PIONEERS OF SOCIOLOGY Data Science and Observation = Truth

Such as Law of Bouyancy - can be publicly

A. Isidro Marie Auguste Francois Xavier observed and experienced by other people.
Comte(1798-1857) - Positivism or Positive In general: It is a scientific knowledge, scientific
Philosophy evidence, and experiment and Statistic
- Short name: Auguste Comte
- Known as Father of Positivism, Founder of B. Harriet Martineau (1802- 1876) - Political
Sociology, First philosopher of science in the Economy
modern sense of the world - British Sociologist, writer and feminist
Law of human progress
The Law of Three Stages or The Law of the Improvements and development in the human
Human Progress progress
1. Theological Stage a. Observational Society - custom, institutions,
- human find meaning and reason of anything values, and social dynamics
such as the disasters and the cycle of the life b. Comparative Society
and death. c. Critique of Slavery
a. Fetihism - tress, animals, stones possess d. Advocacy of Human Rights
spirits and souls. Politics - Study of power and influence
b. Polytheism - everything has its own God. Ex: Economy - Study of production and allocation of
God of thunder, God of the sea, God of war , scarce resources
etc.
c. Monotheism - Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Gains and Loses
Buddhism, etc.  maximize benefits
2. Metaphysical Stage  minimize benefits
- based on logic and reason  Individual Behavior
- it believes that man has soul but not in Interaction of : Market , State, and Society
concrete God.
Theological Stage ------- Positive Stage C. Karl Marx (1818 -1883) - Social Conflict
3. Positivism - Philosopher, Journalist, Sociologist
- construed more broadly as way of looking at Social Order - the power is owned by the
the world from the vantage point of scientific political or business owners
method. Alienation of Labor
- it means that only objects or events that can a. Product of Labor - creation
be experienced directly should be the object of b. Process of Labor - Repetitive, no
the scientific inquiry. psychological satisfaction
- There are facts about the human world which c. Others - competition
are objectively true and that they can be d. Self - happiness
discovered and understood through scientific
method. The emergence of Communist Manifesto
- Avoid metaphysical speculations: Nature of - Evolution is inevitable
God, Freedom, and the immortality of the soul. Class Struggles
1492 (Colonialism of America)
Observation and Experiment = Truth 1760 - 1840 (Industrialization)
- it means that intellectual disciplines progress Royal to Priest to Working Class
only to the degree that it is grounded in Capitalism
experience and observable facts. Capital Class to The Middle Class to The Working
Class
Anatol Rapoport - seeks to describe only the
obvious - what one can really be positive that is, D. Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)- Social
sense data. Darwinism
Example: There is a black sheep in the meadow Social Evolution
The positivist will say, “I see a sheep in the  Urbanization
meadow, the color is black.”  Industrialization
Therefore, the only thing that us certain are  Spread of Capitalism
those that are publicly observable, namely,
sense experiences that can be shared with 1. Survival of the fittest
other people. - Competition and Adopt
2. Social Differentiation - Access to reality is possible only through social
- as the society grow, they develop distinct constructions such as language, consciousness,
social structures, institutions, and roles for documents, and shared meanings and other
individuals. Specific functions; Farmers, artifacts
Artisans, Traders
- Feudalism Evolution Definitions and Areas of Concern of Sociology
3. Integration and Cooperation 1. Social Organization
- work together for the common good to 2. Social Psychology
achieved fair wages, safe workplaces, etc. 3. Social change and Disorganization
4. Population Studies
Critique: 5. Human Ecology
Lack of Empirical Evidence - it was purely 6. Sociological Theory and methods
abstract reasoning 7. Applied Sociology

E. George Simmel (1858 - 1918) - Philosophy of

Money
Philosophy of Money
1. Duality of money - tangible, there’s an
abstract meanings
2. Tragedy of Culture- money can lead to
distraction and death
3. Stranger - everyone can be stranger to each
other
- alienation and detachment - interaction
reduced to financial transactions
4. Philosophy of Individualism - pursue their
own interest and desires.
- empower people to make choices
independently of traditional social norms and
obligations.
5. Money and Freedom
- Entrepreneur uses money to create or make
business relying his dream and exercising
autonomy. Therefore, free from social
constraints.

F. Emile Dukheim (1858 - 1917) - Social Facts

Aspects of Social life that same our actions
- Separate from people, but impose themselves
on people such as Values, social structures,
cultural ways
- “The whole is more than the sum of its parts.”
- Collective characters that can’t be found in the
individual
Example: 1+1= 3, cell is not equal to life

G. C. Wright Mills (1916 - 1962) - Sociological

Imagination
- Relationship between self and society
Ex.: Unemployment, Food

H. Max Weber (1864 - 1920) and Verstehen

Interpretivism
- there is no objective knowledge out there
waiting to be discovered
- Interpretation of the researcher