University of Pretoria etd – Ralekgari, C K (2007)

MORERO WA POLETIKI MO DITERAMENG TSA SETSWANA TSE

DI PHASALADITSWENG PELE LE MORAGO GA 1994.

KA

CANNIE K. RALEKGARI

E NEETSWE GO KGOTSOFATSA DITLHOKEGO TSA DIKERII

YA

MAGISTER ARTIUM

MO

LEFAPHENG LA PUO, DIKWALWA LE FILOSOFI

MOFATLHOSI: RRE D.M.G. SEKELEKO

MOTHUSIMOFATLHOSI: MOPOROFESARA M. J. MOJALEFA

YUNIBESITHI YA PRETORIA

SEETEBOSIGO 2005
 University of Pretoria etd – Ralekgari, C K (2007)

MORERO WA POLETIKI MO DITERAMENG TSA SETSWANA TSE

DI PHASALADITSWENG PELE LE MORAGO GA 1994.

CANNIE K. RALEKGARI

2005
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DITEBOGO

Ke rata go simolola ka go leboga Modimo, e leng ena motlhodi wa tsotlhe tse di mo

lefatsheng, go bo a mphile nonofo, boitekanelo le yone tlhaloganyo gore ke kgone go
dira tiro e.

Ke rata gape go leboga motlhatlheledi wa me, e leng Moporofesara Ngaka M.J.

Mojalefa, yo e rileng ke le mo ditlalelong a ntshela, mme a nnaya thotloetso ya motsadi,
gore ke kgone go goroga fa. Ka dikgakololo le bopelotelele jwa gagwe ke kgonne go
wetsa tema e. Masego ke ao Sebata.

Ke leboga Rre D.M.G. Sekeleko, go tsaya matsapa a go buisa le go tlhatlhoba tiro e, gore
e fitlhelele seemo se se batlegang. Lerato, bopelotelele le tshireletso ya gagwe mo puong
ya Setswana ke tsone tse di dirileng gore tlhotlhomisi e, e bo e kwadilwe ka Setswana se
se lolameng. Ka re namane e tona ya tholo Modimo a go okeletse.

Go Mme R. M. Ramagoshi, ke tla bo ke dira phoso fa nka se ka ka go leboga. Ka wena

ke ne ka bona motsadi, tsala le mothusi. Ga go sebaka se nkileng ka go tlhoka fa ke le
mo dipharagobeng, ke raya mpuru a faretswe. Ramasedi a go robaletse ditlhokwa, o tle
o tswelele o dire tiro e e manontlhotlho mo go ba ba tlang kwa morago ga me.

Ke rata go leboga Rre Hamilton Mphidi, Mme Happy Maisela le Annemarie

Bezuidenhout, badiri ba motlobo wa dibuka wa Yunibesithi ya Pretoria, ba ka dinako
tsotlhe ba neng ba ipha sebaka sa go nna fatshe le nna, ba nthusa mo go tsotlhe tse ke
neng ke di tlhoka. Tiro ya bona ba e dirile ba e tlhaloganya, e bile ba e dira ka
botswapelo.

Ke rata go leboga gape botlhe ba ba neng ba nkema nokeng. Ka ntlha ya fa maina a

bona a ka thiba letsatsi, ke ka se kgone go a kwala otlhe, mme ke rata go tlhopha a ba le
mmalwa fela. Bona ke ditsala tsa me, e leng Bontsi Masedi, Anna Batshegi, Johannes
Tshukudu le Nkadzi Mangubo. Fa e ne e se ka thotloetso ya lona go ka bo go padile.

Ga ke rate go ka lebala batsadi ba me, e leng Rre John le Mme Johanna Ralekgari, ba ba
tsereng matsapa a go ntira se ke leng sona. Ka re go lona lo mphile boswa jo bo se
kitlang bo tsewa ke ope mo go nna. Ke rata go lo raya ke re ke lebogela kgodiso ya lona,
ga lo a tlhaela gope. Modimo a lo okeletse malatsi a botshelo lo tle lo re godisetse bana.
Ga ke rate go lebala ba ke tsalwang le bona Koolese, Otlhomame, Kegaisamang le
Phineas. Ka re le ka moso bonnaka, fa e ne e se ka tshegetso ya lona, ke ka bo ke latlhile
seditse.

Ke akgolela lokwalo le go monna wa gaetsho, e leng Mompati Seleka, yo e rileng fa

puso e nthomela kwano Aforikaborwa, a bo a sala a tlhokometse lelwapa. Ke lebogela
lerato le bopelotelele jwa gago mo go nna le bana, mme godimo ga dilo tsotlhe ke go
lebogela go sala o tlhokometse morwa wa rona, e leng Thuto. Go wena Lebogang
ngwanaka, ka re o ne o ntiisa moko fa ke ne ke batla go ineela, ka re o tshware fela jalo.
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DITENG

KGAOLO YA NTLHA TSEBE

1. 1 Matseno ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1
1. 2 Maikaelelo ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1. 2. 1 Mogapi, K. Tshekatsheko ya dikwalo:Motshameko(1985) ------------------ 3
1. 2. 2 Shole, S.J. Mefama ya diterama tsa Setswana (1988). ------------------------- 4
1. 3 Mokgwa wa tlhotlhomiso --------------------------------------------------------- 8
1.3.1 Mokgwa wa go tlhalosa ---------------------------------------------------------- 8
1.3.2 Mokgwa wa go ranola ------------------------------------------------------------- 9
1.3.3 Mokgwa wa karologanyo ---------------------------------------------------------- 11
1.3.4 Tshosobanyo --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
1. 4 Mmotlolo wa boaneledi (Narratological model) --------------------------- 12
1.4.1 Diteng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
1.4.2 Thulaganyo ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
1.4.3 Setaele ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
1.4.4 Kakaretso ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 22
1.5 Tsamaiso ya dikgang ------------------------------------------------------------- 22

KGAOLO YA BOBEDI

2.1 Poletiki ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24

2.1.1 Matseno --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
2.1.2 Poletiki fa e lebagane le morafe --------------------------------------------------- 24
2.1.3 Poletiki fa e lebagane le puso ya batho ka batho ------------------------------- 25
2.1.4 Poletiki fa e lebagane le dikwalwa ----------------------------------------------- 26
2.1.4.1 Bakwadi ba Bophirima ----------------------------------------------------------- 26
2.1.4.2 Bakwadi ba Aforika --------------------------------------------------------------- 32
2.1.4.3 Bakwadi ba Aforikaborwa -------------------------------------------------------- 36
2.2 Kakaretso -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40

KGAOLO YA BORARO

3.1 Paka ya diterama tsa Setswana --------------------------------------------------- 41

3.1.1 Matseno ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
3.1.2 Paka ya 1930-1993 -------------------------------------------------------------------- 42
3.1.3 Bogosi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43
3.1.4 Tshosobanyo ya ditiragalo tsa sekwalwa --------------------------------------- 46
3.1.5 Thitokgang ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48
3.1.6 Thekeniki ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48

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3.1.6.1 Poko ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50

3.1.6.2 Mmuaesi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52
3.1.6.3 Ponelopele ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54
3.1.6.4 Poelomorago ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55
3.1.6.5 Mmuisano ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56
3.2 Kakaretso -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58

KGAOLO YA BONE

4.1 Paka ya 1994-1995 ------------------------------------------------------------------- 59

4.1.1 Matseno ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59
4.1.2 Tshosobanyo ya ditiragalo tsa sekwalwa ------------------------------------- 59
4.1.3 Thitokgang ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61
4.1.4 Dithekeniki ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61
4.1.4.1 Phetogotebelelo ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 62
4.1.4.2 Motifi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63
4.1.4.3 Dikaelaserala ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 64
4.1.4.4 Phokelelo ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 68
4.1.4.5 Papisanyo ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70
4.2 Kakaretso ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71

KGAOLO YA BOTLHANO

5.1 Paka ya 1995-2002 ----------------------------------------------------------------- 74

5.1.1 Matseno ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74
5.1.2 Tshosobanyo ya ‘Re tla opelela lefatshe la borrarona -------------------- 74
5.1.2.1 Thitokgang ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 76
5.1.2.2 Dithekeniki -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76
5.1.2.2.1 Kgelekiso -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77
5.1.2.2.2 Motifi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 78
5.1.2.2.3 Poelomorago ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 79
5.1.2.2.4 Papisanyo -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 80
5.1.2.2.5 Kakaretso -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 81
5.2 Tshosobanyo ya ‘Mantswe a lefifi a a lela’ --------------------------------- 81
5.2.1 Thitokgang ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 82
5.2.2 Dithekeniki ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 83
5.2.2.1 Matlhotlhapelo --------------------------------------------------------------------- 83
5.2.2.2 Tlogelo ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 85
5.3 Tshosobanyo ya ‘Tsela’ ----------------------------------------------------------- 86

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5.3.1 Thitokgang ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 88

5.3.2 Dithekeniki -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 88
5.3.2.1 Tlhakatlhakano ya ditiragalo ---------------------------------------------------- 88
5.3.2.2 Bokai ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 89
5.4 Kakaretso -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 91

KGAOLO YA BORATARO

6.1 Bokhutlo ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 93

6.2 Matseno --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 93
6.2.1 Kgaolo ya ntlha -------------------------------------------------------------------- 93
6.2.2 Kgaolo ya bobedi ------------------------------------------------------------------- 94
6.2.3 Kgaolo ya boraro ------------------------------------------------------------------- 95
6.2.4 Kgaolo ya bone -------------------------------------------------------------------- 95
6.2.5 Kgaolo ya botlhano ----------------------------------------------------------------- 96
7. Metlobo -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 98
8. Summary --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 110
Opsomming ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 112

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KGAOLO YA NTLHA

1.1 MATSENO

Willan mo go (Couzons le White 1984; 85) o tlhalosa gore:

It was the first time that one of Shakespare’s plays had been
translanted into any African language and published into book
form, and for this reason attracted some publicity from the
English-language press in South Africa.

Willan o bua fa diphetolelo tsa ga Shakespeare di nnile botlhokwa mo dipuong

tsa Bantsho ba Aforikaborwa. Kgang e, e netefatsa gore le mo Setswaneng go
nnile le diphetolelo tsa mofuta o.

Mo ditiragalong tsa bokwadi jwa diterama tsa Setswana, ngwaga wa 1930 e

nnile o o botlhokwa thata. Se, se dirwa ke go re Solomon Tshekiso Plaatje a ne
a fetolela Comedy of Errors ya ga Shakespeare mo Setswaneng, a bo a e bitsa
Diphosophoso. E ne ya phasaladiwa ke ba dikgatiso tsa Morija(Lesotho).
Thitokgang ya terama e, ke go tshwana ga mawelana mo go feteletseng go go
tlisang matshwenyego le mathata.

Morago ga phetolelo ya Diphosophoso mo Setswaneng, go nnile le diterama

tse dingwe tse di neng tsa kwalwa. Tlhotlhomiso e, e ya go lebelela diterama
tse di kwadilweng go tswa ka 1930 go ya go fitlha ka 2002. Go botlhokwa go
dira tlhotlhomiso ya mofuta o, ka gore re batla go lebelela dithitokgang tsa
diterama tse di kwadilweng pele ga boipuso jwa Aforikaborwa ka 1994, le
morago ga jone go fitlha ka 2002.

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Dingwaga tsa 1994 le 1995 e kete di itira molelwane wa go kgaoganya

dithitokgang tsa diterama tse di kwadilweng pele le morago ga tlhaolele.
Morago ga 1995 bakwadi ba diterama tsa Setswana ba ne ba tswelela pele ka
go kwala diterama tse dithitokgang tsa tsone di nyalanang le matshelo a bone.
Fa diterama tsa Setswana di ka lebelelwa sentle, go tla lemogwa gore e kete
boleng jwa bokwadi jwa diterama tsa segompieno bo kwa tlase ka maemo fa
bo bapisiwa le boleng jwa diterama tsa bogologolo.

Tlhotlhomiso e, e ya go leka go tlhagisa bothata jo.

1.2 MAIKAELELO

Maikaelelo a tlhotlhomiso e, ke go tlhagisa boleng jwa bokwadi go lebeletswe

poletiki mo diterameng tsa Setswana. Go tlhagisa boleng jwa diterama tsa
Setswana go totilwe thitokgang ya poletiki, tlhotlhomiso e, e ya go
kgaoganngwa ka dipaka tse tharo, e leng (a) paka ya 1930-1993, (b) paka ya
1994-1995, le (c) paka ya 1996-2002.

Se se yang go dirwa ke go bapisa thitokgang ya poletiki go ya ka fa e

tlhalosiwang ka teng, go ya ka dipaka tse tharo tse. Go tswelela pele go ya go
tlhophiwa terama e le nngwe mo pakeng nngwe le nngwe, ka jalo tlhaloso ya
terama nngwe le nngwe mo dipakeng tse tharo, e tla emela ditlhaloso tsa
diterama tsa dipaka tseo.

Pele ga moo, go tla lebelelwa basekaseki ba bangwe ba ba setseng ba dirile

ditlhotlhomiso mabapi le bosekaseki jwa diterama mo Setswaneng. Go
lemosegile fa batlhotlhomisi ba ba setseng ba sekasekile thitokgang ya poletiki
mo diterameng tsa Setswana ka tsenelelo go fitlha ga jaana e le ba le babedi

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fela, e leng Mogapi, K. le Shole, J.S. Se ga se reye gore ga go na ba bangwe ba

ba sekasekileng diterama tsa Setswana ka kakaretso.

Se se botlhokwa fa ke go lebelela ba ba sekasekileng ka leitlho le le ntšhotšho

thitokgang ya poletiki mo diterameng tsa Setswana.

1.2.1 Mogapi, K.: Tshekatsheko ya dikwalo: Motshameko (1985).

Mo tshekatshekong ya gagwe ya motshameko, Mogapi o lebeletse diterama di

le lesome le bone. Tshekatsheko e ya gagwe e lebagane le mefuta e meraro ya
diterama, e leng Matlhotlhapelo, Metlae le Seyalemowa. Mo mefuteng e
meraro e, thitokgang ya poletiki e tlhagelela mo motshamekong wa
matlhotlhapelo. Mo tlhotlhomising e, ga go ye go akaretsa mefuta e mengwe e
mebedi ka gore ga e amane le maikaelelo a tlhotlhomiso e.

Fa a sekaseka matlhotlhapelo o ama thitokgang ya poletiki ya bogosi. Diterama

tse a di dirisitseng go sekaseka bogosi le matlhotlhapelo ke MotswaseII (1945)
le Sekgoma I (1967) ka L.D. Raditladi; Magagana (1974) le Gareng ga metswi
(1967) ka D.M. Modise; Diphosophoso (1930) le Dintshontsho tsa boJuliuse
Kesara (1937) diphetolelo go tswa go W. Shakespeare ka S.T. Plaatje; Botsang
rre (1977) e le phetolelo ka G.S. Gaetsewe le Sebaga sa lorato, (1973) ka R.
Molomo.

Go bonala e kete Mogapi ga a lemoge fa bakwadi ba dibuka tse ba kwadile ka

dithitokgang di le pedi, ka gore ga go na fa a tlhalosang ka teng mabapi le se fa
a bua ka diterama tsa bone. Le fa go ntse jalo tshekatsheko ya ga Mogapi e
botlhokwa gonne e akareditse ditiragalo tsa diterama tseo mo go usang pelo.

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Go tswelela pele o gateletse maikaelelo a bakwadi ba diterama tseo, e leng

molaetsa wa matlhotlhapelo.

Le fa Mogapi a gateletse matlhotlhapelo fa a sekaseka diterama tsa bakwadi

ba, go botlhokwa go bua gore, o tlhalositse thitokgang ya poletiki a ipoteditse
ka a sa tlhamalatse ntlha e mo tlhotlhomisong ya gagwe. Maikaelelo a
tlhotlhomisi e, a farologana le a ga Mogapi ka gore ona a totile molaetsa wa
poletiki mo diterameng tse mmalwa tsa Setswana.

1.2.2 Shole, S.J.: Mefama ya diterama tsa Setswana

Mo bukeng ya Mefama ya diterama tsa Setswana (1988), Shole o sekasekile

diterama tsa Setswana di le robedi, e leng Motswasele II (1945), Sekgoma I
(1967) le Dintshontsho tsa lorato (1957) tsa ga L.D. Raditladi; Maragana
(1965), Gareng ga metswi (1967) le Magagana (1974) tsa ga D.M. Modise;
Pelo e ja serati (1965) le Pelo e ntsho (1972) tsa ga J.M. Ntsime. Mo
diterameng tse robedi tse, tlhotlhomiso e, e ya go lebelela di le tlhano tse di
lebaganeng le thitokgang ya poletiki ka maikaelelo a patlisiso e, e le go
sekaseka thitokgang ya poletiki mo diterameng tsa Setswana.

• Sekgoma 1 (1967).

Mo tshekatshekong ya gagwe ya Sekgoma I, Shole o gatelela thitokgang ya

poletiki. Mabapi le thulaganyo, o tlhalosa gore molaetsa ke wa dipheretlhego
tsa segosi le ntwa ya selegae. Kgotlhang e tlhagelela fa gare ga Phetlhu le
Bathoeng, ba ba lwantshang morwarraabone, e leng Sekgoma, kgosi ya
Bangwato. Kgotlhang e, e tlholwa ke kilo ya bobedi jo le megagaru ya go batla
gore e nne bone ba jang fela, ba tima ba bangwe.

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Mosekaseki o bua gore moterama o dirisitse kgotlhang eno go supa ka fa ntwa

ya selegae, e senyang botshelo jwa morafe ka teng, go sa lebelelwa gore a ke
ya bana ba mpa kgotsa ke ya batho ba motse fela.

• Motswasele II (1945)

Fa a sekaseka Motswasele II, Shole o tlhalosa fa molaetsa e le wa bogosi jo bo

sokameng, mme bo senolwa ke megagaru le borukutlhi. Motlhotlhomisi
yo, o tlhalosa fa borukutlhi mo bogosing bo tsalwa ke go se kgotsofale ga
morafe le go palelwa ke go itshokela makoa a kgosi a a tshwanang le
bogagapa, bopelotshetlha le go tlhokomologa tolamo. Kgotlhang e
tlhagelela fa gare ga baanelwabagolo, e leng Motswasele le Moruakgomo.
Jaaka thwadi ya poloto, Motswasele, o thulana le Moruakgomo moganetsi wa
gagwe. Maikaelelo a ga Moruakgomo ona e le go baakanya bogosi ka bo
sokame, mme keletso ya gagwe e le go tlisa tolamo ga mmogo le tshisibalo mo
motseng. Go tla lemogiwa gore Shole o tlhalosa poletiki ya segosi, e e leng
yona e tlhalosiwang ke Raditladi mo diterameng tsa Sekgoma I le Motswasele
II.

• Magagana (1967)

Mo thulaganyong ya Magagana, Shole o tlhalosa gore molaetsa ke wa bogosi

jo bo tletseng dipheretlhego, dipolaano ga mmogo le kilano e e tsalwang ke
selwelwa. Motlhotlhomisi o tlhalosa gore mo go Magagana ga go na
botsuolodi fa e se ntwa fa gare ga makawana a mabedi, e leng Molaodi le
Moilantwa. Mosekaseki o tlhalosa fa Molaodi e le ngwana wa ga Lerothodi, yo
o nnileng legatlapa le le se nang pelo ya boeteledipele. Shole o tlhalosa gore
Mohurutshe o abetse Molaodi selepe sa magagana ka taelo ya Badimo, e le
sekai sa fa a feta Moilantwa ka maemo a segosi. O tswelela ka go tlhalosa gore

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Moilantwa ke letlaleanya, le fa a ne a se kgakala le bogosi, ka mmaagwe a ne a

tswelwa ke bogadi, mme se, se raya gore ke ngwana wa ga Letsholo ka nyalo.

• Maragana (1965)

Mo tshekatshekong ya Maragana, Shole o tlhalosa fa ntlha ya botlhokwa mo

terameng e, e le ditlamorago tsa polao ya kgosi. Mosekaseki o tlhalosa fa
molaetsa e le wa bogosi jo bo bokoa, mme bo senolwa ke dipheretlhego, ga
mmogo le borukutlhi. Shole o bua gore kgosi e ka bolawa kgotsa ya
phatlalalelwa ke morafe fa e se na bonatla jwa phemedi le tlamedi.

Kgosi Mojabeng o bolawa ke Mosila ka thomo ya ga Lerothodi monnawe.

Kgotlhang e tlhagelela fa gare ga Mosila le Lerothodi, babolai ba kgosi,
kgankgolo e le gore bogosi bo tsewa ke mang. Kwa bofelong Mosila o bolaya
Lerothodi, ka e le sekgoreletsi mo bogosing jwa gagwe.

• Gareng Ga Metswi(1967)

Mo tshekatshekong ya Gareng ga Metswi, Shole o kaya fa kgosi mo terameng

e, e ne e nyatsega e bile e se na seriti. O tlhalosa fa molaetsa e le wa bogosi jo
bo bokoa, jo bo nang le dipheretlhego tse di tsalwang ke borukutlhi mme
di felela go na le dipolaano. Mosekaseki o tlhalosa gore kgosi Seemo o ne a
se na maitemogelo le maitsetsepelo a a neng a tlhokega mo moeteledipeleng
wa morafe.

Kgotlhang e tlhagelela fa gare ga kgosi le balekgotla ba motse, ba ba batlang

tolamo e boela mo bogosing. Go nna le dipheretlhego mo motseng, kgosi yone
e ja nala, mme batho ba sala ba bolaana. Ba bangwe ba tlhabana fa pele ga
gagwe. Mosekaseki o tlhalosa fa tse tsotlhe di supa fa Seemo a se na

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maikarabelo jaaka moeteledipele, mme a phatlalatsa morafe go nna

makgamukgamu.

Bangwe mo morafeng ba re Seemo a bolawe, mme bogosi bo neelwe setlogolo

sa gagwe, e leng Seate. Ba bangwe ba kgatlhanong le se ba tlhalosa fa a se na
epe kitso ka bogosi. Kgosi Seemo o bolawa mo ntweng ya go lolamisa bogosi.
Babolai ba gagwe jaaka mo go Maragana ba nna le mathata ka ba rukutlhile
thulaganyo ya segosi e e beilweng ke Badimo.

Go ya ka fa Shole a tlhalosang ka teng, go ka twe dibuka tse pedi tse, di a

tshwana ka thitokgang. Mo tshekatshekong ya gagwe ya Gareng ga Metswi o
akaretsa Maragana, a bo a ntsha molaetsa o o leng maphatamabedi, e leng
matlhotlhapelo le poletiki.

Mogapi le Shole ba sekasekile poletiki jaaka e lebagane le bogosi, mo

diterameng tsa Setswana tsa ga Modise, Ntsime, Raditladi le diphetolelo tsa ga
Plaatje. Bobedi jo, bo sekasekile thitokgang ya poletiki mo terameng ya
Motswasele II, e e lebaganeng le tlhotlhomiso e. Go farologana le bone,
tlhotlhomiso e, e ya go tlhokomela thitokgang ya poletiki, go lebeletswe ka fa
mokwadi a e tsweledisang ka teng a dirisa dithekeniki mo terameng e e
sekasekiwang.

Go tswelela pele tlhotlhomiso e, e ya go bapisa dithitokgang tsa poletiki mo

diterameng tsa Setswana go ya ka dipaka tse di farologaneng.

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1.3 MOKGWA WA TLHOTLHOMISO

Tlhotlhomiso e, e ya go dirisa mekgwa e le meraro, e leng go tlhalosa, go

ranola le karologantsho. Tlhaloso ya mekgwa e, e latela fa tlase ka
bokhutshwane.

1.3.1 Mokgwa wa go tlhalosa

Lazarus le Smith (1983: 83) ba re go tlhalosa ke go fa bokao mabapi le

sebopego sa selo se go buiwang ka ga sone gore se tlhaloganngwe sentle.
Serudu (1987: 25) ena a re:

Ke go tšweletša ka mantšu sebopego, seemo goba

kamano ya selo se tee le tše dingwe.

Ka mantswe a mangwe ‘kamano’ le ‘seemo’ ke tse dingwe tsa

dipharologantsho tse di botlhokwa tsa go tlhalosa. Serudu o tswelela ka go re
go tlhalosa go lebagane le go nyalana ga selo se se rileng le tse dingwe. Ka
jalo go na le pharologantsho e e amanyang dilo fa go tlhaloswa. Holman
(1936: 83) le Turco (1999: 126) bona ba amanya go tlhalosa ka go tsepamisa
mareo a a rileng go fitlhelela molaetsa o o rileng. Fa a oketsa se se buiwang
ke basekaseki ba ba fa godimo Shipley (1968: 92) o tswelela pele ka go re:

It generally contains certain sentences that supply, or stabilize

or clarify the meaning of some of its most important terms.

Kgatla (2000: 17) o fa pharologantsho ya go tlhalosa fa a re:

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Go hlalosa ke go fa polelo ye e tseneletsego ya selo, gwa

utollwa diphaphantsho tsa sona se sale se ikanegile molaleng.

Komati (2000: 3) o soboka dikakanyo tsa basekaseki ba ka go re:

Go tlhalosa ke go tlhagisa dipharologantsho, go

tsweletsa le go bonagatsa sebopego sa selo gore se
itsege.

1.3.2 Mokgwa wa go ranola

Fa a tlhalosa go ranola Rudolph (1954: 1) a re:

Interpreting is not the mere translation of words

from one language into the other, but it requires the
ability on the part of the interpreter to convey the
right meaning of what he interpretes.

Rudolph o tlhagisa gore thanolo ga e lebagane fela le go ranola puo e e rileng

go ya kwa go e nngwe, ka gonne mo dikwalweng e ka dirisiwa go tsweledisa
dikakanyo tse di bofitlha. Abrams (1981: 84) o tsweledisa kgang e pele fa a
re:

..to interprete a work of literature is to clarify the

meaning of its language by means of analysis,
paraphrase and commentary...to make clear the
meaning of the total literary work of which language
is the medium.

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Puo e, ya ga Abrams e bontsha botlhokwa jwa thanolo mo ditlhangweng. Fa

a oketsa Kgatla (2000: 18) o bua gore go ranola go lebagane le go sekaseka
dikakanyo tsa sekwalwa go supa fa se tlhaloganyesega.

Mo godimo ga moo, Harris (1992: 172), Fowler (1982: 47), Peck le Coyle
(1984: 145) ba atolosa dikakanyo tsa basekaseki ba ka go re go ranola go
lebagane le tlhaloso ya puo ya sekwalwa. Tejera (1995: 56) le Mampho (1995:
6) ba tsweledisa pele kgang e ka go senola botlhokwa jwa puo e ka go bo
lebaganya le mesola e e rileng ya dipharologantsho tsa selo se se rileng. Fa
Phala (1999: 6) a tlaleletsa se se buiwang ke boMampho a re:

Go hlatholla ke go gatelela mešomo ya diphapantšo tša

seo se hlalošwago gore se lemogwe bonolo.

Puo e ya ga Phala e tlhalosa gore go ranola go lebagane le tiro ya

dipharologantsho tsa selo se se tlhalosiwang. Mojalefa (2000:11) a soboka
kgang ya basekaseki ba ka go re go botlhokwa gore fa go sekasekwa dikwalwa,
mosekaseki a tlhaloganye mareo otlhe a tshekatsheko sentle gore a tle a kgone
go ranola ka bokgoni kwa ntle ga go dira diphoso.

Mo tlhotlhomisong e, mareo a mabedi a go tlhalosa le go ranola, a tsewa

jaaka mareo a a farologaneng. Kgang e, e tlhagisaa gore le fa mareo a, a ka
bonala e kete ke makaelagongwe, mo tlhotlhomisong e a ya go dirisiwa jaaka
dikakanyo tse di farologaneng, ka gonne go ya go tlhalosiwa mareo le go
ranola dikakanyo tse di lebaganeng le thitokgang ya poletiki mo diterameng
tsa Setswana.

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1.3.3 Mokgwa wa karologanyo

Meyers (1992: 260-262) o tlhalosa gore karologanyo ke tsela ya go

kgobokanya batho kgotsa dilo ka ditlhopha tse di tshwanang. Ditlhopha tse
di ka senola botsalano magareng ga batho kana dilo, e bile di ka go thusa go
rulaganya le go bapisa tshedimosetso e e rileng.

Shipley (1968: 62) ena a re bokwadi jaaka diponagalo tse dingwe, bo ka

rulaganngwa ka ditlhopha go ya ka go tshwana kgotsa go farologana ga
jona. Troyka (1993: 99) a re fa o arologanya, o kgobokanya go ya ka
thulaganyo nngwe. Ke go re ditlhopha ka go farologana ga tsona, di
tshwanetse tsa bopa setlhopha se le sengwe se se tshwanang, e bile se na le
dipharologantsho tse di utlwanang.

Mo tlhotlhomising e, go tlile go bapiswa thitokgang ya poletiki mo

diterameng tsa Setswana, ka go farologana. Diterama tse di tsamaelanang ka
molaetsa di tla wela mo setlhopheng se le sengwe fa tse dingwe di wela mo
setlhopheng sesele mme ditlhopha tsoopedi di tla bapisiwa. Go tlhophiwa le go
golaganngwa ga diterama dingwe go tla tswelela go fitlhela go bonwa
pharologano kgotsa kutlwano. Papiso e e ntseng jaana e tla laolwa ke pinagare
e e rileng, jaaka sebopego kgotsa mofuta wa setlhangwa.

1.3.4 Kakaretso

Go lemosegile go le botlhokwa go dirisa mekgwa e meraro mo tlhotlhomising

e go totilwe mokgwa wa go tlhalosa, mokgwa wa go ranola le mokgwa wa
karologanyo. Botlhokwa jwa go dirisa mekgwa e, bo tsamaelana le go

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tlhalosiwa ga mareo le go ranola dikakanyo tse di malebana le thitokgang ya

poletiki mo diterameng tse tharo tsa Setswana, tsa Motswasele II, Kaine le
Abele le Diterama tsa ga Zakes Mda. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe go lebilwe
le go arologanngwa ga dithitokgang tsa poletiki go ya ka dipaka tse tharo tsa
(a) paka ya 1930-1993, (b) paka ya 1994-1995, le (c) paka ya 1996-2002, go
tlhokometswe diterama tse tharo tse di umakilweng fa godimo.

1.4. MMOTLOLO WA BOANELEDI

Fa ba tlhalosa kgopolo ya boaneledi Onega le Landa (1996:1) ba re:

Narratology is etymologically, the science of narrative...a

multy-disciplinary study of narrative which negotiates and
incorporates the insights of many other critical discourses
that involve narrative forms of representation.

Puo e, e tlhagisa fa boaneledi bo lebagane le tsela ya go anela mefuta e e rileng

ya dikgang. Baldick (1990: 146), Cuddon 1992: 571) le Abrams (1999: 173) ba
tswelela ka go re boaneledi bo itebagantse le tatelano ya ditiragalo mo
setlhangweng, ke ka ntlha e go tshwanetsweng ga tlhokomelwa gore tiro e tona ya
mmotlolo o, e ikaegile ka bothekeniki jwa boanedi jo bo dirisiwang ke mokwadi,
go fitlhelela thuto e a batlang go e ruta mmuisi.

Tlhotlhomiso e, e ikaelela go dirisa mmotlolo wa tlhanolelo wa boaneledi e seng

mmotlolo wa boaneledi jaaka o itsege (ka go re mmotlolo o, o tlhalosa boaneledi ka
kakaretso). Se, se dirwa ka ntlha ya gore mmotlolo wa tlhanolelo o na le dikakanyo
tse di neelwang tlhokomelo fa go anelwa ditiragalo, go ya ka fa di tlhagelelang ka
teng mo matlalong a mararo a setlhangwa. Ke go re fa go sekasekwa diteng go
tsewa tsia setlhogo, fa mo letlhakoreng le lengwe go sekasekwa thulaganyo go
tlhokomelwa thitokgang, le go re fa go batlisisiwa letlalo la boraro, e leng setaele

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gone go tlhagisiwa maikutlo. Ka jalo, dikakanyo tse, di botlhokwa fa go dirisiwa

mmotlolo wa tlhanolelo wa boaneledi, go fitlhelela thitokgang ya poletiki mo
diterameng tsa Setswana.

Fa ba soboka kakanyo ya mmotlolo wa boaneledi Prince (1987:64), Hawthorne

(1992: 162), Culler (1997: 84), Peck le Coyle (2000: 193) ba re boaneledi bo
tlhalosa kanedi ya ditiragalo mo sekwalweng. Ke ka ntlha e go leng
botlhokwa go tlhalosa kakanyo e ka boleelenyana, go ya ka fa e lebaganeng le
sebopego sa sekwalwa ka teng.

Genette (1980: 27) le Strachan (1988:2) ba re setlhangwa se kgaogantswe ka

matlalo a mararo, e leng kgang (story) / ditiragalo (geskiedenis) kanelo
(narrative / verhaal), le boanedi (narration / teks). Mo letlhakoreng le lengwe
Groenewald (1993: 4), Marggraff (1994: 44) le Mojalefa (1995: 17) bone ba
bitsa matlalo a gore ke diteng (content), thulaganyo (plot) le setaele kgotsa
mokwalelo (Language and style).
Tlhotlhomiso e, e ikaelela go latela ka fa boGroenewald ba tlhalosang
matlalo a sekwalwa ka teng.

1.4.1 Diteng

Diteng ke letlalo la ntlha la sekwalwa. Fa a tsweledisa kgang e, Groenewald

(1993: 8) a re:

Letlalo la diteng ke ditaba ge di lemogwa ka botšona,

pele ga ge mongwadi a bolela/ngwala ka ga tšona pele
ga ge a di hlaloša.

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Se se tlhagisiwang ke Groenewald fa ke go re dikgang tsa diteng mokwadi

o di fitlhela di ntse di le teng fa a kwala setlhangwa sa gagwe. Ke ka ntlha e
go tshwanetsweng ga lemogwa gore dikgang tse tsa diteng ga se tlhamo ya
mokwadi mme bogolo o kwala ka maitemogelo a gagwe a botshelo.

Mojalefa (1994: 29) o oketsa kgang e ka go re:

Diteng ke ditaba ka moka tšeo di sego tsa rulaganywa

ke mongwadi. Ke ditaba tšeo mongwadi a rego ge a
ngwala sengwalo seo a hwetša di le gona mo historing
ya sengwalo seo, ka go realo ke gore diteng di ba gona
pele sengwalo se ka ngwalwa.

Puo e, e sa ntse e gatelela fa diteng e se leungo la tlhaloganyo ya mokwadi.

Shole (1991: 6) ena o di baya jaana:

Balebapopego ba re botlhami ga se diteng tsa

setlhangwa, ke mokgwa o diteng tseo di beilweng ka
teng.

Puo e ya ga Shole e lebagane le go baakanngwa ga dikgang tsa diteng. Ke

go re tiro ya mokwadi ke go baakanya kanedi gore e lebagane le maikaelelo a
gagwe, e seng go tlhama ditiragalo tse dintšhwa tsa diteng.

Dielemente tsa diteng go ya ka Komati (1999: 20) di kgaogantswe ka

dikarolo di le nne, e leng baanelwa, ditiragalo, nako le lefelo. Go ya go
tlhokomelwa mosola wa dielemente tse tsa diteng jaaka di le botlhokwa mo
letlalong le la ntlha la sekwalwa.

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Malimabe (1995: 17) ena o tlhalosa fa:

Baanelwa ba tiori ya diteng e le batho ba sekwalwa.

Ke bao Mogapi (1993: 14) a reng ba na le ditiro tse di rileng. Lebaka (1999:
23) o oketsa kgang e ka go re baanelwa ba, ba na le mokgwa o ba
amanang ka teng fa ba tshedisana mo sekwalweng, mme kamano e, e
laolwa ke setlhogo. Fa a lebaganya ditiragalo le diteng, Mojalefa (1997: 8)
a re:

Ditiragalo tše tša diteng di tlo lemogwa ge di latelana.

Gomme ditiragalo tšeo di kgethologanywa ka lebaka
la gore di a fetoga.

Puo e, e tlhalosa ditiro tsa ditiragalo tsa diteng, tse di lebaganeng le

botlhokwa jwa kanedi. Elemente e nngwe e e botlhokwa ya diteng ke nako.
Go ya ka Rimmon- Kenan (1983: 44) nako ya diteng e laola tatelano ya
ditiragalo, ke sone se e leng botlhokwa mo sekwalweng. Toolan (1988: 48)
ena a re mofuta o wa nako o a fetoga go ya ka ditiragalo tsa kanedi. Fa a
soboka tlhaloso ya elemente ya lefelo jaaka e lebagane le diteng, Thobakgale
(1999: 66) a re mafelo a, ke a a supang ditiragalo, e bile a botlhokwa ka a
laola go fetoga ga ditiragalo tsa diteng. Mo godimo ga moo a laolwa ke
setlhogo. Ke ka moo a leng botlhokwa fa go sekasekwa diteng tsa sekwalwa.

David (2000: 32) a re fa go sekasekwa diteng tsa sekwalwa go tshwanetswe

ga tlhokomelwa setlhogo ka se le botlhokwa. Fa a tlhalosa setlhogo Magapa
(1997: 11) o bua gore ke lefoko kgotsa polelwana e e akaretsang diteng tsa
sekwalwa. Go tsweledisa kgang e Serudu (1989: 43) a re ke kgang e
mokwadi a kwalang kgotsa a buang ka yona. Mojalefa o oketsa ka go re:

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Sererwa ke sona se kgokaganyago ditiragalo tša diteng

gore e be selo se tee.

Puo e ya ga Mojalefa e tlhalosa fa tshekatsheko ya diteng e tsamaelana

thata le tiriso ya setlhogo ka e le sone se tshwaraganyang dikgang tsa diteng
go nna seoposengwe. Ke go re fa mokwadi a batla go kwala kanedi e e rileng,
setlhogo se nna le seabe se se botlhokwa fa go tlhophiwa ditiragalo tse a
ikaelelang go kwala ka ga tsona. Lotman (1968: 1211) a re setlhogo se
botlhokwa ka gonne se lemotsha mmuisi mofuta wa diteng tsa
setlhangwa. Marggraff (1994: 61) o wetsa kgang e ka go re:
It is this topic which is of vital importance to the story
level; and which exerts influence into two
directions:vertically it determines the four elements of
level one; and horizontally it establishes connections.

Botlhokwa jwa setlhogo bo tsamaelana le (a) kgolagano ya dielemente tse

nne tsa diteng, e leng baanelwa, ditiragalo, nako le lefelo le (b) go
bonagatsa kgolagano ya ditiragalo tsa diteng. Ke ka ntlha e Groenewald
(1993:8-9) a akaretsang tiro ya setlhogo ka go re se golaganya ditiragalo, se
laola ditiragalo, se laola tikologo, se laola mo dikgang tsa sekwalwa di
simologang le mo di felelang teng, le gore se lemosa mmuisi
baanelwabagolo le ditiragalokgolo tsa setlhangwa.

Fa go sekasekwa diteng go tshwanetswe ga tlhokomelwa dielemente tse nne

tsa diteng jaaka baanelwa, ditiragalo, nako le lefelo ka e le tsona di bopang
sekwalwa. Setlhogo le sona ke karolo e e botlhokwa ya diteng ka gonne se
tlhopha ditiragalo tse di botlhokwa tse di tsamaelanang le kgang e go
buiwang kgotsa go kwalwang ka ga yone.

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1. 4. 2 Thulaganyo

Go ya ka Masote (2001: 17) thulaganyo ke letlalo la bobedi la sekwalwa.

Fa ba tlhalosa letlalo le, Ntsime le Kruger (1993: 403) ba re:

Ke thulaganyo kgotsa tatelano e mo go yona ditiragalo tsa

tiro ya bokwadi di golaganngwang ka botswerere ka teng.

Puo e, e tlhalosa tatelano le kgolagano ya ditiragalo fa go sekasekwa

setlhangwa. Ditiragalo tse di diragalang go ya ka Cohen (1973:15) le Tejera
(1995:200) di diragadiwa ke baanelwa ka gonne ke bona motswedi wa
ditiragalo. Gordon (1973: 18) ena o tswelela ka go re:

…characters ordinarily act out major events, and these

events are usually connected to cause and effect relations.

Gordon o nitamisa botlhokwa jwa baanelwa ka a re ke bona ba

golaganyang lebaka la tatelano ya ditiragalo mo setlhangweng. Machiu
(1994: 64) o oketsa ka go re baanelwa ba diragatsa ditiragalo tseo mo
tikologong e e rileng. O tswelela ka go re nako le lefelo di na le seabe se
segolo mo thulaganyong ya dikgang tsa setlhangwa. Groenewald (1991:
22) ena o bua fa dikgang tsa thulaganyo di rulaganngwa gore di lebagane
le maikaelelo a mokwadi, e bile dikgang tse di fiwa tiro ka go di
golaganya le thitokgang.

Malambane (2002: 47) o tlhalosa fa thitokgang e le botlhokwa mo

thulaganyong ya dikgang gonne ke yona e baakanyang ditiragalo tsa
sekwalwa go nna seoposengwe. Go ya ka Mogapi (1982:40) kgolagano e, e

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lebagane le thuto e mokwadi a batlang go e abelana le mmuisi wa sekwalwa

sa gagwe. Fa ba netefatsa kgang e Heese le Lawton (1979: 97) ba re:

The theme is the central idea, the basic issue with which the
novelist or playwright is concerned, and on which he
comments through the medium of the story.

Puo e, e sedimosa fa thitokgang e le kakanyokgolo e ditiragalo tsa

setlhangwa di thaetsweng mo go yona. Kgankgolo e, go ya ka Mosehla
(2000: 24), ke maikaelelo a mokwadi. Ke go re fa mokwadi a kwala
setlhangwa o batla go ruta mmuisi thuto e e rileng. Msimang (1986: 133) le
Meyer (1987: 185) bona ba re ke tlhale e e tshwaraganyang dintlha tse di
botlhokwa tsa setlhangwa jaaka thulaganyo, setlhogo, baanelwa ka di
bopetswe mo go ona. Mabapi le se Turco (1991: 53) o tiisa ka go re go
tshwanetswe ga tlhokomelwa dielemente tsa kanedi ka e le tsona di
tshegetsang kanelo.

Komati (2000: 14) o tlhalosa gore thitokgang e na le mosola o mogolo thata

mo sekwalweng. Brooks le Warren (1979: 178) ba soboka megopolo ya
basekaseki ba ka go re fa go se na thitokgang mo setlhangweng ke mokang
go se nang kgang gotlhelele.

Go ka sobokwa ka go re fa mokwadi a rulaganya ditiragalo tsa sekwalwa go

tsamaelana le maikaelelo a gagwe, go buiwa ka thulaganyo. Ka jalo fa go
sekasekwa thulaganyo go botlhokwa go ela tlhoko thitokgang ka go re ke
yona e golaganyang ditiragalo tsa thulaganyo go nna selo se le sengwe

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1. 4. 3 Setaele

Fa ba tlhalosa setaele Watts (1996: 105) le Mohlala (1999: 26) ba re ke ka fa

mokwadi a supang matsetseleko le bokgoni jwa tiriso ya puo fa a
rulaganya dikgang tsa setlhangwa sa gagwe ka teng. Serudu (1989: 33) ena o
tlhalosa ka go re:

Ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a tšweletšago dikgopolo tsa

gagwe ka gona. O dira bjalo ka go kgetha mantšu le
go a beakanya ka mafoko a tanyago mmadi a nago le
mošito.

Kinolo e, e tlhalosa fa puo e le karolo e e botlhokwa thata e mokwadi a e

dirisang go tsweledisa pele tiro ya gagwe ya bokwadi. Ke go re mokwadi o
dirisa mafoko a a lebaganeng le maikutlo a a rileng go bonagatsa se a
batlang go se abelana le mmuisi. Cuddon (1967: 872) o tswelela ka go re:

The analysis and assessment of style involves the

examination of the writer’s choice of words, his figures
of speech (the devices, rhetorical and otherwise), the
shape of his paragraphs, indeed of every conceivable
aspect of his language and the way in which he uses it.

Ntle le tiriso ya mafoko Cuddon o tlhagisa dithekeniki tse dingwe tse di

senolang setaele, e leng dikapuo, kgelekiso, sebopego sa ditemana, go
akarediwa le tiriso ya puo ka kakaretso. Cohen (1973: 4) o tswelela pele go

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fa dipharologantsho tse dingwe tsa setaele ka go di lebaganya le dithekeniki

tse di rileng ka go re:

Style is an author’s choice of words and their

arrangement in various patterns of syntax, imagery,
rhythm. This arrangement of words constitute the
author’s imaginative thoughts, emotions, situations or
characters he chooses to create and communicate.

Dithekeniki tse dingwe tse Cohen a di senolang ke paterone ya thulaganyo

ya puo, puo ya botshwantshi le moribo. O tlhopha baanelwa ba ba rileng
go rulaganya dikgang tsa thulaganyo, ka maikaelelo a go bonagatsa
maikutlo le molaetsa mo setlhangweng. Mojalefa (1995: 40) o tlhagisa ntlha
e nngwe e e botlhokwa e e lebaganeng le setaele ka go di baya jaana:

Ge go ahlaahlwa mongwalelo go tlo lemogwa polelo, ke gore

polelo e bohlokwa ka gobane mongwalelo o theilwe godimo
ga polelo. Ke yona polelo yeo e tiišago moko wa ditaba.

Ka puo mokwadi o kgona go tsweledisa thuto e a batlang mmuisi a ithuta

yona. Thuto e, o e nyalanya le maikutlo a mokwadi. Groenewald (1993: 29) a
re setaele ke:

Maikutlo a mongwadi mabapi le taba ye a e bolelago, a e

hlalošago a sepedisana le khuduego. Ke ka lebaka leo re
rego, polelo e tšwetša khuduego pele.

Groenewald o tlhalosa gore maikutlo ke karolo e e botlhokwa fa go

sekasekwa setaele sa mokwadi. Marggraff (1996: 49) o tshegetsa

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Groenewald ka go re puo ke karolo e nnye ya setaele fa e bapisiwa le

maikutlo, ka go re mokwadi o dirisa puo go supa khuduego e e rileng.

Go ka wetswa ka go re setaele se tlhalosiwa ke puo le maikutlo. Fela go ya

ka Mojalefa (1995: 40) puo ke karolo e nnye ya setaele fa e bapisiwa le
khuduego. O tswelela pele ka go re setaele ga se laole dikapolelo fela, se
laola le khuduego le maikutlo tse di tsweletsang thitokgang.
1. 4. 4 Tshosobanyo

Mmotlolo wa boaneledi o botlhokwa mo tlhotlhomisong ya

lokwalotlhotlhomiso lo, ka gonne o lebagane le boaneledi. Boaneledi bo
tlhalosa matlalo a mararo a sekwalwa, e leng diteng, thulaganyo le setaele.
Tlhaloso ya matlalo a mararo, e botlhokwa malebana le tshekatsheko ka gonne
tlhaloso ya thitokgang ya poletiki mo diterameng tse di tlhophilweng tse tharo
go ile go dirisiwa mmotlolo wa tlhanolelo wa boaneledi o o buang ka ga
matlalo a mararo.

1. 5 TSAMAISO YA DIKGANG

Mo kgaolong ya ntlha, matseno a tlhalosa gore dingwaga tsa 1994 le 1995 di itirile
molelwane o o kgaoganyang dithitokgang tsa diterama tse di kwadilweng pele le
morago ga Tlhaolele.

Mabapi le maikaelelo go tlhalositswe fa basekaseki ba ba setseng ba sekasekile

thitokgang ya poletiki, maikaelelo a bona a farologane le a tlhotlhomiso e, ka
gonne ba e sekasekile ka kakaretso. Tlhotlhomiso e, e ya go sekaseka

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thitokgang ya poletiki go lebeletswe ka fa mokwadi a e tsweledisang ka teng a

dirisa dithekeniki tse di farologaneng.

Malebana le mokgwa wa tlhotlhomiso go senotswe fa go tlhophilwe mekgwa e

le meraro ya tlhotlhomiso, e leng mokgwa wa go tlhalosa, mokgwa wa go
ranola le mokgwa wa karologanyo. Botlhokwa jwa go tlhopha mekgwa e, bo
lebagane le tlhaloso ya mareo le thanolo ya dikakanyo tse di lebaganeng le
mathata a tlhotlhomiso e. Fa ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe go ya go
arologanngwa dithitokgang tsa poletiki go ya ka dipaka tse tharo.
Fa go tlhalosiwa mmotlolo wa boaneledi go gateletswe botlhokwa jwa
sebopego sa sekwalwa fa se lebagane le matlalo a mararo. Ka tsela e
mmotlolo wa boaneledi o bonagetse o le mosola o mogolo mo tlhalosong le
tshekatshekong ya thitokgang ya poletiki mo tlhotlhomisong e.

Kgaolo ya bobedi e tlhalosa poletiki ka kakaretso. Ke go re kamano ya

poletiki le morafe, ga mmogo le puso ya batho ka batho le dikwalwa.

Kgaolo ya boraro e theilwe mo godimo ga tshekatsheko ya terama ya

Motswasele II (1945) ka L.D. Raditladi, e e emetseng paka ya ntlha, e leng
ya 1930-1993 go lebeletswe bogosi, thitokgang le dithekeniki tse di
dirisitsweng mo sekwalweng.

Mabapi le kgaolo ya bone go sekasekilwe terama ya Kaine le Abele (1995) ka

G. Mokae, e e emetseng paka ya bobedi, e leng ya 1994-1995, go
itebagantswe le tshosobanyo ya ditiragalo tsa setlhangwa, thitokgang le
dithekeniki tse di dirisitsweng ke mokwadi.

Kgaolo ya botlhano e itebaganya le tshekatsheko ya paka ya boraro, 1996-

2002, e e emetsweng ke diteramakhutshwe tsa ga Zakes Mda, e leng ‘Re tla

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opelela lefatshe la borraarona’, ‘Mantswe a lefifi a a lela’ le ‘Tsela’. Go

tswelela pele go tla bo go lebelelwa tshosobanyo ya ditiragalo tsa setlhangwa,
thitokgang le dithekeniki tse di dirisitsweng mo setlhangweng.

Kgaolo ya borataro e lebagane le bokhutlo jwa dikgang tsa tlhotlhomisi e.

Ke go re go ya go sosobanngwa dikgaolo tse tlhano tsa tlhotlhomisi e.

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KGAOLO YA BOBEDI

2.1 POLETIKI

2.1.1 Matseno

Go ya go tlhalosiwa poletiki, ka go tlhokomela ka fa e amang dintlha tse

di latelang ka teng:

• Poletiki fa e lebagane le morafe.

• Poletiki fa e lebagane le puso ya batho ka batho.
• Poletiki fa e lebagane le dikwalwa

2.1.2 Poletiki fa e lebagane le morafe

Fa ba bua ka poletiki, Osbourne le Barry (1996: 38) ba re e ka

tlhalosiwa ka matlhakore a le mararo, e leng a merero ya puso, a merero
ya botshelo e e tshwanang le ekonomi, boloago, bodumedi le mabapi le
ditheo tsa poletiki. Ponton le Gill (1988: 6) ba tsweledisa kgang e ka go
re poletiki ga e amane le puso fela, mme e amana le merero e mengwe
ya botshelo ka bophara. Ke ka ntlha e Collin (1988: 210) a reng poletiki
ke mokgwa o maphata otlhe a mmuso a amanang le ditlhopha tsa
sepoletiki go busa setšhaba ka teng.

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Bogdanor (1991: 482) o tsweledisa kgang e pele ka go re poletiki e

amana le maatla le dikakanyo tse di rileng, ka gonne e ikaelela go tsaya
le go diragatsa ditshwetso dingwe. Scrutton (1996: 425) mo ntlheng e, a
re:

The goal of politics is to create the public realm in

which individuals can exist freely side by side…

Poletiki e lebagane le go ruta setšhaba gore se tshele ka kgololesego. Go

ya ka Axford, Browning, Huggins, Rosamond le Turner (1997: 172)
kgololesego ke kgopolo e e rotloetsang tirisanommogo fa gare ga batho.
Dunner (1964: 198) o oketsa a re:

Conceptually the right to express one’s personal

opinion on matters of public concern, as a necessary
part of the democratic process.

Puo e, e tlhagisa gore kgololosego ke karolo e e botlhokwa ya puso ya

batho ka batho.

2.1.3 Poletiki fa e lebagane le puso ya batho ka batho

Dunner (1964: 198) o tlhalosa gore poletiki e akaretsa tshiamelo ya go

bua mafatlha a gago mabapi le dikakanyo tse di amang morafe, ka ntlha
ya fa e le tlhokego ya karolo ya tirego ya temokerasi. Wiechers (1989:
58) ena a re puso ya temokerasi e tshwanetse ya sireletsa ditshiamelo tsa
batho, matshelo a bona ga mmogo le ditshiamelo tsa bona tsa go bouta
le kgololesego. Scrutton (1996: 425) o oketsa ka go re poletiki e
tsamaelana le kgololesego, ka e le karolo ya temokerasi. White (1947:

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87) o tsweledisa kgang e ka go re mo pusong ya mofuta o, go tsaya

ditshwetso go mo diatleng tsa bontsi jwa batho. Sifumba (2003: 21) o
atolosa kgang e ka go re mo temokerasing ya Seaforika, tiro ya kgosi e
farologana le ya ba mafatshe a bophirima. O tswelela ka go re kgosi
mo Aforika ga se mmusi fela, ke ene molomo wa morafe, ka a abetswe
maatla go dira thato ya setšhaba ke setšhaba ka bosona.

2.1.4 Poletiki fa e lebagane le dikwalwa

Fa go ya go tlhalosiwa poletiki mo dikwalweng, mme go ya go tlhokomelwa

ka fa e tlhalosiwang ka teng ke bakwadi ba: (a) Bophirima, (b) Aforika le (c)
Aforikaborwa.

2.1.4.1 Bakwadi ba bophirima

George Orwell o kwadile dipadi di le pedi, e leng Animal farm (1945) le

Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). Meyers (1975: 49) a re mo godimo ga
moo a bo a kwala mofutakwalwa wa lokwalo lwa moikwadi, lokwalo
lwa tshekatsheko ya dikwalwa, lokwalo lwa thitokgang ya
sepoletiki, lokwalo lwa sosioloji le le lengwe ka ga dingwao. O
tswelela ka go re dikwalwa tsa gagwe di lebagane le pusaesi, e bile ke
ponelopele ya padi ya Nineteen eighty-four. Tse di buang ka poletiki
tsona ke tse di latelang: The prevention of literature, writers and
Leviathan, Politics and The English Language, James Burnham, The
managerial Revolution le Looking Back On the Spanish War. Dikwalwa
tse tsotlhe tse di bua ka poletiki mo matshelong a batho ba bophirima.
Go ya go tlhokomelwa ka fa bakwadi ba bangwe ba senolang ka mo
George Orwell a kwalang ka ga poletiki ka teng.

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Kirkpatrick (1991: 1462) o tlhalosa gore Animal Farm (1945) ke naane

ka ga tsosoloso kana jona botsuolodi jwa Marašia mo pusong ya ga
Stalin. O tswelela pele gore mokwadi o dirisitse diphologolo jaaka
baanelwa go fitlhelela maikaelelo a gagwe a a lebaneng le tshenolo ya
kgogedi. Ke go re fa dikgang tsa poletiki di tlhalosiwa ka leitlho la
phologolo di nna le maatla, go gaisa fa di tlhalosiwa ka leitlho la setho.
Ke ka ntlha e a dirisang diphologolo mo pading ya gagwe.

Fa a totobatsa kgang e, Rai (1988: 14) a re Orwell o dirisa dikolobe

jaaka baanelwa ba bagolo, ka gonne di lebagane le boeteledipele jo bo
rileng mabapi le go tlhola tsosoloso. Rai (op.cit.) o oketsa ka go bua
gore diphologolo tse Orwell a di dirisang ke dikai. Dikai tse di emela
moeteledipele wa batsuolodi, e leng Napoleon. O tswelela ka go re
Orwell o dirisa Napoleon jaaka moanelwa yo mogolo, e bile e le
moeteledipele wa sesole.

Shelden (1991: 438) o ruma dikgang tsa padi e ka go re dintlo tsa kgaso
di le nne kwa Engelane di ganne go phasalatsa Animal Farm, ka ba ne
ba dumela fa e tletse poletiki, e bile e ka tsosa dikgaruuru.

Mokwadi yo mongwe wa diterama tse di buang ka ga poletiki ke

Shakespeare. Tennenhouse mo go (Dollimore le Sinfield 1985; 112) o
tlhalosa gore mo terameng ya A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1596),
Shakespeare o dirisa kereke go rotloetsa ditumelo tsa ga Elizabeth tse di
lebaganeng le kgatelelo ya balatedi ba dikgosi. Ke go re kereke e na le
seabe se segolo go dira gore phuthego e dumele fa dikgosi di tswa mo
Modimong. O gatelela gore Shakespeare o tlhotlheletswa ke ditumelo
tsa paka eo go kwala diterama tsa gagwe tsa ditiragalo, tsa masetlapelo

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le tsa mmuso wa Roma, ka gore ditiragalo tsa teng di diragetse pele ga

puso ya ga Elizabeth.

Mo terameng e e bidiwang Richard 2 (1595) ya ga Shakespeare, Ngara

(1987: 3) o bua gore ditumelo tse tsa Maesimane di gatelela fa
motlhanka a sa letlelesege go tsuolola kgatlhanong le moeteledipele wa
gagwe, ka se, se ka kgoreletsa tolamo, sa ba sa tsosa dikgaruuru.

Fa a sekaseka terama ya Macbeth (1606), Duthie (1951: 43) o oketsa

kgang e ka go re motlhanka yo o kgatlhanong le kgosi ya gagwe o tlhola
tlhakatlhakano, e bile o supa maitsholo a a sa tlwaelesegang. Cooksen
le Loughrey (1988: 15) ba re Macbeth mo terameng ya Macbeth o ka bo
a sa tsaya bogosi mo go Duncan, ka gore go dira se ke gona go tlisitseng
tlhakatlhakano kwa Scotland, mme maemo a ne a boela mannong fela
go sena go busediwa wa losika lwa ga Duncan mo setulong.

Mo terameng ya Julius Caesar (1599), Traversi (1963; 58) o tlhalosa

gore bapusotharo ba buisana ka matshelo a batho o ka re ba bua ka
diphologolo. O tswelela ka go re ba bua ka go fedisa loso ba sa kgale
mathe ganong. O gatelela gore matshelo a balatedi mo dikgosing ga se
sepe.

Mendelson le Riley (1976: 476) ba tlhalosa gore mo pading ya Third life

of Grange Copeland (1970), Alice Walker o bua ka ga losika lwa
Bathobantsho kwa Georgia, ba bogisiwa ke Basweu, e bile e le
batswasetlhabelo sa tshotlo, ka ntlha ya fa ba latlhegetswe ke go itlotla.
Watkins (1974:170) o oketsa kgang e ka go re mo pading e, mokwadi o
tlhagisa Bantsho ba Amerika go intsha mo kgatelelong ka go ikemela ka
dinao ba nna le maikarabelo ka ga matshelo a bona.

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Mo terameng ya Meridian (1976) go ya ka Strout (1990: 205) Alice

Walker o dirisa Meridiana jaaka molwantshiwa, e bile e le motsuolodi
wa sepoletiki. Meridiana o simolola go tsena kereke morago ga polao ya
kgosi, mme o lemoga fa kereke e fetogile lefelo la bokopanelo jwa
dikgang tsa sepoletiki. Ke ka ntlha e a nnang kgatlhanong le maemo a, a
dikgang.

Mo pading ya The Handmaid’s Tale (1985), e e kwadilweng ke

Margaret Atwood, mokwadi wa dipadi wa Canada, Mendez-Egle (1987:
193) o tlhalosa fa mokwadi a itebagantse le maatla a sepoletiki. Ke go re
ka fa a amang matshelo a batho ka teng, mabapi le pusoesi. Rigney
(1987: 104) o tlhalosa kgang e ka go re mo pading e, mokwadi o supa
mefuta yotlhe ya maatla, e leng a mmusaesi, kgatelelo, tshotlo le
boganka. Go ya ka Rao (1993: 15-16), babusaesi ba dirisa sekeresete go
gatelela morafe, segolo thata basadi. Hammer (1990: 40), o oketsa
kgang e ka go re kgatelelo e ya basadi e rotloediwa ke Beibele. O
tswelela ka go re mo go The Handmaid’s Tale, mokwadi o sotla
baefangele ba setheo sa sekeresete, ka gonne ba sa sireletse basadi, ba
ipata ka go re ba latela molao wa Beibele.

Van Vuuren (1997: 182) o ruma dikgang tsa padi e fa a ama ntlha ya
phokelelo ya ditumelo tsa mafatshe a mangwe, go ya ka fa e
tlhagisiwang ke Atwood ka teng. O gatelela gore pusoesi le boitsheko di
rotloetsa kgatako ya ditshwanelo tsa batho.

Mokwadi yo mongwe wa dipadi tse di nang le poletiki ke Paul Nizan

wa Mofora. Brosman (1988: 72) o tlhalosa gore mo pading ya gagwe ya
Aden Arabie (1931) mokwadi yo, o eletsa go bona diphetogo le kgololo

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mo baaging ba ba gateletsweng ke bomakgorwane ba Mafora. O

tswelela ka go re bomakgorwane ba, ba dirisa boganka go tlhasela le go
bolaya badiri ba maemo a a kwa tlase, ka ntlha ya fa puso e ema le
bona, e bile e sa bone molato mo dipolaong tse. Kepos le DiMauro
(1991: 287) ba tlhagisa fa Aden Arabie e gatelela ditumelo tsa ga Marx,
e bile e supa phediso ya tlhaolele le kgatako ya ditshwanelo tsa botho.

Kunitz (1955: 208) o tsweledisa kgang e ka go re mo pading ya La

Conspirasie (1938), mokwadi o itebagantse le bogatlapa jwa barutegi ba
ba palelwang ke go ema kgatlhanong le baeteledipele ba bona, mabapi
le kgatako ya ditshwanelo tsa badiri, gammogo le tlhaolele.

Heinrich Mann ke mokwadi wa Mojeremane wa ditlhamo,

dikgankhutshwe le dipadi tsa sepoletiki. Henderson (1995: 776) o
tlhalosa fa mo ditlhangweng tsa gagwe, jaaka Voltaire-Gothe, Gest Und
Tat (1910) le Zola (1915), mokwadi a le kgatlhanong le tirisobotlhaswa
ya maatla ke baeteledipele ka nako ya ntwa ya ntlha ya lefatshe.

Hamilton (1978: 168) o netefatsa kgang e ka go re ditlhangwa tse, di

gatelela fa baagi ba Jeremane ba ne ba patikega go ikemela ka dinao go
batla nnete, mabapi le dipholo tsa ntwa. A re go mo maruding a baagi
go batla kagiso, molao le tolamo. Morago ga go phasaladiwa ga
ditlhangwa tse, Mann o ne a kojwa kwa Jeremane ka go ne go twe
dikwalwa tse tsa gagwe di butse baagi ba Majeremane matlho, fa go
bapisiwa le ditiragalo tsa ntwa. Ke teng mo ntweng yona e, ya Ntlha ya
Lefatshe mo Majeremane a neng a tsogelela kgatlhanong le puso mme
ba feleletsa ba ile botshabelo kwa Fora.

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Go ya ka Banuls (1971: 17) padi e e bidiwang Der Untertan (1918) e

lebagane le kgatelelo, bogagapa le botlhanka. Mo pading e, mokwadi o
senola botlhaswa le bogagapa jwa morafe wa ga Wilhemina kwa
Jeremane. Se, se ne sa dira gore padi e, e phasaladiwe fela morago ga
ntwa ya ntlha ya lefatshe e ya bokhutlong, morago ga go ntshiwa mo
pusong ga Wilhemina le balelapa la gagwe.

Basekaseki ba ba sekasekileng bokwadi jwa ditlhangwa tsa bophirima,

ba bua fa bakwadi ba ditlhangwa tsa bophirima ba akaretsa le
thitokgang ya poletiki. mo botshelong mo bokwading jwa bona e bile ba
re yona thitokgang e, e botlhokwa mo botshelong jwa bona.Le mo
Setswaneng go bonagetse jalo fa thitokgang ya poletiki mo diterameng
tsa Setswana e le botlhokwa mme tlhotlhomisi e, e ikaelela go bona ka
fa bakwadi ba diterama tsa Setswana ba ka tswang ba farologana le
bakwadi ba diterama tsa bophirima ka teng.

2.1.4.2 Bakwadi ba Aforika

Buchi Emecheta ke mokwadi wa dipadi tsa sepoletiki wa Nigeria. Go ya

ka Fishburn (1995: 93) padi ya gagwe (Emecheta) ya The Slave Girl
(1977) e kanoka ka ga bokgoba. O tswelela ka go re e rile Ojebeta, e
leng moanelwamogolo wa padi e, a le dingwaga di le thataro a rekisiwa
ke Okolie, e leng kgaitsadie, mo go Mapalagada, mogwebi yo o maatla
wa ka ga makgoba.

Taiwo (1984: 109) o tsweledisa kgang e pele ka go re The Slave Girl e

ikaegile ka maikaelelo le dikgatlhego tsa ga Okolie, yo ka ntlha ya
bopelotshetlha a rekisitseng monnawe gore a tle a kgone go duela
sekoloto se o neng a se dirile. Go ya ka Stratton (1994: 119) setso sa

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Maibo se ne se letlelela bokgoba, ka e ne e le motswedi wa badiri ba ba

sa reng sepe, mme gona e le yona tsela ya go duela molato o o neng o ba
eme pele.

Mokwadi yo mongwe wa dipadi tsa sepoletiki ke Armah wa Ghana.

Griffiths (2000: 158) o tlhalosa fa padi ya Two Thousand Seasons
(1973) e bua ka ga tshotlego ya Bathobantsho, mo pusong ya
Makoloniale. O tswelela ka go re Armah o ne a tshwentswe ke go nna le
seabe ga Maaforika mo kgwebong ya makgoba, kgaratlhong le
dintweng tsa selegae. Klein (1988: 68) ena mo go yona padi e, a re
Armah o ne a latofatsa bamafatshe a bophirima go ja Aforika ntsoma. O
ba tlhalosa e le dibatana le disenyi tse di tsereng dikungwa tsa
kontinente ya Aforika, gammogo le go gapa ka dikgoka baagi ba teng
go ba isa bokgobeng, ba sa lebelela dipholo tsa ditiro tsa bona.

O tswelela ka go re mokwadi o kgala Bathobantsho ba Aforika ba ba

etsisang batho ba bophirima, ba bo ba sala mekgwa le ditsela tsa bona
morago. O ba rotloetsa go busetsa setso le ngwao ya bona, ka go le
mosola mo thutong ya bana ba bona.

Mmoki yo mongwe yo o kwalang ka poletiki mo mabokong a gagwe ke

Okot p’Bitek wa Uganda. Popkin (1978: 1562) o tlhalosa gore mo
ditlhangweng tse di bidiwang Africa’s Cultural Revolution (1973),
mokwadi o kwadile ka ga Kgaratlho ya Maaforika, e maikaelelo a yona,
e neng e le go fedisa kgatelelo ya Bantsho ke batho ba bophirima le go
tsosolosa ngwao ya baagi ba Aforika. O tswelela ka go re go kgona go
fitlhelela maikaelelo a, p’Bitek a re Maaforika a tshwanetse a ipatla a bo
a ipatlisisa, fela jaaka ba kgonne go fedisa bokgoba jwa bokoloniale.

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Zell, Bundy le Coulon (1983: 200) ba tsweledisa kgang e ka go re

leboko la ga p’Bitek le le bidiwang ‘Song of Prisoner’ (1971) ke tshotlo
ka ga tsenelelo ya dipoletiki kwa botlhaba jwa Aforika ka 1970, di
rotloediwa ke batho ba mafatshe a bophirima. Ba tswelela ka go re
mmoki o bona go le botlhokwa go menola puso ya baeteledipele ba ba
emeng nokeng tlhaolele le kgatelelo, ka ba tsweledisa dikgatlhego tsa
batho ba mafatshe asele.

Ngugi (1986: 29) a re gore matshelo a batho ba Aforika a fetoge, go bo

go nne le tswelelopele, baagi ba teng ba tshwanetse go itlhotlhora
mekgwa ya bokoloniale. O tswelela ka go re go kgona go dira jalo, ba
tshwanetse ba kwala ka dipuo tsa bona, gore ba tle ba kgone go
tsosolosa ngwao ya bona le go kgaratlhela kgololesego. Methula (1994:
11) o netefatsa kgang e ka go re:

The Kenyan writer and literacy scholar Ngugi Wa

Thiong’ declares that the post independence Kenyan
authorities sent him to Kamiti Maximum Security
Prison when he“started writing in a language
understood by peasants and in an idiom understood by
them”.

Se se tlhagisiwang fa ke go re puso ya Kenya e ne e le kgatlhanong le

bakwadi ba ba kwalang go supa makoa a puso ya Kenya, ka gonne puso
e lemoga gore dikwalwa tse di ntseng jalo di ka nna le tlhotlheletso le
phokelelo mo matshelong a batho, ka ntlha ya fa ba tla utlwa le go
utlwisisa makoa a puso, a a kwadilweng ka puo ya bona. Methula
(1994: 25) o tswelela pele go tlhalosa botlhokwa jwa mokwadi yo wa
Kenya, e leng Ngugi ka go re:

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Ngugi considers himself a literary activist whose

primary social responsibility is to erode the moral
stature of the post-colonial government in Africa
because of their dependence on the abuse and
exploitation of the masses of the people.

Methula o senola ka fa Ngugi a bulang baagi ba Kenya matlho ka teng

mabapi le tsa merero ya sepoletiki mo nageng ya bona. Hooper mo go
(Alternation 1998: 16) o tsweledisa kgang e ka go re ditlhangwa tsa
gagwe tsa sešweng jaaka Petals Of Blood (1977), Devil On The Cross
(1982) le Matigari (1986) ke sesupo sa matshwenyego a Bathobantsho,
ba ditoro tsa bona di phirimisitsweng ke dikgorwane tse di
kgotsofatsang dikeletso tsa mebuso ya bophirima.

Mo letlhakoreng le lengwe Klein (1988: 128) mo ditlhangweng tsa ga

Chinua Achebe tsa Morning Yet On Creation Day (1975) o dumela fa
mokwadi wa Moaforika a tshwanetse go nna morutabana, gore
dikwalwa tsa gagwe di tle di bope seriti se se lebegang sa Aforika wa
bogologolo, mme baagi ba Aforika ba tle ba ithute go nna le
boikgogomoso ka ngwao le setso sa bona tse di kwadilweng. Palmer
(1979: 69) o tsweledisa kgang e ka go re tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e
patika baagi ba Nigeria ka go lebelela ngwao ya bona kwa tlase, e bile
ba itlhokomolosa setso sa bona.

Mosekaseki yo, a re moanelwa wa padi ya Things Fall Apart (1959), e leng

morongwa wa kgotla, o sotla a bo a nyatsa baeteledipele ba morafe wa Maibo.
Amuta (1989: 128) o oketsa ka go re mo pading ya Arrow Of God (1974),
Achebe o itebagantse le thulano ya ditheo tsa bokoloniale le merafe ya

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Maaforika. Emenyonu (1990: 7) o gatelela kgang e ka go re mo pading ya No

Longer At Ease (1960) go kopanwa le bakoloniale ba itshema ba tlile mo
Aforika go gweba, e bile ba tlisitse molao, tolamo le bodumedi, fa mo Arrow
Of God ba supa se ba se tletseng mo kontinenteng e, e leng go gapa naga ya
Bathobantsho le go tlisa ngwao ya bona.

Leopold Sedar Senghor ke mmoki wa Senegal, yo o kwadileng maboko

a sepoletiki a a mo bukeng e e bidiwang Chants D`ombre (1945). Zell le
Silver (1972: 185) ba tlhalosa gore bontsi jwa maboko a, bo gatelela
tshedisomelelwane, bodutu le go gopola gae ga moithuti wa Moaforika
kwa Fora ka 1930. Draper (1992: 1671) o netefatsa kgang e ka go re
leboko la ‘Hosties noires’ (1948) le supa kamano ya ga Senghor le
mokgatlho wa Pan Africanism, e bile lo na le thotloetso ya ditlhaselo tse
di kgatlhanong le bokoloniale jwa Mafora. O tswelela ka go re maboko
a, a kwadilwe fa mokwadi a le kwa Jeremane e le motshwarwa wa ntwa.
O bua go re mmoki yo, o lemoga fa a se nosi mo go lweng ntwa ya
lefatshe ya bobedi ya Basweu kwa Yuropa.

Go mo pepeneneng gore bakwadi ba Aforika ba kwadile ka ga

thitokgang ya poletiki le merero e e amanang le baagi ba Aforika.
Tlhotlhomisi e,e ya go tlhokomela ka fa thitokgang ya poletiki e
tlhokometsweng ka teng mo baaging ba Aforika go totilwe diterama tsa
Setswana.

2.1.4.3 Bakwadi ba Aforikaborwa

Mashigoane (2000: 32) o sekasekile setlhangwa sa ga Serote se se

bidiwang On The Horizon (1990) a tlhokometse go bula lefatshe lotlhe
matlho, segolo thata batho ba mafatshe a bophirima, go ba lemosa fa

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Bathobantsho ba Aforikaborwa le bona e le batho. Se, se direga morago

ga gore baagi ba le masome a marataro le borobabongwe ba bolawe ke
Puso ya Tlhaolele kwa Sharpeville ka 1960 ka ba ne ba tseneletse
mogwanto kgatlhanong le go pateletswa go tshola dipasa.

Frelick (1990:34) o tsweledisa kgang e ka go re mo mabokong a Yakhaĺ

inkomo (1972) le Tshetlo (1974) le kgaolo ya ntlha ya To Every Birth
There Is Blood (1981) mokwadi o tshwentswe ke tshotlego le kgatelelo
ya Bathobantsho ba Aforikaborwa mo metsesetoropong. Mabapi le
twantsho le kemelelano kgatlhanong le puso ya Basweu o bua fa
maboko a, a senola medi ya tlhaolele. Chapman (1996: 333) o netefatsa
kgang e ka go re maboko a, a ga Serote ga a bue fela ka boganka le
bohumanegi, mme a gwetlha kgang ka ga tekatekano ya baagi botlhe ba
naga, gammogo le tshedisomelelwane le ditiragalo tsa Seetebosigo a le
16, 1976, fa bašwa ba Soweto ba ne ba gwanta kgatlhanong le puso
mabapi le tiriso ya Seaforikanse jaaka puo ya thuto.

Mokwadi yo mongwe wa Aforikaborwa yo o kwadileng diterama tsa

sepoletiki ke Athol Fugard. Walder (1984: 53) o tlhalosa gore diterama
tse tharo ka ga motsesetoropo wa Port Elizabeth, e leng Blood Knot
(1974), Hello And Goodbye (1974) le Boesman and Lena (1974) di
senola bohumanegi le go ya tlase ga maemo a botshelo kwa
motsesetoropong o. O tswelela ka go re dikwalwa tse, di tlhagisetsa
lefatshe mabapi le tshenyego le go jewa ntsoma ke Basweu ga
Bantshobantsho ba Aforikaborwa.

Raymer (1976: 180) a re Terama ya Sizwe Banzi is Dead (1973),

gammogo le diterama tsa sešweng jaana, e leng The Island (1973) le
Statements issued after an arrest under the Immorality Act (1974) di

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dira se se itsegeng jaaka setlhopha sa Dikanegelo tsa polelo

(Statements). O tswelela ka go re ‘Dikanegelo tsa polelo’ (Statements) e
bua ka letsholophuruphutso la mapodisi kgatlhanong le baratani ba
merafe e e farologaneng, ke go re mosadi wa Mosweu a ratana le monna
wa Montsho kgotsa wa Bammala.

Lenz (2000: 68) o gatelela kgang e ka go re morago ga go bona

ditshwantsho tsa Mosweu le Montsho di phasaladitswe ke
lokwalodikgang lwa Seaforikanse ka 1966, Fugard o ne a nna le
tshusumetso ya go kwala terama ya Statements. O tswelela ka go re
bobedi jo bo tshwarwa bo robalane le fa bo itse go le kgatlhanong le
molao, ka ntlha ya mebala ya bona.

Nadine Gordimer ke mokwadi wa dipadi tsa sepoletiki wa

Aforikaborwa. Go ya ka Clingman (1986: 170) dipadi tsa Burger’s
Daughter (1979) le July’s People (1981) mokwadi o itebagantse le
seabe sa Bathobasweu ba Aforikaborwa, go tlhokometswe togamaano
ya Soweto, le go re dipholo tsa seabe seo e ka nna dife ka ntlha ya fa
dipadi tse ka bobedi di amana le thuto ya botsuolodi. Cooke (1985: 214
–216) o oketsa kgang e ka go re padi ya Burger’s Daughter e kwadilwe
ka tshusumetso ya dikhuduego tsa 1976, ke go re ka nako e bašwa ba
Soweto ba neng ba gwanta kgatlhanong le puso, ka ntlha ya tiriso ya
Seaforikanse jaaka puo ya thuto mo dikolong. Ettin (1993: 13) ena a re
Burger’s Daughter e ne ya ilediwa mo nageng ya Aforikaborwa ka ntlha
ya fa mokwadi a ne a le kgatlhanong le maikemisetso a puso ka ga setso
le tlhaolele ka mmala mo merafeng e e farologaneng, e bile puso e
lemogile fa e ka dira gore batho ba tsogelane kgatlhanong le yona.

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Mokwadi mongwe wa dipadi le maboko a sepoletiki ke Bessi Head wa

Aforikaborwa. Mokwadi yo, o patikegile a bo a ya botshabelo kwa
Botswana, ka puso ya nako eo, e ne e le kgatlhanong le dikwalwa tsa
gagwe, mme o swetse teng koo ka 1986. Heywood (1976: 186) le
Mackenzie (1989: 13 –16) ba tlhalosa fa dipadi tse tharo tsa gagwe, e
leng When Rain Clouds Gather (1969), Maru (1972) le A Question of
Power (1974) di ikaegile ka bodutu, boitlhobogo le tshedisomelelwane.
O tswelela ka go re le fa go ntse jalo go a itumedisa go bona
matlhagatlhaga a baanelwa ba dipadi tse tsa gagwe ba sa itlhoboge le go
ineela le fa matshelo a bona a le letobo e bile a ya bokhutlong.

Go ya ka Ibrahim (1996: 8), padi ya When Rain Clouds Gather ke

lokwalwa lwa moikwadi. Lo bua ka go ya botshabelo ga mošwa wa
Mothomontsho wa Aforikaborwa, e leng Makhaya Maseko ka ntlha ya
fa e le motsosolosi wa sepoletiki. O tswelela ka go re mošwa yo, o felela
kwa Botswana kwa a nyalang mosadi wa Motswana teng.

Povey (1975: 24) o tlhalosa fa bontsi jwa dikwalwa tsa ga Alex La

Guma a di kwadile a le kwa kgolegelong, jaaka mongwe wa
balatofadiwa ba tsheko ya boepapuso ya 1956-1961. O bua fa dingwe
tsa dikwalwa tse, a di kwadile a le mo kiletsong ya go tswa ka ntlo ya
gagwe. Moody, Gunner le Finnegan (1984: 194) ba gatelela kgang e ka
go re dithitokgang tsa dikwalwa tsa ga La Guma ke ka go thubega ga
malwapa, tirisodikgoka ya sepodisi, gammogo le tshotlego ya batho ba
mmala kwa motsesetoropong wa District Six.

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Duerden le Pieterse (1972: 91) bona ba re dipadi tsa ga La Guma, e leng

And a Three Fold Cord (1964) le Stone Country (1967) di amana le
maitemogelo a mokwadi yo, fa a ne a le kwa Robben Island, e leng
kgolegelo ya basepoletiki. Dibuka tse di bua ka ga tshotlego ya
bagolegwa ba sepoletiki kwa go yona kgolegelo e. O tswelela ka go re A
Walk In The Night (1967) e lebagane le motsesetoropo wa District Six, e
leng lekeišene la batho ba mmala kwa Kapa. E bontsha maatla le bosula
jwa bosemorafe le ka fa bo thubang sebopego sa morafe le ka fa bo
senyang dikamano tsotlhe tsa setho ka teng.

La Guma o ne a ya botshabelo ka 1966, morago ga gore puso e iletse

dikwalwa tsa gagwe di le mmalwanyana.

2.2 KAKARETSO

Go ya ka basekaseki ba dithitokgang tsa poletiki mo ditlhangweng tsa

bakwadi ba Aforikaborwa, go lemosega fa ba ise ba sekaseke
dithitokgang tsa poletiki tse di kwadilweng ke bakwadi ba dipuo tsa
Bantsho mme bogolo jang bakwadi ba Setswana. Ke ka moo go
bonagetseng go le botlhokwa tota, go tlhotlhomisa diterama tsa
Setswana go tsepamisitswe maikutlo mo dithitokgannyaneng tsa
sepoletiki.

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KGAOLO YA BORARO

3.1 PAKA YA DITERAMA TSA SETSWANA

3.1.1 Matseno

Ranamane mo go (Gerard 1993: 169-195) o lekile go arologanya

dikwalwa tsa Setswana ka kakaretso, a tlhatlhoba kgolo ya dikwalwa tsa
Setswana. Karologanyo ya gagwe e ikaegile ka dipaka tse di laolwang
ke ngwaga wa phasalatso. Kgang e, e bua gore dingwaga di dirisiwa go
kgaoganya dipaka tsa dikwalwa tse di farologaneng. Dipaka tsa
dikwalwa go ya ka Ranamane, di latelana jaana: (a) Paka ya 1900-1961
sekao: Phetolelo ya Julius Caesar ya ga Shakespeare, e e bidiwang
Dintshontsho tsa boJuliuse Kesara ka S.T.Plaatje (1937), Moretlo
(1937) ka S.S. Mafoyane, Mokwena (1940) ka D.P.Moloto,
Mosimanemotshabadire (1944) ka N.G.Phutieagae, (b) Paka ya 1961-
1970, sekao: Lonaka lwa mafura a mantsho (1961) le Matšhotlho
(1961) ka S.A.Moroke, Kgosi Isang Pilane (1961) ka M.O.M.Seboni,
Lehufa le lwa le thuto (1962) ka S.A.Moroke, (c) Paka ya 1971-1980
sekao: Khumo e a pharuma (1971) ka S.A.Moroke, Legae Botshabelo
(1971) ka L.D.Raditladi, Merwalo ya wa (1971) ka C.M.Morake, (d)
Paka ya 1981-1991 sekao: Solofela Leraga (1981) ka Z.S.Kotsokoane,
Nkwe Nkgoge (1981) ka E.Mokgoko, Lesapo Le Lesweu (1981) ka
S.A.Moroke, le Ditiragalo (1982) ka M.H.Rantao.

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Go tla lemogiwa gore paka nngwe le nngwe e e dirisitsweng ke

mosekaseki yo, e gatelela phetogo ya nako fela, e seng phetogo ya tiro
ya bokwadi. Le fa go ntse jalo, e botlhokwa ka gonne e lebagane le
karologanyo ya ditiragalo/hisetori ya ditlhangwa tsa Setswana ka dipaka
tse di rileng. Ka jalo, tlhotlhomiso e le yona e ya go dirisa mokgwa o wa
karologanyo. Fela maikaelelo a yona ke go leka go arologanya
ditlhangwa tsa Setswana tsa mofuta wa terama, go totilwe thitokgang ya
poletiki, mme go lebeletswe: (a) paka e e fa gare ga 1930-1993, (b) paka
e e fa gare ga 1994-1995, le (c) paka e e fa gare ga 1996-2002. Go tla
lemogiwa gore tlhotlhomiso e, ke e potlana, ka jalo go tla newa sekao ka
terama e le nngwe, go leka go tiisa karologanyo e e tserweng e, go ya ka
dithitokgang tse di khueditsweng ke sepoletiki.

Mo kgaolong e, go ya go tlhokomelwa paka ya ntlha e e lebaganeng le

paka ya 1930- 1993.

3.1.2 Paka ya 1930- 1993.

Go ya go tlhokomelwa diterama tse di phasaladitsweng mo pakeng ya

1930-1993. Ke go re go ya go lebelelwa diterama tse di leng ka ga
thitokgang ya poletiki. Dingwe tsa tsona ke: Phetolelo ya Julius Caesar
ya ga Shakespeare, e e bidiwang Dintshontsho tsa boJuliuse Kesara
(1937) ka S.T.Plaatje, Motswasele 11 (1945) ka L.D.Raditladi, Puso ya
ga kgosi Faro (1953) ka S.A.Moroke, Maragana (1965) ka
D.M.Modise, Sekgoma 1 (1967) ka L.D.Raditladi, Gareng ga metswi
(1967) le Magagana (1974) tsoopedi ka D.M. Modise.

Temogo ke go re diterama tse di fa godimo tsotlhe di bua ka poletiki ya

setso, ka gonne di bua ka ga bogosi. Kgosi ke moeteledipele yo a sa

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tlhophiweng ke batho, mme bogolo a tsalelwa maemo a. Ka jalo go ka

twe dithitokgang tsa diterama tse go buiwang ka ga tsona fa godimo, ga
di a lebagana le thitokgang ya poletiki ya segompieno. Ke go re puso ya
batho ka batho ga se ntlha ya botlhokwa fa di lebeletswe. Ka tsela e go
botlhokwa go tlhalosa bogosi, jaaka morero o o lebaganeng le puso ya
morafe.

3.1.3 Bogosi

Go ya ka Shole (1988: 54):

Bogosi ke setheo sa botlhokwa sa boeteledipele mo

setsong le mo hisetoring ya Batswana, se se ka
bapisegang le sa bogosi jwa Maesimane le Baiseraele.
Ga se boeteledipele jwa ditlhopho jaaka jwa sepoletiki
jwa segompieno, e bile ga bo a bulegela mang le
mang. Bo na le tshika e bo tsalelwang mo go yone,
mme ka jalo bo jewa boswa.

Puo e, e tlhagisa pharologanyo ya bogosi jwa setso le boeteledipele jwa

segompieno, ke go re boeteledipele jwa puso ya batho ka batho
(temokerasi). Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe Mőnnig (1967: 249) o fa
letlhakore la bogosi jaaka bo lebagane le thitokgang ya setso ka go re:

The entire system of the government administering and

controlling tribal life is based on the institution of
chieftainship.

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Bogosi jaaka boeteledipele jwa setso bo ikaegile ka taolo ya morafe. Go

ya ka Thompson (1969: 98) ofisi ya kgosi e rwele maikarabelo a a
mabapi le meetlo, boatlhodi le ekonomi. Breutz (1987: 35) ena a re
kgosi ke moatlhodi go ya ka ngwao. Mabapi le dithitokgang tsa
sepoletiki kgosi e ikaega ka khuduthamaga e e tlhamiwang ke
borangwanaagwe go neelana ka megopolo le go diragatsa ditshwetso
dingwe tse di rileng. Schapera (1962; 176) ena o di baya jaana:

The chief, as head of the tribe, occupies a position of

outstanding privelege and authority. He is the symbol
of tribal unity, the central figure round whom the
tribal life revolves. He is at once ruler, judge, maker
and guardian of law, dispenser of gifts, leader in war,
priest and magician of his people.

Kgosi ke motho wa maemo a a kwa godimo fa a bapisiwa le motho

mongwe le mongwe mo setšhabeng. Go tswelela pele Schapera o
tlhalosa fa tiro e kgolo ya kgosi e le go ruantsha morafe. Ke ka ntlha e a
wetsang kgang e ka go re kgosi ke motho yo o botlhokwa, yo o
tlhokometseng botshelo jwa morafe, mo mererong e e farologaneng ya
botshelo.

Mogapi (1993: 67) o oketsa ka go re kgosi ke molaodi wa batho,

morongwa wa Badimo le mosireletsi wa morafe. O tswelela ka go re
kgosi e tshwanetse go tlhokomela dikgoro tsa motse gore di tsamaisiwe
sentle ke dikgosana. Lye (1980: 96) ena a re kgosi jaaka mosireletsi wa
lefatshe, o tshwanetse go tlhokomela kabo ya ditsha tsa magae, masimo,
mabitla le tse dingwe.

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Molema (1963: 115) a re tiro ya kgosi ke go laola le go thaya morafe,

morago ga loso lwa ga rraagwe, go foka marumo a ntwa, go rebola
letsema le go fetlha pula.

Go soboka dikgang tsa basekaseki ba ba fa godimo, go ka neelwa kgang

ya ga Serudu (1987: 436) fa a re go tshwanetse ga nna le
tirisanommogo fa gare ga kgosi le batlhanka ba yona, gore go tle go nne
le tsamaiso e ntle mabapi le merero ya puso.

Maikaelelo a tlhotlhomisi e, ga se go sekaseka dithitokgang tsotlhe tsa

poletiki go tswa mo diterameng tsotlhe tsa paka e, mme bogolo go ya go
tlhophiwa Motswasele II go emela thitokgang ya poletiki ya paka e.

Mo tshekatshekong ya thitokgang ya poletiki mo terameng ya

Motswasele II, go ya go salwa lenaneo le le latelang morago:

• Tshosobanyo ya ditiragalo tsa sekwalwa

• Thitokgang
• Dithekeniki
• Kakaretso

3.1.4 Tshosobanyo ya ditiragalo tsa sekwalwa

Morago ga loso lwa ga kgosi Legwale, ngwana wa gagwe, e leng

Motswasele, o tshwarelelwa bogosi ke Tshosa, e leng rangwanaagwe, e
bile e le rraagwe Moruakgomo. Tshosa o neela Motswasele bogosi fa a
setse a godile, go nna kgosi ya Bakwena.

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Molotlhanyi o tlhotlheletsa Moruakgomo ga batla bogosi, o mmolelela

gore bogosi ke jwa yo o thata, e bile o bo abetswe ke Modimo wa
gagwe. Moruakgomo o dumela go lwela bogosi. Fa a bua a le esi o bua
gore jaaka ngwana wa ga rangwanaagwe kgosi, go busa Bakwena ga go
mo rone, e bile ga a ipateletse Motswasele fa a re ke mogolole wa
gagwe. A re Motswasele ga a buse sentle.

Molotlhanyi fa a bua le Moruakgomo o netefatsa gore o kgatlhanong le

puso ya ga Motswasele e e patikang. Kgosi e laela batlhanka go ya go
gapa dikgomo tsa ga mogatsa Moilwe, a ba a re ba mmolaye fa a ka leka
go ba kganela. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, Molotlhanyi o bolelela
kgosi Motswasele maikaelelo a ga Moruakgomo, a go mo tseela bogosi.

Barwa ba ga Ramodi ba a bolawa ba bo ba tshubelwa matlo le go

gapelwa dikgomo. Moruakgomo o leka go naya kgosi dikgakololo
mabapi le se a se dirileng, fela ga a mo reetse, ka a ikanya go reetsa
dikgakololo tsa boMolotlhanyi tse di mo faposang. Kgosi e atlholela
Moruakgomo go kgwathisiwa.

Motswasele o romela batlhanka ba gagwe go ya go bolaya

Moruakgomo. Mo puong ya gagwe a le nosi, o tlhalosa fa Moruakgomo
a le pelontle mo morafeng, e bile a le botlhale, le go dira dilo ka
kelotlhoko. Barongwa ba itsise Moruakgomo se, le gore go tloga ka
letsatsi lona leo ba mo letlhakoreng la gagwe.

Maleke o ngongorega fa kgosi e sa mo rerise mabapi le ditiragalo tsa mo

motseng. O bolelela Moruakgomo fa e le bona ba tshwanetseng go

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baakanya puso ya bona. O fetsa a mo kopa go nna tlhogo ya mephato ya

bona.

Kgosi e bitsa ngaka go tla go itaola, mme yona e tlhalosa fa Maleke e le

ene a feretlhang batho, e bile e le moloi. Maleke o bolawa ka go
lomisiwa ntšwa ya ga Diratsagae. Moruakgomo o bitsa mephato ya
gagwe fela jalo le Motswasele le ene o bitsa ya gagwe go ipaakanyetsa
tlhabano.

Ditiragalo tsa kgotlhang fa gare ga Motswasele le Moruakgomo di

ntsifalela pele. Ntwa fa gare ga mephato ya kgosi le ya ga Moruakgomo
e fagile. Motswasele o leka go fetola maikutlo. O bolelela Modise gore
o paletswe ke go tshela le bagaabo, ka jalo o bona go le botoka gore a
swe, a ipolaye ka lerumo la gagwe.

Molotlhanyi le ba bangwe ba hularela kgosi, go ya kwa go

Moruakgomo. Leapeetswe o bolawa ke Sejo, Diratsagae ena o bolawa
ke Segokotlo mme mophato wa gagwe (Diratsagae) o a sia. Kwa
bofelong tlhogo ya gagwe e dirwa sekgele sa mophato wa ga Segokotlo.

Mephato yotlhe e e ka mo letlhakoreng la boMoruakgomo, e e setseng e

lole e kopana le wa ga Moruakgomo. Ba tlhabana le wa ga Motswasele.
Moruakgomo o kopana le Motswasele. Fa a sena go mo tlhaba,
Motswasele o a wa a bo a swa.

Mosola wa tshosobanyo ya diteng tsa terama e, ke go thusa mmuisi gore

a se ka a timela fa tlhotlhomisi e, e tsenelela, go tsepamisa dikarolwana
tse di rileng tsa diteng. Ntlha e nngwe gape e e botlhokwa ke gore

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tshosobanyo e, e tla dira gore mmuisi a kgone go latela le go utlwisisa

se mosekaseki a batlang go se fitlhelela.

3.1.5 Thitokgang

Molaetsa o Raditladi a batlang go o abela mmuisi o tsamaelana le gore

dikgakololo tsa nnete di thaya bogosi jo bo tsepameng, fa dikgakololo
tse di fosagetseng di senya puso ya setso. Motswasele o latlhegetswe ke
bogosi jwa gagwe, ka ntlha ya go sala boMolotlhanyi morago, le go
ikanya dikgakololo tsa bona tse di fosagetseng le tse di latlhang. Ka fa
letlhakoreng le lengwe o ikgatholositse borangwanaagwe le
khuduthamaga ya gaabo. Go ka rungwa kgang e ka go re bogosi bo
theilwe ka dikgakololo tsa nnete go tswa bagakoloding ba kgosi. Se, se
ka diragala fela fa khuduthamaga e le boikanyego, e bile e na le
maikarabelo a a rileng mo morafeng.

3.1.6 Thekeniki

Fa ba tlhalosa thekeniki, Lazarus le Smith (1983: 288) ba re ke

mokgwa o mokwadi a itlhophelang go o dirisa fa a kwala dikgang
tsa sekwalwa sa gagwe. Scholes (1966: 141) o oketsa kgang e ka go
re:

The means by which the writer’s experience, which is

the subjectmatter, compels him to attend to it.
Technique is the only means he has of discovering,
exploring, developing his subject, of conveying its
meaning, and finally of developing it.

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Puo e, e tlhalosa fa thekeniki e le mokgwa o mokwadi a rulaganyang

dikgang tsa setlhangwa sa gagwe ka ona. Stone le Bell (1977: 59)
bona ba re:

Technique may be defined as the mastery of the

psychology and the mechanics of the good writing,
it is what clears the static off the line from the
writer to the character.

Thekeniki ke sedirisiwa sa mokwadi sa go rulaganya dikgang tse a di

kwalelang mmuisi. Go tlhaloswa gape gore thekeniki ke tsela e mokwadi a
e dirisang go tlhagisa molaetsa o mokwadi a batlang go o abelana le
mmuisi. Marggraff (1996: 67) ena a re thekeniki ga se selo se se ka
bonwang ka matlho mo sekwalweng, mme ke leano kana tsela e mokwadi
a supang kamano fa gare ga dilo dingwe tse di tlhagelelang mo setlhangweng
sa gagwe. Mayekiso (1985: 102) o tlaleletsa ka go re e nngwe ya ditiro tse di
botlhokwa tsa thekeniki, ke go tlhola kgogedi mo sekwalweng. Cohen
(1973: 9) o tlhagisa ntlha e e botlhokwa fa a re ka thekeniki mmuisi o kgona
go lemoga ka moo mokwadi a tlhagisang maikutlo le dikakanyo tsa gagwe ka
teng mo setlhangweng. Ke sone se Sebaka (2002: 19) a reng thekeniki ke
yona e tsweledisang thitokgang gore e nne mo pepeneneng e bo e lemogiwe
ke mmuisi.

Groenewald (1993: 17) o soboka dikgang tsa basekaseki ba ba fa godimo ka

go re thekeniki e na le ditiro tse di botlhokwa di le pedi, e leng go tiisa
mogopolo o o rileng le go lebaganya kakanyo eo le thitokgang.

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Maikaelelo a tlhotlhomisi e, ke go tlhokomela ka fa bakwadi ba paka ya

1930-1993 ba dirisitseng dithekeniki go tlhagisa molaetsa wa boeteledipele
jwa setso, jo bo tsamaelanang le bogosi.

Mo pakeng e bakwadi ba kwadile ka thitokgang e le nngwe ya setso.

Maikaelelo ke go tlhopha terama e le nngwe go emela tse dingwe mo
tlhalosong ya molaetsa wa bogosi.

MotswaseleII(1945)

Phala (1999: 78-79) a re go na le dithekeniki tsa thulaganyo, tse mo go tsona

go nang le tebelelo, mmuisano, poeletso, tsepamiso, ponelopele,
poelomorago, mmuaesi, le go akaretsa nako le lefelo.

Go tla lemosega fa mokwadi wa terama e, a dirisitse dithekeniki tse di

botlhokwa di le tlhano tse di lebaganeng le go tsweledisa puso ya bogosi.
Tsona ke poko, mmuaesi, ponelopele, poelomorago le mmuisano.

3.1.6.1 Poko

Fa a tlhalosa poko, Mogapi (1990: 8) a re:

Poko ke theto, kgakatso, kgalaletso gongwe tlhagiso. Poko ke

tiriso ya puo ka tsela e e faphegileng, e e senolang boleng le
bogonego jwa dikakanyo, dikeletso, dikgatlhego le dipatikego
tsa setšhaba.

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Puo e, e tlhalosa gore poko ke thulaganyo e e rileng ya puo e e sa

tlwaelesegang. Seboni le Lekhela (1988: 5-6 ) ba netefatsa kgang e ka go re:

Puo ya maboko ga se puo e e tlwaelesegileng ya ka metlha le

metlha; ke puo ya bokgabale, e e bofitlha, ya mantswe a a
tlhophilweng ka kelotlhoko, ya nnete e e buelwang dinyaong;
ke puo e e bontshang lerato, e e nyenyesang moreetsi, e e
thuthafatsang pelo, e e dirisetswang go tshegisa le go
gakgamatsa.

Kgang e, e tlhalosa fa mo pokong go fitlhelwa puo e e nonneng, e tlhophilwe

ya bo ya dirisiwa ka botswerere jo bo tseneletseng.

Raditladi o dirisitse thekeniki ya poko mo terameng ya Motswasele II (1945).

Sekao ke se:

Molotlhanyi

Dingwaga di fofa jaaka leru

Di na le diphuka le diphofa jaaka ntsu,
Di fofa godimo ga dikgwa tsa marukuru,
Di fofa motshegare le bosigo jo bontsho.
“Ke tla tla” e na le lobelo eo,
Motho wa yona o taboga letšheetšhee,
A bo a tswe a tshaba leraaraa (ts.3).

Puo e e dirisitsweng, go naya sekao, mo moleng wa ntlha le wa bobedi ke e e

bofitlha. Ka puo ya metlheng go ka bo go tilwe dingwaga di tsamaya ka
bonako.

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Go lemosega fa mokwadi a dirisitse puo e e bofitlha ka maikaelelo a go

ngoka theetso mo mmuising le go gwetlha maikutlo a gagwe go lemoga se
se botlhokwa se a batlang go se tlhagisa mo dikakanyong tsa gagwe ka tsela
ya poko. Mokwadi o dirisitse tshwantshanyo e e lelefaditsweng ka go
tshwantsha go feta ga nako le go feta ga maru mo loaping jaaka go a tle go
twe a feta jaana a ile go gelela metsi. Gape go feta ga nako (dingwaga) go
tshwantshiwa le ntsu e e ka fetang ka lebelo le le legolo fa e bone se e ka
se phamolang e ka nna phologotswana e nnye, mme e ye go e jela kgakala
kwa dithabeng tse di makgotlhokgotlho. Go feta ka bonako ga puso e e sa
siamang ya ga Motswasele, ke se tshwantshanyo e e lelefaditsweng kgotsa e
e feteleditsweng e se kayang.

3.1.6.2 Mmuaesi

Fa ba tlhalosa mmuaesi Barnett, Berman le Burto (1988: 256) ba re ke puo e

telele ka moanelwa, a ka tswa a bua a le nosi kana go na le mongwe a mo
reeditse, mme a ka se ke a kgona go akgela mo go se a se buang. Keuris
(1996: 11) o tsweledisa kgang e ka go re totatota moanelwa o a bo a
ntshetsa dikakanyo tsa gagwe kwa ntle go senolela mmuisi maikutlo a
gagwe. Abrams (1999: 289) o oketsa ka go re bakwadi ba dirisa thekeniki e,
go baya mo pontsheng maikaelelo le maemo a dikakanyo tsa moanelwa.

Go ka akarediwa ka go re se se botlhokwa se se buiwang ka ga mmuaesi ke

gore moreetsi o nna le seabe le fa a se kitla a fetola kgotsa a ntsha maikutlo
ka ga se a se reeditseng.

Motswasele o bua a le esi fa a re:

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Motswasele: (A le esi):
Ba tshwanetse go dira e nngwe tironyana.
Ga se tiro ya sepe, e nnyennye fela.
Jaanong ke boifa motho a le mongwe fela,
Yoo ke Moruakgomo, ngwana wa ga Tshosa.
Bobelontle jwa gagwe bogolo mo morafeng,
Batho botlhe ba motse ba a bo itse.
O botlhale, ga a welewele direng.
Ga go na ope yo ke mo tshabang jaaka ke mmoifa;
Le Segokotlo ga ke mo tshabe jaaka Moruakgomo ke mmoifa.
Ke lemoga fa le ene Moruakgomo a sa nthate,
Keletso ya gagwe ke gore Tshosa o ka bo a sa tswa bogosing.
Ruri, Moruakgomo le ene o tshwanetse go swa.

Ka mmuaesi go tlhaloswa gore moanelwa o tlhalosa maikutlo a gagwe ka

puo e telele. Dikakanyo tse di lebaganeng le maikutlo a ga Motswasele tse a
di buang ka boleele ke go tloswa mo bogosing, ka go twe puso ya gagwe ga e
a lolama. Maikutlo a gagwe a lebagane le letshogo le poifo tsa go tlosiwa mo
setilong sa bogosi.

Go lemosega fa thekeniki e ya mmuaesi, e tlhalosa dikgang tse e leng tsa

sephiri tsona tsa go bolaya Moruakgomo ka Motswasele a mmona e le
sekgoreletsi mo pusong ya gagwe. Sephiri se, mokwadi o se fitlhela baanelwa
ba bangwe, gore ba se ka ba itse ka ga sona. Ka jalo, ke sephiri se se amang
baanelwa ba ba rileng fela. Mmuisi o itse ka ga sephiri se, ka gonne
moanelwa yo o buang mo puisanong e, o bua le ena. Ka tsela e, ga se sephiri
se se amang mmuisi ka a itse maikutlo a ga Motswasele.

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Go ka rungwa ka go re mokwadi o dirisa thekeniki e go godisa kgogedi mo

mmuising. Kgogedi e e lebagane le gore a Motswasele o tla atlega go
diragatsa keletso e e leng mo mafatlheng a gagwe kgotsa nnyaya.

3.1.6.3 Ponelopele

Serudu (1989: 48) o tlhalosa gore ponelopele ke thekeniki e mokwadi a e

dirisang go tlhagisa se se tlileng go diragala kwa bofelong kgotsa se se
senolang go le gonnye ditiragalo tse di tlileng go diragala mo setlhangweng.
Kennedy le Gioia (2002: G14) bona ba re e dirisediwa go rulaganya
ditiragalo le tshedimosetso ka tsela e e thusang mmuisi go ipaakanyetsa se se
tla nnang le seabe mo sekwalweng kwa moragonyana. Cuddon (1991: 326)
ena a re fa thulaganyo ya setlhangwa e agegile sentle, e supa kwa
tshimologong se se tla diragalang kwa bofelong. Ke go re bokhutlo bo
akarelediwa kwa tshimologong.

Mosehla (2000: 113) a re thekeniki ya ponelopele mo setlhangweng e

tlhagelela ka ditsela tse di farologaneng, jaaka toro, bongaka jwa ditaola,
boporofeti, puo ya moanelwa kgotsa ya mokwadi a bua ka se se tlileng go
diragala kwa pele.

Mokwadi ka molomo wa ga Mogatsa Moilwe mo go Motswasele II (1945) a

re:

Ijoo! Ijoo! Ijoo! O mpolaile!

Motswasele le wena o tla thukuthwa,
O tla thukuthwa jaaka o nthukuthile,
O tla bolawa jaaka le nna o mpolaile! (ts.23).

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Mokwadi o dirisitse thekeniki ya ponelopele go supa go bolawa ga ga

Motswasele kwa bokhutlong, gammogo le go latlhegelwa ke bogosi jwa
gagwe. Tiragalo e, e netefatswa ke go tlhagelela ga yona kwa bokhutlong jwa
sekwalwa.

Thekeniki e, e godisa bosetlhogo jwa puso ya setso ya ga Motswasele. Ke go

re ga bo na mosola, ka gonne moanelwa yo, o a bolawa kwa bofelong.

3.1.6.4 Poelomorago

Go ya ka Wales (1989: 22) poelomorago e tlhalosa go boelediwa ga

tiragalo e e setseng e fetile. A re e dirisiwa go tlatsa tse di lebegang o ka re
ke diphatlha mo tshedimosetsong ka ga moanelwa kana tiragalo e e
botlhokwa mo setlhangweng. Malambane (2002: 114) o oketsa ntlha e ka go
re ke mofuta mongwe wa poeletso go sedimosa tiragalo nngwe e e
lebaganeng le molaetsa wa sekwalwa, e bile e botlhokwa ka gore tiro ya yona
ke go godisa kgotlhang. Baker (1997: 67) ena a re e tlhola kgogedi ka go
boeletsa tse dingwe tsa ditiragalo tsa setlhangwa.
Segokotlo mo go Motswasele I1(1945) a re:

Ke ntlheng ya batsuolodi ba gago

Gonne kgosi e ne ya ntlhanogela
Le botlhe ba losika lwa me.
Ke kile ka bo ke le mongwe wa ditsala tsa gago,
O itse maemo le ditshwanelo tsa me.
E re o nthoma gongwe le gongwe ke taboge,
Ke go lebile o le kgosi ya me,o le mogolole.
O tlogile wa gola, leina la gago la tuma,
Wa itsege mo ditšhabeng le mo ditšhabaneng,

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Wa huma, mme wa tloga wa itebala,

Wa wela mo mogogeng wa puo tsa batho,
Ra nna kgalola le motšatša mo lolemeng lwa gago,
Wa re patika, wa re thiba mo motseng wa rona
Wa re pateletsa bosula bongwe le bongwe,
Ka ntlha ya bapaki ba maaka ba gago (ts. 68-69.

Puo e e dirisiwang ya paka e e fetileng ke yona e e lebaganeng le thekeniki

ya poelomorago, ka gonne go na le tiragalo e e gatelelwang ka go boelediwa
ga bosula jwa ga Motswasele. Mokwadi o gatelela bosetlhogo jwa ga
Motswasele mo morafeng wa gagwe. Ka jalo, thekeniki e ga e a lebagana le
kgogedi, mme e lebagane le molaetsa wa terama e, e leng puso e e setlhogo
ya setso ya ga Motswasele.

3.1.6.5 Mmuisano

Go ya ka Brogan le Preminger (1993: 290-291) mmuisano mo ditlhangweng

o dirisediwa go senola mefuta e e farologaneng ya megopolo, maikutlo le
diponagalo. Ba re puisano fa gare ga baanelwa e tlisa dingangisano le
dikgotlhano tsa maemo a a kwa godimo. Mayekiso (1985: 105) ena a re
mmuisano o amana le tsela e baanelwa ba buisanang ka teng mo
setlhangweng.

Motswasele mo go Motswasele 11(1945) o itlhalosa jaana:

Modise, ke tshedile botshelo jo bo botlhoko;

Botshelo jwa me bo simologile jaaka letlhogela,
Jwa thunya dithunya di lonko lo monate-mogolo;
Jaanong bo tlhotlhoregile jaaka thunya sa mariga;

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Dilo tsa borena tsotlhe ga di yo mo go nna –

Tlotlo, lorato le bontsi jwa ditsala.
Godimo ga tsone ke phutsako, kilego le letlhoo,
Leina la me le nkga melomong ya batho.
Modise, se se diregileng se diregile,
Ke tshwanetse ka itlhabanela mmele;
Bogosi jwa lefatshe la rona bo nkganne.
Nnyaa, ke nna ke bo ikgantshitseng
Ka bofafalele jwa popego ya me.
Modise, nneela lerumo la me foo! (ts. 93)

Nopolo e e fa godimo e bontsha sentle dintlha tse di leng malebana le semelo sa

moanelwa yo, e leng Motswasele ka di tsepamisa bosula jwa gagwe. Mokwadi o
dirisa mafoko a a tshwanang le ‘leina la me le nkga mo melomong ya batho,’
‘botshelo jwa me bo tlhotlhoregile jaaka thunya sa mariga’ go gatelela mekgwa e
e sa siamang ya ga Motswasele. Go tswelela pele mokwadi o dirisa puo e e
tshwanang le: ‘Nnyaa, ke nna ke bo ikgantshitseng ka bofafalele jwa popego ya
me’ go lemosa mmuisi diphoso tsa moanelwa yo. Ka tsela e, mokwadi o dira
gore mmuisi a se ka a itsalanya le go inaakanya le Motswasele.

3.2 KAKARETSO

Mo pakeng ya 1930-1993, go lemosega fa bakwadi ba teng ba kwala thata ka ga

thitokgang ya poletiki e e lebaganeng le puso ya bogologolo, e leng puso ya
segosi. Le fa go dirisitswe terama e le nngwe go tlhalosa paka e, go mo
pepeneneng gore le diterama tse dingwe tsa yona paka e, di senola molaetsa o o
tshwanang le o, wa poletiki e e se nang temokerasi, e le ya setso fela ya bogosi jo
bo tsalelwang.

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Mo go Motswasele II, moterama Raditladi, o dirisitse dithekeniki tse di

farologaneng go tsweledisa pele thitokgang ya gagwe ya go nyatsa puso ya setso.
Go tlhalositswe fa Raditladi a dirisa puo e e bofitlha go gwetlha maikutlo a
mmuisi a a leng malebana le puso ya setso. Go lemosegile fa thekeniki ya
mmuaesi e dirisitswe go godisa kgogedi mo mmuising. Thekeniki ya
ponelopele yona e dirisitswe go supa polao ya ga Motswasele le go latlhegelwa
ke puso ga gagwe. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe fa go buiwa ka poelomorago,
mokwadi o dirisitse puo ya pakafetileng go gatelela bosetlhogo jwa puso ya
setso ya ga Motswasele.

Kwa bokhutlong mokwadi o dirisitse mmuisano go lemosa mmuisi diphoso tsa

ga Motswasele.

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KGAOLO YA BONE

4.1 Paka ya 1994-1995

4.1.1 Matseno

Go tlile go lebelelwa paka ya 1994-1995 ka maikaelelo a go tlhopha

diterama tsa Setswana go ya ka thitokgang ya poletiki. Fa go lebelelwa
paka e, go lemosega fa diterama tse di phasaladitsweng mo pakeng e
bontsi jwa tsona di bua ka melaetsa esele, e seng ya poletiki. Go na le
terama e le nngwe e e buang ka thitokgang ya poletiki, e leng Kaine le
Abele (1995) ya ga G. Mokae. Mo tshekatshekong ya terama e, go tlile go
totwa thitokgang ya poletiki, mme e bile go latelwa lenaneo le le latelang:

• Tshosobanyo ya ditiragalo tsa sekwalwa

• Thitokgang
• Dithekeniki
• Kakaretso

4.1.2 Tshosobanyo ya ditiragalo tsa sekwalwa

Go bonala fa terama ya Kaine le Abele e na le dithitokgang di le nne jaaka;

(i) Thitokgang ya botseka (bosenyi le kotlhao ya ga Katlego)
(ii) Thitokgang ya poletiki- (Mokgatlho wa go ema kgatlhanong le
Puso ya Tlhaolele - Anti-Apartheid Movement)
iii) Lorato- (Katlego o ratana le Jo-Anne, a bo a mo nyala)

iv) Matlhotlhapelo (Katlego o bolaya Pule le Jo-Anne, kwa bofelong

o a ipolaya).

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Tlhotlhomiso e, e ya go sala morago thitokgang ya poletiki mo terameng e,

go gaisa tse dingwe, ka ntlha ya fa diteng tsa yona di totomatsa thitokgang ya
poletiki go gaisa tse dingwe. Karolo ya terama ya Kaine le Abele, e e
tlhalosang molaetsa wa poletiki e simolola mo tsebeng ya bosupa go fitlha ka
ya somaamararo tharo.

• Tshosobanyo e latela jaana:

Ka 1974 Pule o tlogela sekolo a dira mophato wa borobongwe. O ya Gauteng

kwa a fetang a tsalana le setlhopha sa baithuti ba ba kgatlhanong le tiriso ya
Seaforikanse jaaka puo ya go ruta. Tshwaragano e, ya gogela kwa
ditiragalong tsa Seetebosigo 16, 1976 ka nako ya fa bašwa ba Soweto ba ema
kgatlhanong le Puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforikaborwa. Morago mapodisi a
lefapha la tshireletso a ne a batla Pule ka matlho a mahibidu, mme ena o
patelesega go tlola molelwane, a bo a feleletsa a kopa botshabelo jwa
sepoletiki kwa Mozambique. Pule o feta a nna molwelakgololesego ka
ditlhabano. Sebe sa phiri ke go re o feletsa a dule motswasetlhabelo fa
masole a Aforikaborwa a tlhasela kampa ya bone.

Fa Katlego a le kwa Lontone, o bona lokwalodikgang lo bua ka go bolawa ga

bangwe ba balwelakgololesego kwa Mozambique, mme Pule e le mongwe
wa ba ba suleng. Kgang e, e ne ya mo utlwisa botlhoko mo e bileng a ne a
fetsa ka go tsenela ditshupetso tsa mokgatlho o o kgatlhanong le Puso ya
Aforikaborwa ya Tlhaolele, ka maikemisetso a go tlotla mogoloe.
O kopana le Jo-Anne, mosetsana wa mo Aforikaborwa, ngwana wa
lekomonisi la mosweu, le le neng la inaya naga ka 1962 le balelapa la gagwe,
a tshaba puso ya kgatelelo ya Basweu ba ba palopotlana. O nyala Jo-Anne,
mme ka lengwe la malatsi, o bona lokwalodikgang lo tlhalosa fa bafaladi

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botlhe ba Aforikaborwa ba ka ya go tlatsa diforomo tsa go kopa tebalelo.

Katlego o kgatlhanong le se, mme ka tlhotlheletso ya mosadi ba feletsa ba
boetse gae.

4.1.3 Thitokgang

Molaetsa o o tsamaelanang le thitokgannyana ya thulaganyo ya ditiragalo tsa

terama e, e e tlhalosang poletiki, ke bosetlhogo jwa Puso ya Aforikaborwa ya
Tlhaolele. Batho botlhe ba Aforikaborwa, go akarelediwa le bathusi ba bona,
ba le bona ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le Puso ya Tlhaolele ba ne ba
tshwarwa, fa bangwe ba ne ba bolawa. Bontsi bo ne ba tlola melelwane go ya
botshabelo kwa mafatsheng asele. Batshabi ba, le ba ba setseng mo gae, ba
ne ba patelesega go ipopa ka ditlhopha go tswelela go lwantsha Puso ya
Kgatelelo ka tirisanommogo e kgolo. Kwa bofelong ba ne ba kgona go atlega
go phutlhamisa puso e, mme morago ga se, ba ba neng ba le kwa mafatsheng
a a kwa ntle, ba ne ba boela mo gae e le bafenyi ba kgololesego.

4.1.4 Dithekeniki

Fa go buiwa ka thekeniki go kaiwa mokgwa o mokwadi a o dirisang go

tsweledisa pele thitokgang ya sekwalwa sa gagwe. Mo ntlheng e, mokwadi
o dirisitse ditselana tsa thulaganyo go godisa maikaelelo a gagwe, a a
tsamaelanang le molaetsa o a batlang go o abelana le mmuisi.

Dithekeniki tse mokwadi a di dirisitseng mo thitokgang ya terama e, e e

malebana le poletiki, dingwe tsa tse di botlhokwa tse mokwadi a di
dirisitseng mo thulaganyong ya Kaine le Abele ke phetogotebelelo, motifi,
dikaelaserala, phokelelo le pharologanyo.

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4.1.4.1 Phetogotebelelo

Roberts (1992: 85) o tlhalosa phetogotebelelo ka go re:

Change of point of view refers to the voice that authors

use when presenting their work…it may be as a work’s
speaker, persona or narrator.

Mosekaseki yo, o tlhagisa fa mokwadi a ka dirisa moanelwa kana moanedi

go anela dikgang tsa setlhangwa sa gagwe. Cohen (1973: 18) ena o di bona
jaana:

… the author steps aside and turns over the telling of

the story to a created character.

Kgang e, e tlhalosa fa nako e nngwe mokwadi o ka tlogelela baanelwa

dikgang tse a di tlhalosang, gore e nne bona ba ba anelang ditiragalo tsa
sekwalwa sa gagwe. Thobakgale (1996: 112) o ruma dikgang tse ka go re fa
go buiwa ka phetogotebelelo moanelwa o nna le seabe mo boaneding jwa
dikgang. O bua gore go na le pharologanyo fa gare ga tebelelo ya moaneledi
le ya moanelwa, ka gore moanelwa ka gale o tlhalosa dikgang tse di gaufi le
ena le tse di mo amang.

Mo tsebeng ya bosupa ya terama ya Kaine le Abele, go lemosega fa go tswa

kwa tshimologong, dikgang tsa ditshupetso fa pele ga Ntlo ya boemedi jwa
Aforikaborwa kwa Lontone, di tlhalosiwa ke mokwadi ka temana tse pedi.
Dikgang tse a di tlhalosang ka boleele, ke tse a di itseng go gaisa baanelwa.
Le fa go ntse jalo, fa a tshwanetse go tswelela pele o nna le mathata. Ke ka

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ntlha e a di fetisetsang kwa baanelweng go di tsweledisa, ka gore ke bona ba

ba di itseng botoka, e bile di diragatswa ke bona.

Go ka rungwa ka go re mokgwa o wa kanedi ya ditiragalo wa ga Mokae mo

terameng e, ke o o gakgamatsang, ka gonne bogolo jwa ditiragalo tsa terama
di tshwanetse go tlhalosiwa ke baanelwa, le go diragadiwa ke bona. Mokae
fa, o batla go nna le seabe jaaka baanelwa mo tlhalosong ya ditiragalo tsa
terama e. Ntlha e, e tlhagelela jaaka a mangwe a makoa a mokwadi a go
dirisa thekeniki ya phetogotebelelo mo terameng e.

4.1.4.2 Motifi

Fa a tlhalosa motifi Abrams (1993: 121) o bua ka go re:

A motif is a conspicuous element, such as a type of

incident, device, reference or formula, which occurs
frequently in works of literarture.

Mosekaseki yo, o tlhagisa poeletso ya lefoko, polelwana kana ditiragalo go

kaya sengwe se se rileng se se botlhokwa. Serudu (1989:35) ena a re motifi ke
lefoko kgotsa polelwana e e boelediwang mo setlhangweng. Cohen (1973:
191) ena a re motifi o lebagane le semelo, ka tsela ya go senola maitsholo le
tebego ya moanelwa.
Mokae ka molomo wa ga Jo-Anne a re:

JO-ANNE: (O tshega go se nene.) Nnyaa. Go bonala fela mo matlhong

a bokadija ba ditshupetso. Kana le fa re le bantsinyana rona
maloko a Anti-Apartheid Movement mono Lontone, re a itsane ka
re tlwaetse go ntshana se-inong. Ditshupetso tse re tlwaetseng go

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di dira kgatlhanong le embasi ya Aforikaborwa di re lomagantse.

Di re lomagantse rona badira-ditshupetso ba maitemogelo a
magolo (ts.7).

Motifi o tlhagelela ka poeletso ya ditshupetso gararo. Mokwadi o batla gore

mmuisi a lemoge botlhokwa jwa ditshupetso tse di diragalang fa pele ga Ntlo
ya boemedi jwa Aforikaborwa kwa Lontone. Tiro ya thekeniki e, ke go bontsha
maatla a ditshupetso, ke go re di tlhodile kgololesego mo Aforikaborwa, ka
gore kwa bofelong puso ya Kgatelelo e ne ya phutlhama, bafaladi ba bo ba
boela kwa magaeng a bona.

4.1.4.3 Dikaelaserala

Mabapi le kakanyo e Cuddon (1976: 862) a re dikaelaserala ke:

Notes incorporated in or added to the script of a play to

indicate the moment of a character’s appearance,
character and manner, the style of delivery, the actors
movements, details of location, scenery and effects.

Mosekaseki yo, o tlhalosa fa dikaelaserala e le dintlha tse di tlaleletsang

ditiragalo, tikologo le baanelwa mo sekwalweng sa terama. Keuris (1997: 77)
o akgela ka go re tshedimosetso e gantsi e bonwa ka matlho, e bo e utlwiwe
ka ditsebe. O tswelela ka go re mo moanelweng e amana le diponagalo, bokai
jwa sefatlhego le tshikinyego ya mmele le ditsebe. Groenewald (1995: 6) ena
a re masakana a dirisediwa go tlaleletsa le go tlhalosa se se diragalang ka
botlalo gore mmuisi a kgone go tlhaloganya. Holman (1936: 14) a re sesiro
ke e nngwe ya diponagalo tse di botlhokwa tsa terama. Groenewald (1995:6)

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o tswelela ka go naya mesola ya sesiro ka go re (a) se lebagane le go fetolwa

ga nako, lefelo, baanelwa le ditiragalo, gammogo le (b) go supa boikhutso.

Mo tlhotlhomising e, thekeniki ya dikaelaserala e ya go sekasekwa go

latedisitswe lenaneo le:

• Dikaelaserala tse di kwa tshimologong ya kgaolo le pono.

• Dikaelaserala tse di fa gare ga puisano.
• Dikaelaserala tse di rumang kgaolo le pono.

Ga go ye go dirisiwa dikaelaserala tsotlhe tse di tlhagelelang mo terameng e,

mme bogolo go ya go tlhophiwa dingwe tsa tse di tlhagelelang mo
thitokgannyaneng e e lebaganeng le poletiki, jaaka thekeniki ya terama ya
Kaine le Abele.

• Dikaelaserala tse di kwa tshimologong ya kgaolo le pono.

Dikaelaserala tse di kwa tshimologong ya kgaolo le pono di botlhokwa, ka

gonne di gokaganya dikgaolo le dipono tsa tiragatso, ka go tlhalosa le go
tlaleletsa se se diragalang.
Fa go ka tlhokomelwa dikaelaserala tse di kwa tshimologong ya dikgaolo le
dipono tsa terama e, go tla lemogiwa gore mokwadi o dirisa puo ka boleele, o
ka re o anela ditiragalo tsa kanedi, tse o ka reng ga a batle di buiwa ke
baanelwa. Ka tshwanelo baanelwa mo sekwalweng sa terama ke bona ba
tshwanetseng go bua thata go gaisa mokwadi. Dikao tse di fiwang ke tse di
fitlhelwang mo tsebeng ya bosupa le ya bosomaamabedi tharo.

Go ka tlhagisiwa gape gore Mokae o anela terama e jaaka moanedi, go na le

gore a fe baanelwa sebaka sa go buisana ka bobona mo terameng. Ka tsela e,

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go ka twe mokwadi o dirisa dikaelaserala tse di kwa tshimologong ya

dikgaolo le dipono go feta selekanyo, mme se, se tlhola makoa a a leng teng
mabapi le tiragatso ya terama e.

• Dikaelaserala tse di fa gare ga puisano.

Dikaelaserala tse di fa gare ga puisano di tlhalosa se se yang go diragala.

Phala (1999: 79) o tsweledisa kgang e ka go re tiriso ya masakana e
botlhokwa ka gonne e thusa babuisi go lemoga maemo a baanelwa ba
iphitlhelang ba le mo go ona. Ke go re di lebagana le maikutlo a a rileng. Ke
ka ntlha e Keuris (1997: 68) a reng:

The intensity of a character’s emotions (e.g. very angry or

very sad) can also be described and will be experienced
by the readers as character -revealing.

Puo e, e tlhalosa fa dikaelaserala tse di fa gare ga puisano di na le tiro e e

rileng, e e lebaganeng le maikutlo a moanelwa yo go tlhalosiwang maikutlo a
gagwe.
Mo tlhotlhomisong e, go ya go diriswa sekao se le sengwe, ka gonne
boatlhamo jwa teng bo lekanyeditswe.

Sekao se se latelang se tlhalosa ka fa Jo-Anne a ikutlwang ka teng, morago

ga go omana le monna wa gagwe, mabapi le go boela kwa Aforikaborwa.

KATLEGO: Se itire yo o sa tlhaloganyeng mmaetsho, a leina la motho le

ka senyega go feta foo kwa gae? Bosweu jwa gago bo phimola
maleo otlhe a gago mo matlhong a puso ya basweu ya
kgethololo! Bosweu jwa gago ke pula-madibogo! (Jo-Anne o

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tlhajwa ke mafoko ao thata, a bo a ntsha sakatuku mo kgetsing go

iphimola dikeledi. Morago o diga matlho, o leba mo tafoleng ka
kutlobotlhoko a ntse a tshameka ka lesela la go ala mo tafoleng
(ts. 29-30).

Mafoko a a fa gare ga masakana a tsweledisa kutlobotlhoko le go lela ga ga

Jo-Anne, ka gonne kwa Aforikaborwa Puso ya Tlhaolele ga e letlelele motho
wa mmala go ka nyalana le Mothomosweu, gape fa ba boela gae ba ka feta ba
pateletsega go arogana.

Tiro ya thekeniki e, ke go godisa bosetlhogo jwa Puso ya Tlhaolele ya

Aforikaborwa.

• Dikaelaserala tse di rumang kgaolo le pono.

Dikaelaserala tse di rumang dikgaolo le dipono di lebagane le go fetolwa ga

nako, bodiragatso le boikhutso. Machika (2002: 86) o tlhalosa fa tiro e nngwe
e e botlhokwa ya sesiro e le go aroganya dikgaolo le ditemana. Groenewald
(1995: 6) ena a re fa sesiro se tlhagelela kwa bofelong jwa pono, se kaya
phetogo ya nako, lefelo, baanelwa le ditiragalo, mme fa se tlhagelela kwa
bofelong jwa kgaolo, se kaya bokhutlo. Ka jalo sesiro se botlhokwa mo
tiragatsong ya terama, ka gonne se na le tiro e e rileng mo thulaganyong ya
ditiragalo tsa tiragatso.

Mo terameng ya Kaine le Abele ga go tlhagisiwe sepe mabapi le sesiro, le fa

basekaseki ba bantsi ba tlhalosa se le botlhokwa mo tiragatsong. Maikaelelo
a bontsi jwa diterama bo tsamaelana le tiragatso. Ka jalo, terama e ya ga
Mokae go solofelwa gore jaaka diterama tse dingwe, e tshwanetse go
diragatswa. Ga go gakgamatse fa Mokae mo tshimologong ya dikgaolo le

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dipono a anela, go na le gore a diragatse, mme se, se dira o ka re o kwala

kanedi. Ke gore o ka re Mokae o tlhakanya tiragatso le kanedi, e bile ga go
gakgamatse fa a sa dirise sesiro kwa bofelong jwa dikgaolo le dipono, gonne
o ka re ga a itse kana o itlhokomolosa melao e e tsamaisang thulaganyo ya
tiragatso. Tlhotlhomiso e, e bona ditlhaelo tsa mofuta o jaaka makoa a a
tlhagelelang mo terameng ya Kaine le Abele.

4.1.4.4 Phokelelo

Mo tlhalosong ya gagwe ya phokelelo Msimang (1986: 8) a re:

…influence may be defined as the presence of certain

elements in a latter work similar to those found in a former.
The similar elements must be such that the author of the
latter was consciously induced by the former work to
produce such elements.

Kgang e, e tlhalosa fa go na le kutlwano ya dikarolo dingwe mo bokwading

jo bo farologaneng, ka ntlha ya fa go nnile le phokelelo mo go jone. Manyaka
(1995: 36) o bua fa go se na sekwalwa se se ikemetseng se le nosi, se tlhoka
kgolagano le ditlhangwa tse dingwe tse di tlotlomaditsweng pele ga sone, ke
bakwadi ba bangwe ka dinako tse di farologaneng. Ntuli (1984: 15) o akgela
ka go re phokelelo ga se fela ya mokwadi kgotsa sekwalwa go mokwadi,
tikologo le yona e botlhokwa ka e ka amiwa ke setlhangwa.

Dithitokgang tse di tshwanang le tsa ka ga setso, sepoletiki, bodumedi le tse

dingwe tse di farologaneng di kgona go ka khuediwa ke dilo tse di
ntsanantsana.

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Mokae o dirisa phokelelo mo thitokgannyaneng ya poletiki go tswa mo go

Kaine le Abele jaana:

JO-ANNE: (O a nyenya) Kgadima ya phetogo ya kwa tseleng ya

go ya Tamasekose? (O a tshega.) Kgotsa gongwe ga o ke o lekola
makwalo a a boitshepo mosimane wa kwa gae? Kgadima e e neng
ya itaya Soulo, ya re a tswa mo maibing, a bo a fetogile go nna
Paulo (ts.9).

Fa go buiwa ka phokelelo go tlhalosiwa fa e se ya thitokgang fela, mme

tikologo le ditiragalo di ka fokelelwa. Dintlha tse di mabapi le tikologo le
ditiragalo ke Sekeresete le poletiki.

Mokae o dirisa temana ya Beibele, ka ga leeto la ga Soulo a ya Tamasekose.

Kgang e ga se setso sa Setswana, e tsamaelana le setso sa Sekeresete. Ka jalo
go ka twe Mokae o dirisa phokelelo fa a rulaganya dikgang tse di
tsamaelanang le poletiki ya kgatelelo ya Aforikaborwa, ka go nopola tiragalo
ya Beibele mme a e dirisa mo terameng ka thitokgang ya sepoletiki.

Phetogo ya ga Katlego e bapisiwa le ya ga Soulo mo Beibeleng. Mokwadi o

dirisa thekeniki ya phokelelo go tlhagisa thitokgannyana ya sepoletiki mo
terameng ya gagwe.

4.1.4.5 Papisanyo

Go ya ka Serudu (1989: 39) papisanyo ke :

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Mokgwa wa go bapetša diswantšho goba dikgopolo tše

pedi tše di swanego ka nepo ya go hlaloša taba goba
ditiragalo ka tsela ya maatlakgogedi.

Puo e, e tlhalosa fa papisanyo e thusa go tlhalosa ditiragalo ka go bapisa dilo

mme tiro e, e tlhole kgogedi. Lazarus le Smith (1983: 74) ba tsweledisa
kgang e ka go re:

Comparison of opposites helps dramatically to clarify the

attributes of a thing or ones attitudes towards a thing.
Basekaseki ba, ba tlhagisa fa papisanyo e lebagane le go bapisa dilo ka
maikaelelo a go lemoga phapaano ya dilo tse go buiwang ka ga tsona. Sekao
ke se fa tlase:

JO-ANNE: (O a nyenya) Ao ga se maitlhomo a rona bakaulengwe. Maitlhomo

a rona ke go tlhora puso ya bonnye ya kgatelelo ya Afrika Borwa
boroko. Go e sulafaletsa botshelo gore e feleletse e golotse
Bantsho fela jaaka Modimo a kile a dirisa Moše go tlhora Faro
boroko gore a golole bana ba Iseraele. Nnyaa, maitlhomo ga se go
tlhora lona boroko (ts.8).

Fa mmuisi a buisa temana e e fa godimo o lemoga papisanyo. Mokwadi o

farologanya baeteledipele ba Mokgatlho wa Kemokgatlhanong le Tlhaolele le
Moše. Moše o ne a eteletse bana ba Iserarele pele go tswa Egepeto kwa ntlong
ya botlhanka, fa ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, ba Mokgatlho wa
Kemokgatlhanong le Tlhaolele ba ne ba eteletse baagi ba Aforikaborwa pele
go ba ntsha mo diatleng tsa kgethololo ka lotso le mmala.

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Mosola wa thekeniki e ke go tlhagisa thitokgannyana e e malebana le poletiki

mo terameng ya Kaine le Abele.

4.2 Kakaretso

Go ka akaretswa ka gore fa basekaseki ba bua ka phetogotebelelo, ba raya

gore mokwadi ka nako tse dingwe o ka dirisa moanelwa kgotsa moanedi go
tlhagisa dikgang tsa setlhangwa sa gagwe. Go lemosegile fa mokwadi wa
terama e, a dirisa mokgwa wa go nna le seabe mo go tlhaloseng dikgang tsa
sekwalwa, mme se se tlhagelela jaaka mangwe a makoa a gagwe a go dirisa
thekeniki ya phetogotebelelo o ka re o kwala mofutatlhangwa wa kanedi
gongwe porousu. Malebana le motifi, go tlhagelela poeletso ya ditshupetso
gararo go tiisa botlhokwa le maatla a tsona ditshupetso tse kwa bofelong di
lereng kgololesego mo Aforikaborwa. Go lemosegile fa mosola wa thekeniki
ya motifi e le go supa maatla a ditshupetso, ka go re ka tsone baagi ba
kgonne go phutlhamisa puso ya kgatelelo, ba bo ba boela kwa magaeng a bona
le fa bangwe ba jelwe ke gareitse.

Dikaelaserala tsa tiragatso ya terama ya ga Mokae, tse di kwa tshimologong

ya dikgaolo le dipono le tse di fa gare ga puisano, di kailwe di le botlhokwa.
Ke go re tse di kwa tshimologong di golaganya dikgaolo le dipono tsa
tiragatso, fa tse di fa gare ga puisano, tiro ya tsona e lebagane le maikutlo a a
rileng a moanelwa. Go lemosegile fa Mokae kwa tshimologong ya dikgaolo
le dipono a anela a sa diragatse, e bile a sa dirise sesiro kwa bofelong, mme
se, se bonagetse e le mangwe a makoa mo terameng ya gagwe.

Basekaseki ba bua fa phokelelo e mokwadi a nang le yona, e tlhotlheletsa

mokwadi yo mongwe go kwala setlhangwa sa gagwe a se bapisitse le se
sengwe se se sa bolong go kwalwa. Phokelelo e e dirisitsweng ke Mokae, e

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bonagala fa a khueditswe ke temana go tswa mo Beibeleng e e ka ga leeto la ga

Soulo go ya Tamasekose, mme se, se tlhagisa thitokgannyana ya poletiki mo
terameng ya gagwe. Go bonagetse fa phokelelo e nnile le seabe se se
botlhokwa ka e oketsa bosetlhogo jwa Puso ya Aforikaborwa ya Tlhaolele.
Kwa bofelong mabapi le papisanyo, go tlhalositswe fa mokwadi a bapisitse ka
go tshwantsha baeteledipele ba Mokgatho wa Kemokgatlhanong le Tlhaolele le
go fetoga ga ga Soulo, mmogisabakeresete, go nna Poulo moreri yo mogolo wa
Sekeresete. Go lemogilwe fa mosola wa papisanyo e le go totomatsa
thitokgannyana ya poletiki ya terama ya Kaine le Abele.

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KGAOLO YA BOTLHANO

5.1 Paka ya 1996-2002

5.1.1 Matseno

Mo pakeng ya 1996-2002 go phasaladitswe diterama di le mmalwa, mme mo

go tsone e le nngwe e bua ka thitokgang ya poletiki. Yona e bidiwa Diterama
tsa ga Zakes Mda (2002). E fetoletswe mo puong ya Setswana ke P.M. Sebate.
Mofuta o wa terama, ke ngatana e e nang le diterama tsa kgaolo e le nngwe di
le tlhano. Tse tharo tsa diteramakhutshwe tse, di lebagane le thitokgang ya
poletiki. Tsona ke ‘Re tla opelela lefatshe la borraarona’, ‘Mantswe a lefifi a a
lela’ le ‘Tsela’. Mo tshekatshekong ya diteramakhutshwe tse, go ya go latelwa
lenaneo le:

• Tshosobanyo ya ditiragalo tsa sekwalwa

• Thitokgang
• Dithekeniki
• Kakaretso

Tshekatsheko ya diteramakhutshe e latela jaana:

5.1.2 Tshosobanyo ya ‘Re tla opelela lefatshe la borraarona’

Seresanta le Janabari ke bangwe ba matsopa a dintwa tsa kgololesego ka nako

ya tlhaolele. Seresanta o kgaogile leoto mme boobabedi ba apere diaparo tsa
sesole tse di tsofetseng e bile di le makgasa mme ba nna mo phakeng e e fa
gare ga toropo.

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Bobedi jo, bo motlotlo ka tiro e ba e dirileng, ka gore baagi ba bone boipuso le

kgololesego kwa bofelong. Ba tshwenngwa ke ka fa dilo di leng ka teng mo
lefatsheng la bona la puso ya temokerasi. Ke go re le fa Bathobantsho ba le mo
maemong a a kwa godimo, e bile ba gololesegile mo sepoletiking, dikgwebo
tsotlhe tse ditona di sa ntse di le mo diatleng tsa Basweu. Tota go ka twe ga ba
ise ba gololesege mo ikonoming gonne madi a dipeeletso e sa le a Batswantle.
Jaaka go ntse, rakgwebo o pateletswa ke rapolekelo wa mosweu go nna
modulasetilo wa Neeletsano ya Dithoto (Stock Exchange), e tswa a sa
katisetswa tiro ya mofuta o, e bile bontsi jwa Basweu bo le kgatlhanong le
kakanyo ya go nna jalo. Kwa bofelong rakgwebo o latlhegelwa ke bonnye jo a
neng a bo ikgobokanyeditse, mme nako nngwe o bolawa ke pelo ka ntlha ya go
ya tlase ga phokotshegotlhwatlhwa.

Balwelakgololesego ba, ba tshwenngwa gape ke dithulano tsa bona le

basepodisi le fa ba le Bathobantsho mmogo. Bontsi jwa batlhankedi ba mmuso,
ba rata pipamolomo, ka jalo ba duedise batho madi a a kwa godimo a go ba
reka gore ba se tswe ka letlhaa ka ga tse di bosula tse ba di dirileng. Janabari o
ne a tlwaetse go gotsa molelo, mme motlhankedimogolo a o gatake ka
ditlhako. Selo se, se utlwisa ba bantsi botlhoko thata, mme ba dira tshwetso
gore ga ba kitla ba fuduga mo nageng ya bona, e bile ba ikanne go lwela
ditshwanelo tsa bona.

Janabari o tlhalosetsa Seresanta gore dintwa tse ba di loleng, e ne e le go

lwantsha puso e e gobelelang le e e ba jang ntsoma. Maikaelelo e le go e tlosa
gore ba tle ba tlise puso e e tla letlang batho botlhe go nna le seabe mo
khumong ya lefatshe la bona, ba bo ba tshele ka tekatekano. Ba dumalana go
lwa ntwa nngwe le nngwe ya kgololesego, fa fela e ka busetsa lefatshe la bona
mo diatleng tsa beng.

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Ba a robala, mme ba lala ba bolailwe ke serame bosigo joo. Ka ntlha ya se,

motlhankedimogolo a folosiwa mo maemong, ka a bonwe phoso go tlogela
batho mo serameng. Kwa bofelong go tlhagelela ditopo tsa balwelakgolesego
di phuthetswe ka dikgetsi, di bo di epelwa mabitla ke bagolegwa. Ka fa
letlhakoreng le lengwe go tlhagelela phitlho ya ga rakgwebo mongwe, mme
yona e nna ya maemo a a kwa godimo. Go tliwa ka makatlanamane, baruti ba
le teng, phuthego, diletswa tsa mmino, e bile go kgabisitswe ka mefutafuta ya
ditšhese le dimpho ka go farologana ga tsona. Go bogelwa e le ruri.

5.1.2.1 Thitokgang

Molaetsa wa terama ya ‘Re tla opelela lefatshe la borraarona’ ke kgololesego le

tokologo ya Bathobantsho ba Aforikaborwa morago ga boipuso. Ke go re baagi
ba lefatshe le, ba tshedile dingwaga di le dintsi ka fa tlase ga puso ya kgatelelo
le kgethololo ka lotso le mmala. Morago ba bona go le botlhokwa go ikemela
ka dinao, ba intsha ditlhabelo ka go swa le go lwela lefatshe la bona gore ba tle
ba bone kgololesego. Kwa bofelong, ba kgonne go phutlhamisa puso ya
tlhaolele, mme ba feleletsa ba bone boipuso. Gompieno ba gololesegile.

5.1.2.2 Dithekeniki

Go tlhalositswe fa thekeniki e le boitseanape jo mokwadi a bo dirisang fa a

rulaganya dikgang tsa setlhangwa sa gagwe le go senola molaetsa wa gagwe ka
teng. Go na le dithekeniki tse dintsi tse di dirisitsweng mo terameng e.
Maikaelelo a tlhotlhomiso e, ke go sekaseka tse di itshupileng,mme di
lebagane le thitokgang ya poletiki. Dithekeniki tse di tlhagelelang
bogolosegolo ke kgelekiso, motifi, poelomorago le papisanyo.

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5.1.2.2.1 Kgelekiso

Fa a bua ka thekeniki ya kgelekiso, Abrams (1981: 16) o di baya jaana:

A rhetorical question is a question asked, not to evoke an

actual reply, but to achieve an emphasis than direct
statement, by inviting the auditor himself to supply an answer
which the speaker presumes to be the obvious one.

Kgang e, e tlhalosa fa maikaelelo a potso e e bodiwang e, e se go batla

karabo, mme e le go gatelela tiragalo e e rileng e gantsi e lebaganeng le
molaetsa wa mokwadi. Baldick (1993: 189) a netefatsa kgang e ka go re
potso e, e bodiwa go gatelela kgang go gaisa fa e buiwa fela, le go
pateletsa mmuisi go amogela se se buiwang.

Mda ka molomo wa ga Janabari a re:

JANABARI Saj, Khonforentse ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya

Tikologo e ne e le kwa kae fa re ne re lwa Dintwa tsa
Kgololesego? Ga ke ise ke ke ke e bone mo sekgweng, kgotsa
wena o e bone? (ts. 41)

Potso e e sa batleng karabo ke ya gore Khonforense ya

Boditšhabatšhaba ya Tikologo e ne e le kae fa ba lwa dintwa tsa
kgololesego? Karabo ya yona ke go re khonforense e, e ne e se yo kwa
ntweng eo. Ka jalo, Janabari o pateletsa Seresanta go amogela se a se
buang.

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Thekeniki e, e dirisiwa go senola bosetlhogo jwa puso ya kgatelelo, ka

go pateletsa baagi go nna mo nageng ba lwantsha puso ya tlhaolele gore
ba gololesege.

5.1.2.2.2 Motifi

Tlhaloso ya motifi e setse e kailwe kwa dikgaolong tse di tlileng pele ga

e mme e tlhalositswe e le poeletso ya lefoko kana polelwana mo
setlhangweng, ka maikaelelo a go tlisa kgatelelo e e rileng. Mokwadi o
tlhagisa thekeniki ya motifi ka puo ya ga Seresanta ka go re:

SERESANTA: Jaanong re lwela boiphediso jwa rona.

Pharologano e fa kae? Ntwa ke ntwa, go sa kgatheletsege gore go
lwelwa eng (ts. 31).

Mokwadi o boeleditse lefoko ‘ntwa’ go lere kgatelelo, e e lebaganeng le

poletiki. Ntwa ke lefoko le le botlhokwa, mme le a gatelelwa ka gore le
lebagane le poletiki. Seresanta le Janabari ke balwelakgololesego, ba ntwa e e
lolweng kgatlhanong le Puso ya Aforikaborwa ya Tlhaolele.

Mokwadi o dirisitse thekeniki ya motifi go gatelela botlhokwa jwa ntwa mo

baaging ba lefatshe le, ka gore ka yona ba feleletse ba kgona go phutlhamisa
puso ya kgatelelo, go bona boipuso le kgololesego.

5.1.2.2.3 Poelomorago

Go tlhalositswe fa se se botlhokwa mo thekeniking ya poelomorago e le

kamano fa gare ga ditiragalo tse di diragetseng kwa morago le tse di
diragalang gona jaanong. Go na le mefuta e le mebedi ya poelomorago, (a)

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ke e e amanyang tshimologo le bokhutlo le (b) e e diragalang fa gare ga

ditiragalo. Mo kinolong e e latelang go dirisitswe poelomorago e e fa gare ga
ditiragalo
.
SERESANTA: Mo ntweng ga le swe lotlhe. Bangwe ba sule,
monna. Ditsala-tsa-gago-mo-ntweng di sule fa pele ga gago, go
bapa le wena… ba lalaana le lefelo lotlhe. Ba swela gore re tle re
phele, Janabari. Mme re tshwanetse go phela, monna. O
natefelelwe ke kgololesego ya gago- a ga re a atlega mo go se re
neng re se lwela? Bona, ke kgaogile leoto mo ntweng eo. Leoto
lotlhe fela. Ga re a lwela lefela Janabari (ts. 33).

Tiragalo ya go lwa ntwa fa e direga mo tsebeng ya somaamararo pedi, mmuisi

ga a ise a e lemoge. O simolola go e lemoga fa e boelediwa mo tsebeng ya
somaamararo tharo. Mokwadi o dirisa poelomorago go supa kamano fa gare ga
tiragalo ya go lwa le go swela kwa ntweng. Tiragalo e, e a boelediwa ka gore e
tlhagelela kwa morago mo ditsebeng tse di fetileng.

Mosola wa thekeniki e, ke go supa botlhokwa jwa ntwa e e lolweng ke baagi

ba naga e, ka go re kwa bofelong e ba tliseditse boipuso le kgololesego.

5.1.2.2.4 Papisanyo

Papisanyo e tlhalositswe e le fa mokwadi a dirisa dikgopolo tse pedi tse di

thulanang, o ka re o a ikganetsa.

Mo dinopolong tse di latelang go lemosega o ka re dikakanyo tse di

tlhagisiwang, mokwadi o a ikganetsa. Mokwadi a re:

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SERESANTA: Tlaya, Janabari, tlaya re opelele lefatshe la borraarona,

lefatshe le re le golotseng ka mofufutso le madi a rona. Lefatshe la
borraarona (ts. 46)

SERESANTA: Mme ga re kitla re kgona go opelela lefatshe la

borraarona pele re robala(ts. 47).

Mokwadi o dirisa thekeniki ya papisanyo go supa thulano ya dikgopolo tse

pedi tse di tlhagelelang gore mmuisi a tlhaloganye se se diragalang sentle. Puo
ya bofelo e ganetsa ya ntlha. Gantsi fa motho a bua, ga a ke a ikganetsa. Go
lebega o ka re puo e ke ya batho ba babedi, ka gore motho yo mongwe ke ena a
ka ganetseng yo o buang. Kgankgolo ke go re ga go botlhokwa go itumela ba
se na naga. Ga o ka ke wa itumela e tswa o le pelobotlhoko. Ka jalo, ga go na
mosola go itumela mo nageng e e senang boitumelo.

Tiragalo e, e gatelela fa puso ya Aforikaborwa e se na boitumelo ka go sa ntse

go na le kgatelelo.

5.1.2.2.5 Kakaretso

Go ka akarediwa ka gore Zakes Mda o dirisa dithekeniki tse di farologaneng,

go tlhagisa molaetsa wa poletiki mo setlhangweng sa gagwe. Thekeniki ya
kgelekiso e dirisitswe go senola bosetlhogo jwa puso ya Aforikaborwa ya
kgethololo. Mokwadi o o dirisitse motifi go gatelela botlhokwa jwa ntwa,
ka e le yona e tlisitseng kgololesego mo lefatsheng le. Thekeniki ya
poelomorago e tlhagisitswe e le botlhokwa ka e dirisitswe go supa kamano
ya ditiragalo mo sekwalweng. Kwa bofelong go dirisitswe thekeniki ya
papisanyo go tlhagisa thulano ya dikgopolo mo terameng e.

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5.2 TSHOSOBANYO YA ‘MANTSWE A LEFIFI A A LELA’

Mokwadi o rulagantse ditiragalo tse di diragalang mo terameng e, dingwaga di

le somethataro di diragetse. Monnamogolo ke motlhokomela-badiri mo
polaseng ya ga Van Wyk. O tshwara Bathobantsho ba gaabo makgwakgwa ka
a sala morago ditaelo tsa mothapi wa gagwe. Van Wyk o duela Monnamogolo
kgetsi ya bupi ka kgwedi. Bantsho mo polaseng e, ba lema ditapole mme
dituelo tsa bona di kwa tlase, gape ga ba na bonno jo bo siameng. Van Wyk ga
a sekegele dingongorego le mathata a badiri ba gagwe tsebe, mme ba feletsa ba
le kgopo mo tirong. Mosweu yo, o swetsa ka go thapa bagolegwa go tswa kwa
toronkong. Morago ga go thapa bagolegwa, Van Wyk o bona thobo e ntsi e
bile bagolegwa ba tsamaisa tiro ka bofefo, ba bile ba epolola ditapole ka diatla
go tswa ka makuku go fitlha ka letlatlana ba sa ikhutse.

Batlhokomelabagolegwa ba Basweu, ba ba tlhometseng ba feta ba naya

Monnamogolo ditaelo tsa gore ba tshware bagolegwa jang. Ba mo naya sebepi
go itaya ba ba mo tshwenyang. Morago ga se, bona ba tlhola kwa ntlong ya ga
Van Wyk ba a nwa bojalwa motshegare otlhe. Ka lengwe la malatsi,
batshwarwa ba feretlhega kgatlhanong le Monnamogolo. Ba ne ba ngongorega
ka mokgwa o a ba tshwereng ka ona. Ba mo tlhasela ba bo ba feleletsa ba mo
iteile mo go maswe.

Morago ga go mo itaya, ba bo ba mo tlogela mo tshimong ba ithaya ba re o ile

ga maotwana hunyela, ba gwantela kwa mokgorong wa gagwe ba o tlhosetsa
ka molelo. Nontobeko, ngwana wa gagwe ka nako eo a bo a robetse, mme a
šwa lorelore. Ya re ba tswa foo, ba leba kwa ga Van Wyk mme ba tshuba ntlo
ya gagwe, ba ntse ba opela. Fa batlhokomedi ba bona se, ba leletsa ba bangwe
go kopa thuso. Thuso ya tla mme ga tshwara bagolegwa botlhe. Ba le bararo ba

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ba neng ba eteletse pele, e leng Silas, Janfek le Duiker ba sekisiwa ba bo ba

bonwa molato. Boraro jo, jwa atlholelwa loso ka go kalediwa.

5.2.1 Thitokgang

Molaetsa wa terama ya “Mantswe a lefifi a a lela” ke bosetlhogo jwa Puso ya

Aforikaborwa jo bo bonagetseng mo go tsholeng bagolegwa le badiri
setlhogo. Ba ne ba theogela ka makuku mme ba tswelele jalo go fitlha ka
lotlatlana. Se se botlhoko e bile se swabisa ke go timiwa nako ya go ikhutsa.
Batlhokomedi ba bagolegwa ba, ba Bathobasweu bona ba ne ba tlhola kwa
ntlong ya ga Van Wyk, ba nwa bojalwa jaaka o ka re ga ba mo tirong.
Monnamogolo ena e bile o ne a neilwe tetla ya go kgwathisa bagolegwa. Mo
godimo ga moo ba atlholelwe loso, ka tironyana e e neng e sa tshwanela go ka
bo e ka atlholelwa loso.

5.2.2 Dithekeniki

Mda o dirisitse dithekeniki tse di farologaneng fa a rulaganya terama ya

‘Mantswe a lefifi a a lela’. Tlhotlhomiso e, e ya go tlhopha dithekeniki di le
pedi fela mme tsona ke matlhotlhapelo le tlogelo go tlhagisa molaetsa wa
poletiki.

5.2.2.1 Matlhotlhapelo

Fa a bua ka matlhotlhapelo Mogapi (1985:1) a re mo motshamekong o,

bangwe ba tsena mo mathateng kgotsa ba latlhegelwa ke matshelo. O
tlhalosa gore dintsho tse di tsalwa ke ditiro kgotsa botho jwa mongwe wa
batshameki. Baldick (1990; 226) ena o bua fa setlhangwa sa mofuta o, se

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felela molwantshiwa a welwa ke matlhotlhapelo. Go ya ka Peck le Coyle

(1984: 96) kwa bofelong jwa sekwalwa sa matlhotlhapelo, gantsi go nna le
loso. Yelland le ba bangwe (1983:190) ba tlaleletsa ka go re matlhotlhapelo
ga se loso fela, mme a ka bakwa le ke tshotlego ya moanelwamogolo.

Ba re tshotlego ya moanelwamogolo kwa bofelong jwa kgotlhang, e dira gore

babuisi ba mo utlwele botlhoko. Shole (1988: 14) ena a re kutlwelobotlhoko e,
e tswa mo go reng moanelwa yo, o tlhomola babuisi pelo fa dilo tsa gagwe di
tlhakatlhakana, di sa laolege e bile a kgopiwa e se ka bomo. Ka fa
letlhakoreng le lengwe Abrams (1993: 212-214) a re gantsi maonelwamogolo
o dira phoso e e gogelang kwa diphetogong, ke go re go tswa mo
boitumelong go ya kwa tshotlegong.

Go ka akarediwa ka go re se se botlhokwa se se buiwang ke go re

matlhotlhapelo a lebagane le pogisego, tshotlego le mathata mangwe fela
kwa bofelong jwa setlhangwa. Gantsi mathata a, a lebagana le
baanelwabagolo.

Mda o tlhagisa matlhotlhapelo ka tsela e:

a) MOSADI: Ga emelela ba le bararo ba eteletse segopa pele;

Silas, Duiker le Janfek. Ba mo tlhasela, ba mo teketa, ba mo
tlogedisiwake go ithaare o sule (ts. 64).

(b) MOSADI: Ke ne ke le mo tshingwaneng ya me ya merogo fake

utlwa megoeletso. Ke ne ka tabogela kwa mokgorong kwa ke
fitlhetseng batho ba lwa ntwa ya lesidi kgatlhanong le malakabe
a molelo. Batshwarwa ba ne ba se yo foo. Go ne go utlwala pina
ya bona kgakajana, gonne ba ne ba gwantela kwa gaising. Ke

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lekile goitatlhela mo kgabong go boloka botshelo jwa ngwanake,

mme malakabe a bo a gaketse thata (ts. 64-65).

(c) MONNA: E seng pele ba fisa ntlo ya ga Van Wyk lorelore (ts.65).

(d) MONNA: Ba ne ba sekisiwa, mme ba bararo ba bona ba

kgwagediwa (ts. 66).

Dinopolo tse di fa godimo tsotlhe ka bone di bua ka matlhotlhapelo jaaka (a)

go itaya ka maikaelelo a go bolaya, (b) go tshubiwa ga ntlo le ngwana ka
maikaelelo a go senya le go bolaya, (c) go tshuba ntlo ya ga Rapolasa ka
maikaelelo a go senya le (d) katlholelo loso ya bagolegwa ba bararo.

Go mo pepeneneng gore se se dirwang ke Monnamogolo ga se a siama, sona sa

go latela ditaelo tsa Maburu, a sotla bagolegwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, ga go reye
gore kwa bofelong o tshwanetse go bolawa ka a dirile diphoso. Polao ke tiro e
e bosula mo botshelong, go sa kgathalasege gore ba bolawa ba dirile eng. Ke
sona se e reng bagolegwa ba bolaya Monnamogolo, le fa a dirile tiro e maswe,
mmuisi a bo a sa rate ka ntlha ya fa e le selo se se sa amogelesegeng. Mmuisi o
lebeletse gore moanelwa yo a neelwe kotlhao esele, e seng polao. Ka jalo, loso
lo lo dira gore mmuisi a itsalanye le tiro e e maswe, e a neng a sa itsalanya le
yona kwa tshimologong.

Mosola wa thekeniki e, o tsamaelana le go itsalanya ga mmuisi le moanelwa yo

o sa siamang yo. Ke go re matlhotlhapelo a pateletsa mmuisi go utlwela
Monnamogolo le balelapa la gagwe botlhoko.

5.2.2.2. Tlogelo

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Bal (1985: 70) a re tlogelo e tsamaelana le go tlola tse dingwe tsa ditiragalo
tsa diteng. O bua gore se, se dirwa e le gore tiragalo eo e botlhoko le fa tota
gongwe e sa kwalwa. Serudu (1989: 51) o fa mosola wa tlogelo ka go re e
tlhotlheletsa mmuisi go ipatlela ditiragalo tse di tlogetsweng ke mokwadi.
Hornby (1963: 280) o tlhagisa mosola wa tlogelo gore o tsamaelana le
kgogedi, ka gonne mokwadi a ka tswa a tlogetse ditiragalo tse a batlang gore
mmuisi a ipatlele tsona ka boena. Magapa (1997: 123) o tlhagisa mosola o
mongwe wa tlogelo ka go re o lebagane le go potlakisa nako. Mesola e
meraro ya tlogelo, go ya ka fa Mda a rulagantseng thitokgang ya poletiki ka
teng mo terameng e, e tlhagelela jaana:
Mokwadi ka molomo wa Mosadi a re:

MOSADI: Ke pele ga gore mong-wa-polasa a bitse batshwarwa go tla

go epa ditapole ka diatla tsa bona. Go epa gotlhe go ne go dirwa ke
babereki ba polasa. Monnamogolo ena o ne a tlhatlhobatiro e ba e dirileng
(ts. 55)

Tlogelo mo kinolong e, e lemogiwa ka go tlogelwa ga ditiragalo tsa go

kobiwa ga badiri ba polasa. Mokwadi o tlogetse tiragalo e, ka maikaelelo a
gore e a itsege mo kakanyong ya mmuisi. Ka jalo, e botlhokwa. Botlhokwa
jwa yona bo tsamaelana le go potlakisa nako. Ke go re fa mmuisi a buisa
dikgang tsa poletiki, o patelesega gore a fetse tiro ya gagwe ka pele. Se, se
raya gore mmuisi o tshwanetse go itemogela molaetsa wa terama kwa ntle le
go senya nako.

Go ka rungwa ka go re le fa Mda a dirisitse dithekeniki di le mmalwa mo

terameng e, tlhotlhomiso e, e sekasekile tse pedi fela, e leng matlhotlhapelo le
tlogelo ka e le tsona di tlhagelelang sentle le kgabetsakgabetsa mo go
ntshetseng mo pontsheng thitokgang ya poletiki.

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5.3 TSHOSOBANYO YA ‘TSELA’

Mmereki ke Mothomontsho go tswa kwa Lesotho, mme o dira mo

Aforikaborwa. Tiro ya gagwe ke go tsamaya a baakanya diterekere mo
dipolaseng ka go farologana. Le fa gona a dira tiro e e tswileng matsogo, o
duelwa madi a a kwa tlase ka Basweu ba re ga a rutelwa tiro e a e dirang. O
ikhutsa ka fa tlase ga setlhare, mme fa a ntse a le foo go tla Rapolasa wa
Mothomosweu. Le ena o nna fa moriting o, mme o itlhokomolosa monna wa
Montsho.

Fa a lemoga gore Mmereki ke Mothomontsho o mo kobela ka kwa

letlhakoreng le lengwe la tsela, ka fa go se nang moriti, ka a re molao wa naga
ya gaabo ga o ba letle go ka nna mmogo ka fa tlase ga moriti, e le batho ba
lotso lo lo farologaneng. O amoga Mmereki dithoto tsa gagwe, a mo solofetsa
go di busa fa a sena go mo direla. Rapolasa o pateletsa Mmereki go feela ka fa
tlase ga setlhare, a bo a teka tafole gore Mosweu yo a je dijo tse a di gapetseng
monna yo wa Montsho.

Rapolasa o tlotlela Mmereki gore o kile a tsaya Mosweu yo go tweng Botie

Van Rensburg, a mo naya tiro ya boforomane mo polaseng ya gagwe, e le go
mo ntsha mo mekgweng e e maswe ya go tshela le Bantsho, go nwa majalwa a
bona le go robala le basadi ba bona. Ka letsatsi lengwe o ne a mo fitlhela a
robetse le mosadi wa gagwe, mme go tloga motsing oo, ga a sa kgona go
robala le mosadi wa gagwe, e bile o sweditse ka go ipatlela nyatsi ya mosadi
wa Mothomontsho.

Fa nako e ntse e feta, Mmereki a lemoga gore mosadi wa gagwe, e leng Lucy
kwa Lesotho, ke ena nyatsi ya ga Rapolasa yo. Tiragalo ya teng ya nna ya mo

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tena thata, mo e bileng a bolelela Rapolasa gore o tlile go mmolaya, fela ena a
tsaya gore o dira motlae. Letsatsi lengwe ya re Rapolasa a itebetse, Mmereki a
mo tlolela, tlhobolo ya bo ya wela fa fatshe. Ba mekamekana lobakanyana,
mongwe le mongwe wa bona a leka go tsaya tlhobolo e e wetseng kgakajana
nabo, mme kwa bofelong Mmereki a kgona go e tsaya a bo a thuntsha
Rapolasa.

5.3.1 Thitokgang

Molaetsa wa terama ya ‘Tsela’ ke kgethololo ya Bantsho mo ditirong le mo

lenyalong. Ke go re go ya ka melao ya kgatelelo ya puso ya Aforikaborwa,
Basweu ba bonwa ba gaisa, e bile ba le kwa godimo ka maemo mo morafeng
wa Bantsho. Bantsho ba ne ba tsewa e le morafe o o nyatsegang, o o kwa tlase
ka maemo go na le Bathobasweu. Mothomontsho o ne a sa letlelelwe go ka
nyala Mothomosweu mme le lekgoa fela jalo le sa letlelelwe go ka nyala
motho wa mmala o mongwe mo nageng ya Aforikaborwa. Ka fa letlhakoreng
le lengwe, le ditiro tse di neng di dirwa ke Bathobantsho e le tse di bokete,
mme dituelo tsona di le kwa tlase, fa Basweu bona e ne e le baokamedi ka
dinako tsotlhe.

5.3.2 Dithekeniki

Mokwadi wa terama ya ‘Tsela’, e leng Zakes Mda o dirisitse dithekeniki di le

dintsi fa a rulaganya dikgang tsa setlhangwa sa gagwe, fela mo tlhotlhomisong
e, go ikaelelwa go sekaseka tse pedi fela tse di tlhagelelang gantsinyana.
Tsona ke tlhakatlhakano ya ditiragalo le bokai.

5.3.2.1 Tlhakatlhakano ya ditiragalo

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Fa a tlhalosa thekeniki e, Serudu (1989: 159) a re mokwadi o tlhagisa

dikgang di tlhakatlhakane, mme se se dira gore sekwalwa se kgatlhise.
Serudu o gatelela gore tlhakatlhakano e ya ditiragalo mo setlhangweng e
tlhola kgogedi. Kgatla (2000: 96) ena a re tlhakatlhakano ya ditiragalo e
dirwa ka bomo, ka go re ka yona mokwadi o tlhola phisegelo mo
tlhaloganyong ya mmuisi.

Mda o tlhagisa tlhakatlhakano ya ditiragalo ka tsela e:

(a) MMEREKI: Ee, melao ya lona e ne e ka se ka ya ntetla gore

ke nne le wa mmala osele (ts.133).

(b) MMEREKI: (O tswelela ka go tshega.) Ka re o tota o

itšhwinya. O robala mosadinyana, mme o bo o ya go robala batlhanka
mo sephiring (ts. 129).

Dikinolo tse di fa godimo, go lemosega fa mokwadi wa terama e, fa a bua ka

thitokgang ya poletiki a eta a oketsa ka dikgang tse di seng botlhokwa.
Dikgang tse a buang ka tsona ke ka ga nyatsi. Kgang e ya bonyatsi e
tsamaelana le thitokgang ya matlhotlhapelo, e seng poletiki ka gore kwa
bofelong go nna le polao. Ka go rialo Mda o dirisa thekeniki ya
tlhakatlhakano ya ditiragalo go godisa kgogedi e e lebaganeng le
thitokgang ya poletiki ya kgethololo.

5.3.2.2 Bokai

Fa a tlhalosa bokai Chadwick (1958: 2-3) a re bo kaya go tlhagisa

dikakanyo le maikutlo ka tiriso ya kemedi ya ditshwantsho tsa mmatota
mo sekwalweng. Harris (1992: 398) ena a re kemedi ke ya selo kgotsa

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tiragalo, mokwadi o ipopela yona go anela ka go tshwantsha dikgang tsa

setlhangwa sa gagwe. Abrams (1985: 184) o oketsa ka go re mokwadi o
dirisa setshwantsho sa selo kgotsa tiragalo e e rileng, go emela kana go
tlhagisa ka ga sengwe. Ke go re mokwadi o tlhagisa tiragalo e e rileng ka
mokgwa wa go tshwantsha dikgang tsa gagwe. Roberts (1992: 129) ena o
wetsa kgang e ka go re go le gantsi go nna le kamano e e rileng fa gare ga
sekai le dilo tse di se emelang, mme ka dinako tse dingwe kamano e ga e yo
gotlhelele.

Mokwadi ka molomo wa ga Rapolasa are:

RAPOLASA: (A tshwenyegile bobe.) Modimo, o tota o le

Montsho!Mme o ntse o dutse le nna ka fa tlase ga setlhare se. O
ntse odutse le nna ka fa tlase ga setlhare se le sengwe, o ja
monate wa moriti o ke leng mo go ona ( ts. 133).

Mo nopolong e e fa godimo, bokai bo amana thata le moriti kana setlhare

kgotsa tsotlhe ka bobedi. Ke gore tsotlhe di emela legae le Rapolasa a nnang
mo go lona. Legae le a nnang mo go lona ke naga ya Aforikaborwa ya
kgethololo. Ka jalo setlhare kana moriti o Rapolasa le Mmereki ba nnang fa
go ona, ke dilo tse di gantsi go ikhutswang le go kwaiwang fa go tsona go sa
kgathalesege gore o wa maemo afe. Ke mafelo a mokwadi a kwalang ka ga
ona, a a lebaganeng le kgethololo ka lotso le mmala mo Aforikaborwa. Ka
jalo, go ka twe, mokwadi o senola dikgang tsa baanelwa ba babedi, Mosweu
le Montsho, ba ba nnang mo lefelong le le lengwe, le le tshwantshiwang ke
mokwadi.

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Baanelwa ba, ga ba na maemo a a lekanang mo lefelong le. Montsho ke wa

maemo a a kwa tlase, fa Mosweu a le kwa godimo ka maemo. Se, se dirwa ka
ntlha ya kgethololo e e dirisiwang mo Aforikaborwa.

Mosola wa thekeniki e, ke go godisa bosetlhogo jwa puso ya Aforikaborwa

ya tlhaolele, ka go bontsha mothomontsho a iletswa go nna mo moriting wa
setlhare o o emelang le go tshwantshwa le tlwaelo ya kgethololo ya
Aforikaborwa.

Go ka rungwa ka go re mokwadi o dirisitse dithekeniki tse pedi, e leng

tlhakatlhakano ya ditiragalo le bokai go tsweledisa thitokgang ya poletiki.

5.4 KAKARETSO

Mo pakeng ya 1996-2002 go tla lemosega fa go phasaladitswe terama e le

nngwe e e leng ka ga thitokgang ya poletiki. Go dirisitswe
diteramakhutswe di le tharo go tlhalosa poletiki ya paka e. Go tswa mo
ngataneng e ya diterama tsa ga Mda, go lemogilwe fa go dirisitswe
diteramakhutshwe di le tharo fela tse di leng ka ga thitokgang ya poletiki.

Le fa dithekeniki e le tse dintsi mo terameng ya ‘Re tla opelela lefatshe la

borraarona’, mo tlhotlhomisong e, go tlhophilwe di le nne go senola
molaetsa wa mokwadi o o leng ka ga poletiki. Thekeniki ya kgelekiso e
dirisitswe go senola bosetlhogo jwa puso ya Aforikaborwa ya kgatelelo, ka e
patika batho ba lefatshe le go e lwantsha go bona boipuso. Motifi le
poelomorago di dirisitswe go supa botlhokwa jwa ntwa ka e le yona e
tlisitseng kgololesego. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe papisanyo e dirisitswe
go supa fa puso ya Aforikaborwa ya tlhaolele e sa tshwane le ya dinaga tse

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dingwe, e sa itumedise beng ba lefatshe, Bathobantsho, mme bogolo e ba

gatelela.

Mo go terama ya ‘Mantswe a lefifi a a lela’, Mda o dirisitse dithekeniki di le

pedi tse di senoletsweng mo pontsheng, e leng matlhotlhapelo le tlogelo go
tsweledisa thitokgang ya poletiki ya kgethololo, ka go tsenya ditiragalo tse
di garolang pelo fa di diragalela baanelwa, mme babuisi bona di ba hutsafatsa.
A bo a tlogela tse dingwe tsa ditiragalo go potlakisa nako go goroga kwa
bokhutlong jwa setlhangwa sa gagwe.

Mo terameng ya ‘Tsela’, mokwadi o dirisitse di le pedi tsa dithekeniki tse di

tlhagelelang gantsinyana, go godisa kgogedi e e tsamaelanang gape le
thitokgang ya poletiki ya kgethololo, mme tsona ke tlhakatlhakano ya
ditiragalo le bokai. Tlhakatlhakano ya ditiragalo e tlisitswe ka go tsamaya
a di fetofetola fa bokai bo bonagetse ka go dirisa ditshwantsho go senola
molaetsa wa gagwe.

Go ka wediwa ka go re fa go tlhokomelwa diterama tsa poletiki tsa Setswana,

go lemosegile gore di ka arologanngwa ka dipaka tse tharo, e leng (a) paka
ya 1930-1993, (b) paka ya 1994-1995 le (c) paka ya 1996-2002.

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KGAOLO YA BORATARO

6.1 BOKHUTLO

6.2 MATSENO

Kgaolo ya borataro e akaretsa dikgaolo tsotlhe tse tlhano tsa tlhotlhomisi e.

6.2.1 KGAOLO YA NTLHA

Mo kgaolong e, go tlhalositswe fa ngwaga wa 1930, o le botlhokwa mo puong

ya Setswana, ka gonne ke ona ngwaga o Plaatje a nnileng le seabe sa botlhokwa
mo bokwading jwa diterama tsa Setswana, ka go fetolela terama ya ga
Shakespeare ya Comedy of Errors mo Setswaneng, mme a e bitsa Diphosophoso.

Go tlhalositswe fa Mogapi le Shole e le bona ba ba sekasekileng thitokgang ya

poletiki mo diterameng tsa Setswana. Bobedi jo, bo sekasekile poletiki e e
malebana le bogosi, mo diterameng tsa ga Modise, Ntsime, Raditladi le Plaatje
ka go akaretsa fela. Tlhotlhomisi e yona, e farologane le maikaelelo a
batlhotlhomisi ba, ka gonne yona e tsepamisa le go sekaseka ka
tsenelelonyana thitokgang ya poletiki mo diterameng tsa Setswana di le
mmalwanyana fela.

Tlhotlhomisi e, e tlhophile mekgwa e le meraro ya tshekatsheko, e leng

mokgwa wa go tlhalosa, mokgwa wa go ranola le mokgwa wa karologanyo.
Mekgwa e meraro e, e botlhokwa ka e tsamaelana le go tlhalosiwa ga mareo, go
ranolwa ga dikakanyo le go arologanya dithitokgang tsa poletiki go ya ka
dipaka tse tharo tsa (a) 1930-1993, (b) 1994-1995 le (c) 1996-2002, go totilwe
diterama tse di latelang: Motswasele 11,go emela paka ya (a) 1930-1993, Kaine

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le Abele go emela paka ya (b) ya 1994-1995 le Diterama tsa ga Zakes Mda go

emela paka ya (c) 1996-2002.

Mo mokgweng wa tlhotlhomiso go latetswe tsela ya mmotlolo wa tlhanolelo

wa boaneledi, o mo go ona go tlhalositsweng fa setlhangwa se kgaogantswe ka
matlalo a le mararo, e leng diteng, thulaganyo le setaele.

6.2.2 KGAOLO YA BOBEDI

Kgaolo ya bobedi e lebagane le poletiki ka kakaretso. Ke go re kamano ya

poletiki le morafe, mmogo le puso ya batho ka batho le dikwalwa. Go
tlhalositswe fa poletiki e amana le merero ya puso le botshelo ka bophara. Ka
jalo, e lebagane le go ruta setšhaba go tshela ka kgololesego. Go tswelela pele go
boletswe fa poletiki e le tsamaiso ya botshelo e motho a e itlhophelang kana a e
tlhophelwang ke mongwe kgotsa bangwe. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe go
tlhalositswe fa poletiki e akaretsa ditshiamelo tsa batho ka go farologana. Ke
ka ntlha e puso ya batho ka batho e pateletsegang go sireletsa ditshiamelo tsa
morafe gore o nne o babalesegile.

Basekaseki ba bangwe ba tlhalositse fa bakwadi ba bophirima ba kwadile

thata ka thitokgang ya poletiki, ka e ne e le botlhokwa mo matshelong a bona.
Bakwadi ba Aforika le bona ba kwadile go tlala seatla ka thitokgang ya
poletiki, ba itebagantse le botshelo jwa baagi ba kontinente e. Kwa bofelong go
lemosegile fa bakwadi ba Aforikaborwa ba dipuo tsa Bantsho, segolothata
ba Setswana ba sa kwala go le kalo ka thitokgang ya poletiki mme le
basekaseki ba tlhaela mo tlhotlhomisong ya dikwalwa tsa sepoletiki.

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6.2.3 KGAOLO YA BORARO

Mo kgaolong e, go sekasekilwe pulamadibogo ya bokwadi jwa terama mo

Setswaneng, e leng Motswasele 11 ka L.D.Raditladi. Terama e, e wela mo
pakeng ya 1930-1993. Dintlha tse di botlhokwa tse di kanokilweng mo
kgaolong e, ke bogosi, thitokgang le dithekeniki tse mokwadi a di dirisitseng
mo tsamaong ya kgang ya gagwe.

Fa go tlhalosiwa bogosi, go builwe fa e le mokgwa wa setso wa boeteledipele.

Go lemogilwe fa bogosi jwa Motswasele 11 e le jwa setso, ka gore bo jewa
boswa, e bile kgosi e thusiwa ke borangwanaagwe le dikgosana, e bo e direlwa
ke barongwa. Molaetsa wa terama ya Motswasele II o lebagane le gore
dikgakololo tsa nnete di thaya bogosi jo bo tsepameng, fa dikgakololo tse di
fosagetseng di faposa le go senya puso e e siameng le e e eletsegang ya setso.
Go tlhalositswe gape se thekeniki e leng sona jaaka e le mokgwa o mokwadi a o
dirisang go tlhagisa maikutlo le molaetsa fa a kwala setlhangwa sa gagwe.

6.2.4 KGAOLO YA BONE

Kgaolo ya bone e lebagane le paka ya bobedi, e leng ya 1994-1995. Dintlha tse

di botlhokwa tse di lebeletsweng ke tshosobanyo ya ditiragalo tsa sekwalwa sa
paka e, thitokgang le dithekeniki tse di dirisitsweng ke moterama.

Paka e, e emelwa ke terama ya ga G.Mokae ya Kaine le Abele. Molaetsa wa

terama e, ke bosetlhogo jwa puso ya Aforikaborwa ya tlhaolele. Mo
tshekatshekong ya kgaolo e, go sekasekilwe dithekeniki di le tlhano tse di
botlhokwa, e leng phetogotebelelo, motifi, dikaelaserala, phokelelo le
pharologano. Go tlhalositswe fa mo thekeniking ya phetogotebelelo mokwadi a
neela moanelwa kgotsa moanedi sebaka sa go bega dikgang tsa setlhangwa sa

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gagwe. Go lemogilwe fa mo terameng ya Kaine le Abele mokwadi a tlhalosa

ditiragalo ka boleele, a sa neele baanelwa tiro e, mme se se gakgamatsa ka
ditiragalo di tshwanetse go tlhalosiwa le go diragadiwa ke bone. Fa go buisiwa
terama e, go lemogilwe fa thekeniki ya motifi e tlhagelela ka poeletso ya
ditshupetso gammalwanyana, go bontsha maatla a tsone ka di tlisitse
kgololesego mo Aforikaborwa. Fa go sekasekiwa dikaelaserala jaaka
thekeniki go bontshitswe fa Mokae a dirisa tse ditelele, mme se, se tlhola
makoa a a malebana le tiragatso ya terama, mo go reng e latlhegelwa ke
boleng jwa yone, e fetoga kanedi. Go tswelela pele go lemosegile fa thekeniki
ya phokelelo e e dirisitsweng e le ya sekwalwa go mokwadi, ka go lebega
Mokae a khueditswe ke Beibele fa a kwala setlhangwa se. Kwa bofelong go
bonagetse fa thekeniki ya papisanyo e dirisitswe fa mokwadi a tshwantshanya
baeteledipele ba Mokgatlho wa Kgatlhanong le Tlhaolele le Moše wa mo
Beibeleng, go godisa thitokgannyana e e malebana le poletiki mo terameng ya
Kaine le Abele.

6.2.5 KGAOLO YA BOTLHANO

Mo kgaolong ya botlhano go sekasekilwe paka ya boraro, e leng 1996-2002, e

e emetsweng ke diteramakhutshwe tse tharo tsa ga Zakes Mda, tse di
fetoletsweng mo Setswaneng ke P.M.Sebate leng ‘Re tla opelela lefatshe la
borrarona’, ‘Mantswe a lefifi a a lela’ le ‘Tsela’. Diteramakhutshwe tse tharo tse,
di totile thitokgang ya poletiki ka tlhamalalo. Mo terameng ya ‘Re tla opelela
lefatshe la borrarona’ dithekeniki tse di tlhageletseng ke kgelekiso, motifi,
poelomorago le papisanyo. Go tlhalositswe fa thekeniki ya kgelekiso e
dirisitswe go supa bosetlhogo jwa puso ya Aforikaborwa ya kgethololo, ka e
ne e pateletsa batho ba lefatshe le, go lwa le yona gore ba kgone go bona
kgololesego. Motifi o tlhageletse ka poeletso ya ntwa, e e tlisitseng
kgololesego mo baaging ba Aforikaborwa, ka gonne ka yona ba kgonne go

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phutlhamisa puso ya kgatelelo. Thekeniki ya poelomorago, e tlhagisitse ntwa e

batho ba Aforikaborwa ba e loleng le puso ya tlhaolele fa ba kgaratlhela
boipuso le kgololesego. Ke go re e tsibositse bangwe ka se se diragetseng
nako e e fetileng. Go lemosegile fa thekeniki ya papisanyo yona e dirisitswe go
supa fa puso ya Aforikaborwa ya kgatelelo e tlhokile go amogelwa ke
Bathobantsho, ka e ne e ba tima kgololesego.

Mo terameng ya “Mantswe a lefifi a a lela” go tlhagisitse dithekeniki di le pedi,

e leng matlhotlhapelo le tlogelo. Go lemosegile fa matlhotlhapelo a a
diragaletse Monnamogolo, yo o bakileng gore mmuisi a mo utlwele botlhoko,
le fa gona e le motho yo o bosula. Go tswelela pele go boletswe fa thekeniki ya
tlogelo e dirisitswe go potlakisa nako e e lebaganeng le molaetsa wa
setlhangwa se, e leng wa poletiki.

Kwa bofelong fa go sekasekwa terama ya ‘Tsela’, go nopotswe dithekeniki di le

pedi gape tse di tlhagelelang gantsinyana, e leng tlhakatlhakano ya ditiragalo
le bokai. Go tswelela pele go tlhalositswe fa thekeniki ya tlhakatlhakano ya
ditiragalo mokwadi a e dirisitse go tlhola phisego le kgogedi mo setlhangweng
sa gagwe. Mokwadi o tlhakatlhakantse ditiragalo tsa matlhotlhapelo, tse di
tlholang kgogedi e e lebaneng le thitokgang ya poletiki. Ka fa letlhakoreng le
lengwe thekeniki ya bokai e iponagaditse ka tiriso ya sekai e e bonagetseng ka
go tlisa setshwantsho sa go senola bosetlhogo jwa puso ya Aforikaborwa le
moriti wa setlhare o o lwelwang ke Montsho le Mosweu. Montsho o ganelwa
go nna mo moriting o ke Mosweu mme ena (Montsho) o kgaratlhela go nna mo
moriting o, ona o o kayang le go emela kgololesego ya Bantsho ba
Aforikaborwa.

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SUMMARY

The theme of politics has been popular among authors of African language
literary works in the past years. In Setswana literature authors often explore this
theme in dramas. Among those scholars who have discussed political themes in
Setswana dramas are K.Mogapi (1985) and J.S.Shole (1988). The aim of this
dissertation is to analyze politics in Setswana dramatic works.

This mini-dissertation uses three concepts, namely defininition, interpretation

and classification in its analysis of Setswana dramas. Furthermore, this
dissertation has selected an adapted narratological model, which stresses topic as
highly significant in understanding the content level of a text, as it links the
events of the content coherently. This model also highlights theme as the most
important aspect of the compositional level, as it links the events of the plot. The
adapted narratological models also emphasises atmosphere when discussing
style. These three levels are important when discussing politics in Setswana
drama.

Because this research investigates political drama, a few concepts such as

politics and society, politics and democracy, and politics and literature are
explained. The main aim of this dissertation is to analyze politics in Setswana
dramatic works.

This mini-dissertation discusses the theme of politics in Setswana drama

according to three selected periods, namely (a) the period 1930-1993, which is
represented by the drama MotswaseleII (1945) by L.D.Raditladi, (b) the period
1994-1995, which is represented by the drama Kaine le Abele (1995) by
G.Mokae and (c) the period 1996-2002, which is represented by the drama
Diterama tsa ga Zakes Mda (2002) translated into Setswana by P.M.Sebate.

The results of the investigation can be summarized as follows: During the period
1930-1993, authors tend to write about traditional politics, that is, chieftainship,
which is passed on by birthright. In his drama MotswaseleII, Raditladi uses a
number of techniques in the development of his message of looking down upon
traditional governance or leadership.

During the period 1994-1995, which is represented by the drama Kaine le Abele,
Setswana drama deals with modern or contemporary politics, and tends to show
or depict the cruelty of the then apartheid South African government.

While examining the period 1996-2002, which is represented by a collection of

dramas by Mda, three short dramas were selected. In the drama ‘Re tla opelela
lefatshe la borrarona’, prominent techniques are rhetoric question, motif,

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flashback and contrast. At the plot level of the drama ‘Mantswe a lefifi a a
lela’, Mda deployed several prominent techniques to further the development of
the theme of politics in his text, but this dissertation has selected only two main
techniques, which are tragedy and ellision. In the drama ‘Tsela’, the author has
used a number of techniques, but this dissertation has selected two pronounced
techniques, which are complication of events and symbolism.

Lastly, the findings of this research demonstrate the usefulness of the

classification of Setswana political dramas, written up to now, according to three
periods, namely (a) the period 1930-1993, (b) the period 1994-1995, and (c) the
period 1996-2002.

KEY TERMS

1. Define
2. Interpret
3. Classify
4. Politics
5. Democracy
6. Chieftainship
7. Theme
8. Technique
9. Tragedy
10. Symbolism

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OPSOMMING

Politiek was die afgelope tyd ’n gewilde tema onder skrywers van literêre tekste
in Afrikatale. In die Setswana-letterkunde ondersoek skrywers hierdie tema
dikwels in die genre van die drama. K.Mogapi (1985) en J.S.Shole (1988) is van
die navorsers wat reeds politieke temas in Setswana-dramas ondersoek het. Die
doel van hierdie verhandeling is om politiek in dramatekste in Setswana te
ontleed.

Hierdie miniverhandeling gebruik drie konsepte, te wete definisie, interpretasie

en klassifikasie, vir die ontleding van Setswana-dramas. Daar word daar ook
gebruik gemaak van ’n aangepaste narratologiese model. In die eerste plek
beklemtoon hierdie model die deurslaggewende belangrikheid van onderwerp vir
die begrip van die inhoudelike vlak van ’n teks aangesien dit die gebeurtenisse
op inhoudelike vlak koherent aaneenskakel. In die tweede plek beklemtoon
hierdie model tema as die belangrikste aspek op kompositoriese vlak, aangesien
dit die gebeurtenisse op die vlak van die plot aaneenskakel. In die derde plek
beklemtoon hierdie aangepaste narratologiese model die belangrikheid van
atmosfeer in die bespreking van styl. Hierdie drie vlakke is belangrik vir die
bespreking van politiek in die Setswana-drama.

Aangesien hierdie navorsing op ’n ondersoek van die politieke drama gerig is,
word enkele begrippe soos politiek en samelewing, politiek en demokrasie, en
politiek en letterkunde verduidelik. Die hoofdoelstelling van hierdie
verhandeling is om politiek in dramatekste wat in Setswana geskryf is, te
ontleed.

Hierdie miniverhandeling bespreek die tema politiek in Setswana-drama(s)

ingevolge drie gekose tydperke, naamlik (a) die tydperk 1930–1993, wat
verteenwoordig word deur die drama Motswasele II (1945) deur L.D.Raditladi;
(b) die tydperk 1994–1995, wat verteenwoordig word deur die drama Kaine le
Abele (1995) deur G.Mokae; en (c) die tydperk 1996–2002, wat verteenwoordig
word deur die drama Diterama tsa ga Zakes Mda (2002) deur Mda.

Die bevindinge van die ondersoek kan soos volg opgesom word: gedurende die
tydperk 1930–1993 was skrywers geneig om oor tradisionele politiek te skryf,
dit wil sê oor kapteinskap, wat by wyse van geboortereg oorgedra word. In sy
drama MotswaseleII gebruik Raditladi ’n aantal tegnieke in die ontwikkeling van
sy boodskap van neersien op tradisionele regering of leierskap.

Gedurende die tydperk 1994–1995, wat deur die drama Kaine le Abele
verteenwoordig word, ondersoek die Setswana-drama moderne of eietydse

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politiek, en is hy geneig om die wreedheid van die Suid-Afrikaanse

apartheidsregering te toon of uit te beeld.

Vir die ondersoek van die tydperk 1996–2002, wat deur ’n versameling dramas
deur Mda verteenwoordig word, is drie kort dramas gekies. In die drama ‘Re tla
opelela lefatshe la borrarona’ is die prominente tegnieke wat gebruik word
retoriek, vraagstelling, motief, terugflitse en kontrastering. Op die vlak van die
plot van die drama ‘Mantswe a lefifi a a lela’ het Mda verskeie prominente
tegnieke gebruik om die tema van politiek uit te bou, maar vir die doel van
hierdie verhandeling is slegs twee hooftegnieke, naamlik tragedie en elisie
(weglating), ondersoek. In die drama ‘Tsela’ het die skrywer eweneens verskeie
tegnieke gebruik, maar in hierdie verhandeling is daar slegs twee prominente
tegnieke vir ondersoek gekies, te wete die komplisering van gebeure en
simbolisme.

Die bevindinge van hierdie navorsing toon ten slotte die nuttigheid van die
klassifikasie van dié politieke dramas wat tot dusver in Setswana geskryf is in
drie tydperke, naamlik (a) die tydperk 1930–1993, (b) die tydperk 1994–1995,
en (c) die tydperk 1996–2002.

SLEUTELWOORDE

1. Definieer
2. Interpreteer
3. Klassifiseer
4. Politiek
5. Demokrasie
6. Kapteinskap
7. Tema
8. Tegniek
9. Tragedie
10. Simbolisme

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