Hawk-Eye

Presented by: Guided by:

Khyati Rajput (14014081007) Prof. D.S.Pandya
UVPCE-Ahmedabad Prof. Menka Patel
Contents
• Introduction
• Principle & Components
• Hawk-Eye in Sports
• Other Applications
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• References
Introduction
• Hawkeye is a computer system used in cricket, tennis, snookers and
other sports to visually track the path of the ball and display a
record of its most spastically likely paths as moving image[2]
• Hawkeye as the most innovative technology provider in
sports broadcasting
• It is a development that will reinforce the groups presence
and influence
• It was developed in UK by Dr. Paul Hawkins.
Why Hawk-Eye?
• Sports has a great commercial importance and popularity. As a result,
there is a need to make it as fair as possible
• Human error plays a vital role in decision making at decisive
moments
• There is need to bring a technology to minimize the chances of
human error in such decision making
• Help players to study their past games and improve
Principle of Hawk-Eye
• A Hawk-Eye system is based
on the principle of “Triangulation”.

• In trigonometry and geometry,

triangulation is the process of
determining the location of a
point
by measuring angles to it from known Fig 1. Triangulation[1]
points[1].
Theory of Triangulation
• Triangulation is the process of
determining three-dimensional world
coordinates for an object given two-
dimensional views of it from multiple
cameras[1]

• The diagram shows the three-

dimensional views of it from multiple
cameras
Fig 2. 3D Triangulation of Camera rays
• Using equation of
line
(1)
𝑋 = 𝐶′ + 𝑀𝑎 𝐷′ − 𝐶′
(2)
𝑋′ = 𝐶 + 𝑀𝑏 𝐷 − 𝐶
• To find the minimum cord between
the two vectors
2
𝑋 − 𝑋′ (by 1 & 2)
• We know that the dot product of
two perpendicular vectors is zero.
i.e. (𝑋 - 𝑋′). 𝐷 ′ − 𝐶′ = 0 (3)
(𝑋 - 𝑋′). 𝐷 − 𝐶 =0 (4) Fig 3. Intersection of two rays[1]
• Expanding X and X’ gives:
𝐶 − 𝐶′ + 𝑀𝑎𝐷′ − 𝐶′− 𝑀𝑏𝐷 − 𝐶 ∗ 𝐷′ − 𝐶′ = 0 (5)
𝐶′ − 𝐶 + 𝑀𝑎𝐷′ − 𝐶′− 𝑀𝑏𝐷 − 𝐶 ∗ 𝐷−𝐶 =0 (6)
• The above two equations (i.e.(5) & (6)) can be used to solve 𝑀𝑎 and
𝑀𝑏 which in turn can be used to calculate points 𝑋 and 𝑋′.
• Once the points are obtained, we can find 𝑃 as:

𝑋+𝑋′ (7)
𝑃= 2
• The above formula can find the position of the object in 2 dimension
but we require the position in 3 dimension. So, what next??
The Epipolar Geometry[3]

Fig 4. Projection of Camera[3]

• C, C’, x, x’ and X are coplanar. What if only C, C’, x are known?
Fig 5. All points on p project on l and l’. Family of planes p and
lines l and l’ intersection in e and e’[3]
• Epipoles are e & e’
= intersection of baseline with plane
• An epipolar plane = plane containing baseline
• By this we have obtained the third point as well.
• Now we can find the exact location of the
object in 3 dimension[3]
𝑑
𝑙= 𝑑
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 + tan
𝛽

𝑑=
𝑙
/1+1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼tan 𝛽 Fig 6. Triangulation with l and d[1]
Components
• The hawk-eye system consists of two significant parts:
 Tracking System.
• Camera
• Speed gun
 Video Replay System.
Tracking System
• The system will automatically calculate the following information:

 The speed of the ball leaving the bowler's hand

 The swing of the ball from the bowler's hand to where the
ball pitched
 How much the ball bounced
 How much the ball deviated sideways off the wicket
 A prediction of where the ball would have passed the stumps
Hawk-Eye Camera & Speed Gun

Fig 7. Camera Fig 8. Speed Gun

Video Replay System
• Hawk-Eye system can incorporate more
video replay cameras for analysis form
different angles, which can be
controlled remotely.
• The video is captured and stored
digitally on hard disks.
• This uses display unit like monitor and
projector screens. Fig 9. Video Replay System
Hawk-Eye in Cricket
• It is based on the principles
of triangulation using the
visual images and timing
data provided by high-speed
video cameras located at
different locations and
angles around the area of
play[1]
Fig 10. Position of Camera
Application in Cricket
• LBW Decisions Pitch Maps

Fig 11. LBW Decisions Fig12. Pitch Maps

• DeSpin Beehives

Fig 11. DeSpin Fig12. Beehives

Wagon Wheel
• The wagon wheel gives you an idea of the different areas where
the batsman has been targeting to score.

Fig 13. Wagon Wheel

Hawk-Eye in Tennis & Badminton
• The Hawk-Eye system in
badminton and tennis is a
binocular stereo visual system[4].

• Three-dimensional information
is obtained with epipolar
constrain after the cameras of
the system are calibrated.

Fig 14. Tennis & Badminton[4]

IN and OUT decisions
• Hawk-Eye generates the impact of the ball whether the ball is “IN” or
“OUT” which is important for decision making[5].

Fig 15. IN and OUT decisions

Other Applications
Hawk-Eye in Military Hawk-Eye in Automobiles

Fig 11. Military Fig12. Automobiles

Advantages
• This technology is being used in many sports like cricket, tennis
and snooker.
• Used by players, statisticians, tacticians, coaches to analyse
previous games and come up with strategies for subsequent ones.
• It reduces human efforts.
• Hawk-Eye officials are working towards making it more cost
effective so that it can be used in more premier tournaments
around the world[6].
Disadvantages

• It is highly expensive.
• It is not 100% accurate.
• It challenges the umpire decision.
• Incompatible with certain natural factors : Wind, Bright
Sunlight, Shadow, Artificial floodlights, etc.
Conclusion

The Hawk-Eye technology is a wonderful invention as far as

sports like Cricket, Football, Snooker, etc. are concerned. It is still in its
infancy, but the day is not far when we can say that, all umpiring
decisions are completely accurate and correct. This technology helps to
have correct decisions in any kind of game.
 References
[1] B.Favre-bulle, J. Prenninger, and C. Eitzinger, “Dynamic Triangulation,” Instrum. Meas
Technol. Conf. 1998. IMTC/98. Conf.Proceedings. IEEE, vol. I, pp. 446-449, 1998.
[2] B.Bailey and S.T. Field, “Real Time 3D Motion Tracking For Interactive Computer Simulations,”
Citeseer, 2007.
[3] A.Z. Richard Hartley, “Epipolar Geometry and the Fundamental Matrix,” in Multiple View
Geometry in Computer Vision 2nd Edition, 2004, pp. 219-243.
[4] L. Li, “Application of the Three-Dimension Information Acquisition Technology In The
Badminton Hawk-Eye System,” Int. Conf. Educ. Manag. Comput. Technol., 2015
[5] Huo Fang “The application of instant reviewing system in tennis match.”Bulletin of Sport
Science & Technology., 2007
[6] Kenneth H. Wong “Development of Quantitative Imaging Methods for the GE Hawkeye
CT/SPECT System.” Journal of Nuclear Cardiology, vol. V, pp. 2170-73, 2002