic Small Ruminant

Name:______________________________________________ Score: _________

1. What is the name of young goat?

2. It is the largest breed of goat?

3. What breed of goat is called “queen of milk”?

4. What breed of goat is best for meat production?

5. What feed is the source of protein for goats?

6. What is the age of the goat for de-budding?

7. What do you called is the process of removing testicles of male goat?

8. Disease of goat which enlargement of stomach cause by gas?

9. The largest stomach of goat

10. What are the external parasite of goat?

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Answer Key

1. Kid

2. Anglo Nubian

3. Saanen

4. Boer

5. Leguminous leaves

6. 3 months old

7. Castration

8. Bloating

9. Rumen

10. Lice

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 Performance Criteria Checklist 1

CRITERIA
Did you…. YES NO
1. Select healthy breeders and suitablecages?
2. Feed small ruminants?
3. Manage breeding of small ruminants?
4. Manage does/ewes andtheir progenies?
5. Grow and harvest small ruminants?

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Title: Perform Feeding

Performance Objective: Assess the knowledge and skills.

Supplies/Materials
Feeds: Rensoni, Flemingia,Napier and Rice bran :

Equipment : Set-up Feeder

Steps/Procedure:
1. Cut grasses and air dry.
2. Clean the feeding trough.
3. Put the cut grasses in the trough.

Assessment Method: Demonstration

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