HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Pyramid In Egyptian architecture, the tomb of the pharaohs is the.

Cheops The great pyramid at Gizeh was built during the 4th dynasty by.
The beginner of the great hypostyle hall at karnak and the founder of the 19th
Rameses 1 dynasty.
The mineral of greatest importance to Greek architecture of which Greece and
Marble her
domains had ample supply of was.
Columnar trabeated Greek architecture was essentially.
Forming the imposing entrance to the acropolis and erected by the architect
Propylaea Mnesicles
is the.
The building in the acropolis generally considered as being the most nearly
Parthenon perfect
building ever erected is the.

Arch and vault With the use of concrete made possible by pozzolan, a native natural cement, the
Romans achieved huge interiors with the.

Composite Which of the order was added by the Romans to the orders used by the Greeks.

Domical roof construction From the 5th century to the present, the character of Byzantine architecture is the
practice of using.
St. Sophia, Constantinople The finest and remaining example of Byzantine architecture.
Sober and dignified The architectural character of the Romanesque architecture is.
Romanesque architecture in Italy is distinguished from that of the rest of Europe
Marble by the
use of what material for facing walls.

Pantheon The most famous and perfect preservation of all ancient buildings in Rome.

Pteroma The space between the colonnade and the naos wall in Greek temple.
Gladiatorial Contests Amphitheaters are used for ___.
Stoa An ancient Greek Portico, a long colonnaded shelter used in public places.
Acropolis The fortified high area or citadel of an ancient Greek City.
An upright ornament at the eaves of a tile roof, concealing the foot of a row of
Antefix (Antefixae) convex
tiles that cover the joints of the flat tiles.
Strictly, a pedestal at the corners or peak of a roof to support an ornament, more
Acroterion / Acroterium usually,
the ornament itself.
Anthemion Also called a 'Honeysuckle' ornament.
In ancient Greece and Rome, a storeroom of any kind, but especially for storing
Apotheca wine.
Anthemion The characteristic of Greek ornament.
The use of ___ for facing walls distinguishes Romanesque architecture in Italy
Marble from that
of the rest of Europe.
Pisa The outstanding group of Romanesque is found in ___.
Refectory The dining hall in a monastery, a convent, or a college.
Baroque The architecture of the curved line is known as ___.
Cortel The open court in an Italian palazzo.

Tracery The ornamental pattern work in stone, filling the upper part of a Gothic window.
 Cha-sit-su Japanese tea house.
A Muslim temple, a mosque for public worship, also known as place for
Masjid prostration.
Stupa Domical mound containing a relic.
Bale Ifugao house (southern strain).
In Mesopotamian architecture, religion called for temples made of sun-dried
Ziggurat bricks.
The style of the order with massive and tapering columns resting on a base of 3
Doric steps.
Pyramid Tomb of the pharaohs.

Tumuli Earthen burial mounds containing upright and lintel stones forming chambers for
consecutive burials for several to a hundred persons.
A semi-circular or semi-polygonal space, usually in church, terminating in axis
Apse and
intended to house an altar.
Dipteral Temples in Greece that have a double line of columns surrounding the naos.
Prytaneion Senate house for chief dignitaries in Greek architecture
Erich Mendelsohn Architect of the Einstein Tower.
Walter Gropius Founder of the Bauhaus School of Art.
Art Noveau What architectural term is termed to be free from any historical style?
Cambodian From what architecture is the Angkor Vat?
Van Alen The architect of Chrysler building in N.Y.
Embrasures Another term for crenel or intervals between merlon of a battlement.
Agra Taj Mahal temple is located in ___.
In the middle kingdom, in Egyptian architecture, who consolidate the
Amenemhat I administrative
system, made a survey of the country, set boundaries to the provinces, and other
helpful
works.
Senusret I Who erected the earliest known obelisk at Heliopolis.
Heb-sed Jubilee festivals of the pharaohs.
Pyramid of Zoser The world's first large-scale monument in stone.
Pyramid of Khufu The highest sloped pyramid in Gizeh
Groin Vault A vault created when two barrel vaults intersect at the right angles.
Visayan Sarimanok is a décor reflecting the culture of the ___.
Greek Caryatid porch is from what architecture?
Canephora Female statues with baskets serving as columns.
Bartizan A small tower usually corbelled at the corner of the castle.
Basilica A hall built in Roman Empire for the administration of justice.
Greek The Parthenon is from what architecture.
A roof in which 4 faces rests diagonally between the gables and converge at the
Helm Roof roof.
Masu-gumi A compound bracket or capital in Japanese architecture.
Cavetto A concave molding approximately quarter round.
Carlos Santos Viola Architect of Iglesia ni Cristo.
Caesar Homer Concio A Filipino architect whose philosophy is 'the structure must be well oriented'.
Pinnacle What is not required as a feature in modern Muslim mosque.
William Cosculluela Architect of Robinson's Galleria
Baroque for of Ornamentation Major contribution of the Renaissance Architecture.
Richard Josef Neutra A house is like a flower pot
Sarcophagus Richly carved coffins of Greece and Mesopotamia.
Imhotep King Zoser's architect who was deified in the 26th dynasty.
 Bouleuterion The council house in Greece.
U.S. / English Renaissance Elizabethan Architecture is from what architecture.
Tussel House Art Noveau style first appeared in what structure.
Astylar A faced without columns or pilaster in renaissance architecture.
Jugendstijl Art Noveau is known as the international style, in Germany it is known as ___.
Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe Less is more.
Liceo de Manila First school which offered architecture in the Philippines.
Crenel Embrasures.
Balance Formal architecture, one of the principles of composition.
Eclecticism Different historical styles combined.
Eero Saarinen Architect of TWA airport.
Kaufman House The falling water by Frank Lloyd Wright is also known as ___.
Juan Nakpil First president and founder of PAS.
Kenzo Tange Modern architecture need not be western.
Felipe Mendoza Architect of the national library, Philippines.
Palace of Persepolis The xerxes hall of hundred columns was introduced during the Mesopotamian
architecture, which palace was it used.
Saracenic Architecture Taj Mahal is a building example of what architecture.
The convex projecting molding of eccentric curve supporting the abacus of a
Echinus Doric capital.
S-tiles Pantiles used for Chinese roofings.

Agora Greek equivalent of the Roman forum, a place of open air assembly or market.
Entasis A slight vertical curvature in the shaft of a column.
Baroque The very ornate style of architecture developed in the later renaissance period.
A multi-storied shrine like towers, originally a Buddhist monument of diminishing
Pagoda size with
corbelled cornice and moldings.
Roman cubicula or bedroom is from what architecture.
Crepidoma From the Greek forms of temple, the three where it lies is known as ___.
From the Greek temples, a temple that have porticoes of columns at the front and
Amphi-Prostyle rear.
Cenotaphs Memorial monuments of persons buried elsewhere in Roman architecture.
Cheops The three pyramids in Gizeh
Chefren
Mykerinos
The cistern storage of collected rainwater underneath the azotea of the bahay na
Aljibe bato.
Impluvium A shallow cistern or drain area in the center of a house.
Naos In Greek temples, the equivalent of the crypt is the ___.
Crypt The tomb beneath a church.
Bema A raised stage reserved for the clergy in early Christian churches.
Console A decorative bracket usually taking the form of a cyma reversa strap.
Villa Semi-palatial house surrounded by an open site.
Atrium House A roman house with a central patio.
Romanesque Revival of classical Roman style
The style emerging in western Europe in the early 11th century, based on Roman
Romanesque and
Byzantine elements, characterized by massive articulated wall structures, round
arches,
and powerful vaults, and lasting until the advent of Gothic architecture.
Alvar Aalto Architect and furniture designer.
 Tomas Mapua First registered architect in the Philippines.
Forum The public square of imperial Rome.
Welton Becket Architect of Manila Hilton Hotel.
Chartres Cathedral Finest example of French-Gothic architecture
176 How many stained glass are there in the Chartres Cathedral?
Greek Agora is from what architecture?
Ziggurat Sacred artificial mountains of Babylon and Assyria.
Acanthus A plant whose leaves form the lower portions of the Corinthian capital.
Arch Structure of wedge-shaped blocks over an opening.
The space between the sloping roof over the aisle and the aisle vaulting, so also
Triforium called
a blind story.
A windowed wall that rises above the roof of adjacent walls that admit light into
Clerestory the
interior.
A standard, usually of length, by which the proportions of a building are
Module determined.
Tympanum The triangular or segmental space enclosed by a pediment or arch.
Arcade A line of counterthrusting arches on columns or piers.
In the classical order, the lowest part or member of the entablature; the beam that
Architrave spans
from column to column.

Entablature In classical architecture, the elaborated beam member carried by the columns.
Cornice Parts of an entablature, in order of top to bottom.
Frieze
Architrave
Octagonal Plan shape of a Chinese pagoda.
13 Usual number of stories for a Chinese pagoda.
A special feature of Japanese houses, used to display a flower arrangement or
Tokonama art.
Square Plan shape of a Japanese pagoda.
The most famous structure of Byzantine architecture and notable of its large
Hagia Sophia dome.
Pediment Triangular piece of wall above the entablature.
A spherical triangle forming the transition from the circular plan of a dome to the
Pendentive poly-
gonal plan of its supporting structure.
Narthex A long arcaded entrance porch in an early Christian church.
The principal or central part of a church, extending from the narthex to the choir
Nave or
chancel and usually flanked by aisles.
Ambulatory The covered walk of an atrium.

Cantharus A basin for ritual cleansing with water in the atrium of an early Christian basilica.
Exedra A large apsidal extension of the interior volume of a church.
An ornamental canopy of stone or marble permanently place over the altar in a
Baldachino church.
Tabernacle A decorative niche often topped with a canopy and housing a statue.
Niche A recess in a wall to contain a statue or other small items.
Minaret A tower in the Muslim Mosque used to call people to prayer.
Lacunaria Coffers, sunken panels in the ceiling.
The Buddhist temple in ancient Cambodia which feature four faces of the
Bayon compassionate
 Buddha.

Mudejar A term given to the mixture of Christian, Spanish, and Muslim 12th-16th century
architecture.
Crocket Projecting blocks of stone carved with foliage, typical in Gothic architecture.
Abacus A slab forming the crowning member of the capital.
Capital The crowning member of a column.
Plinth A rectangular or square slab supporting the column at the base.
Chancel A low screen wall enclosing the choir in early Christian church.
Frigidarium The cold section of a Roman Bath.
Barasoain Church This church in the Philippines is the seat of the Malolos Congress.
Seraglio The palace proper in Assyrian palaces.
Ziggurat Holy mountains.
Mnesicles Architect of the famous propylaea, Acropolis.
Harem Private family apartments in Assyrian palaces.
Great Temple, Abu Simbel The most stupendous and impressive of the rock-cut-temples.

Great Temple, Abu Simbel The four-seated colossal statues of Rameses II is carved in the pylon of the ___.
Palm, Lotus, and Papyrus Favorite motifs of design of the Egyptians.
Mortuary and Cult Temples Two main classes of temples in Egyptian Architecture.
Mortuary Temple Egyptian temples for ministrations to deified pharaohs.
Ziggurat Structure whose corners are made to face the four cardinal points.
Pyramid Structure whose sides are made to face the four cardinal points.

Cult Temple Egyptian temples for the popular worship of the ancient and the mysterious gods.
Persian The use of monsters in doorways is prevalent in what architecture?
Atlantes The Greek male statues used as columns.
Exedra A recessed or alcove with raised seats where disputes took place.
Peripteral A single line of columns surrounding the Naos.
Stylobate The uppermost step in the crepidoma.
Stereobate The lowest step in the crepidoma.
Gymnasium A building in Greek and Roman for exercises or physical activities.
Pronaos, Naos, and Epinaos The three chamber of a Greek temple.
Pinacotheca A Greek building that contains painted pictures.
Prostyle Temple with a portico of columns arranged in front.
Intercolumniation The clear space in between columns.
Eustyle Intercolumniation of 2.25 diameters.
Areostyle Intercolumniation of 4 diameters.
Systyle Intercolumniation of 2 diameters.
1.5 Diameters Pycnostyle intercolumniation has how many diameters?
3 Diameters Diastyle intercolumniation has how many diameters.
Odeion A kindred type to the theater.
Circus Roman building which is a prototype of the hippodrome of the Greek.
Colosseum Roman building for which gladiatorial battles took place.
Wrestling What sporting event takes place in the Palaestra?
stadium A foot race course in the cities.
In Antis A temple with 1-4 columns arranged between antae at the front.
Amphi-Antis A temple with 1-4 columns arranged between antae at the front and rear.
Gymnasium In Greek, it is the Roman prototype of the Thermae.
Doric Greek order that has no base.
Epidauros The most beautiful and best preserved of the Greek theaters.
Tuscan and Composite What orders did the Etruscans and the Romans add making 5 in all?
What allowed the Romans to build vaults of a magnitude never equaled till the
Use of Concrete birth of
steel for buildings.
Pantheon The finest of all illustrations of Roman construction.
Forum Romanum The oldest and most important forum in Rome.
Xerxes Who commenced the 'hall of hundred columns'?
Artaxerxes Who completed the 'hall of hundred columns'?
Callicrates and Ictinus Architects of the Parthenon.
Phidias Master sculptor of the Parthenon.
Lacus In Roman fountains, the large basin of water.
Salientes Spouting jets in Roman fountain.
Circus Maximus The oldest circus in Rome.
The colosseum in Rome also known as the "flavian amphitheater" was
Vespasian / Domitian commenced by
whom and completed by whom?
Mnesicles Architect of the Erechtheion.
Clepsydra A water clock or an instrument for measuring time by the use of water.
Treasury of Atreus The finest of Greek Tombs, also known as the 'tomb of Agamemnon'.
Theron Architect of the Temple of Zeus, Agrigentum
Libon Architect of the Temples of Zeus, Olympia.
Cossutius Roman architect of the Greek Temples of Zeus, Olympius.
18 Both the regula and the mutule has guttae numbering a total of ___.
4-horse Chariot A quadrigas is a ___.
Cyma Reversa The water-leaf and tongue is a usual ornament found in the ___.
Key Pattern The Corona is usually painted with the ___.
Greek sculptures may be classified as "architectural sculpture, free standing
Sculptured Reliefs statuary,
and the ___".
One of the best examples of a surviving megaron type of Greek domestic
House #33 building.
Bird's Beak The molding that is often found in the Doric Order.
Peribolus The wall or colonnade enclosing the Temenos
Domus The private house of the Romans.
Podium Roman rectangular temples stood on a ___.
Bepidales Roman large square tiles.
Opus Mixtum A type of Roman wall facing with alternating courses of brickworks.
A type of Roman wall facing which is made of small stone laid in a loose pattern
Opus Incertum roughly
resembling polygonal work.
Opus Recticulatum A type of Roman wall facing with a net-like effect.
Opus Quadratum A type of roman wall facing with rectangular block with or without mortar joints.
Basilica A Roman structure used as hall of justice and commercial exchanges.
A type of monument erected to support a tripod, as a prize for athletic exercises
Choragic Monument or
musical competitions in Greek festivals.
A type of ornament in classic or renaissance architecture consisting of an
Fret assemblage
of straight lines intersecting at right angles, and of various patterns.
Figures of which the upper parts alone are carved, the rest running into a
Termini parallelopiped
or diminishing pedestal.
Opus Tesselatum Marble mosaic pattern used on ceilings of vaults and domes.
 Callimachus Conceptualized the Corinthian capital.
Thalamus The sleeping room of the 'megaron'.
Timber-enframed Portal The origin of the door architrave.
Etruscans The atrium type of house originated with the ___.
Insula Roman apartment blocks.
A building in classic architecture decorated with flowers and plants with water for
Nymphaeum the
purpose of relaxation.
Renaissance !5th to 18th century architecture.
Louis Sullivan Form follows function.
The dominating personality who became an ardent disciple of the Italian
Iñigo Jones renaissance
style.
Hypostyle Hall A pillared hall in which the roofs rests on the column in Egyptian temples.
Thothmes I Who began the building of the Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak?
Ptolemy III Architect of the Great Serapeum at Alexandria.
Buckminster Fuller He created the Dymaxion House, "the first machine for living".
Rock-Hewn Tombs Tombs built for the Egyptian nobility rather than the royalty.
George Ramos Architect of the Lung Center of the Philippines.
Tepidarium The warm room in the Thermae.
Calidarium The Hot room of the Thermae.
Frigidarium The cold or unheated pool in the Thermae.
Sudatorium The dry or sweating room in the Thermae.
Apodyteria The dressing room of the Thermae.
Unctuaria The room for oils and unguents in the thermae.
Forum Orientation of the Roman temple is towards the ___.
East Orientation of the Greek temple is towards the ___.
South Orientation of the Etruscan temple is towards the ___.
West Orientation of the Medieval Church.
The space for the clergy and choir is separated by a low screen wall from the
Cancelli body of the
church called ___.
On either side of the choir, pulpits for the reading of the epistle and the gospel
Ambo are
called.
In some churches, there is a part which is raised as part of the sanctuary which
Bema later
developed into the transept, this is the ___.
In early Christian churches, the bishop took the central place at the end of the
Apse church
called ___.

Statues The iconoclastic movement during the Byzantine period forbade the use of ___.
Centralized Type of plan of the Byzantine churches.
Anthemius and Isidorus Architects of the Hagia Sophia. (St. Sophia, Constantinople)
St. Sophia, Constantinople The supreme monument of Byzantine architecture.
Little Metropole Cath., Athens Smallest cathedral in the world. (Byzantine period)

One of the few churches of its type to have survived having a square nave and
Nea Moni without
cross-arms, roofed by a dome which spans to the outer walls of the building.
Lantern A tower raised above a roof pierced to admit light.
 the covered passage around an open space or garth, connecting the church to
Cloisters the chapter
house, refectory and other parts of the monastery.
Ornamental Arcades The prominent feature of the facades in Romanesque Central Italy.
The best example of a German Romanesque church with apses at both east and
Worms Cathedral west
ends.
The term applied to the Episcopal church of the diocese and also the important
Cathedral structure
of the Gothic period.
Greek Cross The first plan shape of the St. Peter's Basilica by Bramante.
Latin Cross The final plan shape of the St. Peter's Basilica by Carlo Maderna.
Bernini He erected the entrance Piazza at St. Peter's Basilica.
Dispensa Used as food storage in the Bahay na Bato.
Falig The granary in traditional Bontoc House.
Minoru Yamasaki Architect of the World Trade Center.
Greek The Erechtheion of Mnesicles is from what architecture?
Balteus The part of the Corinthian capital without flower.
Roman The Pantheon is from what architecture.
Agrippa The architect of the Pantheon.
Prytaneion The senate house of the Greeks.
Marcel Lajos Breuer Architect of the Bi-Nuclear House, the H-Plan.
Felix Outerino Candela Mexican Architect/Engineer who introduced thin shell construction.
Hypotrachelion In the Doric Order, the shaft terminates in the ___.
Doric In what Order is the Parthenon.
Ionic In what Order is the temple of Nike Apteros, Athens.
Temple of Nike Apteros, Athens This temple is dedicated to 'Wingless Victory'.
This structure in Greece was erected by Andronikos Cyrrhestes for measuring
Tower of the Winds, Athens time by
means of a clepsydra internally and sun dial externally.

Acanthus and Dolphin In the Cyma Reversa molding of the Romans, what ornaments are usually found?
Greek From what architecture is the Stoa?
Papyrus The Egyptian Ornament symbolizing fertility.
Cult Temple Egyptian Temple for popular worship of the ancient and mysterious gods.
Balneum A small private bath found in Roman houses or palaces.
Cella Corresponds to the Greek naos.
Triglyph The large element in the frieze.
Le Corbusier A is a machine to live in.
Eliel Saarinen Architect of the Chicago Tribune Tower.
Frank Lloyd Wright Architecture is Organic.
Hennevique Invented reinforced concrete in France.
Jose Herrera First elected U.A.P. president.
Juan Nakpil Designer of the Bonifacio Monument.
Guillermo Tolentino Sculptor for the Bonifacio Monument.
Shah Jahan Designer of the Taj Mahal.
Telamones or Atlantes Male counterpart of the Caryatids.
Herms Like Caryatids and Atlantes, this is a three-quarter length figures.
Terms This is a pedestal with human, animal, or mythological creatures at the top.
Madrassah A small payer house in Egyptian architecture.
Moscow Where "Constructivism" originated?
Erich Mendelsohn Expressionist Architect.
John Ruskin and William Moris Founders of the "Art Noveau".
Eclecticism Combination of the new art and the graphing of the old art.
Neo-Classism Return in the use of Roman Orders in modern age.
Parti Scheme or solution of a problem in architecture.
Felipe Mendoza Architect of the Batasang Pambansa.
George Ramos Architect of the Philippine Heart Center.
Juan Nakpil Architect of the Rizal Memorial Stadium.
Juan Nakpil The architect of the Quiapo Church before its restoration.
Built by the Franciscan priest Fr. Blas dela Madre, this church in Rizal whose
Morong Church design
depicts the heavy influence of Spanish Baroque, was declared a national
treasure.
This church, 1st built by the Augustinian Fr. Miguel Murguia, has an unusually
Panay Capiz large bell
which was made from approximately 70 sacks of coins donated by the towns
people.
Antonio Sin Diong Architect of SM Megamall.
Gabriel Formoso Central Bank of the Philippines, Manila.
George Ramos G.S.I.S. Building, Roxas Boulevard.
The tower atop the torogan where the princess and her ladies in waiting hide
Lamin during
occasions.
Found in the ground floor of the bahay na bato, it is where the carriages and
Zaguan floats are
kept.

Bilik The emergency hideout found directly behind the neadboard of the Sultan's bed.
The flat, open terrace open to the toilet, bath, and kitchen areas and also used as
Azotea a
laundry and drying space and service area for the servants.
In the kitchen of the bahay kubo, the table on top of which is the river stone, shoe-
Dapogan shaped
stove or kalan is known as ___.
PACHA, JON KENNETH

INFLUENCES TERMS DEFINITION

HISTORY evolved in africa from 2.3M years ago-

Homo habilis, erectus, sapiens. And homo sapiens sapiens
before 9000 BC, farming & agriculture was practiced
1st villages in the middle east, south and central america, india & china
pot-making, metal working, art & architecture
RELIGION no organized religion
MATERIALS animal skin, wooden frames, animal bones
existing or excavated caves
CHARAC

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
megalithic, most evident in france, england & ireland
DECORATION sculpture, caves painting in africa, france & spain
single, large upright monolith, serves a religious purpose
MENHIR
consisting of thousands of stones
DOLMEN tomb of standing stones
PRE-HISTORIC

formed by huge stones planted on the ground in circular form

largest stones wight 45 to 50 tons
CROMLECH
stonehenge, england 2800-1500 BC
stones transported by sea or river
GENUINE ARCHITECTURE exterior space
SOLAR OBSERVATORY designed to mark the sun's path during sunrise on midsummer day
passage grave in other term
EXAMPLES

TUMULUS dominant tomb type

corridor inside leading to an underground chamber
mostly had one room
PRIMATIVE DWELLINGS
the room divided into smaller ones for eating, sleeping & socializing
TRULLO dry walled rough stone shelter
conical tent w/ wooden poles
WIGWAM/TEPEE
covered w/ rush mats and an animal skin door
HOGAN primative indian structure of joined logs
innuit (eskimo)
IGLOO
house constructed of hard-snow blocks
NIGERIAN HUT w/ mud walls and roof of palm leaves
IRAQI MUDHIF covered w/ split reed mats, built on a reed platform
SUMATRAN HOUSE built of timber & palm leaves
started as villages on the flat land between tigris & euphrates rivers
"mesopotamia"
HISTORY
city-stated w/ thousands of populations
society of kings, craftsmen, soldiers, farmers, priest
city-states of UR, babbylon, agade, ashur & damascus
2334 BC, king sargon of agade formed the 1st major empire
MESOPOTAMIAN
next is king hammurabi in 1972 BC
invention of writing- pictograms or cuneiform
ASSYRIAN biggest empire conqured mesopotamia, syria, palestine & egypt
PACHA, JON KENNETH

ASSYRIAN king ashurbanipal

begun by Cyrsu the great from 559-529 BC
covered mesopotamia, anatolia, eastern mediterranean,
GEOGRPHY AND GEOLOGY

PERSIAN
bactria, indus & north america
provinces ruled by satrap
guards of the road, tax collectore and contolling the army
SATRAP traded raw materials, carpets and spices
ended w/ the defeat of Darius III to alexander the great of macedonia
RELIGION worship their own god for protection
FERTILE CRESCNET import material like hardwood & metals
ALSO deserts of the arabian peninsula
religious buildings built next to temples
ZIGGURATS
there was a small temple on top
DEVELPOMENT archaic ziggurat 2 or 3 - staged ziggurat
7-staged ziggurat during the assayrian period
EXAMPLES

ZIGGURAT AT UR 2000 BC
PALACES kings celebrated victories,wealth & power by building large palaces
PLATFORM AT PERSEPOLIS 50 years to build. Variety of architectural styles
PARTS audience halls, recept halls, store rooms, military quarters
NEAR EAST

APADANA tallest building w/ 36 columns of 20m height

DWELLINGS known as megaron
PORTICO colonnaded space forming an entrance w/ a roof
mediterranean & red seas
GEORAPHY & CLIMATE
beyond riverbanks, barren dessert & rugged cliffs
wealthy country despite the desert
HISTORY
INFLUENCES

nile river was a trade route, gold from nubia in the south
PHARAOHS gods dwelling on earth
divided into enior priests, officials, noblemen & army commanders
SOCIETY most egyptian were farmers
everything was written on papyrus & stone tablets
sun, moon, stars and animals
RELIGION
dead body had to be preserved to house the spirit
afterlife- life & house is temporary, the tomb is permanent
DESCRIPTION
religion is the dominnat element in egyptian architecture
stone, metals and tinber; mud bricks for houses
MATERIALS
used for monuments & religious buildings
CHARATER

FROOF & OPENINGS not an important consideration. No windows

9-24m thickness at temples
WALL
battery wall- diminishing in width towards the top for stability
mouldings such as "gorge", "hollow" & "roll" was inspired by reed
DECORATION
torus moulding
shaft represented bundle of stems
COMMON OMAMENTS
common capitals used were lotus, papyrus, palm
rectangular flat-topped
MASTABAS
EGYPTIAN

1st type of egyptian tomb

stairway w/ 2 doors one for ritual , second was a false dorodr for spirits
PARTS
column hall,serdab,sarcophagus,Offering chapel;room;table,
EXAMPLES
PACHA, JON KENNETH

EGYPTIAN

massive funerary structure of stone or brick

PYRAMIDS
EXAMPLES
offering chapel. Mortuary chapel, valley building
of zoser, saqqara designed by imhotep
STEP PYRAMID
worlds 1st large-scale monument in stone
most magnificent of pyramids
forms a world-famous building group
PYRAMID @ GIZEH pyramid of cheops (khufu)
pyramid of cheprhen (khafra or khafre)
pyramid of mykerinos (menkaura)
ROCK -CUT or rock-hewn tombs built along hillside for nobility not royalty
MORTUARY TEMPLES worship in honor of pharaohs
CULT TEMPLES worship in hono of god
TEMPLES OF KHONS avenue of shinxes & obelisks fronting pylons
GREAT TEMPLE grandest temple of ammon, kamak, thebes
MAMMISI TEMPLE prototype of the greek
TEMPLES

abu-simbel
GREAT TEMPLE
4 rock cut colossal statues of rameses
PYLONS monumental gateway to the temple
OBELISKS sacred symbol of sun-god heliopolis
OBELISKS PIAZZA of S. Giovanni originally from temple of ammon, kamak
FORTRESSES mostly found on west bank of nile or on islands
FORTRESSES OF BUHEN headquarters & largest fortified town
aegean period (minoan)
HISTORY
civilizations on crete & greek mainland from 1900-1100 BC
RELIGION INFLUENCES

or helladic 1550-1100 BC
AEANMYCENE
continuation of cretan ideas and craftmanship
800-323 BC
HELLENIC PERIOD
dif. Forms of government: oligarchic, tyrannic and democratic
HELLENISTIC PERIOD 323-30 BC. Helenisti empire established greek civilization extended
stage of nature worshi[
AEGEAN RELIGION
CHARACTER

highly develop form of nature worship

AEGEAN rough & massive
HELLENISTIC PERIOD not religious in character, but civic- for the people
EXAMPLES

MATERIALS timber, stone & terra cotta

on island: flat roffing
HOUSES
on mainland:single-storeyes house w/ deep plan
ROCK-CUT or chamber tombs"tholos" tomb Treasury of atreus mycanae
palace of king minos, knos sos
TOMBS

PALACES palace at tyrins

lion gate, mycanae
1 COLUMN hemostyle
2 COLUMN distyle
3 COLUMN tristyle
# OF COLUMNS

4 COLUMN tetrastyle
5 COLUMN pentasytle
6 COLUMN hexastyle
7 COLUMN heptastyle
GREEK
PACHA, JON KENNETH

# OF COLUMNS
GREEK

8 COLUMN
octastyle
9 COLUMN
enneastyle
10 COLUMN
decastyle
12 COLUMN
dodecastyle
GREEK ORDERS
shaft, capital & horizontal entablature
DORIC ORDERS
w/o base, directly on crepidoma
DORIC CAPITALS
the 2 parts are square abacus above & circular bulbous echinus below
DORIC ENTABLATURE
height is 1 & 3/4 times the lower diameter in height
IONIC ORDER
volute or scroll capital
IONIC COLUMN
more slender than DORIC
IONIC ENTABLATURE
height was 2 & 1/4 times the diameter of column
CORINTHIAN ORDER
decorative variant of ionic order
CORINTHIAN COLUMN
base & shaft resembled ionic
CORINTHIAN CAPITAL
much deeper than ionic, 1 & 1/6 diameters high
TEMENOS
enclosure designated as a sacred land
a world-famous building group
propylaea
pinacotheca
statue of athena promachos
erectheion
10 STRUCTURE FORM parthenon
temple of nike apteros
old temple of athena
stoa of eumeses
theater of dionysu
odeon of herodes atticus
THEATER/ODEION carved or hollowed out of the hillside
334-264 BC, rome conqured all of italy and on of the strongest empire
HISTORY
INFLUENCES

800-300 BC among all cities in italy rome bevame the most powerful
etuscan or etruscan 750-146 BC
2 PERIODS roman 146 BC-365 AD develop constitutional republic
provinces run by governors, latin language, roman system of laws
RELIGION polytheistic, several cults
CHARACTER DESCRIPTION etruscans were great builders
COLUMNS

TUSCAN ORDER simplified version of doric order. About 7 diamters high

COMPOSITE ORDER eveolved in 100 AD. Most decorative
TYPE OF VAULTS

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM adopted columnar & trabeated of greeks

ROMAN

WAGON/BAARREL/TUNNEL sami-circular or wagon-headed, bome on two parallel walls

CROSS VAULT formed by the intersection of two semi-circular vaults of equal span
HEMISPHERICAL DOME or CUPOLA. used over circular structures
DECORATION mosaics
RECTANGULAR TEMPLES malson caree, nime
CIRCULAR TEMPLE the pantheon, rome
FORUM surrounded by a hall, offices, law courts & shops
EXAMPLES

BASILICAS
THERMAE built elaborate public baths throughout the empire
DOMUS prototype for the modern condominium
PACHA, JON KENNETH

EXAMPLES
THEATERS/AMPHITHEATERS for the entertainment of the townpeople
AQUEDUCTS carried water in pipes from the country to the heart of the city
INFLUENCES in 63 BC the romans conquered judea in the eastern mediterranean
HISTORY
EARLY CHRISTIAN

belief that jesus was the christ and the son of god christianity was born
CHARACTER DESCRIPTION highly-infuenced by roman art and aechitecture
ROOF & CEILING further development of trusses
EXAMPLES BASILICAN CHURCHES roman basilicas a models
BAPTISTERIES large separate building from church, sometimes adjoined atrium
TOMBS/CATACOMBS usually domed & enriched w/ lavish mosaic decorations
INFLUENCES HISTORY 285-293 AD the empire split into 2 " Eastern & Western Empire"
CHARACTER DESCRIPTION 1st building constructed were churches
DISTINCTION BASILICAN PLAN early christian
DOOMED,CENTRAL PLAN byzantine
DOMES
BYZANTINE

prevailing motif of byzantine architecture

3 TYPES Of DOMESSIMPLE pendentives & domes are of same sphere
COMPOUND dome of separate sphere
CHURCHES centralized typr of plan
INFLUENCESEXAMPLES

hagia sophian "divine or holy wisdom"

S. SOPHIA CONSTANTINOPLE built by justinian, designed by anthemius of tralles and isidorus
later converted into mosque
S. MARK, VENICE exterior enriched by fine entrance portals, mosaic and marble
charlemagne was barbarian europe's most effective king
HISTORY
art and civilization was restored over europe
RELIGION rise of religious orders
CHARACTER DESCRIPTION art, cathedrals and monastic buildings
CATHEDRALS mostly basilican in plan
BAPTISTERIES nile river was a trade route, gold from nubia in the south
CAMPANILES served as ciiivic monuments, symbols of power
milan, venice,ravenna, oavua, genoa
S. Ambrogio, milan
NORTHERN ITLAY s. zeno maggiore verona
s. fedele, como
ROMANESQUE

s. michelle, pavia
SOUTHERN ITALY richer in design and color
CAFALU CATHEDRAl most distinct romanesque church in sicily
EXAMPLES

MONREALE CATHEDRAL most splendid under norman rule in sicily

CENTRAL ITALY great stone and mineral wealth, brilliant atmosphere
PISA CATHEDRAL one of most famous building groups in the world
BAPTISTERY 39.3m circular plan by dioti salvi
CAMPANILE the learning tower of pisa
FRANCE timber-framed roofs os slate finish & steep to throw off snow
S.MADELAINE VEZELAY easliest pointed cross-vault in france
CENTRAL EUROPE worms cathedral
SPAIN use of horseshoe arch
SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA finest achievement of romanesque in spain
ENGLAND has 3 foundation "old, monastic and new foundation"
PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL original timber ceiling over nave
PACHA, JON KENNETH

DURHAM CATHEDRAL rib and panel vaulting w/ pointed arches