Esc201T: Introduction to Electronics

Assignment 4: Solutions
Q1: A parallel resonant circuit has ω0 = 1 Mrad/s and 𝑄0 =10. Let R=
5 𝑘Ω, find
a) L
b) the frequency above ω0 at which 𝑍in = 2 kΩ
c) the frequency at which ∠𝑍in = −300 .
Solution:
6 𝑟𝑎𝑑
Given ω0 = 10 𝑄0 =10, R = 5 x 103 Ω
,
𝑠
𝑅 5 x 𝟏𝟎𝟑
a) 𝑄0 = ω 𝐿 ∴ 𝑳 = 10 x 𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 0.5mH.
0
1 𝜔 ω0
ത
b) 𝑌 = [1 + 𝑗𝑄0 ( − )]
𝑅 ω0 𝜔
1 2
∴ 0.5 = 0.2 1 + 100(𝜔 − ) (𝜔 in Mrad/s)
𝜔
 2 1 2 1
∴ 6.25 = 1+100(𝜔 − 2 + 2 ) ,𝜔 −2 + 2 = 0.0525
𝜔 𝜔
2 1
𝜔 + 2 = 2.0525
𝜔
𝜔4 − 2.0525 𝜔2 + 1 = 0
2 1
𝜔 = 2.0525 + 2.05252 − 4 = 1.2569
2
𝝎 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟏 Mrad/s
1 1
c) 𝑌ത = [1 + 𝑗10(𝜔 − )] (𝜔 in Mrad/s)
5000 𝜔
0 1
∴ tan 30 = 0.5774 = 10 𝜔 −
𝜔
1
∴ 𝜔− = 0.05774
𝜔
𝜔2 −0.05774𝜔 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝝎 = 1.0293 Mrad/s
Q2: A series resonant network consists of a 50 Ω resistor, a 4 mH
inductor, and 0.1 μF capacitor. Calculate values for
a) ω0
b) 𝑓0
c) 𝑄0
d) 𝐵
e) ω1
f) ω2
g) 𝑍in at 45 krad/s
h) the ratio of magnitudes of the capacitor impedance to the resistor
impedance at 45 krad/s
Solution:
Series: R = 50Ω , L = 4mH , C = 10−7 𝐹
a) 𝝎𝟎 = 1ൗ 4x10−10 = 50 krad/sec
b) 𝒇𝟎 = 50 x 103 /2𝜋 = 7.958 kHz.
𝜔0 𝐿 50 x 103 x 4 x 10−3
c) 𝑸𝟎 =
𝑅
=
50
= 𝟒
𝜔0 50 x 103 𝟏𝟐.𝟓 𝒌𝒓𝒂𝒅
d) B= = = .
𝑄0 4 𝒔𝒆𝒄
1
e) 𝝎𝟏 = ω0 [ 1 + ൗ2𝑄0 (1 )2 − 1
ൗ2𝑄0 ] = 50[ 1 + 1Τ64 − ] = 44.14 krad/s
8

1
f) 𝝎𝟐 = ω0 [ 1 + ൗ2𝑄0 (1 )2 + 1
ൗ2𝑄0 ] = 50[ 1 + 1Τ64 + ] = 56.64 krad/s
8
g) 𝐳ത𝐢𝐧 (𝐣𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎) = 50 + j(180 - 107−3 /45) = 50 - j42.22
= 65.44 ∠ − 𝟒𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟎 Ω
𝒛ത 𝒄 107
h)| ൗ𝒛ത 𝑹 | 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 = | x 50| = 4.444
𝑗45000
Q3: For Figure 1, draw the Bode amplitude and phase plots for transfer
function 𝐻 𝑗ω = 𝑉𝑐 𝑗ω /𝐼𝑠 𝑗ω

20 Ω 182 Ω

Is +
2H 5 mF
Vc

Figure 1: Figure for Question #3

Solution:
Let the current flowing through the capacitor be 𝐼2 and the current
flowing through the inductor be 𝐼1 .
𝐼2 200𝐼2
We have 𝑉𝑐 = =
𝑗𝜔(5x10−3 ) 𝑗𝜔
Let us denote the impedance of the inductor in series with 20Ω resistor
by 𝑍1 and the impedance of the capacitor in series with 182Ω resistor by
𝑍2 , we have
200
𝑍1 = 20+j2𝜔 and 𝑍2 = 182 +
𝑗𝜔
𝑍1
We have then 𝐼2 = 𝐼 . Putting this value of 𝐼2 in the expression
𝑍1 +𝑍2 𝑠
for 𝑉𝑐 , we get
200 𝑍1
𝑉𝑐 = 𝐼𝑠
𝑗𝜔 𝑍1 +𝑍2
Thus, we get the transfer function H(j𝜔) = 𝑉𝑐 (𝑗𝜔)ൗ𝐼𝑠 (𝑗𝜔) as
𝑉𝑐 (𝑗𝜔)
H(j𝝎) = ൗ𝐼𝑠 (𝑗𝜔)
200 20+𝑗2𝜔
=
𝑗𝜔 202+𝑗2𝜔+200
𝑗𝜔
200(20+𝑗2𝜔)
=
202𝑗𝜔+2(𝑗𝜔)2 +200
200(10+𝑗𝜔)
=
101𝑗𝜔+(𝑗𝜔)2 +100
200(10+𝑗𝜔)
=
(100+𝑗𝜔)(1+𝑗𝜔)
200 x 10(1+jω/10) 𝟐𝟎(𝟏+𝐣𝛚/𝟏𝟎)
= =
100 x (1+jω/100)(1+jω) (𝟏+𝐣𝛚/𝟏𝟎𝟎)(𝟏+𝐣𝛚)
The Bode asymptotic magnitude plot is shown in Figure 2 and
asymptotic phase plot is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 2: Magnitude Plot

Figure 3:Phase plot
Q4: For the circuit shown in Figure 2,
a) Determine whether it is a low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, or band-
reject (notch) filter from boundary value arguments.
b) Determine the transfer function.

R1 L
+ +
Vi(t) R2 C Vo(t)
- -
Figure 2: Figure for Question #4
Solution:
a) At low frequency 𝜔 = 0. ∴ 𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 → 0 and 𝑋𝑐 → ∞.
∴ The circuit will be reduced as follows:
R1
+ +

Vi (t) R2 Vo (t)

- -
𝑉0 (𝑡) 𝑅2
=
𝑉𝑖 (𝑡) 𝑅1 +𝑅2
At high frequency 𝜔 → ∞. ∴ 𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 → ∞ and 𝑋𝑐 → 0.
So, no 𝑉0 (𝑡) will be obtained.
∴ It will behave as a 𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐟𝐢𝐥𝐭𝐞𝐫.
b) To find H(j𝜔),
R1 𝑗𝜔𝐿

+ +

1
Vi ( 𝑗𝜔 ) R2 Vo ( 𝑗𝜔 )
𝑗𝜔𝐶

- -
Now,
1
𝑅2 ||
j𝜔𝐶
𝑉0 j𝜔 = 1 x 𝑉𝑖 𝑗𝜔
𝑅1 +j𝜔𝐿+(𝑅2 || )
j𝜔𝐶
𝑅2
ൗ𝑗𝜔𝐶
൙ 1
𝑉0 (𝑗𝜔) (𝑅2 + )
H(j𝝎) =
𝑗𝜔𝐶
= 𝑅2
𝑉𝑖 (𝑗𝜔) ൗ𝑗𝜔𝐶
𝑅1 +𝑗𝜔𝐿+ ൙ 1
(𝑅2 + )
𝑗𝜔𝐶
𝑅2
=
(𝑅1 +𝑗𝜔𝐿) 1+𝑗𝜔𝐶𝑅2 +𝑅2
𝑅2
=
(𝑅1 +𝑗𝜔𝐶𝑅1 𝑅2 +𝑗𝜔𝐿−𝜔2 𝐿𝐶𝑅2 +𝑅2
𝑹𝟐
=
(𝑹𝟏 +𝑹𝟐 −𝝎𝟐 𝑳𝑪𝑹𝟐 )+𝒋𝝎(𝑳+𝑪𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 )
Q5: A band–reject (notch) filter is shown in Figure 3.
𝑉0 (𝑗𝜔)
a) Derive the expression of its transfer function H in the form 𝐻 𝑗𝜔 =
𝑉𝑖 (𝑗𝜔)
(1+𝑗𝑎)
= K[ ].
(1+𝑗𝑏)
b) Find out the expressions for the coefficients K, a and b.
c) Determine the magnitudes of this transfer function at very low and very high
frequencies from physical arguments.
d) What is the resonance frequency of this circuit?
e) What is the magnitude of the transfer function at this resonance frequency?
f) Also calculate the level of rejection (in dB) at resonance frequency.
 RS
+ 4 kΩ
RC 100Ω
RL +
Vi(t) L 0.4 mH
4 kΩ Vo(t)
-
C 1 pF
-

Figure 3: Figure for Question #5

Solution:
𝑉0 (𝑗𝜔)
a) H(j𝜔) =
𝑉𝑖 (𝑗𝜔)
Let Z be the impedance of the series R-L-C branch.
1 1
Z = 𝑅𝑐 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 + = 𝑅𝑐 + 𝑗(𝜔𝐿 − )
𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝜔𝐶
Let 𝑍𝑒𝑞 be impedance of Z in parallel with 𝑅𝐿 .
1
𝑍 x 𝑅𝐿 [𝑅𝑐 +𝑗(𝜔𝐿−
𝜔𝐶
)] x 𝑅𝐿 RS
𝑍𝑒𝑞 = = 1
𝑍+𝑅𝐿 [𝑅𝑐 +𝑗(𝜔𝐿− )]+ 𝑅𝐿
𝜔𝐶
1
[𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝐿 +𝑗(𝜔𝐿− )𝑅𝐿 ] +
𝜔𝐶
𝑍𝑒𝑞 = 1 +
[𝑅𝑐 +𝑅𝐿 +𝑗(𝜔𝐿− )]
𝜔𝐶
𝑍𝑒𝑞 Vi Zeq Vo
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑉0 (𝑗𝜔) = 𝑉𝑖 (𝑗𝜔) x
𝑍𝑒𝑞 +𝑅𝑠 -
-
 𝑉0 (𝑗𝜔) 𝑍𝑒𝑞
H(j𝜔) = =
𝑉𝑖 (𝑗𝜔) 𝑍𝑒𝑞 +𝑅𝑠
1
𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐿 +𝑗𝑅𝐿 (𝜔𝐿− )
𝜔𝐶
H(j𝝎) = 1 1
𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐿 +𝑗𝑅𝐿 𝜔𝐿− +𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝑠 +𝑅𝐿 𝑅𝑠 +𝑗𝑅𝑠 (𝜔𝐿− )
𝜔𝐶 𝜔𝐶
1
𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐿 +𝑗𝑅𝐿 (𝜔𝐿− )
𝜔𝐶
= 1
𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐿 +𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝑠 +𝑅𝐿 𝑅𝑠 +𝑗(𝑅𝑠 +𝑅𝐿 )(𝜔𝐿− )
𝜔𝐶
𝒋 𝟏
𝑹𝑪 𝑹𝑳 𝟏+ (𝝎𝑳− )
𝑹𝑪 𝝎𝑪
= ( )( 𝑹𝒔 +𝑹𝑳 𝟏 )
𝑹𝑪 𝑹𝑳 +𝑹𝑪 𝑹𝒔 +𝑹𝑳 𝑹𝒔 𝟏+𝒋 (𝝎𝑳− )
𝑹𝑪 𝑹𝑳 +𝑹𝑪 𝑹𝒔 +𝑹𝑳 𝑹𝒔 𝝎𝑪

(1+𝑗𝑎)
b) On comparing with K[ ] , we get
(1+𝑗𝑏)
 𝑹𝑪 𝑹𝑳
K= ,
𝑹𝑪 𝑹𝑳 +𝑹𝑪 𝑹𝒔 +𝑹𝑳 𝑹𝒔
𝟏 𝟏 𝑹𝒔 +𝑹𝑳 𝟏
a= (𝝎𝑳 − ) , b = 𝝎𝑳 −
𝑹𝑪 𝝎𝑪 𝑹𝑪 𝑹𝑳 +𝑹𝑪 𝑹𝒔 +𝑹𝑳 𝑹𝒔 𝝎𝑪
c) At very low frequency 𝜔 → 0. ∴ 𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 → 0 and 𝑋𝑐 → ∞.
So, R-L-C branch will be open circuited.
𝑅𝐿
So, 𝑉0 (𝑗𝜔) = 𝑉𝑖 (𝑗𝜔) x
𝑅𝐿 +𝑅𝑠
𝑅𝐿 4𝐾
=> H(j𝝎) |𝝎→𝟎 = = = 0.5
𝑅𝐿 +𝑅𝑠 4𝐾+4𝐾
While at very high frequencies , 𝜔 → ∞. ∴ 𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 → ∞ and 𝑋𝑐 → 0.
So again R-L-C branch will be open circuited.
𝑅𝐿 4𝐾
=> H(j𝝎) |𝝎→∞ = = = 0.5
𝑅𝐿 +𝑅𝑠 4𝐾+4𝐾
 (1+𝑗𝑎)
d) H(j𝜔) = K[ ]
(1+𝑗𝑏)
(1+𝑗𝑎) (1 −𝑗𝑏) (1+𝑗𝑎−𝑗𝑏+𝑎𝑏)
=K = K
(1+𝑗𝑏) (1−𝑗𝑏) 1+𝑏2
1+𝑎𝑏+𝑗(𝑎−𝑏)
= K[ 2 ]
1+𝑏
(𝑎−𝑏)
∴ 𝐼𝑚𝑔(H(j𝜔)) = K x
(1+𝑏2 )
At resonance frequency 𝐼𝑚𝑔(H(j𝜔)) = 0
(𝑎−𝑏)
K x =0 => a - b = 0
(1+𝑏2 )
1 1 𝑅𝑠 +𝑅𝐿 1
 (𝜔𝐿 − ) - 𝜔𝐿 − =0
𝑅𝐶 𝜔𝐶 𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐿 +𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝑠 +𝑅𝐿 𝑅𝑠 𝜔𝐶
1 1 𝑅𝑠 +𝑅𝐿
(𝜔𝐿 − )( - ) =0
𝜔𝐶 𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐿 +𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝑠 +𝑅𝐿 𝑅𝑠
For the given circuit parameters, second term cannot be zero.
 1 1
So (𝜔𝐿 − )= 0 => 𝜔 =
𝜔𝐶 𝐿𝐶
1
𝜔0 = = 50 𝑀𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
0.4𝑥10−3 𝑥10−12
𝒇𝟎 = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟔 𝑴𝑯𝒛
e) Transfer function at resonance frequency
H(j𝜔)|𝜔=𝜔0 = 𝐾 [ . ሷ 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 0]
𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐿 100 x 4k
H(j𝝎)|𝝎=𝝎𝟎 = = = 23.81 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐿 +𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝑠 +𝑅𝐿 𝑅𝑠 100 x 4k+4k x 4k+100 x 4k
f) Rejection of signal at resonant frequency = H(j𝝎)|𝝎=𝝎𝟎
=> 23.81 x 10−3
=> 20𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (23.81 x 10−3 ) dB
=> -32.46 dB
Q6: A coil of 15 Ω resistance and 0.75 H inductance is connected in
series with a capacitor (C1). The combination draws maximum current
when a sinusoidal voltage source of 50 Hz is applied.
a) Determine the value of C1.
b) A second capacitor (C2) is now connected in parallel with the
earlier combination. What should be the value for C2 so that the
combination will behave as purely resistive at 100 Hz?
c) Calculate the current drawn by the combination at 100 Hz if the
applied voltage is 200 V.
Solution:
a) This is a series RLC circuit, frequency of i/p signal=50 Hz.
1 1
Max. current is drawn at resonance frequency at which 𝜔𝐿 = ⇒𝐶1 =
𝜔𝐶1 𝜔2 𝐿
1
⇒𝑪𝟏 = 2
= 𝟏𝟑. 𝟓𝟐 𝝁𝑭
2𝜋 × 50 × 0.75
b) Now capacitor is connected in parallel, so 𝑌𝑒𝑞 = 𝑌1 + 𝑌2

1
1 1 𝑅 − 𝑗 𝜔𝐿 −
𝜔𝐶1
𝑌1 = = = 2
1 1 1
𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 + 𝑅 + 𝑗 𝜔𝐿 − 𝑅 2 + 𝜔𝐿 −
𝑗𝜔𝐶1 𝜔𝐶1 𝜔𝐶1

2
1 1
𝑅−𝑗 𝜔𝐿−
1 𝑅+𝑗 𝜔𝐶2 × 𝑅2+ 𝜔𝐿− − 𝜔𝐿−
𝜔𝐶1 𝜔𝐶1 𝜔𝐶1
𝑌2 = 𝑗𝜔𝐶2 𝑌𝑒𝑞 = 2 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶2 = 2
1 1
𝑅2+ 𝜔𝐿− 𝑅2+ 𝜔𝐿−
𝜔𝐶1 𝜔𝐶1

At f=100 Hz, imaginary part is zero, so that the combination will be purely
resistive.
 2
2
1 1
𝜔𝐶2 × 𝑅 + 𝜔𝐿 − − 𝜔𝐿 − =0
𝜔𝐶1 𝜔𝐶1
1 1
⇒𝜔𝐶2 − 2 𝜔𝐿 − =0
2 1 𝜔𝐶1
𝑅 + 𝜔𝐿 −
𝜔𝐶1
1 1
𝜔𝐿 − 1 𝜔𝐿 −
𝜔𝐶1 𝜔𝐶1
⇒𝜔𝐶2 = 2 ⇒ 𝑪𝟐 = 𝜔 2
2 1 1
𝑅 + 𝜔𝐿 − 𝑅 2 + 𝜔𝐿 −
𝜔𝐶1 𝜔𝐶1
1
1 2𝜋 × 100 × 0.75 − −6
= 2𝜋 × 100 × 13.5 × 10
2𝜋 × 100 2
1
152 − 2𝜋 × 100 × 0.75 −
2𝜋 × 100 × 13.5 × 10−6
1 353.047
= × 3
= 𝟒. 𝟓 𝝁𝑭 𝑎𝑡 𝑓 = 100 𝐻𝑧.
628 124.86 × 10
 𝑅
c) 𝑌𝑒𝑞 = 1
2
𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿−
𝜔𝐶1
15
=
124.86 × 103

= 120.13 × 10−6

⇒ 𝑰 = 𝑉𝑌𝑒𝑞 = 200 × 120.13 × 10−6 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟎𝟐𝟔 𝐦𝐀

Q7: Find out the Y-parameters for the resistive network (known as π-network)
shown in Figure 4.

Solution:

𝑌1 = 1ൗ𝑅1 = 0.2 ℧
𝑌2 = 1ൗ𝑅2 = 0.1 ℧ Figure 4: Figure for Question #7

𝑌3 = 1ൗ𝑅3 = 0.05 ℧
𝐼1 = 𝑌1 𝑉1 + 𝑌2 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 = 𝑌1 + 𝑌2 𝑉1 − 𝑌2 𝑉2
𝐼2 = 𝑌2 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 + 𝑌3 𝑉2 = −𝑌2 𝑉1 + 𝑌2 + 𝑌3 𝑉2

𝑌1 + 𝑌2 −𝑌2 𝟎. 𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟏
Thus, 𝒀 = = ℧
−𝑌2 𝑌2 + 𝑌3 −𝟎. 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓
Q8: Determine the G-parameters for the resistive network shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Figure for Question #8

Solution: For 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎 ,

𝐼1 1
𝒈𝟏𝟏 = | = = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝛀−𝟏
𝑉1 𝐼2=0 2 𝑘Ω+(1 𝑘Ω || 8 𝑘Ω))
 𝑉2
𝒈𝟐𝟏 = |𝐼 =0
𝑉1 2
′ (1 𝑘Ω || 8 𝑘Ω)
𝑉= × 𝑉1
1 𝑘Ω || 8 𝑘Ω +2 𝑘Ω
2 𝑘Ω ′ 2 𝑘Ω (1 𝑘Ω || 8 𝑘Ω)
𝑉2 = ×𝑉 = × × 𝑉1
2 𝑘Ω+6 𝑘Ω 2 𝑘Ω+6 𝑘Ω 1 𝑘Ω || 8 𝑘Ω +2 𝑘Ω
8
𝑉2 1 9
⇒ 𝒈𝟐𝟏 = | = ×8 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟕
𝑉1 𝐼2=0 4 +2
9
Now, for V1=0
2 𝑘Ω
𝐼3 = × 𝐼2
1 𝑘Ω || 2 𝑘Ω +2 𝑘Ω+6 𝑘Ω
1 𝑘Ω
𝐼1 = − × 𝐼3
1 𝑘Ω+2 𝑘Ω
1 𝑘Ω 2 𝑘Ω
⇒ 𝐼1 = −
1 𝑘Ω+2 𝑘Ω
×
1 𝑘Ω || 2 𝑘Ω +2 𝑘Ω+6 𝑘Ω
× 𝐼2 ⇒
𝐼1 1 2
𝒈𝟏𝟐 = |𝑉 =0 = − × 2 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟕
𝐼2 1 3 8+
3
𝑉2
𝒈𝟐𝟐 = | = 4 𝑘 + (2𝑘 || ( 1𝑘 || 2𝑘 + 6𝑘))=5.54 𝒌𝛀
𝐼2 𝑉1=0
Q9: Determine the Z-parameters for the network shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6: Figure for Question #9

Solution: The given circuit is redrawn as :

𝑉1 20 + 40 10 + 30
𝒁𝟏𝟏 = |𝐼2 =0 = = 𝟐𝟒 Ω
𝐼1 20 + 40 + 10 + 30
𝑉2 2𝑖1
𝒁𝟐𝟏 = |𝐼2 =0 = =𝟐Ω
𝐼1 𝑖1
+
𝑖1 × 24 −
𝑖1 × 24
𝑣2 = × 30, 𝑣2 = × 40
(10 + 30) (20 + 40)
𝑣2 = 𝑣2+ − 𝑣2− = 18𝑖1 − 16𝑖1 = 2𝑖1
For i1=0, Need to redraw the circuit
30 × 70
𝑖2 ×
𝑣1+ = 100 × 20 = 𝑖 14
2
10 + 20

30 × 70
𝑖2 ×
𝑣1− = 100 × 40 = 𝑖 12
2
30 + 40

𝑣1 = 𝑣1+ − 𝑣1− = 14 − 12 𝑖2 = 2𝑖2

𝑉1 2𝑖2
𝒁𝟏𝟐 = |𝐼1 =0 = =𝟐Ω
𝐼2 𝑖2

30 × 70
𝑉2 𝑖2 ×
𝒁𝟐𝟐 = |𝐼1 =0 = 100 = 𝟐𝟏 Ω
𝐼2 𝑖2
Q10: Determine the values of ℎ11 and ℎ22 for the amplifier shown in Figure 7 such
that the power delivered to the load is maximized.

Figure 7: Figure for Question #10

Solution: To maximize power we need to maximize current IL

𝑉𝑠
𝐼1 =
ℎ11 + 1𝑘Ω

1
𝐼𝐿 = ℎ22 × 102 𝐼1
1
+ 1𝑘Ω
ℎ22
 𝑉𝑠 1
𝐼𝐿 = 10 2
×
ℎ11 +1𝑘Ω 1+ℎ22 ×103
ℎ11 ≪ 1𝑘Ω 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ22 103 ≪ 1

Choose 𝒉𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝒌𝛀, 𝒉𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎−𝟒