& ae HEINEMANN ELTAdvanced Language Practice MICHAEL VINCE Heinemann aHeinemann English Language Teaching, Oxford. A division of Macmillian Publishers Led. Companies and representatives throughout the world. ISBN 0 435 241249 wih key 0.435 24125 7 withoue key © Michael Vince 1994 Hesmemann 9 reptcedeademack of Reed Educational & Poleional Publi Le First Published 1994 Al rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, reansmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, phorocopying, recording, of otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers ‘The author would like to thank everyone who has made comments on this book, and in particular my editors Xanthe Sturt Taylor and Sue Jones. Many thanks also to colleagues and students in Athens at ‘The British Council Teaching Centre, at CELT Athens, and at Profile, Athens. The publishers would like to thank Tony Triges Original design by Mike Brain Iustrated by: Rowan Barnes-Murphy (p18, 127, 129, 133) Ed McLachlan (pS, 11, 16, 22, $3, 68, 70, 99, 103, 112, 134 David Parkins (p3, 10, 12, 37, 45, 51, 73, 123, 140, 145), Bill Seote (p40, 46, 75, 83, 98, 110) Printed and bound in Great Brian by The Bath Press, Bath 98 99 00 01 02 12111098Contents Introduction viii Grammar Unit 1. Tense consolidation: present time 1 Present simple and present continuous | ‘facts, habits, states. temporary actions, actions happening atthe moment of speaking State verbs and event (action or dynamic) verbs | re verbs normally without acontinuaus form + difference of meaning in sttive and active Other uses of present continuous 2 temporary or repeated actions + complaints about bad habits + verbs describing change and development Other uses of present simple 2 + making declarations, headlines, instructions anditineraries + summaries of events, historic present Unit 2 Tense consolidation: future time 7 Will, Going to, present continuous: basic contrasts 7 ‘wil: predictive wall, assumption, immediate decision «be going to: intentions and plans, present cause + present continuous: ixed arrangements a speaker preference Future continuous 7 + an event happening ta future point ‘events which will happen ‘any way" + politeness « fixed arrangements and plans Future perfect 8 ‘Time which we look back at from a future point assumption Other ways of referring to the future 8 esfare to be, be about to, be on the point of, be due to. + present simple in future ume clauses + present perfect when the completion of an events emphasised «+ present simple for fixed events not simply the wishes of the speaker Other future references 9 «hope, verbs of thinking, just, shall Unit 3 Tense consolidation: past time 14 Past simple and past continuous 14 + past simple: completed actions, habits, states + past continuous: temporary actions, interrupted actions, background description, changing states, repeated + not used to describe habitual actions: Past perfect simple and continuous 14 « past perfect tenses: events in the past before other events inthe past + pas perfect continuous: contrasts as between past imple and pas: continuous, indirect specch Used toand would 15 ‘+ wsed to: contrast with the present, negative forms, no present time reference «+ sould: repeated actions not states, contrasted with sied to,contents of use Unfulfilled past events 15 + as gomng to, was thinking of, was about 1, was to have done Polite forms 16 with wonder Contrasts with present perfect (see Unita) Unreal time {see Units 8 and 9 for past tense forms used to express unreal time) Unit 4 Tense consolidation: present perfect 20 Present perfect simple 20 4 recent events without a definite time reference, indefinite events, indefinite events with an obvious result inthe present, asta lasting up to che present, a habitual accion in a period of time up to the present «# contrasts with past simple, speaker choice Present perfect continuous 20 4 sate lasting up tothe present moment, an incomplete activity, to emphasise duration, a recently finished activity, a repeated activity «# vontrasts with present perfect simple: choice of verb, completion and iacompletion Time expressions with present perfect 21 + contrast with past simple may depend on choice of time expression «some time expressions are not associated with a particular cense Unit 5 PROGRESS TEST 25 Unit 6 Passive 1 30 Basic uses 30 «+ transitive and intransitive, agent and instrument, verbs with 1wo objects, verbs with object and complement, translation, tensesAdvanced Language Practice Using and not mentioning the agent 31 «change of focus, unknown agent, generalised agent obvious agent + unimportant agent, impersonality Unit 7 Passive 2 35 Haveand get something done, need doing 35 + have something done, get something done, need doing Passive get 35 + forming the passive with get in spoken language Reporting verbs 35 « present ceference, past reference, pat reporting verbs, passive infinitive, verbs with two objects, continuous infinitive Verbs with prepositions 36 ‘sendinga sentence with a preposition, by and with, be made to + verbs followed by with, by or in Common contexts for the passive 37 formality, impersonality Unit 8 Conditionals and if sentences 41 Basic contrasts 41 + whatis always true: present + present what was always true: past + past + cea situations: present + will ‘hypothetical situations: past+ would + hypothetical past situations: past perfect + would have ‘swith modals sifonly + unless, and other alternatives cof slong as, 0 long as, provided + only if, evenif + past events with results in che present «colloquial past situations Other tenses in conditional sentences 42 going to «+ present perfect + doubt and uncertainty o should «happen to + ifit were not for, ifit hadn't been for + will and would: politeness and emphasis ‘Other ways of making a conditional sentence 43 supposing, otherwise but for ifso, if not + colloquial omission of if + ifand adjectives +f meaning although Unit 9 Unreal tenses and subjunctives 48 It’stime 48 it'stime, it’s high time, was and were Wishes 48 ‘present, would and could, past, wish and hope Prather 49 I'd rather and I'd sooner, I'd prefer Asif, as though 49 ‘real and unreal, present and past Suppose and imagine 49 + understood conditions, present or past Formal subjunctives 50 ‘insu, demand, suggest, require itis necessary, essential, important + less formal Formulzic subjunctive 50 '* God Save the Queen, be that as it may, come what may ge with should, past tens, or infinitive Unit 10 PROGRESS TEST 54 Unit 14 Modal auxiliaries 1: present/future 59 Don't have toand must not 59 ‘absence of obligation, obligation not to do something Should 59 + expectation, recommendation, criticism of an action, uncertainty + with verbs of thinking, with be and adjectives describing chance + after in case wo emphasise unlikelihood Could 59 + possiblity or uncertainty, with comparative adjectives Coexpress possibility or impossibility, suggestions, unwillingness Can 60 «criticism, capability Must and can’t 60 « certainty, present time relerence only May and might 60 + although clauses, may/might aswell, possibility oruncertainty with ery Shall 60 + certainty, what the speaker wants to happen Will 61 ‘+ assumption, intention, refuse and insist Would 61 + annoying habits, certainty, with adjectives o express a Need 61 ‘need 10 nota modal, need partly a modal ivRelated non-modal expressions 61 had better, be bound to Unit 12 Modal auxiliaries 2: past 65 Had to and must have 65 « past obligation, past certaines Should have and ought to have 65 ‘expectation, criticism ofan action, should have and verbs of thinking # with beand adiectives describing chance, polite expressions Could have 65 + past possibilty or uncertainty, with comparative adjectives, unwillingness Could 66 «past permission o ability, compared with could have May have and might have 66 + past possibilty, uncertainty, annoyance, irony’ Must have and can’thave 66 certainty, with rely Would not 66 ‘ unsillingness Would have 66 entsin the past which did not happen, assumptions Needn't have and didn'tneed to 66 + unnecessary actions done and not done Adverbs and modals 67 owell, easily, obviously, really, past Unit 13 Inversion 71 Inversion 71 ‘using a question form of the main verb, changing the normal position of verb and subject Inversion after negative adverbials 71 + context of use: never, rarely, seldom; Dardis, barely, scarcely, no sooner, phrases containing noénot, tittle Inversion after so that, such that 72 _--s context of use.t0, ch, inversion rules Taverted conditional sentences without if 72 esentencesbeginning Were... Shomld... Had... s inversion alter as, formal uses s inversion after 50, nether, nor.echoing statements Unit 14 Emphasis 77 Changing word order to change focus 77 « passive. ronting and inversion, mas clauses, clefeand pseudo cleft sentences beginning /t.... or with what clauses, or with al! Contents Adding words for emphasis 78 «oun, very and indeed, negatives, the, question words ending -ever + auniliary do, adverbs and adjectives, echoing phrases with Other means 79 «time phases repetition of main verb starting a sentence witha possessive pronoun Unit 15 PROGRESS TEST 84 Unit 16 Indirect speech and reporting 89 Problems 89 + indirect speech with modals, with conditional, don’t chink, past tenses Reporting verbs 90 ‘Followed by that + clause, followed by person +£0, followed by subjunctive or should, other types, that + clause containing would + verbs used impersonally with it Functions 91 + verbs hat describe afunction, verbs that describe actions Changes of viewpoint :this and that 91 # time, place, person Unit 17 Articles 95 Definite article 95 « classes, national groups, other groups, unique objects, cickes + other titles, musical instruments, emphatic use, geographical names + place names, most and the most importance of context Indefinite article 97 + jobs, measuring, unknown people Zero article 97 ‘+ names, unique organisations, streets Translation problems 97 « problems with use ofthe article Unit 18 Relative/non-finite clauses 101 Defining and non-defining 101 + defining, non-defining Which and that 101 ‘which in defining clauses, which in non-defining clauses, Jnich after prepositions, that instead of who Whoand whom 101 ‘formal use of whom, whom after prepositions Whose 102 + ofwhom When and where 102 « non-defining, definingAdvanced Language Practice Omitting the relative 102 in defining object clauses, sentences ending in a preposition or phrasal verb in defining clauses Omitting which/who + be 102 «the only one, the frst one, the last one Words referring toa previous clause 102 which, at which time/point,m which case, by which time, in which event Clauses beginning with whar and whatever 102 meaning the thing or things which +# whatever, whichever, whoever Non-finite clauses containing an -ing form 103 + actions happening atthe sme time «actions happening one after the other +» an event which isthe result of another event + shortening passive constructions Unit 19 Verbs followed by -ingor infinitive 107 Verbs followed by either-ing or infinitive with 10 107 + can'tbear, bate ike, love, preferattempr, begin. continue, intend ete + forget and remember try, goon, mean, regret ‘stop, bear, see and watch Verbs with an object, followed by either -ing or infinitive with to 108 + admit, allow, etc, consider, imagme, require Verbs normally followed by infinitive with 10 109 agree, ete Verbs normally followed by -ing 109 + appreciate, ets Verbs followed by infinitive without so 110 help, make, let Verbs followed by an object and ro 110 advise, ete sdare Unit 20 PROGRESS TEST 114 Unit 24. Verbs foliowed by prepositions 119 Verbs followed by: in, for, of, with, from, on, against, about, out, at, 0 Unit 22 Prepositions following adjectives, and in prepositional phrases 125 Following adjectives: of, about, with, at,on. 10, by, for, in, from 125 Following nouns: o7, to, over, with, for 125 Expressions beginning: i, with, at, on, beyond, by, for, out of, under, without, within, after 126 Unit 23 Phrasal verbs 1.130 Add up 0 get upto Unit 24 Phrasal verbs 2.136 Give away to put up vith Unit 25 Phrasal verbs 3.142 Rip offto work out Unit 26 PROGRESS TEST 147 Unit 27 Text features 1152 Reference words 152 ths, that Text organisers 152 adding point a logical relat Collocations 133 Problems with plurals 153 «news, means, adjectival phrases Unit 28 Text features 2.157 Organisers 157 + following points, related phrases Modifying words and phrases. 157 «intensifying a point giving an opinion, modifying an opinion, making assertions, ving examples, inking cause and ctlect, summarising, that meaning “the one Unit 29 Text features 3.162 Words commonly mis-spelled 162 + problem words, US English and GB English spelling words with similar spelling buc different meanings ‘« words with the same pronunciation but duiferent spelling and meaning Punctuation 163 «apostrophes + colons and semi-colons Unit 30 PROGRESS TEST 168 viVocabulary 1 Leisure Activities 173 2 Travel and Movement 176 3 News Events 179 4 Places 183 5 Media and Advertising 186 6 The Natural World 189 7 Education and Work 192 8 Business and Money 196 9 People and Relationships 199 10 Social Problems 203 11 Artsand Entertainment 206 12 Government and Society 209 13 Health and the Body 213 14 World Issues 216 15 Thinking and Feeling 220 16 Technology 224 17 Quality and Quantity 227 18 Word Formation 1 230 «words with more than one meaning, word formation, prefixes, adverbs, suffixes, compound words 19 Word Formation 2 232 + suffixes, word formation, suffixes, compound words 20 Word Formation 3 235 + words easily confused, word formation, sufixes, compound words Contents Words and Phrases 1 Expressions with come, idioms based on hand, wood and metal, prefix an-, verbs of movement, expressions within 238 2 Expressions with get, idioms, expressions with see, colour idioms, suifix -ful, expressions with out 240 3 Expressions with on, expressions with one, expressions with break, sounds, words with more than one meaning, words connected with memory 243 4 Formality, compound words, expressions with no, words connected with people, expressions with make, expressions with head 245, 5 Size, headline language, body movements, suffixes, expressions with once, expressions with at 248 6 Expressions with set, places, words with more than cone meaning, speaking, expressions with within, adjective suffix -ing 250 7 Expressions with by, adjective-noun collocations, expressions with have, verbs of seeing, idioms with parts of the body, expressions with do 253 8 Collocations of nouns linked with of, expressions with from, expressions with bring, feelings, prefix well, size 255 9 Adverbs, ime expressions, expressions with give, modifiers, words with more than one meaning, but 257 10 Expressions with put, expressions with run, prefix under-,names, expressions with call, multi-word verbs with up 260 Index 263 Answer key 265 viiAdvanced Language Practice Introduction THs BOOK is designed to revise and consolidate grammar points at the level of the CAE and Proficiency examinations. As many advanced learners find the use of vocabulary the most challenging feature of advanced study, the book includes practice with many important lexical features, as well as with topic vocabulary, and with the organization of texts. ‘The grammar section includes both basic revision and more advanced points. There are also sections on spelling and punctuation. Units on phrasal verbs, prepositions and text features are also included. The grammatical information provided can be used for reference when needed, or worked through systematically. ‘The vocabulary section includes focus on topic vocabulary, on collocations and on idiomatic phrases. This section also recycles work on prepositions, particles and phrasal verbs. This book can be used as a self-study reference grammar and practice book or as supplementary material in classes preparing for either the CAE or Proficiency examinations. If used for classwork, activities can be done individually or co-operatively in pairs or small groups. ‘There are regular progress tests which include forms of testing commonly used in both CAE and Proficiency. The materials cover a range of difficulty appropriate to both examinations. viiiBasic contrasts: present simple and present continuous State verbs and event (action or dynamic) verbs Unit 1 Tense consolidation: present time Explanations 1 Present simple generally refers to: Facts that are always true Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. Habits British people drink a lot of tea. States I don’t like gangster films. 2. Present continuous (progressive) generally refers to actions which are in progress at the moment. These can be temporary: T'mstaying in a hotel until I find a flat. They can be actually in progress: The dog is sleeping on our bed! Or they can be generally in progress but not actually happening at the momer I'm learning to drive. 1. State verbs describe a continuing state, so do not usually have a continuous form. Typical examples are: believe, belong, consist, contain, doubt, fit, have, know, like, love, matter, mean, own, prefer, understand, seem, suppose, suspect, want, wish 2. Some verbs have a stative meaning and a different active meaning. Typical examples are: be, depend, feel, have, measure, see, taste, think, weigh Compare these uses: State Event Jack is noisy Jillis being noisy. Deirdre has a Porsche. We are having an interesting conversation! I think I like you! David is thinking about getting anew job. This fish tastes avwful! Tam just tasting the soup. Tfeel that you are wrong. 1 am feeling terrible. This bag weighs a ton! We are weighing the baby. It depends what you mean. am depending on you. The differences in 2 apply to all tenses, not just to present tenses.Advanced Language Practice Other uses of present continuous Other uses of present simple ‘Temporary or repeated actions This use emphasises a temporary or repeated habitual action, My car has broken down, so Lam walking to work these days. Are you enjoying your stay here? Complaints about bad habits You are always complaining about my cooking! Other possible adverbs are: constantly, continually, forever With verbs describing change and development Things are getting worse! More and more people are giving up smoking Making declarations Verbs describing opinions and feelings tend to be state verbs. T hope you'll come to my party. [bet you don’t know the answer! Headlines These are written in a ‘telegram’ style, and references to the past are usually simplified to present simple. Ship sinks in midnight collision. Instructions and itineraries Instructions and recipes can be written in present simple instead of in imperative forms. This style is more personal. First you roll out the pastry. Itineraries are descriptions of travel arrangements. On day three we visit Stratford-upon-Avon. Summaries of events Plots of stories, films etc, and summaries of hi present perfect) tenses. May 1945: The war in Europe comes to an end. . At the end of the play both families realise that their hatred had caused the deaths of the lovers. forical events use present (and Historic present in narrative and “funny stories’ In informal speech, itis possible to use the ‘historic present’ to describe past events, especially to make the narration seem more immediate and dramatic. .» So then the second man asks the first one why he basa banana in bis ear and the first one says...1 Choose the most appropriate words underlined. 2 Choose the most suitable word or phrase to complete each sentence. Unit 1 Tense consolidation: present time Activities a) [haven't decided yet ab f) What's the matter? Why g) The film of War and Peace is very long! over four hou: h) I.can see from what you say that your mornings are VEY yt But what” you dg) are you doing in the afternoons? i) Pm going to buy anew swimming costume. My old once Bis’ fitting any more. j) That must be the end of the first part of the performance. What sowlis happening now? a) What exactl A) isthisjob inhaling 8) does this job involve b) Who exactly’ ? A}does own this car _)does this car belong to c) @).... that we have been here for six months already! A)Do yourealise 8) Are you realising d) I'dlike to stay longer. But ..B).... just for the weekend. A)Icome 8) I’vee e) Terry isin bed, He CO) a)has 8)is having f) This new teaching job is really difficult, bat @)...... A) Isuryiye 8) I'm surviving Fp) Whar CD onthat notice? A)doesit write 8) does itsay h) Ladies and gentlemen, I ..@.... this ship HMS Highlight. A)name B)am naming i) Absolutely! 1.2)... with you completely. A)agree 8) am agreeing j ..this car, Do you want to buy it? A) [sell 8) I’'mselling flu.Advanced Language Practice 3 Put each verb in brackets into the most suitable present tense. 4 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. 5 Puteach verb in brackets into the most suitable present tense. a) Thear (hearth Abe fri Congrain: b) British people . Luci... (dris pe, apparently. €) Thope Sarah will be here soon, epee) on her. ) Please be quiet! You AWE... continually interrupt) 48 d e) Hey, you! W Ceaipiony iBinky you're doing? f) Could you come here please? I... (want) to talk to you now g) Janeis away on holiday so Linda. A (dle) her work. h) To be honest, 1 2424-4 (doubt) whether Jim will be here next peek, i) You've only just started the job, haven't you? How ack. ea ae j) Pay no attention to Graham. He Seas. P28 be) sarcastic again, 2) What's your opinion of Ted's new book? What do you think of Ted’ jeeeenee eee Nigelis. — ©). Whats the meaning of this word What does. Was. SOA OT 4) The number of people who own bicycles ip increasing, More and more neoplenitert anew. — ) Wat abou goings o that new film atthe Rex tonig evooud, a How do sgase 42. f) Whatis the re at piece of meat? How mudb g) Never mind abo ths price st buy it! The price..16, eit POR DELIA... hy Theresosmiaatog ee 5 TOM, This room.i%..$ 24. TOS, i) Wharis inside the box? What does. (kde. j) Paulhas flu. Pauliis..t T work ina large office with about thirty other people, most of whom I (1)... knw... (know) quite well. We (2) spe pnd most of the day together, so we haygall bec mfiends In fact, most of my colleagues are so interesting, that) a1 NYefnk) of writing a book about chem! (4) Ketlee. (take) at wieon for example. Helen (5) V.044 accounts department. At the moment she (6) (go out) with Keith Ballantine, one of the sales representatives, an: Bead seemxery happy.cogeth -veryone (except Helen apparently) (8). Ma that Keith (9) eaten ) eyes at Susan Porter. But I (10) (happen) to know that Susan (11): Aca i ‘Tcan't who (12) ELAR STIERe) all the time!’ she told me. ‘And besides, I know ve) Poor Helen. He (1) 22... (séd] Betty Wills from int.’ And plenty of other interesting things (15) sal the overseas depai 4 on6 Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word in capitals, and so the meaning stays the same. 7 Choose the most suitable word or phrase underlined. Unit 1 Tense consolidation: present time ) F k eae (d from th (go on) For instance, every week mongy.(16) jo... (disappear) from the petty cash box. When you (17, EE i ag one in your office is a thief, ic (18) S2 APS CRC ou at first. Bur 119) Aes atdp tt) to catch whoever it is before the police are called in. I’m not going to tell you Who 1 (20) S4SPLAGUNPKE). Well, nor yer anyway! 2) Charles and his father are exactly alike. LOOKS Charles looks just like his father... . . bb) The cost of excursions is part of the price of theholiday. _ INCLUDES. ©) Ifind working here really enjoyable. ENJOYING d) Tstudy hard, so | MEANS ¢) What's your opinion of Wendy’snew painting? | THINK f) Sunriseisat4.30 tomorrow morning. SSH g) Whatsonyourmindatthemoment? ABOUT h) Neil has the bad habit of getting in people's way. ALWAYS i) Tam losing my voice GOING i) How long is that wall? , DOES b) Are you studying French for c) Lamnot making much money 4) The food tastes worse nowaisuatip¥ewve put coo much salt in. ©) Werner ee inYouetrith customers by past f) Pete Wari but he is getting over hi ceusanisfaas) g) I’m feeling rather run down ately Qe ma Boctor. h) Lalways stay on duty sinc@unnpsix Othock: i) People continuallytraditionall)yprepare coloured eggs at Easter. i) Fortunately the baby now TeecentTpleeps all nightAdvanced Language Practice 8 Identify any possible errors in these sentences, and correct them if necessary. a) [’mdepending on you, so don’t make any mistakes! (no errors) b) Is this total including the new students? Does this total include the new students? °) xcuse me, but do you wait for someone? d) These potatoes are tasting a bit funny ¢) Howare you feeling today? f) Look forward to hearing from you. g) Thave a feeling that something goes “ong. h) What's that you're eating? i) Are you hearing anything from Wendy these day j) think you're being rather mean about this.Basic contrasts: will, going to, present continuous Future continuous Unit 2 Tense consolidation: future time Explanations 1 Will is normally known as the predictive future, and describes known facts, or what we supposes true. Pil be late home this evening The company'will make a profit next year This can also take the form of an assumption: That'll be Jim at the door means that I suppose it is Jim qT 2. Willis also used to express an immediate decision: I'l take this one. Decisions expressed with going to refer to a more distant poine in the future. Other uses of will and shall are in Units 11 and 12 3. Begoing to describes intentions or plans. At the moment of speaking the plans have already been made. I’m going to wart here until Carol gets back. Going tos also used to describe an event whose cause is present or evident. Look at chat tree! It’s going to fall. Decisions expressed with going to refer to a more distant point in the future. Other uses of will and shall are in Units 11 and 12. 4 Present continuous describes fixed arrangements, especially social and travel arrangements. A time reference is usually included. 5. Contrasts between going to and will may bea matter of speaker preference. The first two examples in 1 would not seem inappropriate if going to was used, possibly because the sense of the cause is present in the speaker’s mind. 1 This describes an event which will be happening at a future point Come round in the morning. I'll be painting the kitchen. 2 Itcanalso describe events which are going to happen anyway, rather than events which we choose to make happen. T won't bother to fix.a time to see you, becanse I'll be calling into the office anyway several times next week.Advanced Language Practice Future perfect Other ways of referring to the fucure 3. Insome contexts future continuous also sounds more polite than will Will you be going to the shops later? If you go, could you get me some potatoes? 4 Iccan also be used to refer to fixed arrangements and plans. The band will be performing live in Paris this summer 1 This has both simple and continuous forms, and refers to time which we look back at froma future point In two years' time I'll have finished this book By the end of the month, [ll have been working for this firm for a year. 2. Iccanalso be used to express an assumption on the part of the speaker. You won't have heard the news, of course ‘This means that | assume you have not heard the news 1 Is fare tobe ‘This is used to describe formal arrangements. All students are to assemble in the hall at 9.00. See also Units 11 and 12 for uses expressing obligation. 2 Beabout to, be on the point of, be die to Be about to and be on the point of bo I think the play is about to start nore Mary is on the point of resigning. Be due to refers to scheduled The play is due to start n five minutes Ann's flight is due at 6.20. h refer to the next moment. C8. 3. Present simple and present perfect Present simple is used to refer to future time in future time clauses. When we get there, we'll have dinner Present perfect can also be used instead of present simple when the completion of the event is emphasised. When we've had a rest, we'll go out 4 Present simple is also used to describe fixed events which are not simply the wishes of the speaker. Tom retires in three years. Similarly, calendar references use the present simple. Christmas is on a Tuesday next year. Tr’sall go-next week I have my operation; then the week after that I go on holiday“ Other future references a Choose the most appropriate words underlined. 2 Put the verb in brackets intoa suitable tense. 2t2 Tense consolidation: future time 1 Hope ‘This can be followed by either present or future tenses. T hope it doesn't rain I hope it won't rain 2 Other verbs followed by will Most verbs of thinking can be followed by will if chere is future reference These include: think, believe, expect, doubt. J expect the train will be lace. I doubt whether United will win 3. Just/just about t0 Just can be used to describe something on the point of happening. Hurry up! The train is just leaving/just about to leave. 4 Shall The use of shall for first person in future reference is generally considered t0 be restricted in British English and possibly declining in use. See Units 11 .shallis used in and 12 for uses in expressing obligation. For some speakers formal speech and in written language. Activities This section also includes time phrases used in expressing future time 4) Jack is/is going to be sixty-five next month so he@etiraywill be retiring b) Quick, here comes a police car! What@ill we S)y/are we going tw say about the broken window? — ©) Helen and Andrew are due to separate/are on the point of se 4) Don't beso impatiem! [just come/1'm just coming. e) Thave to be back at 3.30 so Lm, Jeaving/ITeave belore lunch. f) Whatdo you think you'll be doing/you'll doin five vears’ time? g) Comeon, get amos ore Tans [have missed the plane! h) Will vou be working/Will you work the week at Shristmas? | was thinking of visiting you. i} By the time Jean gets back, it ILbe/it will have been too late i) Don't phone after 11.00. [ll be/I'Il have been asleep. ating a) Intwenty four hours’ time /'l/ be relaxing (I relax) on my yacht. b) ‘There's someone at the door.” That osname (Be) the postmar ¢) By the time you get back Harry so (leave). d) Ir’sonly ashore trip. 1 (be) back in an hour. e) What... (you do) this Saturday evenin: ‘ould you like to go out? f) By the end of the week We jssuunnne decide) what to do.Advanced Language Practice 3 Choose the most appropriate continuation for each sentence, 4 Complete each sentence with a suitable word or phrase referring to future time 8) Besssssusnnees (NOt be) Long before Doctor Smith is here. hy I’ve pressed the red button, Now what .a.scsnnan (Ido)? i) [es very hot in here. think I (faint) i) What... suns (you give) Ann for her birthday? Have you decided yet? a) Paula's flight is bound to be late although A) it arrives at 6.00. B)it’s due at 6.00. C)it’s arriving at six. b) Ie’sno use phoning Bob at the office, he A) will be leaving. B)is leaving. C) will have left. ©) Everyone say's that this year City A)are going to win the Cup. 8) are winning the Cup. C) win the Cup. d) don't feel like visiting my relatives this year so A)L won't go. 8) I'm not going. C) I don't go. e) According to the latest forecast, the tunnel A) will be finished next year. 6) will have becn finished next year, C)is finishing next year. f) You ean borrow this calculator, | A) am not going co need it. 8) won't have been needing it. C) am not needing it. g) I’msorry dinner isn’t ready y going to be ready ina minute. #) will have been ready in. aminute. C) butit ill be ready ina minute. hh) Can you send me the results as soon as you A) hear anything? ) are hearing anything? ) will have heard anything? i) You can try asking Martin for help but a) it won't do you any good. 8) it’s not doing vou any good. C)it won't be doing you any good. i) Don’t worry about the mistake you made, nobody A) will notice. 8) is noticing. C) will be noticing a) By this time next year, the government will have resigned b) Wait for me here until me . back c) Weareon.. srs clinching the deal. 4) Noonecan predict what Carol is ss next ¢) This time next week Psu ses on the beach! f) Are Jonsson On Wednesday evening? I’ve got tickets for the match g) I've lost the kev! HOW jcsssnnennsnnnn dense get in now?5 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. 6 Choose the most appropriate word or phrase underlined. Unit 2. Tense consolidation: future time h) Fwon’t belong. fon JUSt ere omy hair, i) Weonly posted the invitations yesterday $0 YOU ....snsnm Feceived yours yet, i) Goodbye for now. I nin touch with you later in the week. a) Idon’t suppose you have heard the news. You won'thave heard the news, b) The Prime Minister expects a victory for his par The Prime Minister believes that ¢) Anew manager will take Mr Brown's place in the ney Mr Brownis vs J a o d) I’ve been in this company for three years, come the end of the month. By the end of the month I se e) Why don’t you come to see us during lunch? ear. Why don’t you come to see us when we f) What exactly do you intend to do? What exactly are vou g) The arrival of the train has been delayed, I'm afraid. The train will esse h) Let's leave at the end of the next lecture. Assoonas . eesensneeen ve i) There will be a team members’ meeting tomorrow. The team members ... i) This book will take me two years to write. In two years’ ume ..... a) I'll be back after a few minutes/in afew minutes. b) I'm sure that everything will be all right atthe end/in the end. c) Please call me the moment/exactly when you hear any news. d) Ishould be back by the time the film begins. ¢) I'msure Fiona will be here betore long/after a while. f) Tcan’t leave on Tuesday. | won't be ready youl then/by ther g) By swenty four hours/this time tomorrow I'll be in Bangkok. h) Diana will be retiring soon/already i) There will be no official announcements forthwith/from now on i) Bye for now. I'll see you in two weeks’ time/two weeks later.Advanced Language Practice 7 Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word in capitals, Do not change the word in any way. 8 Decide whether the pairs of sentences a) and b) could be equally acceptable in the context given, or whether oneis more appropriate. a) What timeis the train for Nottingham? LEAVE } the train for b) What do you intend to do now GOING c} You'll find me waiting outside the station. BE a) Who will be your assistant on this project? WORKING ¢) Scientists are on the point of making a vital breakthrough. ABOUT f) Mariaispregnantagain.SSSSSSSCAVEE tn h) Noone knows whois going to winthe match. WHAT i) Davidisboundtobehereoname. SS WONT. j) Mary and Alan's wedding is next weekend. MARRIED a) You can’t leave early, A) we're having a meeting. 8) we're going to havea meeting. (both acceptable, but A more appropriate) b) We've run out of fuel. A) What are we doing now? 3) Whatare we going to do now? c) Oh dear, I've broken the vase A) What will your mother say? B) Whats your mother going to say? d) 3 A) itll rain tomorrow. cording to the weather forecast, 8) it’s going to rain tomorrow. 2Unit 2. Tense consolidation: future time ¢) I'dliketo call round and see you. A) What'll you be doing in the morning? 8) What are you doing in the morning? f) I've got nothing todo tomorrow so A) T'llget up late. 8) I'm going to get up late. g) I's my eighteenth birthday next month so A) I'm having a party. 8) ['llbe having a party. h) Why don’t you come with us? a) I'll bea great trip. 8) It’s going to bea great trip. i) When you get to the airport A) someone will wait for you 8) someone will be waiting for you. j) Shucup, will yout A) Pm getting angry in.a minute. ) P'm going to get angry ina minute. 13Basic contrasts: past simple and past continuous Past perfect simple and continuous Unit 3 Tense consolidation: past time Explanations 1 Past simple generally refers to: Completed actions I got up, switched off the radio, and sat down again. Habits Every day I went 10 the park, States In those days, I didn't like reading. 2. Past contin Actions in progress (often interrupted by events) I was drinking my coffee at the time. While I was opening the letter, the phone rang. Background description in narrative Tentered the office and looked around, Most people were working at their desks, but Jane was staring out the window and pretending to write something at the same time. Changing states The car was getting worse all the time. One of the headlights was gradually falling off, and the engine was making more and more funny noises sous (progressive) generally refers to: Repeated actions ~ criticism With a frequency adverb, this use is similar to the use of present continuous to express annoyance. When Jane was at school, she was always losing chings. 3. Past continuous is not used to describe general habitual actions, without the sense of criticism mentioned above. Past simple is used for this meai When I lived in London, I walked through the park every day 1 Past perfect tenses in general refer to: Anevent in the past which happens before another event in the past, where there is no time expression to make this clear. By the time 1 got to the station, the train had left. Compare this with: The train left five minutes before I got to the station. In this example, the sequence of events is made clear by beforeUsed to and would Unfulfilled past events Unit 3 Tense consolidation: past time 2. Past perfect continuous (progressive). ‘The contrasts between past simple and past continuous can be made in past perfect tenses for events further back in the past. I had been living in a bed-sitcer up to then. Wohile I bad been talking on the phone, Jimmy had escaped. The whole place was deserted, but it was obvious that someone had been living there. They'd been cooking in the kitchen for a start, and they hadn't bothered to clear up the mess. 3 Past perfect is also common in indirect speech. See Unit 16 4 Past perfect is not used simply to describe an event in the distant past. There must be another past event, less far away in the past, with which it contrasts. 1 Usedto This often contrasts with the present. The contrast may be stated or understood I used to go swimming a lot (but I don’t now). The negative form is either: I didn't use t0 or I used not to (rare for some speakers) The form / didit’t used to may also be found. This is usually considered incorrect, unless we consider used to as an unchanging semi-modal form. There is no present time reference possible 2 Would This is used to describe repeated actions, not states. It describes a habitual activity which was typical of a person. Every week he'd buy his mother a bunch of flowers Used t0 would also be possible here. Compare: Tused to like cowboy films. Would is not possible here. Would is more common in written language and often occurs in reminiscences. 1 These describe events intended to take place, but which did not happen. Iwas going to phone you, but I forgot. I was thinking of going to Italy this year, but I haven't decided. I was about to do it, but I started doing something else. Jack was to have taken part, but be fell ill. 2. The contrasting past event is often understood, How are you? I was going to phone you ... (but I didn’t).inced La 1 Choose the most suitable words. underlined. 2 Put each verb in brack. suitable tense, All sentences refer to past time. ntoa anguage Practice 3 Polite tor These are common w nder. anted 10 come to the I was wondering if yo ts Hand 12 for eommenton this Sontrasts with present perfect tenses See Unit 4 for contrasts between past simple and present perfect tenses. Past tenses are also used to express unreal time. See Units 8 and 9. Activities a) cn you passed the town hall clock, did you notice/were you noticing what time it was? b) Last night my neighbours were shouting/ would shout for hours and I couldn't get to sleep. ¢) When you lived in London, did you use to travel/were you travelling by bus? d) Everyone was having a good time, although not many people danced/were dancing e) ~Excuse me, but this seat is mine, -I'msorry, I didn’t re dn” f) Jill didn’t cat/hadn’t eaten all day, so she was really hungry at this point. g) ~ Paul has forgotten to book the tickets I'm afraid, — He was always doing/would do something like that! h) Itcook a while for me to notice, but then I did. Everyone stared/was staring atme. What had I done wrong? Nobody bothered to tell me that the school d special holiday that Friday i) was trying/tried to get in touch with youall day yesterday. Where were you? alised that you were sitting here. cided/had decided to have a Suggest alternative tenses if necessary where the past perfect or another tense might be possible a) [realised that someone was stealing (steal) my wallet when [felt (feel) their hand in my jacket pocket. b) When I (phone) Helen last night she sss (Wash) her hair and shi (not finish) when I finally... « to) her house. 6). Peter senses (offer) me another drink but I decided T... (drinkJenough. 163 Decide whether the tense underlined is suitable or notin the context givendf you decide itis unsuitable, write acorrection. Unit 3 Tense consolidation: past time 4) Nobody... (watch), s0 the little Boy wasn (take) the packet of sweets from the shelf and ... _ (pur) itin his pocket. el not realise) that .....n:000 (leave) my umbrella on the bus until it _ (start) to rain. £) AtschoOl I .ssssnsns (dislike) the maths teacher because he (always pick) on me. g) Wherever Marion... (find) ajob, there was someone who . see OW) that She wesc (BO) £0 prison, It was only much later I svsseeesnee (find out) that during all the time | (open) and h (write) to my penfriend, my mother... reading the replies! yt (not understand) what... (go on). Several people ssessvsunmnn (ShOUL) at me, and one . (wave) a newspaper in front of my face. i) Tose know) [ .cnanens (do) well in my exams even before I ... (receive) the official results. a) The train (1) ground to a halt at a small station miles from London, and it (2) became apparent that the engine (3) had broken down, Everyone (4) was getting their cases down from the luggage racks, and we (5) were waiting on the platform in the freezing wind for hours until the next train (6) had turned up. 1) (suitable) 4 2)... weaveessnes 3B) ccscnee 6) b The other strange thing about our neighbour Mrs Black was that she (1) would never go out if it was raining. She (2) used to look up at the sky whenever (3) it was getting cloudy, and as soon as even the smallest drop of rain (4) was falling she (5) had scuttled back into her house and (6) was locking herself in her bedroom! 1) (suitable) HY soe 2). 5) 3) 6)... c) Inspector Gorse (1) was in touch with Thames Valley Police six months before Professor Dowson (2) was disappearing, because the Professor's wife Jean (3) would write to him, accusing her husband of plotting to murder her. And now it was the Professor who (4) disappeared. Gorse (5) considered what his next step should be when the phone rang. It was Sergeant Adams from Thames Valley. A fisherman (6) discovered a body in the Thames near Reading, and it fitted the description of the Professor. 1) (had been). 4) 2) cesseeeensseeeesee 5) 3) ssecee 6) on 7Advanced Language Practice 4 Put each verb in brackets intoa suitable past tense, Only use the past perfect where this is absolutely necessary. 5 Ineach sentence decide whether one or both of the alternative tenses givenare appropriate. 6 Rewrite each sentence so thatit contains the word or words in capitals. Do not change the words in any way. This time last year I (1) was cycling (cycle) in the rain along a country road in France with a friend of mine. We (2)... cide) to go on acyeling holiday in Normandy. Neither of us (3) (go) to France before, but C 7 .. (know) some French from our time at school and we : (ranse) to brash up onthe bse Now we (6) su. (wonder) if we (7)... (make) the right decision. We (8) (plan) our route avfully in advance, but we (9) (forget) one important thing, the weather. I¢ (10) v.u:usu.u.u (rain) solidly since our arrival and that night we (11) 00-0. (end up) sleeping in the waiting roomata railway station. Then the next morning as we (12) (ride) down a steep hill my bike (13).. ssosne (Skid) on the wet road and [ (14) sescsssseenssen (fall off). 1 (15) svscse (Fealise) immediately that I (16)... .. (break) my arm, and after a visit to the local hospital I (17)... .. (catch) the next train to Calais for the ferry home. Unfortunately my parents (18) .c.0 (not expect) me home for a fortnight, and (19)... ..(go) away on holiday. So I (20) ...sse-sne (spend) a miserable couple of weeks alone, reading Teach Yourself French, a) In those days, I always used to get up/got up early in the morning, (both appropriate} b) When I got to the cinema Jack had been waiting/was waiting for me c) We would always have/were always having breakfast in bed on Sundays. d) Mary wasalways falling/always fell ill before important examinations, ¢) My sister used to own/would own a motorcycle and sidecar. f) Pay no attention to Dave's remarks. He wasn’t meaning/didn’t mean it g) [felt awful after lunch. I ate/had eaten too much. h) Brenda left/had left before I had time to talk to her. i) The explanation was simple. In 1781 HMS Sovereign on her way back from India had sighted/sighted an empty boat drifting off the African coast » I ehseheea a She ‘ralw, C Jwasn'talways looking like that. a) Tintended to call you yesterday, but] forgot GOING but | forgot, Iwas going to call you yesterday, _— b) We used to spend Sunday afternoons working in the garden, WOULD c) Paulhad the ieritating habit of making trouble. ALWAYS 187 Choose the most appropriate time expression underlined. 8 Puteach verbin brackets intoa suitable past tense. Only use the past perfect where this is absolutely necessary. Unit 3 Tense consolidation: past time d) Diana wasn’t always as rude as that. BE e) fel happy about the improvement in Jean’scondition. BETTER £) T wasn’t very keen on sport in those days. USE “WAS g) Imight possibly go to the theatre tonight. h) Thad to go past your house so I decided to drop in. PASSING ) Susan booked out before we got to her hotel. — BY THETIME j), What did you do at the moment of the explosion? WHEN 2) OneevA fterwards I'd read the manual, I found I could use the computer quite well. b) Itwas more than a month before/unuil I realised what had happened. ¢) I managed to talk to Carol just as/while she was leaving, d) It wasn’t until/up to 1983 that Nigel could afford to take holidays abroad. ©) George always let me know by she time/whenever he was going to be late f) Iwas having a bath atthe time/that time, so I didn’t hear the doorbell g) We bought our tickets and five minutes after/later the train arrived. h) According to Grandpa, people used to dress formally those days/in his day. i) Everyone was talking but stopped at the time/the moment Mr Smith entered the room j) The letter still hadn't arrived by/unkil the end of the week. Harry went back to the camp the following morning, but it was in some ng (wander) around carrying equipment 2) «(not seem) to be any purpose to what they (3).. (do). Harry (4) (never be) in an army camp before, but it (5) {not take) a genius to realise that most of the officers (6) aoa (take) the first opportunity to abandon the men and head for safety. He (7) uuu (tF¥) to phone the newspaper, but something (8) .. (happen) to the telephone lines. He (9)... (try) co find out what exactly (10) .. (go on), when the first plane (11) ree TTT (12) _..«. (disappear) in an explosion of flame. Before long bombs (13). ssn (explode) all around him, and then everything (14) (go) quiet. The planes (15) .. (vanish) as suddenly as they (16) cesssssssssensees (appear). SMOke (17) -s.ssesssseseeee (rise) from burning buildings. A dead man (18) -...osn-nu (lie) next to Harry, the first dead person he (19) vcsnsneee (@ver See). And suddenly it (20)... . (begin) to rain. confusion. Soldiers (1 from one place to anor 19Present perfect simple Present perfect continuous Unit 4 Tense consolidation: present perfect Explanations 1 Present perfect simple refers to: Recent events, without a definite time given. The recentness may be indicated by just. We've missed the tming. I’ve just seen a ghost! Indefinite events, which happened at an unknown timein the past. No definite time is given. Jim bas had three car accidents, (up to the present) Indefinite events which may have an obvious result in the present I've twisted my ankle. (that’s why I’m limping) With state verbs, a state which lasts up to the present T've lived here for the past ten years A habitual action in a period of time up to the present I’ve been jogging every morning for the last month 2 Contrasts with past simple Past simple is used with time expressions which refer to definite times. The time may be stated or understood. Compare: I've bought a new car. (indefinite) I bought a new car last week. (definite) I bought the car after all. (implied definite: the car we talked about) Choice between past simple and present perfect for recent events may depend on the mental attitude of the speaker. This in turn may depend on whether the speaker feels distant in time or place from the event. Lue left my wallet in the car. I'm going back to get it Here the speaker may be about to return, and feels that the event is connected with the present. Heft my wallet in the car. I’m going back to get it. Here the speaker may feel separated in time from the event, or be further away 1 Present perfect continuous (progressive) can refer to a range of meanings, depending on the time expression used and the context. A state which lasts up to the present moment I've been waiting for you for three hours! An incomplete activity I've been cleaning the house but | still haven't finished. To emphasise duration T’ve been writing letters all morning 20Time expressions with present perfect Choose the most appropriate tense underlined. Unit 4 Tense consolidation: present perfect Arrecently finished activity I’ve been running. That's why | look hot. Arepeated activity I've been taking French lessons this year. 2. Contrasts with present perfect simple There may be little contrast when some state verbs are used, How long have you lived here? How long have you been living here? Some verbs (especially si, lie, wait and stay) prefer the continuous form. There may be a contrast between completion and incompletion, especially if the number of items completed is mentioned. Completed: emphasis on achievement I’ve ironed five shirts this morning, Incomplete, or recently completed : emphasis on duration I’ve been ironing my shirts this morning Meaning with present perfect tenses is associated with certain time expressions. Contrast with past simple may depend on the choice of time expression. Past simple: referring to a specific time yesterday, last week, on Sunday Present perfect simple: since 1968 (the beginning of a period of time) already (indefinite past) Many time expressions are not associated with a specific tense I haven't seen Helen recently. Isaw Jim recently. Activities a) Ican’t believe it, inspector. You mean that Smith stole/has stolen/has been stealing money from the till all this time! b) You three boys look very guilty! What did you do/have you done/have you been doing since I Jefi/have left the room? ) Why on earth didn’t you tell/haven’t you told me about that loose floorboard? I tripped/have tripped over it just now and hurt myself. d) Ir’s along time since I saw/have seen/have been seeing your brother Paul. What did he do/has he done/has he been doing lately? ¢) Ican’t believe that you ate/have caten/have been cating three pizzas already! Tonly brought/have only brought them in fifteen minutes ago! i) Don forget that vou di dnt sce/haven’t seen Mrs Dawson. She has ited/has been waiting outside since 10.30. 8) ¥ hat yi ink/have you thought of Brighton? Did you stay/Have you scayed thor long? h) I feel really tired. | weeded/have weeded/have been weeding the garden for the last three hours and I didn’t rest/haven’t rested for a single moment. 2Advanced Language Practice i) I’m having problems with David. He has called/has been calling me up in the middle of the night and told/telling me his troubles. i) How long did you have/have you had/have you been having driving lessons? And did you take/havey /have you been taking your test yet? 2 a) I'm sorry I haven't come/baven't been coming (not come) to class lately. Pur each verb in vse ( ein th ings for the past fortnight. brackets into the most appropriate perfect or past tense, b) So fat We ns nueeanen (NOt notice) anything unusual, but w% pay) very close attention. 6) Lwonder if Mary... (reach) home yet? She wv (leave) too late to catch the bus. d) Here is the news. The Home Office --snen (announce) that the two prisoners who ... (escape) from Dartmoor prison earlier this, MOFNING eee nesneen (give themselves up) to local police. ©) ee sone (you makeup) your minds? What (youdecide) to do? f) Harry ..... (leave) home rather suddenly and we . hear) from him since. g) Recent research ...eseenn (Show) that Columbus... discover) America, but that Vikings... .--» (land) there five hundred years before him, h) I think that people .. (become) tired of the poor quality of television programmes, though they -1..:onu.-« (improve) lately. a) sessnnnnes (Something happen) to the lines? .. (try) to get through to Glasgow for the past hour. j) Bill (get) that new job, but he .. ... (complain) about it ever sinc 3 a) Thaven’t been feeling very well... 1) nce time and time again. Completeeach ——_b) I went to the dentist's .nwonn 2) cesnu all my life. sentence a)toj) _) I'velived here. 3) cnn 80 far, with an d) Don’t worry, [haven't been waiting wero. 4) sans for the time being. appropriate ¢) I've written two pages..... 5) one forthe past hour orewo. endingfrom1)to —£)_ I waited outside your house ....n. 6) yet. 10).Donotuse —_g) I’ve warned you about this... 7) till half past eight. anending more —_h) I haven't madea decision... 8) saneen for a while, than once. i) The repair worked ... 9) the other day. j) Pvedecided to believe vou... 10) ven long, 24 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same, 5 Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word in capitals, and so that the meaning stays the same. it 4 Tense consolidation: present perfect ) Ie’sa long time since I last went to a football match Ihaven’t been to.a football match for a long time. b) This is my second visit to Hungai Thisis the second time ©) Ipaid this bill earlier, actually. Actually I've 4) We haven't been swimming for ages Ie’s ages e) Mary started learning French five years ago. Mary has «.......0 £) Tamon the tenth page ofthe eer am wri So far... g) After I arrived here, I started to feel better. Since arriving here, en h) It’s over twenty years since we got married. We have snr i) The last time I saw Dick was in 1985. Thaven’t j) There is a definite improvement in your work. Lately your work a) You have missed the beginning of the film HAS salrea b) Ican’t seem to stop sneezing lately. BEEN c) Paulis different from what he used to be. HAS 4) This has been my home for thirty years. HAVE e) Eating Chinese food is new to me. BEFORE ) Isthereany news? — ee HAPPENED g) Tbought my carin 1985 and T'mstill drivingi. ~~: BEEN h) Idon'tknow wheremykeysar. = SSSSS™S™S™*CWAVE€Z HAS i) Sue doesn’t have her dictionary with he i) Tony hasn't been to Paris before. —" BRSTAdvanced Language Practice 6 Choose the most appropriate phrase for each situation. 7 Choose the most appropriate word or phrase underlined, 8 Put each verb in brackets into either the past simple, present perfect simple or present perfect continuous. a) The price of petrol has risen/has been rising by 15% over the past year. b) No wonder you are overweight! You have eaten/You hav. atin chocolates all day long! c) Lve read/I've been reading War and Peace this morning. 4) Doesn't this room look better? I’ve put/I've been putting some posters up on the walls. e) Don’tdisappoint me! I've counted on you/l've been counting on you f) Don't forget your pills today. Have you taken them/Have you been taking them? g) Who has worn/has been wearing my scarf? h) I think there’s something wrong with your motorbike. It’s made/I’s been making some very funny noises. i) Jack has asked/has been asking for a pay-rise three times this year. j) Eve been phoning/I’ve phoned Annall evening, but there's no reply. a) It'salong time gince/when I last saw you. ’ve seen Bill quite often lately/from time to time c) Have you spoken to the director beforehand/already d) I’ve lived in the same house for years/for ever. ) I've read the paper now/still f) Diana has bought a computer two years ago/since then. g) Nothing much has been happening by now/so far. ‘h) I’ve finished reading her new book at last/this evening. i) Sue bought a CD player last week and she’s been listening to music ever since/for a while. i) Sorry, but I haven't gor that work finished already/yet. Ever since the day I (1) decided (decide) to move to London, I (2). = (worry) whether the decision I (3) (take) was the right one. As I (4). _ (already sell) my house and (5) .....se.u0e (atrange)a new job, itis too late to change my mind, However, since then I (6)... (hear)a lot of negative things about living in the capital, and lately some of them ).. . (begin) to bother me. I (8). (grow up) ina fairly small town and 1(9 (spend) all of my life there. I (10) (always want) to live ina big city and so when my company (11) (offer) mea job in their London office, I (12)... (grab) atthe chance. But according toa programme I (13) s-eun«.-»- (just hear) on the radio, more and more people (14) (stop) working in London recently, and a lot of large companies (25)... (choose) to move away from the centre. Of course I (16) sssssnsee (tell) my parents that I’m moving and they (17) (accept) my decision, but when I (18). .. (tell) my friends they (19) (seem) rather shocked. Since then | (20) (hope) secretly that the company would tell me that the move was off! 241 Puteach verbin brackets into an appropriate tense. 2 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. Unit 5 Progress Test (Units 1, 2, 3, 4) (know), (2) sass (have)a hard time of it esse (tUrn) to new ways of earning income from ...(involve) not only planting new kinds of crops, Farmers, as we all (1) . in Britain lately, and (3) their land. This (4) but some strange way’ of making money, the most unusual of which has got to be sheep racing. Yes, yOu (5) .-.mrm-neen (hear) me correctly! A farmer in the West of England now (6) . (hold) sheep races on a regular basis, and during the past year over 100000 people (7) -..c--nnne (turn up) to watch the proceedings. “I (8)... (pass) the farm on my way to the sea fora holiday,’ one punter told me, ‘and I (9)... (think) I'd have a look. 1 (19) .scssnsnnnesee (ROL believe) it was serious, to tell you the truth.’ According to a regular visitor, betting on sheep is more interesting than betting on horses. ‘At proper horse races everyone (11) (already study) the form of the horses in advance, and there are clear favourites. But nobody (12) (hear) anything about these sheep! Most people (13). . (find) it difficult to tell one from another in any case.’ I (14)... (stay) to watch the races, and I must admit that I (15) .ses.seo (Find) it quite exciting. Ina typical race, half a dozen sheep (16)... (race) downhill over a course of about half a mile. Food (17)... _.. (Wait) for them at the other end of the track, I ought to add! The sheep (18)... run) surprisingly fast,although presumably they (19)... ..(not eat) fora while just to give them some motivation. Atany rate, the crowd around me ( theirday out at the races, judging by their happy faces and the sense of excitement, ) snansnnne (Obviously enjoy) a) This matter is none of your bus This matter does b) This bridge will take us three years to complete In three years time we . ¢) Patsy wasn’t always so unfriendly. Patsy didn't d) We'll beat your house soon Itwon't . 7 ¢) Thaven't seen Anne for years It’s years 7 f) The dog keeps stealing my socks! The dogis... g) After taking the pills, | began to feel much better. Since taking .. . hh) We'll have to leave immediat The moment y atthe end of the filmAdvanced Language Practice 3 Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word in capitals, and so that the meaning stays the same. 4 Complete each sentence with an appropriate word or phrase. 5 Choose the most appropriate word or phrase. i) Harry left before we reached the hotel. By the time se j) Isthere sucha place as Eldorado Does a) When is the train due to arrive? GET b) Ishouldn't think Paul knowsthe answer. SSS«;zDOUBT c) Pvehadtowaitallafternoon. SSC d) Togetto work ontimelhaveto getup at6.00. =~) MEANS ¢) Today is Liz and John’s thirtieth wedding anniversary. FOR f) By the end of the week, Harry was well again, GoT g) Whosewatchisthis? SSS BELONG h) Cathy hasn't been on holiday with her sister before. FIRST i) My dentist’s appointment is for next Wednesday. To j) Brenda had no idea of her next move _ WHAT a) Can you remember what you. ten years ago today? b) This is the first jazz concert I tO. c) Don’teat any more ice cream, you. sick. d) Ihave hated this place ever... here. e) Thope that by the end of the month I... all the decorating. f) Sheila and Ken wae. g) Do.. . going to the cricket match tomorrow? h) We can’t go skiing because it... enough yet i) Penny. ‘0 going on holiday, but she ended up very disappointed. j) I began to recover my strength later, once I... a good meal. .. to each other since their quarrel last week! a) .. . we get to the theatre, the play will have started. A)Assoonas B)Until C) By the time D) Whenever b) What's the matter? Haven't you started 2 a)already —B)yet_ ~—C)bynow —_—D) soon c) The trouble with you is that you're... complaining. A)forever —B)often —C)still D) each time d) Can you remember what you were doing ... ? a)thetime a)usually C)everyday bd) atthe time 266 Put each verb in brackets into a suitable tense, in either continuous or simple form, according to the context. 7 Pur each verb in brackets into an appropriate tense. Unit 5 Progress Test (Units, 2,3, 4) e) The new school opens A) now B) at once C)next week D) day by day f) Thaven’t been feeling very well . . A)oflate B)notlong ago C)currently_D) by now 8) veneer WE get to the top of this hill, we'll be all right. a)Eventually 8) Once c) Now D) Atthe time h) It’s ages .. Hast saw a decent comedy film on television. a) that 8) ago ©) since b) when i) Edon’t go swimming very much... . A)nowadays )inthosedays C)recently _D) now and again i). . we haven't managed to find what we are looking for. a)Tonow 8)Onandoffc)Formerly _D) So far a) This is my new car. What nan {you think) of it? b) - Who are you? ~What do you mean? | ©) Ican’t find the car keys. What... d) Sorry I haven't fixed the plug. I just haven't found the time e) What... (you do) on Saturdays? f) [don’t know what time we'll eat. It... here. g) I supported you at the time because I... (feel) that you were right. h) Peter couldn’t understand what had been decided because too many people .. (talk) at once. i) Jean, I'mso glad you've got here a lat. 1 .. (live) here vw (you do) with them? _ (mean) to get round to it, but I . (depends) when Helen gets (expect) you all day. j) Please don’t let me down this time! I (depend) on you. a) Sam (not receive) the parcel the last time I (speak) tohim. b) Tne sssnene (Consider) buying a house but now . (change) my mind. ©) When you.. .. (feel) hungry later, room service .... (bring) you whatever you... ww (Want). dT (find) it difficult to convince the ticket inspector that | (lose) my ticket. (pay) for our lunch, I e) Since I (try) to attract the waiter’s attention. f) Assoonas!... (send) them back to you. (have) a good look atthe designs, I gl. (hope) to meet you ever since I... .. (read) your first novel. hy Whatever sccm (happen)y I ..(meet) you here in a week’s time.Advanced Language Practice 8 Puteach verb in brackets into an appropriate tense. 9 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. i) By the time you... (finish) getting ready, we... (miss) the train! j) Sally!1... in New York? sss (NOE Expect) to See You here! What ..r.nrnnne (YOu do) Ask hundreds of people what they (1). . (do) on acertain day in August next year, or the year after, and there (2) bbe) only one reply. Provided of course that the people you (3).. sev (48k) (4) sn (belong) to the Elvis Presley Fan Club. Although the King of Rock and Roll (5). (die) nearly two decades ago, his fans (6). se (meet) every year since then outside his home in Memphis, Tennessee, to show respect for the singer they (7).. (love) so much. Fans like Jean Thomas, from Catford in South London. Jean (8) .. (visit) Gracelands, the house where Elvis (9) ....enseeene (Suffer) his fatal heart attack, twice in the past five years. ‘The first time I (10).. .. (borrow) the money from my Mum, as 11 ..(not work) then, But two years ago I (12) get) married and since then I (13) «.. (work) in my husband Chris's garage. Chris and (14)... ... (go) together last year, and we (15) ... . (think) of spending two or three months inthe USA next year. I(16).. (always want) to visit some of the places where Elvis (17)... Like Las Vegas for example.’ Jean says that Elvis (18)... obsession ever since she (19) sss: (be) ten years old, and she (20). _.(own) every single one of his records, good and bad “(perform) .. (be) her a) The last time I was in Prague was in 1986. Thaven’t b) This will be the team’s first match outside England. This will be the first time .... SereeeerenE IEEE ETE IEEE ETEEEEEEOETEEE Once d) There will osomeenersnce: youon arrival, When ¢) The number of people who attended the fair exceeded our expectations. More people . f) I didn’t receive the results of my test fora month. It was .. g) My work won't be finished by the end of the month. h) Go tothe international ticket desk immediately AS oon i) Ididn’t know about John’s departure Ididn’t know that ... j) Quite afew books sremisingizom the class library. Several members of the class have not ..10 Puteach verb in brackets into an appropriate tense. 11 Complete each sentence with one appropriate word. 12 Decide whether each underlined phrase is appropriate, and rewrite the phrase more appropriately where necessary. Unit 5 Progress Test (Units 1, 2, 3,4) (not understand) what you .. anyone see) my pencil? [. .. (not arrive) by 6.00, L.. « (niss) the bus. (you go away) this weekend? O1 . (wait) for. . (leave) it here somewhere, (know) he (you run out) of see (YOU think) YOU «sss: (do) in ten years’ time? (really enjoy) myself at the moment. ...{you let) me know the minute you ... (tell) me that you . (say) in the past ten minutes! i) What's the matter? .. ...(you hurt) your ankle? How .. (you do) it? i) That's definitely the last time that I... .»- (hear) any news? (not listen) toa single . (lend) you any money! a) Irs. ince I last had a good Chinese meal. b) Funnily enough I saw Bob quite vn...0ounu at the sports club. c) Tveloved youever... cu the first day I set eyes on you! 4) How long vows Was it that you lived in Inverness? €) PVC nr to see anyone who can dance as well as Diana. f) Could you phone methe.. youarriveat the hotel so I don’t worry? 8) [promise to get everything ready nine €ight o'clock atthe latest. h) Have you finished ... ‘Wow, you are a fast worker, aren’t you! i) I’'msorry you've been waiting so long, but it will be some time Brian gets back. ) Just sit here, would you? The doctor will be with you. a) Will you be seeing Rob Jones tomorrow? I wonder if you could give hima message from Sally Gordon? b) Thad agreat time in the Greek Islands. We would own a small boat and go fishing every day. ¢) Julie, hi! ['ve been hoping I'd see you. I've got some good news! d) We had aterrible time looking after your dog. It was constantly chasing the cats next door. €) We had a lovely time in Madrid. Every day we were exploring the city, and in the evening we were going to exciting bars. f) The steam engine is usually thought of as a relatively modern invention, but the Greeks had built a kind of steam engine in ancient times. g) Ifelt rather worried. LLwas growing darker and colder, and there was still no sign of the rescue helicopter. h) Don't worry! All we have to do is wait here until someone willfind us i) This meat is really tasting awful! Are you quite sure it was fresh? j) The radiator in my room has burst, and there is water all over the floor! You're the manager, what will youdo about it?Basic uses of the passive Unit 6 Passive 1 Explanations 1 Agent and instrument ‘The person who performs an action ina passive sentence is called the agent, introduced by by. The agent may or may not be mentioned. My purse was found by one of the cleaners. An object which causes something to happens called an instrument, introduced by with. He was hit on the head with a hammer. Most verbs with an object (transitive verbs) can be made passive. Common verbs not used in the passive include: become, fit (be the right size) get, have, lack, let, like, resemble, suit Some verbs have both transitive and intransitive meanings. We arrived at the hotel at eight. (cannot be made passive) How was the answer arrived at? (passive with a different meaning) Verbs with two objects Verbs which have two objects can be made passive in two ways. Twas handed anote, A note was handed to me. Other common verbs of this type are: bring, give, lend, pass, pay, promise, sell, send, show, tell Verbs with object and complement Some verbs have a noun or adjective which describes their object We elected Jim class representative. Everyone considered him a failure. When these are made passive, the complement goes directly after the verb. Jim was elected class representative. He was considered a failure. Translation ‘The uses of the passive in English and in other languages are not necessarily the same. Some languages may use passive forms where English uses active ones, and vice versa. Tenses Although it is possible to form a wide range of passive tenses, the most used are present simple and continuous, past simple and continuous, present perfect simple, past perfect simple, will future, and future perfect. There are also present and past passive infinitives 30Using and not mentioning the agent 1 Correct any verb forms which are impossible or inappropriate. Unit 6 Passive 1 1 Change of focus The passive can change the emphasis of a sentence. Jack won the prize. (focus on Jack) The prize was won by Jack. (focus on the prize) 2 Unknown agent The agentis not mentioned if unknown. ‘My wallet has been taken. In this case, there is no point in adding an agen 'y somebody” 3 Generalised agent If the subject is ‘people in general’ or ‘you’ the agent is not mentioned. Bicycles are widely used in the city instead of public transport. 4 Obvious agent If the agent is obvious or has already been mentioned, it is not mentioned. Linda has been arrested! (we assume by the police) The company agreed to our request and a new car-park was opened. 5 Unimportant agent If the agentis not important to the meaning of the sentence it is not mentioned. 1 was advised to obtain a visa in advance. 6 Impersonality Using the passive is a way of avoiding the naming of a specific person who is responsible for an action. Iehas been decided 10 reduce all salaries by 10%. In descriptions of processes, there is emphasis on the actions performed rather than on the people who perform them. Then the packets are packed into boxes of twenty four. Activities a) Alot of homes in the area have been being broken into by burglars (have been broken into) b) As I drove south, I could see that the old road was rebuilding. c) Isuppose the letter will have been delivered by now. d) There is nothing more annoying than been interrupted when you are speaking, e) Jim was been given the sack from his new job. f) Somehow without my noticing my wallet had been disappeared g) The new shopping centre was opened by the local MP. h) Harry is been questioned by the police about the accident 31~ Advanced Language Practice 2 Both sentences in each pair have the same meaning, Complete the second sentence. 3 Rewrite each sentence so that it does not contain the words underlined and sotthat it contains a passive form. i) Alot of meetings have been held, but nothing has being decided yee. j) Last week it is decided not to have an office party after all a) The crowd was slowly filling the huge stadium. The huge stadium was slos 9 filled by the crowd. b) The invention of the computer simplified the work of accountants. Since the computer... ... the work of accountants simplified. ©) Someone has suggested that the shop should close. Ie... that the shop should close. d) ‘I'd take out some tra insurance if | were you, Mr Smith.” MrSmith .. sao take out some travel insurance. ) The waitress will bring your drinks in a moment Your drinks in amoment. f) Someone used a knife to open this window. This window ....ccnnnea knife. g) You will hear from us when we have finished dealing with your complaint After your complaint h) Anannouncement of their engagement appeared in the local paper. ‘Their engagement .....uuu:u. in the local paper. i) Nobody ever heard anything of David again. sy YOu Will hear from us. Nothing... .»» David again. i) They paid Sheila £1000 asa special bonus. $1000. snsenssesn Sheila as a special bonus. a) Someone left the phone off the hook all night. The phone was left off the hook all night by The government has announced that petrol prices will rise tomorrow. ©) Aburglar broke into our house last weel ™ 4) People asked me the way three times. ¢) The fruit-pickers pick the apples early in the morning, f) Tvs time the authorities did something about this problem. g) Lots of people had parked their cars on the pavement. h) The government agreed with the report and so they changed the law. i) You have to fill in an application form. j) They don’t know what happened to the ship. 324 Puteach verb in brackets into the passive in an appropriate tense. 5 Underline any uses of the agent which are unnecessary. 6 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. Unit 6 Passive 1 a) The boxes have not been packed (not pack) yet. b) Your food (still prepare). €) The new Ship «0. (launch) next week. d) Luckily by the time we got there the painting ... e) We had to go on holiday because our house semen £) I’mafraid that next week’s meeting -...:.nmn (cancel). g) If wedon’t hurry, all the tickets (sell) by the time we get there. h) All main courses... . (serve) with vegetables or salad. i) The second goal (score) by Hughes in the 41st minute. j) The cathedral . . (build) in the fourteenth century. (not sell). (decorate). a) My jewellery has been stolen by athief! b) Ithas been decided by the school that Wednesday will be a school holiday. c) Harry was pushed over by someone standing next to him in the queue. d) The goods are transported by rail to our warehouse in the Midlands. e) Iwas told by someone that you have a vacancy for a computer operator. £) Sue has been picked by the selectors for the national team. g) The letcer was sent by post on the 21st of last month. h) The larger portrait was painted by a little-known Flemish artist. i) Ithas been agreed by everyone that no smoking should be allowed. j) As I arrived at the conference a note was handed to me by one of the delegates, a) A friend lent George the motorbike he rode in the race. ‘The motorbike George rode in the race was lent to him by a friend. b) Atthe time my aunt was looking after the children for us. Atthe time our children...... ¢) The police have issued a description of the wanted man. A description .. d) It was.a mistake to enter Brian for the exam. Brian should not ) They said they would rather Diana didn’ t listen to music at work. Diana f) Johnson first became a member of Parliament in 1983. Johnson was first ese 8) My legal advisers have told me not to say any more: Thave h) Nobody had invited Jean to the party, which annoyed her. As she... i) Tony has another six months to finish his thesis. Tony has been 2 j) There is no definite decision yet about the venue of the next Olympic Games. Nothing .. this time. 33Advanced Language Practice 7 Rewrite each sentence in a more formal style so that it contains apassive form of the word given in capitals. 8 Put each verb in brackets into the passive in an appropriate tense. 2) Sorry, but we've lost your letter MISLAY Unfortunately your letter bas been mislaid. b) The police are grilling Harry down at the station. QUESTION c) They've found the remains of an old Roman villa nearby. DISCOVER get a rise in salary after six months. RAISE ¢) You goin the cathedral from the south door. "ENTER y stopped playing the match after half an hour. ABANDON 5) They've stopped traffic from using the “entre. BAN h) They took Chris to court fordangerous driving PROSECUTE eat this kind of fish with awhitesauce. SERVE i) You usually " INTRODUCE a) Nothing has been seen (see) of Pauline since het €aF v..nmsmn (find) abandoned near Newbury last week. b) As our new furniture (deliver) on Monday morning I'll have to stay at home to check that it ‘not damage) during transit. ¢) The new Alhambra hatchback, which in this country... sell) under the name ‘Challenger’, . (fit) with electric windows as standard. d) For the past few days I. (redecorate) ¢) The last time I went sailing with friends the boat... Luckily I (not invite) again since then! f) k (announce) that the proposed new office block (now not build) because of the current economic situation. g) A major new deposit of oil . .w« (discover) in the North Sea. It . (think) to be nearly twice the size of the largest existing field h) Pictures of the surface of the planet Venus... (receive) yesterday from the space probe ‘Explorer’ which... . (launch) last year. i) Alarge sum... raise) for the Fund by a recent charity concert but the target of £25000. . (still not reach). j) Nodecision make) about any future appointment until all suitable candidates .. (interview) . (work) in Jack’s office, as my own office sink) in a gale, M4Have and get something done, need doing Passive get Reporting verbs Unit 7 Passive 2 Explanations 1 Have something done This usually describes a service performed for us by someone else. I’ve just had my car serviced. Ircan also describe something unfortunate that happens to someone. We have had our car stolen so we need a lift. This applies to a range of tenses: I'm having my flat painted next week. Ihave it done every year. Sheila had her hair done yesterday. I was having the roof repaired when it happened. Note the quite different colloquial expressions have someone round/over. In this case, there is no sense of a service. We had some friends round for dinner last night. Get something done Get cannot be used in all the same contexts as have in this case. Get is common where there is a feeling that something must be done: I must get my car serviced. itis also common in orders and imperatives: Get your hair cut! There is also a feeling of eventually managing something in some uses: Teventnally got the car fixed. Sue always gets things done in this office. The need to have a service done can be described with need doing. Your hair needs cutting. Ger can be used instead of be to form the passive in spoken language. Martin got arrested at a football match. Present reference With verbs such as believe, know, say, think which report people’s opinions, a passive construction is often used to avoid a weak subject, and to give a generalised opinion. With present reference, the passive is followed by the present infinitive. People think that Smith isin England. Smith is thought to be in England. 35Advanced Language Practice Verbs with prepositions Past reference With past reference, the passive is followed by the past infinitive People believe that Smith left England last week. Smith is believed to have left England last week. Past reporting verb If the reporting verb is in the past, the past infinitive tends to follow, though not always if the verb be is used. People thought Sue had paid 00 much. Sue was thought to have paid too much. The police thought that the thief was sill in the house The thief was thought to still bein the house. With passive infinitive Everyone knows the portrait was painted by an Italian. The portrait is known to have been painted by an Italian. Ifthere are ewo objects, two versions are possible. The portrait is known to have been painted by an Italian. An Italian is known to have painted the portrait. Continuous infinitive Past and present continuous infinitives are also used Mary is thought to be living in Scotland. The driver is thought to have been doing a U-turn Ending a sentence with a preposition Iris possible to end a sentence with a preposition in a sentence where a prepositional verb is made passive. Someone broke into our house. Our house was broken into. By and with With is used after participles such as filled, packed, crowded, crammed. The train was packed with commuters. The difference between by and with may involve the presence of a person: Dave was hit bya branch, (an accident) Dave was hit with a branch, (a person hit him with one) Make is followed by to when used in the passive. My boss made me work hard. Twas made to work hard by my boss Cover and verbs which involve similar ideas, such as surround, decorate can use with or by. Cover can also be followed by in, 36Common contexts for the passive a Decide whether the sentences in each pair have the same meaning, 2 Decide in each sentence whether only one or both verbs underlined are suitable Unit7 Passive 2 1 Formality The passive is probably more common in written English, where there tends tobeless use of personal reference in some contexts, since the audience may be unknown. 2. Points mentioned in Unit 6 ‘The passive is used to change the focus of the sentence, to avoid generalised subjects, and to make an action impersonal. Itis common in descriptions of processes, and in scientific and technical language in general. Activities a) Someone is painting our house at the moment. We are painting our house atthe moment. (different) b) The dentist is going to take out two of my teeth tomorrow. I’'mhaving two teeth taken out tomorrow. (same) ¢) Someone stole Mary’s motorbike last week. Mary had stolen her motorbike last week. d) I'vejust been to the hairdresser’s. What do you think? I've just cut my hair at the hairdresser’s. What do you think? ©) Someone has broken into my My car has been broken, f) Justa minute. I'll ask someone to wrap this for you. Justa minute. I'll have to wrap this up for you. g) The car hasn’t been serviced for a long time. We haven’t had the car serviced for a long time. h) They’re coming to put in a new water-heater next week. ‘We're putting in a new water-heater next week. i) Would you consider having plastic surgery to alter your nose? Would you consider having your nose altered by plastic surgery? j) A qualified electrician checked the wiring. We had checked the wiring with a qualified electrician a) Jeanhadigot her handbag snatched. b) Unfortunately my uncle was/got killed in the war. ©) I work slowly, but | have/get my jobs done in the end. 4) I must have/ger these trousers altered e) It tookall day, but | eventually had/got the washing-machine repaired. f) Several people were/got left behind when thabus drove off. g) We have had/got all our money stolen, so we need help. 7Advanced Language Practice 3 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. 4 Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word in capitals. h) Why don’t you have/ger the cooker seen to? i) Paul was/gor injured after he had been playing for only five minutes. j) Helen had/got her house painted last year as usual. a) People think that neither side wanted war. Neither side is thought to have wanted wa b) Everyone knows that eating fruit is good toryou. Eating fruit... ¢) Everyone thought the painting had been Gesuoyea. The painting .. 4) People say that the company bid fifty m The company .. ¢) People say the late Mr Johnson was difficult to work with The late .. . £) People think the jewels were stolen by one of the guests. One of the guests g) Itis believed that the Chinese invented 4 gunpowder The Chinese .. h) Apparently the ship did not sustain any damage The ship .. i) Ieis thought that the ewo injured men were repairing high-tension cables. The two injured men... i) Theeisarumour thatthe escaped prisoner stvng in Spin ‘The escaped prisoner .. ion pounds for the shares a) We believe that the government has prepared a plan. HAVE The government is believed to have prepared a plan b) We are thinking of getting someone to paint the outside of | PAINTED the house. ¢) Inthe end I was unable to find a garage to service my car. GET d) People say that Mrs Turner was having business difficulties, BEEN ¢) The treasure is thought to date from the thirteenth century. IT f) Thepolicetowedaway Alanscar GOT g) Your hair needs cu GET h) The police believe that a professional thief stole the statue. BEEN i) Jills parents are makingher study hard. SSS MADE 385 Rewrite each sentence so that it ends with the word underlined. 6 Choose the most appropriate word underlined. 7 Puta suitable preposition in each space. Unit 7 Passive 2 i) Everyone thought that Helen had missed the train. TO a) Another company has taken over our company: Qur company has been taken over. b) We aredealing with your complaint. c) We have not accounted for all the missing passengers. 4) Someone had tampered with the lock of the front door. fedon't know how they disposed of the bod: e) f) Imust insist that you keep to the rules. g) Weare looking into this allegation h) We will frown upon any attempts to cheat in the exam, i) The youngest complained that people were picking on him. i) Ann was well provided for in her husband’s will. a) The busy shopping street was thronged by/with people. b) The emergency exit was concealed by/from a red curtain. ¢) The price of excursions is included in/with the cost of the holiday. d) All through January, the fields were covered by/from snow. ¢) The room was crammed by/with furniture of all descriptions. f) Two of the climbers were injured by/with falling rocks. g) The sland is inhabited by/from people of mainly Chinese origin. h) The bank was quickly surrounded from/with armed police i) The window had been smashed from/with a hammer taken from the tool-shed. i) The stadium was packed from/with cheering fans. a) The tree had been decorated with coloured balls. b) The answers have been inclu ..the book. ¢) After the rugby match, Jim’s shorts were covered . d) The victim was struck from behind sa heavy object. @) The house was built .....:1..1 money that David borrowed from the bank. f) The cat narrowly escaped being run over. sacar. g) When the accident happened, Sue was struck flying glass. h) The turkey was stuffed ..... hestnuts, and was very tasty. i)’ No one knew that Peter had been involved... the investigation. i) When I left the casino, my pockets were crammed . money. mud. 39Advanced Language Practice 8 a) They have decided to cancel the match. Rewrite each Ithas been decided to cancel the match, sentence sothatit _b) We thought it was necessary to send a telegram. begins /t Tt sans c) We have agreed to meet again in a fortnight. Soya d) There is a rumour that the couple are to seek a divorce. Tt cessssessseenenseetoornnssonenntene . ¢) There is confirmation of Mr Jackson's resignation. Te ssn sas f) We believe that the ship has sunk. Tee . ee g) There was a proposal that a new offer should be made. h) We didn’t chink it was a good idea Ic sen i) We decided to try again later. I . se . j) There has been a suggestion that I should take a holiday It 9 Nobody knows exactly when someone invented gunpowder. People know for Rewritethetext a fact that the Chinese made rockets and fireworks long before people used using the passive gunpowder in Europe, which occurred at about the beginning of the thirteenth where possible century. We generally believe that gunpowder brought to an end the “Age of andsothatthe Chivalry’, since anyone with a firearm could bring down a mounted knight. In words underlined fact, people did not develop efficient firearms until the sixteenth century. They. do not appear. used gunpowder mainly in siege cannon when people first introduced it. Later they used it in engineering work and in mining, but they found that it was extremely dangerous. Modern explosives have now replaced gunpowder, but we still use it for making fireworks, just as the Chinese did. Iris not known exactlyBasic contrasts Unit 8 Conditionals and If Sentences Explanations 1 Whatis always true: present + present Both present simple and continuous are possible after if meaning when. If work late, I get tired Ifthe water is boiling, it means the food is nearly ready. 2) What was always true: past + past Both past simple and continuous are possible after if meaning when. We went home early if it was foggy If it was snowing, we stayed at home. 3. Real situations: present + wil! Here we think that the outcome is really possible Ifyou keep driving like that, you'll have an accident. 4 Hypothetical situations: past + would These are imaginary situations. If Iknew the answer, I'd tell you The verb be usually takes the form were for all persons in these sentences, though was is used in everyday speech. Note that in the first person itis possible to use should instead of would. If I left home, I think I should be lonely. 5. Hypothetical past situations: past perfect + would have These refer to past events. If Thad known you were coming, | would have met you at the station, 6 With modals Possible situations in the present If you get wet, you should change your clothes immediately: Ifyou come early, we can discuss the problem together. Hypothetical situations If I had the money, I could help you. Hypothetical past situations If you hadn't reminded me, I might have forgotten. 41Advanced Language Practice Other tenses in conditional sentences Bi 7 Ifonly This adds emphasis to hypothetical situations. With past events it adds a sense of regret. The second part of the sentence is often left out If only I had enough time! Ifonly I hadn't drunk t00 much, this wouldn't hawe happened! 8 Unless and other alternatives to if Unless means only if not. Not all negative if sentences can be transformed into unless sentences. If he wasn’t told by Jane, he couldn't have known. VUnless he was told by Jane, he couldn't have known. (can be changed) If Mr Smith doesn’t come back, he'll phone you. (cannot be changed) If one situation depends on another, if can be replaced by as/so long as, provided or only if. See Unit 13 for only if. Pll do what you say provided the police are not informed. Even if describes how something will happen whatever the condition. Even if it rains, we'll still go for a pienic. 9. Past events with results in the present: past perfect + would If Jim hadn't missed the plane, be would be here by now. 10 Colloguial past situations This s technically ‘incorrect’ but many native speakers say this, perhaps to balance the ‘have’ in each part of the sentence If I'd have been there, I would have seen her. 1 Going to Going to can replace will If you fall, you're going to hurt yourself. Itcan also be used to mean ‘intend to’ after if If you're going to make trouble, we'll call the police. 2. Present perfect This can be used to emphasis completion after if If you've finished, then we'll go. I is also possible in both parts of the sentence. If I’ve told you once, I’ve told you a hundred times! 3 Doubtand uncertainty An additional not can be added in formal expressions involving doubt. This emphasises the uncertainty and does not add a negative meaning. Twouldn’t be surprised if it didn’t rain. (I think it will rain.) The intonation falls on rain; there is no stress on didn’t. 42Other ways of making a conditional sentence ~ e Unit 8 Conditionals and if sentences Should Alter if, this makes the possibility of an event seem unlikely. Ifyou should see Ann, could you ask her to call me? This implies that I do not expect you to see Ann. Were to This also makes an event seem more hypothetical. If T were to ask you to marry me, what would you say? Happen to This emphasises chance possibilities. It is often used with should. If you happen to see Helen, could you ask her to call me? If you should happen to be passing, drop in for a cup of tea. Ifit were not for/If it hadn't been for This describes how one event depends on another. If it weren’t for Jim, this company would be in a mess. If it badn’t been for their goalkeeper, United would have lost. Will and would: politeness and emphasis These can be used as polite forms. If you will/would wait here, I'll see if Mrs Green is free. Will can also be used for emphasis, meaning ‘insist on doing’. If you will stay out late, no wonder you are tired! (insist on staying) Supposing, otherwise Supposing or suppose can replace if, mainly in everyday speech. Supposing you won the football pools, what would you do? Otherwise means ‘or if not’. It can go at the beginning or end of the sentence. If you hadn't given us directions, we wouldn't have found the house. Thanks for your directions to the house. We wouldn't have found it otherwise, But for This can replace if not. Itis used in formal language, and must be followed by anoun form. If you hadn't helped us, we would have been in trouble. But for your belp, we would have been in trouble. If so/lf not These can refer to a sentence understood but not stated. There isa possibility that Jack will be late. Ifso, I will take his place. 8Advanced Language Practice a Put each verb in brackets into an appropriate tense. 2 Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word in capitals. 4 Colloquial omission of if An imperative can be used instead of an if clause in everyday speech. Sit down, and I'll make us.acup of tea. (If you sit down...) . a 5 Ifand adjectives Inexpressions such as fit is necessary/possible itis possible to omit the verb be. If interested, apply within. Ifnecessary, take a taxi 6 Formally ifcan mean although, usually as if + adjective. The room was well-furnished, ifa litle badly decorated. Activities a) Now we're lost! If you had written d this... (not happen) b) Why don’t we emigrate? If we (be) better! c) P’mafraid that Smith is a hardened criminal. If we .. {not punish) him this time, he only commix) more crimes. d) Thanks to Dr Jones, I'm still alive! If it... . (not be) for her, [ sss (De) dead for certain! ¢) T'esorry Iean’tlend you any money. You know thatif z{write down) Mary’s directions, (live) in Australia, at least the weather . (have) itt (lend) it to you. f) Don’t be afraid. If You senses (touch) the dog, it (not bite). g) In those days, if you... (have) job, you ibe} lucky h) I's always the same! If] (decide) to leave the office early, my BOSS ss call) me after I’ve left! What a terrible thing to happen! Just think, if we... plane, we wu (Kill) in the crash. .«(not miss) the j) Did you enjoy your meal?If you (clear away) the plates. (finish) eating, Tan 2) Ifyou dohave any time free, could you givemearing?- SHOULD b) We won’t go away if the weather is bad "UNLESS c) Ididn’t have the money sol didn’t buy anew suit. ~~ WOULD 4) Lregret notstadyinghardlasttem. ONLY e) Ifyou hurry up, you won't be late. - GOING ) Tfthey offered you the job, would youaccept? S| WERE 43 Complete each sentence with a suitable word or phrase. 4 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. Unit 8 Conditionals and if sentences g) If youare in London by any chance, come and see me. HAPPEN h) Without vou, I would have given up years ago. BEEN i) Hyou insist on doing everything yourself, of course you feel tired! WILL i) Please take a seat, and I'll inquire for you. WILL a) That was a narrow escape! If I had fallen, ] would have broken my leg. b) Ifithadn’t C) EE VOU se eessscssee d) I. €) Unless Brenda ) Teyou » wouldn't accepr the job, even h) If Twere.. i) Thanks for your help with the garden. I i) But for Sally, Jim ee one out for a walk. cosy then I'd like it back please. .. if Harry didn’t win the competition! lose the race. sce Mary, give her my love. tome. loved you, what would you say? otherwise. a) Working so much will make you tired. Ii you work so much, you will get tired. b) Iregret drinking so much last night! Ionly e ¢ ye Tod Seda ¢) What would you do if there wasn earthquake? Supposing «ene 4) If you do the shopping, I'l cook lunch, You ... . ¢) What would you doif you found some buried treasure? Ifyou were .. f) If Pauline hadn't been interested, the project would have been abandoned. Butfor . . g) Ifby any chance you find my wallet, could you let me know? If you happen se h) I might be late. Ifo, start without me. If i). The fire was brought under control thanks to the night-watchman. Ifithadn’t ... i) Dickis in prison because a detective recognised him. Ifa detective ta cyAdvanced Language Practice 5 Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word in capitals. 6 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. 2) Don’t take this job if you don't really want it UNLESS Don't take this job un! lly b) I wasn’t tall enough to reach the shelf _ ‘TALLER ©) I won't sell the painting, not even for £1000. IF 4) Ifthe ship sank, what would youdo? WERE €) Ifyou should notice what's on atthe cinema, let me know. HAPPEN f) Hyouhadn’t encouraged me, I would have given up. BUT g) Althoughitis a good car itis expensive. eee OE h) If you insist on smoking so much, of course you feel il. WILL i) Tdon't have any scissors solcan'tlend youany. IF i) Butfor Helen, the play wouldbeaflop. SS WERE a) It’s apity your parents can’tbe here too Ifonly your parents could be here t00.,. ene b) IfJane hadn’t refused to work overtime, she would have got promoti Tfithadn’t ... c) If youlleft out that chapter, you can’t really say you read the whole book Unless sarc sentient 4) If you want my advice, I'd think twice about buying a car like that. Ifl sseeeseeceoes e) Itwon't make any difference if City United will still win . eon f) Ifthe painting is finished by Saturday, we' Finish g) Provided your voice is audible, the audience will get the point of this scene. As long as the audience . 467 Complete each sentence with a suitable word or phrase. 8 Decide whether each sentence is grammatically possible or not. Unit 8 Conditionals and if sentences h) If you refuse to stop eating sweets, you can’t expect to lose weight easily. If you won't .. i) Without your help, Iwouldn’t have found the house. Ifyou. i) Getting up early makes me feel hungry. a) If you had really wanted to come, you could have left afew hours early. b) T'lllend you my radio as suse YOU bring it back before Saturday. °) . the phone bill today, the phone will be cut off. d) Tshall call off the sale ‘o pay me the whole amount in cash ©) TED ansssesnsne Your tools, [ wouldn't have been able to fix the car. something to eat. so many mistakes init I were you. home. to such trouble f) If you'd told me you were coming, | g) If you took more time over your work h) Those wires look a bit dangerous;. i) [you've finished .. sents i) If Sue had known her sister wasn't coming, she a) If you haven't received a letter yet, you haven't got the job. (possible) b) Ifitisn’t for David, we are missing the bus. ©) Ifit’s raining, we go to the pub on the corner instead. d) Ifyou didn’t lend us the money, we would have gone to the bank. e) If you should happen to change your mind, drop mea line. f) [fit wasn’t for the rain, we would have been home by now. g) If you will drive so fast, no wonder the police keep stopping you h) If I knew you were coming, I would have met you at the airport. i) But for you helped us, we would have taken much longer. j) If Jack joins the team, I’m leaving. 47Ir’stime Wishes Unit 9 Unreal tenses and subjunctives Explanations 1 It’stime, It’s high time These are followed by past simple or continuous, though the time referred to is unreal. See Unit 8. It’s time we left. t's high time L was/were going. 2 Was orwere Asin conditional sentences, were can be used for all persons of be, though was is more common in everyday speech. 1 Present ‘These are wishes where you want to change a present state. I wish I had a motorbike. (I don’t have one now.) T wish you weren’t leaving. (You are leaving.) Tiwish Twas going on holiday uth you. (Lam not going.) 2 Would and could If the verb is an event verb, the reference is to the future. We use would or could after wish. Would here means “decided to’. I wish you would leave. I wish I could come on holiday with you next year, The use with would is often used to describe an annoying habit, T wish you wouldn't make such a mess. 3 Past These are wishes referring toa past event, which cannot be changed. I wish Ibadn’t eaten so much. This use is common after if only to express regrets. See Unit 8 4 Hope Wishes about simple future events are expressed with hope. T hope it doesn’t rain tomorrow. T hope he'll stop talking soon! 48Id rather/1 prefer (followed by aclause) Asif, As though Suppose and imagine Unit 9 Unreal tenses and subjunctives I'd rather is followed by past tenses in the same way as wishes about the present. It expresses a personal preference about actions. P'drather you didn’t smoke in here. I'd sooner works in the same way. Both /’d rather and I’d sooner are used with normal tenses when comparing nouns or phrases. I'd rather be asailor than a soldier. (present) Pdrather have lived in Ancient Greece than Ancient Rome. (past) I'd prefer can be used as part of a conditional 2 sentence. Note that ‘prefer’ in this type of sentence has an object ‘it’. I'd preferitif you didn’t go. I'd preferis not followed by an unreal tense. I'd prefer tea to coffee I'd prefer you not to go. Real and unreal The tense here depends on whether the comparison is true or unreal He acts as if be were in charge. (He isn’t in charge.) He acts as if he is in charge. (He is in charge.) The difference is clearer with obviously unreal comparisons. You look as if you had just seen a ghost! In everyday speech, there is often no obvious difference made. Present and past reference are both possible. feel as if I were flying. (I’m not.) Tfeel as ifan express train bad hit me. (It didn't.) Understood conditions The conditional part of these sentences is often understood but not stated Imagine we won the pools! (Imagine what we would do if ..) Suppose someone told you that I was a spy! (What would you say?) As with conditional sentences, if the event referred to is areal possibility, rather than imaginary, a present tense is possible: Suppose it starts raining, what'll we do? Present or past Present and past reference are both possible. Imagine we'd never met! Suppose we went to Wales for a change. 9Advanced Language Practice Formal Subjunctives Formulaic Subjunctive Choose between hope and wish in each sentence. 2 Put each verb in brackets into a suitable tense, 1 Insisting, demanding ete. After verbs such as demand, insist, suggest, require which involve an implied obligation, the subjunctive may be used in formal style, This has only one form, that of the infinitive, and there is no third person -s, or past form. The verb be has be for all forms They demanded that he leave at once. ‘The same applies after expressions such as itis necessary/essential/important that... Itis essential that you arrive before six. 2. Less formal usage Less formally, should can be used, and colloquially no tense change is made, or an infinitive construction is used They demanded that he should leave. They demanded that he left. (informal) It is essential for you to arrive before six. These are fixed expressions all using subjunctive. Typical examples are: God save the Queen! Be that as it may Come what may.. Activities a) 1&op¥/wish I'll see you again soon, b) Thope/wish the weather improves soon. ©) Thope/svish I knew the answer. d) Thope/wish you didn’t have to go. e) Thope/wish you'd stop shouting so much. £) Lhope/wish nothing goes wrong g) Thope/wish it would stop raining. h) Lhope/wish you can come to my party. i) Thope/wish you don’t mind. j) Thope/wish we could meet next week a) I would say it was time you started (start) working seriously. b) P'd rather you ... (not watch) television while I'm reading. ©) IwishT (spend) more time swimming last summer. d) Helen is so bossy. She acts as if she .. (own) the place. e) Twish you.. += (not keep) coming late to class. f) Suppose a complete stranger . their will! B) Tish I nssnnneees (G0) t0 your party afterall. (leave) you lot of money in