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4/8/24, 2:23 PM Development Plan of East Unity Oil Field, Sudan, Using Reservoir Simulation Study

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(//en.earth- science.net/archive_list_en.htm?#2002) > 12(3): 248-251. (//en.earth-
science.net/en/article/2002/3) science.net/en/article/2002/3)
Volume 13 Issue 3
(//en.earth- Citation: Tagwa A Musa, Ahmed A Ibrahim, Zhenliang Guan. Development Plan of East Unity Oil Field, Sudan,
Using Reservoir Simulation Study. Journal of Earth Science, 2002, 12(3): 248-251.
science.net/en/article/2002/3)
Sep 2002
 PDF( 147 KB)

Article Contents
Development Plan of East Unity Oil Field, Sudan, Using Reservoir
Simulation Study
Abstract

INTRODUCTION Get Citation

BASIC RESERVOIR DA… Tagwa A Musa, Ahmed A Ibrahim, Zhenliang Guan
Bottom Hole Pressure and … PDF XM
Fluid Properties
Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074
Oil
Water Simulation study was applied in the development planning of East Unity oilfield, Sudan. A grid Article Metrics
Relative Permeability consisting of 2 000 cells was constructed. A major challenge of the study wasto evolve a full field
Capillary Pressure development and future reservoir management strategy that would ensuremaximum recovery of oil
Article Views(970)
GRID SELECTION based on well Un51. Simulation shows that Un51 as injection well inAradiebaC would yield better oil
PDF Downloads(24)
RESERVOIR SAND PR… recovery than to be production well.
WELL DATA Proportional views
HISTORY MATCH
Keywords: reservoir simulation, East Unity oil field, water injection, production profile
PRODUCTION SCHEM…
Related
CONCLUSION
NOMENCLATURE INTRODUCTION
The Unity oil field is located in Muglad basin, which is one of Mesozoic basins, and is operated by
References
GNPOC (Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company)(RIED, 1998). Reservoirs in this field are
resulted fromfluvial and lacustrine deposition. The Unity area is complex from the geological pointof
view; itis strongly heterogeneous even in each reservoir zone, where the oil viscosity varies.

Aradieba Formation (Aradieba A, Aradieba B, Aradieba C) and Bentiu Formation(Bentiu 1, Bentiu

2) are the main oil bearing reservoir in East Unity field and contain some 14.082× 106 m3 of initially
in place oil, which represents 100% of the total for the field. Oil production from the field commenced
in 1999 and the field is still in the early stages of development. The field has 8 wells(Un10, Un11,
Un12, Un32, Un33, Un51, Un52 and Un53).

The main challenge of this study was to evolve a full field development program and farther
reservoirmanagement strategy thatwould ensure maximum recovery of oil based on well Un51.
Simulation shows Un51 as injection well in Aradieba C(Fig. 1), whichwould yield betteroil recovery
than to be production well.

(/fileDQKXEN/journal/article/jes/2002/3//jes-12-3-248-1.jpg)

Figure 1. Top structure map of Aradieba C.

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BASIC RESERVOIR DATA AND ANALYSIS

Bottom Hole Pressure and Temperature
Temperature and pressure measurements have been taken early in the life of the Unity field, using
BHP(bottom hole pressure) surveys and RFT(resistively formation test)fluid sampling. A plot of
temperature data show that the field has a linear temperature relationship(Fig. 2), which is given by
equation(1)bellow(RIED, 1998)

(1)

(/fileDQKXEN/journal/article/jes/2002/3//jes-12-3-248-2.jpg)

Figure 2. Unity field pressure and temperature profile.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

The reservoir temperature t is measured in℃, and reservoir depth h is in meters. The temperature
values given by equation(1)for the Unity oil field fallswithin the range of temperature profiles
established for most fields in the Muglad basin region.

The data show that all reservoirs of unity oil field are in one pressure system, the pressure system is
normal and there is no indication of over-pressure formations.

Analysis of the initial reservoir pressures indicates that the field has hydrostatic pressure profile(Fig.
2), given by equation(2)(RIED, 1998)

(2)

where the reservoir pressure p is measured in MPa.

Fluid Properties
In reservoir studies, frommaterial balance calculations to simulation, fluid properties are always
required to be estimated in place volumes, surface volumes, and the transport parameters
thatinteractwith the flow.The variations of pVt properties during depletion phase are also needed to
evaluate the reservoir performance and to design surface and subsurface facilities(Leonardus, 2001).

Oil
Oilswithin EastUnity field are ofmediumgravity, low shrinkage and waxy. Oil gravity varies from
28.9 API° to 36.2 API°. The oils contain little gas and consequently the bubble point pressure and
the formation volume factor are low.In-situ oil viscosity variesfrom0.003 6 Pa·s(Bentiu) to 0.001 5
Pa·s(Aradieba C).Due to these differences in oil property, 3 sets of oil pVt properties were used in
geological model, which are summarized in Table 1.

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4/8/24, 2:23 PM Development Plan of East Unity Oil Field, Sudan, Using Reservoir Simulation Study

 PDF  Cite Table

Share1. Summary of fluid properties for East Unity field

DownLoad: CSV | Show Table

Water
Unity oil field is such a reservoir that is characterized by the formation water, which is quite fresh;
its salinity is about(300- 3 000)× 10-6.

Relative Permeability
Relative permeability was modeled using the Corey representation(Matemilola et al., 2001)for
oil/water air/ oil relative permeability and the normalized-stone threephase model. Residual oil to
water saturation of 25% was used.

The oil residual saturation(Sorw)was given by

(3)

The oil relative permeability at connate water saturation (Krow)was given by a modification of
standing equation

(4)

The water relative permeability at residual oil saturation(Krw)was given by

(5)

The gas relative permeability at residual liquid saturation(Krg)was calculated such that the curve
would extrapolate to Kroat a liquid saturation of Scwand it is given by

(6)

A critical gas saturation of 4.2% was used.

Capillary Pressure
The capillary pressure measurements on core plugs taken from the reservoir were used in this study.
Capillary pressure was calculated from Leveret J function(Wang et al., 2001)using the equation

(7)

Available water oil capillary pressure measurements in this area are not clear; therefore, capillary
pressure curve can only be used as reference.

GRID SELECTION
The reservoirmodel consistsof 2 000[ X(i)× Y(j) × Z(k)= 20× 20× 5] cells among which 1 185 are
active cells. The size of each cell is approximately 123.2 m (ΔX)by 186.3 m(ΔY).

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4/8/24, 2:23 PM Development Plan of East Unity Oil Field, Sudan, Using Reservoir Simulation Study

RESERVOIR SAND PROPERTIES

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The five layersused in this study(AA, AB, AC, B1, B2) have different sand properties. The sand
thickness ranges from 22 m to 8 m with an average of 13.8 m in AradiebaA, 12 m to 8 m with an
average of 10.3 m in Aradieba B, 20 m to 12 m with an average of 13.7 m in Aradieba C, 12 m to 4 m
with an average of 11.2 m in Bentiu 1, and 28.1 m to 10 mwith an average of 20 m in Bentiu 2.

Porosity varies from31%(Aradieba)to 16%(Bentiu)with an average of 18.2%. Permeability in the x

direction varies from17 md(Bentiu 2)to 1 230 md(Aradieba B). Permeabilites in y and z directions
are taken to be 1.0, 0.01 respectively times the permeability in the x direction(Table 2).Net thickness
ranges from 14 m to 2 m. The top sand of Aradieba Avaries from 2 130 m to 2 210 m and about 2
378.6 m in Bentiu Formation(Fig. 1).

Table 2. Reservoir properties of 3D model

DownLoad: CSV | Show Table

The average net thickness is about 5 m to 8 m.

WELL DATA
As the field is in the early stage of production, the production rate data is not available.So
simulationwas run several times to get the appropriate oil rate for wells within East Unity field.

Additional well information required forthe model such as the perforations, hole size were defined
separately for the wells. The completion intervals in the model were checked to ensure that they did
not make well connection in void grid blocks, or in no-flow zones.

HISTORY MATCH
Monthly oil production was used as constraint in the history runs.Water-cut, cumulative production
oil and cumulative production water match were used as qualitative indicator to determine the
quality of the match.

PRODUCTION SCHEME DESIGN AND PREDICTION

The field started production in 1999 with 8 production wells with no injection well till December
2001. Previous study by CNPC in 1998 for this area designed twowater injection wells(Un32, Un33)
for Aradieba B. Here, all eightwellswere used as production well from January 1999 to December
2001, then two caseswere used.Oil rate 300 m3/d is considered as maximum oil rate for all the wells
in the two cases. Water injection rate is assumed to be 300 m3/d for all three wells.

CASE 1
In this case the field produces from 6 wells since January 2002, two wells(Un32, Un33)are used as
injection wells in Aradieba B. Maximum production rate for single well is 300 m3/d.

CASE 2
In case 2, well Un51 besides Un32 and Un33 is used as injectionwell inAradieba C since January
2002.However, Un51 is used only in Aradieba C for this period. The other five wells are used as
production well.

Cases Result
Simulation shows that the cumulative oil production after10 years in case 2 is larger than thatin case
1(Fig. 3), the water cutis very small comparedwith case 1 also the oil production rate is larger than
that in case 1(Fig. 4).

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4/8/24, 2:23 PM Development Plan of East Unity Oil Field, Sudan, Using Reservoir Simulation Study

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(/fileDQKXEN/journal/article/jes/2002/3//jes-12-3-248-3.jpg)

Figure 3. Un51 as injection and production well(cumulative oil production).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

(/fileDQKXEN/journal/article/jes/2002/3//jes-12-3-248-4.jpg)

Figure 4. Un51 as injection and production well (water cut and production rate).
DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

CONCLUSION
In this work, several innovative ideas were presented and the major conclusions can be summarized
as follows: (1) Reservoir simulation is an effective tool in analyzing several production forecast for
East Unity field; (2)Unity oil field has a normal pressure and temperature system; (3) The water cut
of East Unity field will increase very fast if the well Un51 isused as productionwell; (4)Well Un51 is
more accurate to be managed as water injection well in the layerAradieba C; (5) East Unity is a fault
Sealed field without enough edge water supplies, pressure can be dropped very fast if more wells are
programmed as production well, therefore, itis betterto use waterinjection in the early stage of the
field; (6)Oil reserve in East Unity field is a bout 14.08× 106 m3; (7)The study indicated that East
Unity oil field is capable of supplying 300 m3/d single well oil rate; (8)300 m3/d is appropriate water
injection rate for wells Un32, Un33 and Un51 in East Unity oil field.

NOMENCLATURE
t. reservoir temperature(℃)

h. reservoir depth(m)

p. reservoir pressure(MPa)

Sorw. oil residual saturation(fraction)

Scw. connate water saturation(fraction)

Krow. oil relative permeability at connate water saturation(fraction)

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4/8/24, 2:23 PM Development Plan of East Unity Oil Field, Sudan, Using Reservoir Simulation Study
Krw.water relative permeability(fraction)
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Kro. oil relative permeability(fraction)

Krg. gas relative permeability(fraction)

J(Sw). Leveret J function at selected water saturation, dimensionless

Pc. capillary pressure(MPa)

δ. interfacial tension(mN/m)

ϕ. porosity(fraction)

K. permeability(md)
ACKNOLEDGMENT: The authors wish to thank the RIED, China National Petroleum
Company(CNPC), Beijing for their help to collect the data and permission to publish this paper.

References
Leonardus R T B, 2001. Sensitivity Analy sis of Production Forecast on BW Gas Field Using Fullfie
ld Simulation Model. SPE Annual Technical Conference, Louisiana, USA
RIED, 1998. Unity Field Development Plan of Sudan- Reservoir Engineering
Matemilola S A, Osaigbovo B O, Lin C J, 2001. Use of Compositional Modeling in the Development
Planning of Gbaran Field, Nigeria, SPE 71627. SPE Annual Technical Conference, Louisiana, USA
Wang S W, Ringe D P, Gable M M, et al, 2001. Integrated Simulation of Reservoir, Gas Plant, and
Economics for a Rich Gas Condensate Reservoir, SPE 71598. SPE Annual Technical Confe rence, L
ouisiana, USA

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