Digital Electronics Study Notes

Number system: the system used to count discrete units is called number

system

Decimal system: the number system that contains 10 distinguished

symbols that is 0-9 or digits is called decimal system. As per the number of
symbols its base or radix is 10

Binary number system: the number system that contains only two
distinguished symbols that is 0 and 1 is called binary number system. its
base or radix is 2

Hexadecimal number system: the number system that contains 16

distinguished symbols that is 0-9 and A,B,C,D,E,F is called hexadecimal

number system. It’s base or radix is 16.

Conversion from binary number to decimal number is done as given below

(11011)2 = 1 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 2 = 16 +
8 + 0 + 2 + 1 =2710

Conversion from hexadecimal to decimal number is done as given below

(A6B) 16 = A × 162 + 6 × 161 + B × 160
= 10 × 256 + 6 × 16 + 11 × 1 = 2460 + 96 + 11 = 266710
Conversion from decimal number to binary number is known as given

below

2 25 LSB
r =1
2 12
r =0
2 6
r =0
2 3
r =1
2 1
r =1
MSB
0
2510 = 110012

Conversion from decimal number to hexadecimal number is done as shown

below

16 2742 LSB
r =6
16 171 r = 11 =B

r = 10 = A
16 10

0 MSB

274210 = AB616
Binary coded decimal system: it is another commonly used number
system which is used in the field of digital electronics. in this case which
digit of the decimal number is represented by 4 bit binary number example:

35910= 0011 0101 1001 (BCD)

Where 310 = 00112 ; 510 = 01012 ; 910 =10012 ;

The ASCII code: ASCII means American standard code for information
interchange. is an alphanumeric code every numerals, letters and symbols
of the board or printer is equipped with an ASCII code

Logic Gates: an electronic circuit which may have one, 2 or more input

signals but only one output signal is called logic Gate

truth table: a tabular listing of all possible combination of inputs, for a logic

Gate and the resultant output for each combination encoder truth table

OR Gate: it is logic Gate which has Low output when no input is high but
the output is high when any or all inputs are high

AND Gate: it is logic Gate which is high output only when all the inputs

are high what output is low when any are all the inputs are low.
The Inverter or NOT GATE: what is logic Gate which is higher output

when the input is low and output is low when the input is high, this Gate

has only one input

NAND Gate: it is logic Gate which is low output when all the inputs are

high but output is high when any or all inputs are low.

NOR Gate: it is the logic Gate which has high output window input is high
but the output is low when any or all inputs are high.

Exclusive OR -XOR Gate: It is a logic Gate which is higher output when

both the inputs are identical that is either both are high for both are low

Exclusive NOR -XNOR Gate: it is a logic Gate which has high output

when both the inputs are identical that is either both are high or both are
low

Boolean Algebra: the mathematical operation by which various input

variables, output variables and Boolean operations are interrelated.

Boolean equations a simplified by applying various theorems

De Morgan’s theorem:
First theorem: it states that the component of a sum equals the product

of the components.
That is + = .

Second theorem: it states that complement of a product equals the sum

of the components that is = +

Karnaugh map: it is a method of simplifying Boolean functions or logic

circuits a systematic mathematical way.
Pair: Karnaugh map that contains adjacent 1s horizontally or vertically is
called pair.
Quad: when four adjacent 1s a grouped horizontally, vertically or in a
square, the group so formed is called a quad
Octet: when 8 adjacent 1s are grouped horizontally or vertically, the group

so formed is called an octet.

Redundant groups: group whose 1s are all overlapped by other groups is

called redundant group

NAND or NOR Universal gates: these are called Universal Gates

because this Gates can be used in place of all other Gates that is NOT,
AND, OR, XOR etc

Binary addition: following rules are employed by adding binary numbers

0 + 0 equal to zero
0 + 1 equal to 1
1 + 0 equal to 1
1 + 1 equal to 10
1 + 1 + 1 equal to 11

Half adder: logic circuit which is used to add two binary bits is called a
half adder. The output of the half adder is sum and carry. The Boolean
expression and truth table of these outputs are:
Sum= A ⊕B
Carry = AB

INPUTS OUTPUTS

A B SUM CARRY
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0

1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
Full adder: a logic circuit which is used to add 3 binary bits is called a full

adder. It has two outputs sum and carry. The Boolean expressions and

truth table of these outputs are

Sum= A ⊕B ⊕C
Carry = AB + AC + BC

INPUT OUPUT

A B C CARRY SUM
0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1
Complete binary adder: half adders and full adders are usually combined

to add longer binary numbers.

Encoder: encoder is a device which converts the language of the people to

the language of the machine

Decoder: Decoder converts the machine language to the people language

Flip flop: bistable multivibrator is also known as flip flop.

Rs flip flop: in Rs flip flop has two inputs namely reset and set
accordingly it is known as Rs flip flop.

Clocked the Rs flip flop: to an Rs flip flop, when third input clock is

added, the flip flop is known as clocked Rs flip flop.

D flip flop: in Rs flip flop which delays the Digital Signal by the duration

of one clock cycle is called a D flip flop.

Edge triggered D flip flop: it is the most common type of D flip flop. it
samples the bit or data at a unique instant.
JK flip flop: Universal flip flop, J and K are called control inputs because

they determine what the flip flop does when a positive clock edge arrives.

Register: a group of memory elements that work together as a unit is

called a resistor

Buffer register: buffer register is the simplest kind of register. it is used

only to store a digital word.
Shift register: shift register is an array of flip flops design to store and shift
the data.

Counters: counter is a register capable of counting the number of clock

pulses that have arrived at its clock input.

Ripple counter: when the output of one flip flop drives another, we call
the counter as a ripple counter or an asynchronous counter.