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Lecture 7

The document introduces client-side programming with JavaScript, including how scripts are embedded in HTML pages and common scripting tasks like form validation and image rollovers. It covers JavaScript data types, variables, operators, control structures, and built-in Math functions.

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12 views

Lecture 7

The document introduces client-side programming with JavaScript, including how scripts are embedded in HTML pages and common scripting tasks like form validation and image rollovers. It covers JavaScript data types, variables, operators, control structures, and built-in Math functions.

Uploaded by

myturtle game01
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CS 3520: Website Development

Introduction to JavaScript

client-side programming with JavaScript


▪ scripts vs. programs
➢ JavaScript vs. JScript vs. VBScript
➢ common tasks for client-side scripts

▪ JavaScript
➢ data types & expressions
➢ control statements
➢ functions & libraries
➢ strings & arrays
➢ Date, document, navigator, user-defined classes
Client-side programming
recall: HTML is good for developing static pages
▪ can specify text/image layout, presentation, links, …
▪ Web page looks the same each time it is accessed

▪ in order to develop interactive/reactive pages, must integrate programming

client-side programming
▪ programs are written in a separate programming language
e.g., JavaScript, JScript, VBScript
▪ programs are embedded in the HTML of a Web page, with tags to identify the
program component
e.g., <script type="text/javascript"> … </script>
▪ the browser executes the program as it loads the page, integrating the dynamic
output of the program with the static content of HTML
Scripts vs. programs
a scripting language is a simple, interpreted programming language
▪ scripts are embedded as plain text, interpreted by application

▪ simpler execution model: don't need compiler or development environment


▪ saves bandwidth: source code is downloaded, not compiled executable
▪ platform-independence: code interpreted by any script-enabled browser
▪ but: slower than compiled code, not as powerful/full-featured

JavaScript: the first Web scripting language, developed by Netscape in 1995


syntactic similarities to Java/C++, but simpler & more flexible
(loose typing, dynamic variables, simple objects)

JScript: Microsoft version of JavaScript, introduced in 1996


same core language, but some browser-specific differences
fortunately, IE & Netscape can (mostly) handle both JavaScript & JScript

JavaScript 1.5 & JScript 5.0 cores conform to ECMAScript standard

VBScript: client-side scripting version of Microsoft Visual Basic


Common scripting tasks
adding dynamic features to Web pages
▪ validation of form data
▪ image rollovers
▪ time-sensitive or random page elements
▪ handling cookies

defining programs with Web interfaces


▪ utilize buttons, text boxes, clickable images, prompts, frames

limitations of client-side scripting


▪ since script code is embedded in the page, viewable to the world
▪ for security reasons, scripts are limited in what they can do
e.g., can't access the client's hard drive
▪ since designed to run on any machine platform, scripts do not contain platform
specific commands
▪ script languages are not full-featured
e.g., JavaScript objects are crude, not good for large project development
JavaScript
JavaScript code can be embedded in a Web page using SCRIPT tags
▪ the output of JavaScript code is displayed as if directly entered in HTML

<html>
<!-- js01.html --> document.write displays text in page

<head> text to be displayed can include HTML


<title>JavaScript Page</title> tags
</head>
the tags are interpreted by the browser
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
when the text is displayed
// silly code to demonstrate output

document.write("Hello world!"); as in C++/Java, statements end with ;


document.write("<p>How are <br />" +
"<i>you</i>?</p>");
</script> JavaScript comments similar to C++/Java
<p>Here is some static text as well. // starts a single line comment
</p>
</body>
/*…*/ enclose multi-line comments
</html>

view page in browser


JavaScript data types & variables
JavaScript has only three primitive data types
strings : "foo" 'howdy do' "I said 'hi'." ""
numbers : 12 3.14159 1.5E6
booleans : true false

assignments are as in C++/Java


<html>
<!-- js02.html --> message = "howdy";
pi = 3.14159;
<head>
<title>Data Types and Variables</title>
</head> variable names are sequences of letters,
digits, and underscores: start with a letter
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
x = 1024; variables names are case-sensitive
document.write("<p>x = " + x + "</p>");
you don't have to declare variables, will be
x = "foobar";
document.write("<p>x = " + x + "</p>"); created the first time used
</script>
</body> variables are loosely typed, can assign
</html>
different types of values
view page in browser
JavaScript operators & expressions
standard C++/Java operators are provided in JavaScript
numeric : + - * / % (remainder)
strings: + (concatenation)
relational: == != < <= > >=
logical : && || !
as in C++/Java, precedence rules
apply to expressions
<html>
<!-- js03.html --> (* / %) → (+ -) → (&& || !)
<head>
<title>Operators and Expressions</title> operators are left-associative
</head> (evaluated in left-to-right order)
<body>
<script type="text/javascript"> must be careful when mixing strings
x = 5;
document.write("x+1 = " + x+1 + "<br />"); and numbers
document.write(x + 1 + " = x+1<br />");
document.write("x+1 = " + (x+1)); number + number ➔ addition
</script> string + string ➔ concatenation
</body>
</html> string + number ➔
convert number to string, then
view page in browser concatenation
JavaScript control statements
C++/Java control statements are provided in JavaScript

conditional execution:

if (BOOLEAN TEST) { if (BOOLEAN TEST) {


STATEMENTS; STATEMENTS;
} }
else {
STATEMENTS;
}
conditional looping:

while (BOOLEAN TEST) {


STATEMENTS;
}

counter-driven looping:

for (INITIALIZE; TEST; UPDATE) {


STATEMENTS;
}
JavaScript example
<html>
<!-- js04.html -->
PUZZLE: Suppose you took a piece
<head> of paper and folded it in half, then in
<title>Folding Puzzle</title>
</head> half again, and so on.
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
How many folds before the thickness
distanceToSun = 93300000*5280*12; of the paper reaches from the earth to
thickness = .002; the sun?
foldCount = 0;
while (thickness < distanceToSun) {
thickness *= 2;
foldCount++;
} Note: arithmetic assignments are
document.write("Number of folds = " +
foldCount);
provided as in C++/Java
</script>
</body> *= /= += -= ++ --
</html>

view page in browser


JavaScript Math routines

<html> the predefined Math


<!-- js05.html -->
object contains routines
<head> and constants
<title>Mystery Program</title>
</head>
Math.sqrt
<body> Math.pow
<script type="text/javascript"> Math.abs
maxRange = 100; Math.max
Math.min
for(i = 1; i <= maxRange; i++) { Math.floor
if (Math.pow(Math.floor(Math.sqrt(i)),2) == i) {
Math.ceil
document.write(i + "<br>");
} Math.round
}
</script> Math.PI
</body> Math.E
</html>

view page in browser


QUESTION: what does
this program do?
Random page elements
<html>
<!-- js06.html -->
Math.random
function returns a
<head>
<title> Random Dice Rolls </title> pseudo-random
<script type="text/javascript"> number in the range
function RandomInt(low, high) [0..1)
{
return Math.floor(Math.random()*(high-low+1)) + low;
}
</script>
can alter the range
</head> using other Math
<body>
routines
<div align="center">
<script type="text/javascript">
roll1 = RandomInt(1, 6);
useful for
roll2 = RandomInt(1, 6); generating dynamic
document.write("<img src='http://www.mcs.csuhayward.edu/"+
page elements
"~bhecker/CS-3520/Examples/JavaScript/die" +
roll1 + ".gif' />");
document.write("&nbsp;&nbsp;");
document.write("<img src='http://www.mcs.csuhayward.edu/"+
"~bhecker/CS-3520/Examples/JavaScript/die" +
roll2 + ".gif' />");
</script>
</div>
</body> view page in browser
</html>
Interactive pages using prompt

somewhat crude interaction with


<html> the user can take place using the
<!-- js07.html --> prompt function
<head>
<title>Interactive page</title> 1st argument: the prompt message
</head> that appears in the dialog box
<body> 2nd argument: a default value that
<script type="text/javascript">
userName = prompt("What is your name?", "");
will appear in the box (in case the
user enters nothing)
document.write("Hello " + userName +
", welcome to my Web page."); the function returns the value
</script> entered by the user in the dialog
box
<p>The rest of the page...
</body>
</html>
forms will provide a better
view page in browser
interface for user interaction
(later)
Prompting for numbers

<html>
<!-- js08.html --> Note: prompt always returns a
string
<head>
<title>Prompting for numbers</title>
</head> if the user enters the number 12
at the prompt, the string "12" is
<body>
<script type="text/javascript"> returned
num1 = prompt("Enter the first number", "1");
num1 = parseFloat(num1); recall: + applied to strings gives
concatenation
num2 = prompt("Enter the second number", "2");
num2 = parseFloat(num2);
if numbers are to be read using
document.write("The sum of the numbers is " + prompt, they must be explicitly
(num1 + num2));
</script> converted to numbers using
</body> parseFloat
</html>

view page in browser


User-defined functions
function definitions are similar to C++/Java, except:
▪ no return type for the function (since variables are loosely typed)
▪ no types for parameters (since variables are loosely typed)
▪ by-value parameter passing only (parameter gets copy of argument)

function isPrime(n)
// Assumes: n > 0
// Returns: true if n is prime, else false can limit variable scope
{
if (n < 2) {
return false;
if the first use of a variable is preceded
} with var, then that variable is local to
else if (n == 2) { the function
return true;
}
else {
for modularity, should make all
for (var i = 2; i <= Math.sqrt(n); i++) { variables in a function local
if (n % i == 0) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
}
Function example
<html>
<!-- js09.html -->
function
<head>
<title>Prime Tester</title>
definitions go in
the HEAD
<script type="text/javascript">
function isPrime(n)
// Assumes: n > 0 HEAD is loaded first,
// Returns: true if n is prime
{
so the function is
// CODE AS SHOWN ON PREVIOUS SLIDE defined before code
} in the BODY is
</script> executed
</head>

<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
testNum = prompt("Enter a positive integer", "7");
testNum = parseFloat(testNum);

if (isPrime(testNum)) {
document.write(testNum + " <b>is</b> a prime number.");
}
else {
document.write(testNum + " <b>is not</b> a prime number.");
}
</script>
</body> view page in
</html> browser
<html>
<!-- js10.html --> Another
<head>
<title> Random Dice Rolls Revisited</title> example
<script type="text/javascript">
function RandomInt(low, high)
// Assumes: low <= high
// Returns: random integer in range [low..high]
{
return Math.floor(Math.random()*(high-low+1)) + low;
recall the dynamic dice
} page
</script>
</head>
could define a function for
<body>
generating random
<div align="center">
<script type="text/javascript"> numbers in a range, then
roll1 = RandomInt(1, 6); use whenever needed
roll2 = RandomInt(1, 6);

document.write("<img src='http://www.csuhayward.edu/"+ easier to remember,


"~bhecker/cs-3520/Images/die" + promotes reuse
roll1 + ".gif' />");
document.write("&nbsp;&nbsp;");
document.write("<img src='http://www.csuhayard.edu/"+
"~bhecker/cs-3520/Images/die" +
roll2 + ".gif' />");
</script>
</div>
</body>
</html> view page in browser
JavaScript libraries
better still: if you define functions that may be useful to many pages, store in
a separate library file and load the library when needed

the file at http://www.csuhayward.edu/~bhecker/3520/JavaScript/random.js


contains definitions of the following functions:

RandomNum(low, high) returns random real in range [low..high)


RandomInt(low, high) returns random integer in range [low..high)
RandomChar(string) returns random character from the string
RandomOneOf([item1,…,itemN]) returns random item from list/array

Note: as with external style sheets, no tags in the JavaScript library file

load a library using the SRC attribute in the SCRIPT tag (nothing between the tags)

<script type="text/javascript"
src="http://www.csuhayward.edu/~bhecker/cs3520/JavaScript/random.js">
</script>
Library example
<html>
<!-- js11.html -->
<head>
<title> Random Dice Rolls Revisited</title>
<script type="text/javascript"
src="http://www.msc.csuhayward.edu/bhecker/CS-
3520/Examples/JavaScript/random.js">
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div align="center">
<script type="text/javascript">
roll1 = RandomInt(1, 6);
roll2 = RandomInt(1, 6);

document.write("<img src='http://www.mcs.csuhayward.edu/"+
"~bhecker/CS-3520/Examples/JavaScript/die" +
roll1 + ".gif' />");
document.write("&nbsp;&nbsp;");
document.write("<img src='http://www.mcs.csuhayward.edu/"+
"~bhecker/CS-3520/Examples/JavaScript/die" +
roll2 + ".gif' />");
</script>
</div>
</body>
</html> view page in browser
JavaScript Strings
a class defines a new type (formally, Abstract Data Type)
▪ encapsulates data (properties) and operations on that data (methods)

a String encapsulates a sequence of characters, enclosed in quotes


properties include
length : stores the number of characters in the string
methods include
charAt(index) : returns the character stored at the given index
(as in C++/Java, indices start at 0)
substring(start, end) : returns the part of the string between the start
(inclusive) and end (exclusive) indices
toUpperCase() : returns copy of string with letters uppercase
toLowerCase() : returns copy of string with letters lowercase

to create a string, assign using new or just make a direct assignment (new is implicit)
word = new String("foo"); word = "foo";

properties/methods are called exactly as in C++/Java


word.length word.charAt(0)
String example (pt. 1)
suppose we want to test whether a word or phrase is a palindrome
e.g., radar Bob noon

function IsPalindrome(str)
// Assumes: str is a string must traverse the string,
// Returns: true if str is a palindrome, else false
{ comparing characters from
str = str.toUpperCase(); front to back
for(var i = 0; i < Math.floor(str.length/2); i++) {
if (str.charAt(i) != str.charAt(str.length-i-1)) { should be case-insensitive,
return false; so make all letters
}
} uppercase before testing
return true;
}
String example (pt. 2)
function Strip(str)
// Assumes: str is a string better yet, we would like
// Returns: str with all but capital letters removed
{ to be able to test
var copy = ""; phrases
for (var i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
if (str.charAt(i) >= "A" && str.charAt(i) <= "Z") {
copy += str.charAt(i); Madam, I'm Adam.
}
} A man, a plan, a canal:
return copy;
} Panama!

function IsPalindrome(str)
// Assumes: str is a string
must strip non-letters out of the
// Returns: true if str is a palindrome, else false phrase, then test as before
{
str = Strip(str.toUpperCase()); to handle phrases, must be
for(var i = 0; i < Math.floor(str.length/2); i++) { able to strip out non-letters
if (str.charAt(i) != str.charAt(str.length-i-1)) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
<html>
<!-- js12.html -->

<head>
<title>Palindrome Checker</title>

<script type="text/javascript">
function Strip(str)
{
// CODE AS SHOWN ON PREVIOUS SLIDE
}

function IsPalindrome(str)
{
// CODE AS SHOWN ON PREVIOUS SLIDE
}
</script>
</head>

<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
text = prompt("Enter a word or phrase", "Madam, I'm Adam");

if (IsPalindrome(text)) {
document.write("'" + text + "' <b>is</b> a palindrome.");
}
else {
document.write("'" + text + "' <b>is not</b> a palindrome.");
}
</script> view page in
</body> browser
</html>
JavaScript arrays
arrays store a sequence of items, accessible via an index
since JavaScript is loosely typed, elements do not have to be the same type

▪ to create an array, allocate space using new (or can assign directly)
items = new Array(10); // allocates space for 10 items

items = new Array(); // if no size, will adjust dynamically

items = [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]; // can assign size & values []

▪ to access an array element, use [] (as in C++/Java)


for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
items[i] = 0; // stores 0 at each index

▪ the length property stores the number of items in the array


for (i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
document.write(items[i] + "<br>"); // displays elements
}
<html>
<!-- js13.html -->
Array
<head>
<title>Die Statistics</title> example
<script type="text/javascript"
src="http://www.mcs.csuhayward.edu/~bhecker/CS-
3520/Examples/JavaScript/random.js">
</script>
</head>

<body>
<script type="text/javascript"> suppose we want to
numRolls = 60000; simulate die rolls and
dieSides = 6;
verify even distribution
rolls = new Array(dieSides+1);
for (i = 1; i < rolls.length; i++) { keep an array of counters:
rolls[i] = 0;
}
initialize each count to 0
for(i = 1; i <= numRolls; i++) {
rolls[RandomInt(1, dieSides)]++; each time you roll X,
} increment rolls[X]

for (i = 1; i < rolls.length; i++) { display each counter


document.write("Number of " + i + "'s = " +
rolls[i] + "<br />");
}
</script>
</body> view page in browser
</html>
Date class
String & Array are the most commonly used classes in JavaScript
▪ other, special purpose classes & objects also exist

the Date class can be used to access the date and time
▪ to create a Date object, use new & supply year/month/day/… as desired
today = new Date(); // sets to current date & time

newYear = new Date(2002,0,1); //sets to Jan 1, 2002 12:00AM

▪ methods include:

newYear.getYear() can access individual components of a date


newYear.getMonth()
newYear.getDay()
newYear.getHours()
newYear.getMinutes()
newYear.getSeconds()
newYear.getMilliseconds()
<html>
<!-- js14.html --> Date example
<head>
<title>Time page</title>
</head>
by default, a date will be displayed in
<body> full, e.g.,
Time when page was loaded:
<script type="text/javascript"> Sun Feb 03 22:55:20 GMT-0600
now = new Date(); (Central Standard Time) 2002

document.write("<p>" + now + "</p>");

time = "AM"; can pull out portions of the date using


hours = now.getHours();
if (hours > 12) {
the methods and display as desired
hours -= 12;
time = "PM" here, determine if "AM" or "PM" and
} adjust so hour between 1-12
else if (hours == 0) {
hours = 12; 10:55:20 PM
}
document.write("<p>" + hours + ":" +
now.getMinutes() + ":" +
now.getSeconds() + " " +
time + "</p>");
</script>
</body>
</html>
view page in browser
<html>
<!-- js15.html -->
Another example
<head>
<title>Time page</title>
</head>
you can add and subtract Dates:
<body> the result is a number of
This year:
<script type="text/javascript">
milliseconds
now = new Date();
newYear = new Date(2003,0,1); here, determine the number of
seconds since New Year's day
secs = Math.round((now-newYear)/1000);

days = Math.floor(secs / 86400); divide into number of days, hours,


secs -= days*86400; minutes and seconds
hours = Math.floor(secs / 3600);
secs -= hours*3600;
minutes = Math.floor(secs / 60);
secs -= minutes*60
possible improvements?
document.write(days + " days, " +
hours + " hours, " +
minutes + " minutes, and " +
secs + " seconds.");
</script>
</body>
</html> view page in browser
document object
Both IE and Netscape allow you to access information about an HTML
document using the document object (Note: not a class!)
<html>
<!-- js16.html --> document.write(…)
<head> method that displays text in
<title>Documentation page</title> the page
</head>

<body>
<table width="100%"> document.URL
<tr> property that gives the
<td><small><i> location of the HTML
<script type="text/javascript"> document
document.write(document.URL);
</script>
</i></small></td>
<td align="right"><small><I> document.lastModified
<script type="text/javascript"> property that gives the date &
document.write(document.lastModified); time the HTML document was
</script> saved
</i></small></td>
</tr>
</table>
</body> view page in browser
</html>
navigator object
navigator.appName <html>
<!-- js17.html -->
property that gives the browser
name <head>
<title>Dynamic Style Page</title>
navigator.appVersion
<script type="text/javascript">
property that gives the browser if (navigator.appName == "Netscape") {
version document.write('<link rel=stylesheet '+
'type="text/css" href="Netscape.css">');
}
<!-- MSIE.css --> else {
document.write('<link rel=stylesheet ' +
a {text-decoration:none; 'type="text/css" href="MSIE.css">');
font-size:larger; }
color:red; </script>
font-family:Arial} </head>
a:hover {color:blue}
<body>
<!-- Netscape.css --> Here is some text with a
<a href="javascript:alert('GO AWAY')">link</a>.
a {font-family:Arial; </body>
color:white; </html>
background-color:red}
view page in browser
User-defined classes
can define new classes, but the notation is awkward
▪ simply define a function that serves as a constructor
▪ specify data fields & methods using this

▪ no data hiding: can't protect data or methods

// Die.js
// define Die function (i.e.,
// Die class definition
//////////////////////////////////////////// constructor)

function Die(sides) initialize data fields in the


{
this.numSides = sides;
function, preceded with this
this.numRolls = 0;
this.Roll = Roll; similarly, assign method to
} separately defined function
function Roll() (which uses this to access
{ data)
this.numRolls++;
return Math.floor(Math.random()*this.numSides) + 1;
}
<html>
<!-- js18.html -->
Class example
<head>
<title>Dice page</title>

<script type="text/javascript" create a Die object using new


src="Die.js"> (similar to String and Array)
</script>
</head>
here, the argument to Die
<body> initializes numSides for that
<script type="text/javascript"> particular object
die6 = new Die(6);
die8 = new Die(8);
each Die object has its own
roll6 = -1; // dummy value to start loop properties (numSides &
roll8 = -2; // dummy value to start loop numRolls)
while (roll6 != roll8) {
roll6 = die6.Roll();
roll8 = die8.Roll(); Roll(), when called on a
particular Die, accesses its
document.write("6-sided: " + roll6 + numSides property and
"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" +
"8-sided: " + roll8 + "<br />"); updates its NumRolls
}

document.write("<br />Number of rolls: " +


die6.numRolls);
</script>
</body> view page in browser
</html>
End of Lecture
Introduction to JavaScript

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