QUARTER: 1
WEEK: 3
SELF-LEARNING KIT: No. 4
Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
Division of Ilocos Sur
9
QUARTER 1
ELECTRONIC PRODUCT ASSEMBLY AND SERVICING NCII
LESSON:
APPLY QUALITY STANDARDS
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY:
Engaging in quality improvement
MELC NO. : TLE_IAEPAS9-12AQS-Ic-3
Name of Teacher - Writer: KENNETH L. AYSON
School: Tagudin National High School
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About this Self-Learning Kit
Welcome to the world of Electronic Product Assembling and Servicing!
This self – learning kit will introduce you the concepts of Applying Quality Standards
in the workplace. This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes needed in Engaging
in Quality Improvement.
This learning material is not only your learning kit but also your trusted partner to
develop such skill. So enjoy and have fun!
This self – learning kit requires you to go through series of learning activities such
as understanding key concepts, performing and accomplishing activities and assessments
in order to complete each learning outcome.
Remember, you must:
Finish all activities in this learning kit in ONE (1) WEEK
Get instruction from your teacher regarding the use of this learning kit.
Read and analyze all information and key concepts
Perform all activities and assessment designed for you. Use separate sheet of
paper or a notebook for your answers. Check your activities using the answer
keys located at the last part of the learning kit.
Submit your outputs to your teacher for evaluation and recording. Additional
instruction will be given to regarding this matter
If you have any problem regarding the contents and procedures in this self-learning
kit please feel free to ask your teacher. Make sure you practice your new skills during
regular work shifts to improve your speed, memory, skills and your confidence. Good luck
and have fun!
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MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY
LO 3. Engage in quality improvement
Learning Competencies
1. Participate in process improvement procedures in relation to workplace
assignment
2. Carry out work according to process improvement procedures
3. Monitor performance of operation or quality of product or service to ensure
customer satisfaction
Discussions and Examples
Lesson 1 Quality Improvement in Electronics Work
Technically, quality can have two meanings:
1. The characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy
stated or implied needs.
2. A product or service free of deficiencies
The quality of a product or service refers to the view to which the product or service
meets the customer's expectations. Quality has no specific meaning unless related to a
specific function and/or object. Quality is a perceptual, conditional and somewhat
subjective attribute.
In the manufacturing industry like in electronics assembly, it is commonly stated
that “Quality drives productivity.” Improved productivity is a source of greater revenues,
employment opportunities and technological advances. The best way to think about
quality is in controlling the process.
If the process is under control, inspection is not necessary. In the past, when we
tried to improve quality, we view it as producing fewer defective parts. However, this old
idea expense increased cost, increased task time, longer cycle time which may affect the
business badly. In this area, quality management emerged to instill the quality standards
in electronic products assembly and servicing.
Quality Management in Electronics
Quality Management is a method for ensuring the all activities necessary to
design, develop, and implement an electronic product or service are effective with
respect to the established standards. Quality Management has three components namely
Quality Control, Quality Assurance, and Quality Improvement.
Quality Control is the ongoing effort to maintain the integrity of a process and to
maintain the reliability of achieving a quality outcome.
Quality Assurance is the planned or systematic actions necessary to ensure that a
product or service will satisfy the given requirements for quality.
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Quality Improvement is the purposeful change of a process to improve the reliability
of achieving a quality outcome.
Quality management focuses not only on product or service but also on the process
on how to achieve it.
Quality Improvement Processes
There are different quality improvement processes that can be used to integrate
quality in every step of the process. Each process can help you in identifying the problem in
the process and immediately do actions to solve the problem.
Shewhart Cycle
The most common
PLAN
quality improvement process
which is also known as
PDCA Cycle. This cycle
promotes continuous
improvement in a spiral form
not a circle.
DO
1. Plan
Define a problem or
opportunity
Analyze the situation.
Study the problem
Brainstorm for causes
and corrective actions
Think creatively to
determine the best
approach to solve the
CHECK
problem
Develop an
implementation plan
ACT
2. Do
Implement corrective
action
Document the
procedures and
observations.
Use data gathering
tool to collect Figure 1. The PDCA Cycle which can be perceived in a spiral form.
information
3. Check
Analyze the collected information
Monitor the trends in the process
Compare obtained results against expected results from the plan you have created
4. Act
If the results are as expected, do nothing
If the results are not as expected, repeat the Plan / Do / Check / Act Cycle
Document the process and revised the implementation plan
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PROFIT Model
1. P = Problem Identification
2. R = Root cause identification and analysis
3. O = Optimal solution based on root analysis
4. F = Finalize how the corrective action will be implemented
5. I = Implement the plan
6. T = Track the effectiveness of the implementation and verify that the desired
results are met
If the desired results are not met, the cycle is repeated. Both the PDCA and the
PROFIT models can be used for problem solving as well as for continuous quality
improvement. In companies that follow total quality principles, whichever model is chosen
should be used consistently in every department or function in which quality improvement
teams are working.
Once the basic problem-solving or quality improvement process is understood, the
addition of quality tools can make the process proceed more quickly and systematically.
Seven simple tools can be used by any professional to ease the quality improvement
process: flowcharts, check sheets, Pareto diagrams, cause and effect diagrams,
histograms, scatter diagrams, and control charts.
The key to successful problem resolution is the ability to identify the problem, use the
appropriate tools based on the nature of the problem, and communicate the solution
quickly to others.
Activity 1
Directions: Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. On top of your paper,
write the title of the preceding lesson, then the title of this activity written above.
Complete the letters in the boxes by identifying what is being asked in each item.
1. The characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or
implied needs. L
2. It drives improved productivity which is a source of greater revenues, employment
opportunities and technological advances. I
3. It is the method for ensuring the all activities necessary to design, develop, and
implement an electronic product or service are effective with respect to the established
standards. A M A N A G E M E N T
4. The ongoing effort to maintain the integrity of a process and to maintain the reliability of
achieving a quality outcome.
T M A N T E M
5. The planned or systematic actions necessary to ensure that a product or service will
satisfy the given requirements for quality.
Y R E
6. The change of a process to improve the reliability of achieving a quality outcome.
I R E
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Identify what stage of PDCA Cycle is being described in each item below.
7. Implement corrective action
8. Monitor the trends in the process
9. Think creatively to determine the best approach to solve the problem
10. Study the problem
11. Document the process and revised the implementation plan
12. Use data gathering tool to collect information
13. Compare obtained results against expected results from the plan you have created
14. Analyze the situation
15. If the results are not as expected, repeat the Plan / Do / Check / Act Cycle
Lesson 2 Quality Improvement Tools
There are seven simple tools can be used by any professional to ease the quality
improvement process: flowcharts, check sheets, Pareto diagrams, cause and effect
diagrams, histograms, scatter diagrams, and control charts.
Flowchart
Flowcharts describe a process in detail by graphically
displaying the steps in proper sequence. A good flowchart
show all process steps under analysis, identify critical
process points for control, suggest areas for further
improvement, and help explain and solve a problem.
Flowcharts can be simple, can be made up of
numerous boxes, symbols, and Instructional steps.
In more complex versions, flowcharts indicate the
process steps in the appropriate sequence, the conditions
in those steps, and the related constraints by using
elements such as arrows, yes/no choices, or if/then
statements. Figure 2. Example of a basic flowchart.
Check Sheet
Barnachea, Rodalyn L.
Magsaysay, Tagudin, Ilocos Sur
A check sheet is a
document in tabular form
that show how many times
an event occur. By showing
the frequency of a particular
defect (e.g., in a molded
part) and how often it
occurs in a specific location,
check sheets help
operators spot problems.
One can easily see where
to set priorities based on
results shown on this check Figure 3. Example of a check sheet used on electric motor assembly
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sheet. Assuming the production flow is the same on each day, the part with the largest
number of defects carries the highest priority for correction.
Pareto Diagrams
A Pareto diagram puts
data in a hierarchical order
which allows the most
significant problems to be
corrected first. The Pareto
analysis technique is used
primarily to identify and
evaluate differences.
To create a Pareto
diagram, the operator
collects random data,
regroups the categories in
order of frequency, and
Figure 4. Example of a Pareto Diagrams about the Cause of Late Arrivals
creates a bar graph based
on the results.
Cause and Effect Diagram
The cause and effect
diagram is sometimes called
an Ishikawa diagram after its
inventor. It is also known as
a fish bone diagram
because of its shape. A
cause and effect diagram
describes a relationship
between variables. The
undesirable outcome is
shown as effect, and related
causes are shown leading
to, the said effect.
Figure 5. Example of a Cause and Effect Diagram
A cause and effect diagram which is usually seen like a fish bone displays all
contributing factors and their relationships to the outcome to identify areas where data
should be collected and analyzed. The major areas of potential causes are shown as the
main bones, Later, the subareas are depicted. Thorough analysis of each cause can
eliminate causes one by one, and the most probable root cause can be selected for
corrective action.
Histogram
It is a graphical representation of the distribution of
data. Commonly used to present quality improvement data,
histograms work best with small amounts of data that vary
considerably. When used in process capability studies, his-
tograms can display specification limits to show what por-
tion of the data does not meet the specifications. Figure 6. Example of Histogram
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Scatter Diagram
A scatter diagram is a diagram used to test for cause and effect relationships. It
cannot prove that one thing causes the change in the other, only that a relationship exists
and how strong it is.
Figure 7. Example of Scatter Diagram for Customer Satisfaction
Activity 2
Directions: Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. On top of your paper,
write the title of the preceding lesson, then the title of this activity.
Identify what Quality Improvement Tool is being described in the items below.
1. It is used to test for cause and effect relationships
2. It can be made up of numerous boxes, symbols, and Instructional steps.
3. It puts data in a hierarchical order which allows the most significant problems to be
corrected first.
4. It indicates the process steps in the appropriate sequence, the conditions in those
steps, and the related constraints by using elements such as arrows, yes/no
choices, or if/then statements
5. It is the undesirable outcome is shown as effect, and related causes are shown
leading to, the said effect.
6. It is a graphical representation of the distribution of data.
7. It is the major areas of potential causes are shown as the main bones
8. It prove that a relationship exists and how strong it is.
9. It shows how many times an event occur.
10. It help operators spot problems by showing the frequency of a particular defect and
how often it occurs in a specific location
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Generalization
Quality can have two meanings: The characteristics of a product or service
that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs, A product or service
free of deficiencies
Quality Management is a method for ensuring the all activities necessary to
design, develop, and implement an electronic product or service are effective
with respect to the established standards.
Quality Control is the ongoing effort to maintain the integrity of a process and
to maintain the reliability of achieving a quality outcome.
Quality Assurance is the planned or systematic actions necessary to ensure
that a product or service will satisfy the given requirements for quality.
Quality Improvement is the purposeful change of a process to improve the
reliability of achieving a quality outcome.
Shewhart Cycle is the most common quality improvement process which is
also known as PDCA Cycle.
PDCA means Plan, Do, Check and Act
PROFIT Model means Problem Identification, Root cause identification and
analysis, Optimal solution based on root analysis, Finalize how the corrective
action will be implemented, Implement the plan, Track the effectiveness of the
implementation and verify that the desired results are met.
Flowcharts describe a process in detail by graphically displaying the steps in
proper sequence.
A check sheet is a document in tabular form that show how many times an
event occur. By showing the frequency of a particular defect and how often it
occurs in a specific location, check sheets help operators spot problems.
A Pareto diagram puts data in a hierarchical order which allows the most
significant problems to be corrected first.
A cause and effect diagram describes a relationship between variables. The
undesirable outcome is shown as effect, and related causes are shown leading
to, the said effect.
Histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of data. Commonly
used to present quality improvement data, histograms work best with small
amounts of data that vary considerably.
A scatter diagram is a diagram used to test for cause and effect relationships.
It cannot prove that one thing causes the change in the other, only that a
relationship exists and how strong it is.
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Assessment
Directions: Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. On top of your paper,
write the competency stated in the Most Essential Learning Competency.
Fill in the blanks. Complete each statement below. Choose from the words
suggested.
1. Quality Management is a method for ensuring all activities necessary to design,
develop, and implement an electronic product or service are effective with respect
to the established ___________ (inventory, standards, specifications, documents)
2. To create a Pareto diagram, the operator collects random data, regroups the
categories and creates a _________ based on the results. (table, chart, bar
graph, line graph)
3. Quality _______ is the ongoing effort to maintain the integrity of a process and to
maintain achieving a quality outcome. (control, assurance, management,
improvement)
4. A scatter diagram is a diagram used to test for _____________ relationships.
(cause and effect, priority, quality, standard)
5. Quality _______ is the purposeful change of a process to improve the reliability of
achieving a quality outcome. (control, assurance, management, improvement)
Identify what stage of PDCA Cycle is being described in each item below.
6. Identify the problem
7. Prepare an action plan
8. Suggest best solution for the identified problem
9. Execute the action plan
10. Assess the data gathered and compare it to expected outcome
Analogy: Look at the complete pair of words and decide how the two words
relate to each other. Then fill in the blank with word/s so that the second pair
of words has the same relationship.
11. PDCA Cycle : Plan | PROFIT Cycle : _________
12. Pareto Diagram : ________ | Check Sheet : Table
13. ____________ : Flowchart | occurrence of event : Check Sheet
14. PROFIT Cycle : ________ | PDCA Cycle : Do
15. Act Stage : Results | Plan Stage : ___________
Application
Directions: Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. On top of your paper,
write the competency stated in the Most Essential Learning Competency.
Quality Improvement is an integrative process. It happens every time we do a
task in electronics. However, since we are still at the beginning of our course, and
you don’t have any knowledge or skills regarding tasks and processes in
electronics, we will apply the quality improvement in your studies. Prepare the
graph shown on the next page and follow the instructions written inside.
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1. Plan Stage 2. Do Stage
Write here a problem related to your studies during the Write here the things you remember that you did or planned
previous year. It can be a difficult subject, a low score in a to do to solve the problem you have identified in the Plan
test, a project you had difficult time to finish etc. Stage. You can enumerate them.
3. Check Stage 4. Act Stage
Write here the results or what happened after you have Write here the reasons why the things you wrote in Do
implemented the things you wrote in the Do Stage. Did it Stage work or why the things you wrote in DO Stage didn't
solve the problem? Or it worsen the problem? work. If the things didn't work, what was your new plan
then?
References
Books:
DepEd. Module on Applying Quality Standards in Hardware Servicing. Quezon
City, 2012
Faina, Juanito S. Updated Basic Transistorized Amplifiers. Quezon City:
National Bookstore, Inc., 1994
Pagarigan, Marconi S. Practical Electronics: Solid State Servicing. Muntinlupa
City: MP Electrolad Corporation, 1995
Enriquez, Michael Q., Gantalao, Fred T.,and Rommel M. Lasala. Simple
Electronics. Valenzuela City: Andes Mountain Printers, 2014
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority-Qualification Standards
Office. Training Regulations for Electronic Products Assembly and
Servicing NC II. Taguig City, Philippines: TESDA, 2013.
11
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Self - Check 1
I. Complete the letters in the box II. Identification
1. Quality 7. Do
2. Quality 8. Check
3. Quality Management 9. Plan
4. Quality Control 10. Plan
5. Quality Assurance 11. Act
6. Quality Improvement 12. Do
13. Check
14. Plan
15. Act
Self - Check 2
Identification:
1. Scatter Diagram
2. Flowchart
3. Pareto Diagrams
4. Flowchart
5. Cause and Effect Diagram
6. Histogram
7. Cause and Effect Diagram
8. Scatter Diagram
9. Check Sheet
10. Check Sheet
How Much I Have Learned
I. Fill in the blanks II. Identification: III. Analogy:
1. standards 6. P 11. P - Problem Identification
2. Bar graph 7. P 12. Bar Graph
3. control 8. P 13. Process / steps
4. Cause and effect 9. D 14. I - Implement Plan
5. improvement 10. C 15. Problem
Answer Keys
