International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 7 (2018) pp.

4915-4928
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

A Report of Oil Spill Recovery Technologies

Anh Tuan Hoang1, Van Viet Pham2, Duong Nam Nguyen2

1
Ho Chi Minh city University of Transport, Vietnam.
2
Vietnam Maritime University, Vietnam.
(*)
Corresponding author

Abstract water surface, drifting in the sea water, evaporation into the
air, biodegradation and emulsions between water and oil that
Consequences of oil spill disasters from waterway accidents,
effect dramatically on the change of viscosity, density, the
the oilrig, and the acts of wanton vandalism usually affected
force of interfacial tension [7, 8]. Furthermore, some contents
so seriously the environment, marine creatures, plants, life of
of oxygenated oil spill and oil slick such as aromatic contents,
other animals, and human in a long time. The ever-developing
acids, alcohols caused the pollution of water in long time [9].
and advanced technologies should be used to meet treat and
Several developing techniques were use to recovery the oil
recover fast, efficiently oil spills and oil slicks. The overviews
spill such as mechanical recovery or burning, especially using
of as-using technologies such as physical, chemical, in-situ
bioremediation, solidifiers or dispersants was considered as
burning and bioremediation method were presented in this
useful methods [10]. Any selected methods were based on the
work. A large efficiency of oil recovery from physical method
oil spill type and quantity, the conditions of weather and
was shown although it was only suitable for application before
environment [11]. The variation, transformation, alteration
oil emulsified. Meanwhile, chemical method might be
process of oil after spilled into the sea and interacted to the
concordant with all oil types but the chemical residual caused
seawater under the nature conditions was shown in Figure 1.
perniciously to marine environment. The relationship between
safety distance and square of burnt oil area was investigated
and established for thermal/in-situ burning method that was
denoted as a restricted and inefficient one for oil slick
treatment. Among introduced methods, the bioremediation
was considered the most efficient and safest. The variation,
transformation process of oil; the interaction between oil and
seawater under the nature conditions such as the wave, wind,
sunshine; the efficiency of oil spill recovery and treatment
technologies were considered and analyzed comparatively.
Finally, a key summarization for each technology was
presented by showing their applicability and influence in
specific situation.
Figure 1. The variation, transformation, alteration process of
Keywords: Oil spill, oil slick, recovery technology, treatment oil after spilled into the sea
efficiency, oil pollution

Oil spill and oil slick in marine environment were classified in

INTRODUCTION three classes as following:
Physical smothering in a long time and toxic components due The first class, small oil spill and oil slick were related to
to oil spill disasters not only affected very seriously marine berthing, ships or vessels operation in port, and discharges of
creatures, plants and life of other animals, but also polluted oil-water-mixtures from machinery spaces.
the air environment and reduced the health of human. Among
The second class, oil spill and oil slick were associated with
the toxic substances discharged into the environment, it was
shipping incidents such as collisions, fires or other damage.
certain to mention the environmental pollution caused by the
The oil spills related to damage of oil tanker, offshore
oil spill and the appearing oil on the water surface [1]. Marine
structures tend to occur on large area and result in damaging
oil pollution might be from ships or vessels accidents, the
the ocean environmental.
operation of the ships and vessels, the shipwreck, and the
incidents at the oil exploration well, the oil rig, the illegal The third class, oil spill and oil-slick were considered as the
bilge discharges of water [2, 3]. From 1970 - 2010, there were "unacceptable actions" or "degenerationers" who dump
about 5.71 million tons of spilled oil due to tanker incidents sneakily the waste oil into the marine environment aiming at
[4]. Physical and chemical properties of oil spill and oil slick saving their money. These intentional dumping actions of oil
affected significantly marine life, natural structure of ocean or into marine environment were ultra criminal ones and
water source, tourism and entertainment activities [5,6]. The different from maritime accidents.
formation of slick oil after spilling oil depended on many
different factor such as weather, speed of spreading on the In the world, the statistics showed that from 1900 to now,
there were two to four large oil spills in the world each year

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[12]. The most notable incidents included: The Amoco Cadiz oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and trace metals [21].
spilled 231.000 tons of crude oil into Brittany Bay, Hydrocarbons listed in oil components and classified
Northwestern France, in 1978; In 1989, the Exxon Valdez following nomenclature by The International Union of Pure
ship spilled 40.000 tons of oil into Alaska (USA) offshore; In and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) were given in Table 1.
2002, the Prestige ship spilled 77.000 tons of oil into the
Table 1. Primary classes of hydrocarbons
North-Western Spain offshore; In 2007, the Hebei Spirit ship
spilled 2.7 million gallons of oil into the South West Sea of Primary class Compounds
Korea [13]. Most of the oil spills have been catastrophic, with Straigh chain alkanes, Propane C3H8
serious ecological, economical, and social losses [14]. Thus, n-ankanes n-Hexane CH3(CH2)4CH3
finding a solution to absorb oil spill and slick on the water n-Dodecane CH3(CH2)10CH3
surface was an urgent issue to protect the marine environment
Straigh chain alkenes, Cis-but-2-ene CH3CH=CHCH3
[15]. n-ankenes Pent-1-ene CH2=CH(CH2)2CH3
This work presented the overview results of remediation Trans-hept-2-ene CH3CH=CH(CH2)3CH3
techniques such as physic, chemical, thermal or in-situ Cycloalkanes, a ring Cyclohexane C6H12
burning and bioremediation methods for recovering and with single bond n-Propyl-cyclopentane CH3CH2CH2C5H9
treating oil spill and slick. Based on comparative analysis, Ethyl-cyclohexane CH3CH2C6H11
some solutions of technical oil remediation depending on the Cycloalkenes, a ring Cyclopentene C5H8
level of oil spill, the conditions of wave or wind, available with double bonds 3-Methyl-cyclopentene CH3C5H7
equipment, physicochemical properties of oil were suggested.
Branched chain 2-Methyl-propane CH3CH(CH3)CH3
alkanes 2,2-Dimethyl-butane CH3CH(C-
H3)2CH3CH3
PROPERTIES OF OIL SPILL AND OIL SLICK 2,2-Dimethyl-propane CH3CH(CH3)2CH3
A. Physical characteristics 2-Ethyl-hexane CH3CH(C2H5)(CH2)3CH3
Branched chain 2-Methyl-but-1-ene CH2=C(CH3)CH2CH3
The oil physical properties such as surface tension, density, alkenes 4,4-Dimethyl-cis-pent-2-ene CH3CH=C-
pour point, solubility in water and viscosity dramatically
HC(CH3)2CH3
effected on the spreading speed of oil or oil slick [16]. Density
of most oils, that was an important factor in order to predict, (Alkyl) benzenes Benzene C6H6
determine the behavior in water, was lower and smaller than Methyl benzene  CH3C6H5
that of water so the oils floated and lied flat on water surface Ethyl benzene  C2H5C6H5
and tented to spread, expand horizontally [17]. Lower density (o-Xylene) o-Methyl-toluen CH3C6H4(o-
CH3)
of oils resulted in increasing the evaporation of lighter
(m-Xylene) m-Methyl-toluen CH3C6H4(m-
materials and substances and they have left the heavier
CH3)
materials, which sank in water column, interacted with water
(p-Xylene) p-Methyl-toluen CH3C6H4(p-
or others in seawater to form the dangerous sedimentation on CH3)
seawater body [18]. Oil viscosity was also an index of 1,2-Dimethyl-3-ethyl-benzen (1-CH3)(2-
evaluating the rate of oil spreading. The information about the CH3)C6H3(3-C2H5)
chocolate mousse was formed due to higher viscous oil and 1,2,3-Trimethyl-benzen (1-CH3)(2-CH3)C-
leads to the difficulty in degradation or treatment [10]. 6H3(3-CH3)
Furthermore, the increase in temperature resulted in reducing n-Propyl-benzene CH3CH2CH2C6H5
oil density and viscosity and increasing the horizontal Other aromatic Phenol C6H5OH
spreading ability. Oil pour point was considered as a function hydrocarbons Crezol RC6H4OH, R is ankyl
of temperature, the oil spill becoming a semi-solid at Hexacloro-cyclohexane C6H6Cl6
temperature higher than that of freeze point caused the
Polycyclic aromatic Acenaphthene with 2 rings of benzene and a
cleanup strategy difficultly and complicatedly [19]. Solubility
hydrocarbons ring of cycloalkane C12H10
of oil in water related to form the pollutant and
Naphthalene with 2 rings of benzene C10H8
bioremediation was low and depends on temperature and Athracene with 2 rings of benzene, a ring of
chemical structure of hydrocarbon, solubility of oil in water cycloalkane and a ring of cycloalkene
was about 28-31 mg/l [20]. On the other hand, oil surface C14H10
tension was inversely proportional to temperature, hence oil Chrysene with 3 rings of benzene, a ring of
spread more easily in warmer waters, this index effected cycloalkadiene C18H12
directly, quickly on the ability of spreading even in case of Coronene with 4 rings of benzene, a ring of
disappearing the wind or water currents. cycloalkene and 2 ring of cycloalkadiene
C24H12
Pyrene with 3 rings of benzene, a ring of
B. Chemical characteristics cycloalkene C16H10
Straigh chain alkanes, Propane C3H8
The hydrocarbons with 50 to 98% of oil total components n-ankanes, -C-C-C-C- n-Hexane CH3(CH2)4CH3
dominated complex chemical properties of oil. Furthermore, n-Dodecane CH3(CH2)10CH3
oil also included non- hydrocarbon compounds such as

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Straigh chain alkenes, Cis-but-2-ene CH3CH=CHCH3 OIL SPILL AND OIL SLICK RECOVERY METHODS
n-ankenes Pent-1-ene CH2=CH(CH2)2CH3
Oil spill and slick cleanup was one of the matters with the
Trans-hept-2-ene CH3CH=CH(CH2)3CH3
most debatable due to impossible cleanup all the discharged
Cycloalkanes, a ring Cyclohexane C6H12 and dumped oil into the seawater [25]. Recent recovery
with single bond n-Propyl-cyclopentane CH3CH2CH2C5H9 methods were: physical techniques, chemical techniques,
Ethyl-cyclohexane CH3CH2C6H11 thermal (or in-situ burning) techniques and biological
techniques (or bioremediation).
Oils might be divided into saturated and unsaturated
hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, resins and asphaltenes,
refined products [22]. Saturated hydrocarbons were also A. Physical methods
considered as alkanes with the simplest hydrocarbon form and Physical methods were mainly used as the barriers to control
only consist of carbon and saturated hydrogen atoms. Alkanes and prevent the oil spill and oil slick from spreading but oil
were little chemical reactive, flammable, contain from 1-40 physical and chemical characteristics were not changing.
carbons atoms in carbon chains and were no-polar Many barriers were used such as booms, skimmers, adsorbent
compounds, thus they were difficult to solute in sea water materials aiming at controlling oil spills and oil slicks [26,
[23]. Aromatic hydrocarbons were compounds with at least 27].
one aromatic ring, in which six carbons were contained in a
carbon-hydrogen ring. Aromatic hydrocarbons included Booms: Boom was a normal type of equipment used to
monopolycyclic, and two or more polycyclic aromatic rings. prevent oil spill and slick from spreading [28]. However, the
Aromatic hydrocarbons were serious pollutant because they effective operation of booms not only depended on the boom
were considered as potential carcinogens. The aromatic design, but also was strongly affected by the characteristics of
hydrocarbons degradation went on most sharply under aerobic the currents, wind direction, velocity, and wave height. In case
conditions [24]. Average crude oil contained about 30% of of current velocity over 0.4 m/s, wind velocity over 5.5 m/s or
alkanes; 50% of cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes or dialkenes; the height of waves over about 1m will carried spilled oil and
15% of aromatics; 5% of nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen and oil slick underneath the barrier [26]. Based on taking barrier
others. Resins and asphaltenes with complex structure were for oil movement, the oil spills and slick could be recovered
considered as insusceptible biodegradation were difficult to through skimmers or other techniques. Figure 2 and Figure 3
analyze [24]. Refined oil products included unsaturated showed three types of booms such as fence boom, curtain
hydrocarbons that were formed and created out by the process boom, and resistant boom of fire [29, 30].
of catalytic cracking depended on the type of crude oils and
the treatment method.

Figure 2. Boom types

(a) Curtain boom (b) Fence boom

Figure 3. Boom types

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Fence booms were floating structures that were made of rigid spill and slick to the most suitable temperature and burn
or semi-rigid materials. They were used to prevent floating oil enough at that temperature and used coherently with burning
vertically with normally 60% of fence boom under the water [34]. Practically, about 1.500 m2 of burn area was
[31]. Boom sections with 15 meters of length and 300, 600 or corresponding to 200 meters of fire boom in length [35].
800 millimetres of height were usually used. Multiple booms Resistant boom of fire were reliable, great potential in
were connected together though special connectors [29]. The preventing the bad impact from an oil fire due to oil spills or
advantages of fence booms were included: lightweight, oil slick on seawater surface. However, high cost and
minimal space for storage, resistible corrosion, and easy difficulty in towing due to high weight and size were the
treatment, highly reliable on quiet waters [32]. Besides, low disadvantages of fire-resistant booms.
stability in case of strong winds and currents, low flexibility
Skimmers: After using booms to limit the effective area of
were their main disadvantages.
spilled oil, skimmer equipments were used with booms in
Curtain booms with large circular and filled chamber of order to recover oil spill and slick from the surface of
foam aiming at remaining on the water surface although a seawater but changing oil properties were maintained hence
flexible skirt under the water were the floating structures recovered oil spills can be reused [36]. The characterized
without being pervious and absorbing. Curtain booms were disadvantages of skimmers were depending on the factors of
usually made of polyurethane, polystyrene, bubble wrap [31]. weather condition and the thickness of floating oil [37, 38].
The diameter of curtain booms chambers were from 100 to Moreover, the current, wave and wind characteristics were the
500 meters and from 150 to 800 meters of the skirt length. same as for booms. However, self-propelled, towed from the
Although curtain booms were reliable, high flexibility, and shore, and operated by vessels were the advantages of
realize better than fence booms but the difficulty in cleanup skimmers in comparison with booms. Skimmers shown in
and storage of curtain booms was higher than that of fence Figure 4 to Figure 9 might be classified as oleophilic
booms [33]. skimmers, weir skimmers, elevating skimmers, submersion
skimmers, suction/vacuum skimmers and vortex/centrifugal
Resistant booms of fire were fabricated from the fireproof
skimmers [35, 39]. The spilled oil recovery capacity of
materials. This equipment could collect and concentrate oil
skimmers was given in Table 2.

(a) Disc - Oleophilic skimmer (b) Drum- oleophilic skimmer

(c) Rope- oleophilic skimmer (d) Belt- oleophilic skimmer

Figure 4. Oleophilic skimmers

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(a) Advancing- Weir skimmer (b) Stationary- Weir skimmer

Figure 5. Weir skimmers

Figure 6. Elevating skimmers

Figure 7. Submersion skimmers

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Figure 8. Suction/ vacuum skimmers

(a) Stationary- Vortex/centrifugal skimmer (b) Advancing- Vortex/centrifugal skimmer

Figure 9. Vortex/centrifugal skimmer

Table 2. Classification, oil recovery potential of skimmers

Skimmer types Operational principle Range of oil Percent of oil
recovery rate recovery (%)
(m3/h)*
Oleophilic A surface was used to oil spill or slick adhere in order to remove the oil 0.2 - 50 75-95
from the surface of water
Weir A skimmer groups based on the gravity aiming at draining the oil on the 0.2-100 20-90
water surface into a submerged tank
Elevating Conveyors was used to lift oil spill on the water surface to the recovery 1-20 10-40
area
Submersion A belt combined with inclined plane to force the oil under the surface 0.5-80 70-95
and push oil into a tank
Suction/ vacuum The principle of changing pressure was use to create the vacuum or 0.3-40 3-90
pressure difference in order to remove oil spill or slick from the water
surface
Vortex/centrifugal Based on the oil density was smaller than that of water, hence water was 0.2-10 2-20
separated from mixture by vortex force, then most of oil was removed.
*
Depends on oil type such as diesel oil, light or heavy crude oil, bunker and other conditions

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Adsorbent materials: Adsorbent materials were considered as oil and reused or disposed safely. The efficient usage of
the interest for recovering oil spills at final cleanup step after sorbent materials was evaluated by the factors such as
using skimmers with a high capacity of adsorbing the oil and recyclability, sorption capacity, sorption rate because they
repelling water [5]. The purpose of using adsorbent materials conclude the required time for spreading and harvesting the
was to convert the liquid into semisolid in order to remove oil sorbents [16]. For all sorbents, the spreading on/over the oil
spill and oil slick [40]. There were 3 types of adsorbent spill before increasing of oil viscosity to the impossible
materials such as natural organic products (materials) and sorbent point was an ultra important requirement [43]. Using
inorganic sorbent materials, synthetic materials [37, 41]. The sorbents were recorded as the most effective materials and
sorbent material was given into the oil slick aiming at cheapest solution of oil spills and slick cleanup [44-46].
adsorbing and collecting oil [42]. Depending on the kind of Classification and oil absorption capacity of adsorbent
sorbent, the sorbent was usually wringed in order to remove materials was given in Table 3.

Table 3. Classification, oil absorption capacity of adsorbent materials

Adsorbent Classification Characteristics Range of oil recovery rate Percent of

materials (g/g)* oil recovery
(%)

Inorganic - Treated chalk - Sea bed contamination - From 2-9 ≈70

sorbent - Treated silicone - Harmful impact on - Functionalized
materials - Pulverized fly ash aquatic habitats silica aero gel with
- Zeolite - Retention capacity is 237 g/g
- Graphite low - Expanded graphite
- Ativated carbon - Expensive with 86 g/g
- Clay - Some of them are
- Treated perlite friendly
- Treated vermiculite
- Vermiculite
- Silica, Silica gel

Natural organic - Bark or wood fiber - High cost with From 1 – 40, some of them 75
sorbent - Bird feathers agricultural sorbents with oil absorbent are
materials - Collagen sponge because of high cost in higher such as silk-floss
- Peat moss store and transportation fiber, cotton lint
- Treated peat moss - Lower sorption capacity
- Silk-floss fiber - Limited recyclability
- Kapok - Retrieval by hand labor
- Silkworm cocoon is time consuming
- Acetylated rice straw - - Effective use in small
- Rice husk areas or residual spill
- Acetylated sugarcane cleanup after using in-
bagasse situ burning
- Cellulose, Cellulose fiber
- Raw cotton

Synthetic - Polyester foams - Nonbiodegradability 7-45  90

organic - Polyethylene foams - Ability of recovering,
materials - Polyolefin foams cleaning, reusing.
- Polypropylene foams - High sorption capacity.
- - Polyurethane foams - Expensive and not
friendly

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Physical methods were able to recover most kinds of oil, Besides the advantages of dispersants such as: cleanup 90% of
inflammable, effective as final cleanup, simple. However, spilled oil, ability of operation on rough seas, rapid treatment,
they were expensive, complex, not able to use without being slowing down the oil-water emulsion formation, acceleration
assisted by technological devices, necessary to treat collected of natural biodegradation rate [54]. Their disadvantages were
oil, used before emulsified, depending on the weather containing toxic compounds, ineffective in calm seawater,
conditions, especially they were difficult to biodegrade with difficult operation in thinner oil slicks because of easy losses,
the synthetic sorbents. and expensive.
Solidifiers: Solidifiers were considered as dry granular
materials, which functioned as reacting with oil compounds
B. Chemical methods
aiming at changing liquid oil into solid state and they were
These methods treated oil spills due to the capabilities of able to be removed easily [55]. Solidifiers were used and
changing the oil spill physical and chemical properties were contained in booms, pillows, pads in order to convert oil spill
used in combination with physical methods. The chemical into solid or semi-solid materials [56] and shown in Figure 11.
methods used the main chemicals to control oil spills such as
dispersants and solidifiers.
Dispersants: Dispersants might be used in larger areas and
consist of different surfactants. A part of surfactants solutes in
both of oil and water because the interfacial surface tension
between the oil and water was reduced as sprayed surfactants
on the surface of oil spill [47]. This promoted the dispersion
and increased biodegradation of oil in water. The study of [7]
showed the results about the sprayed dispersant on oil slick as
a 15m3 of oil slick treated by helicopter, and oil slick
disappeared after 10 minutes of spraying in comparison with
0.5-1h of treated oil slick by boat [37, 48] . However, some
studies showed the impacts of dispersants to the ecological.
Dispersants might be using restrictedly under the deep water
because of fast dilution in the water body and form the toxic Figure 11. Oil is solidified after being treated by solidifiers
that affected the ecological at the seabed [49]. Nowadays, the
available dispersants were being used widely such as
Slickgone NS with 1/25 of dispersant/oil, Corexit 9500 with The advantages of solidifiers were usable on rough seas
1/10-1/50 of dispersant/oil, Corexit 9527 with 1/20-1/30 of although the solidifier efficiency relies on the oil spill and
dispersant/oil, Corexit 9550 with 1/20 of dispersant/oil, Tergo slick type and composition. In the past, solidifiers have not
R-40 with 1/20 of dispersant/oil, Ardrox 6120 with 1/25 of been used because of lower efficiency in comparison with
dispersant/oil, Shell VDC with 1/20-1/30 of dispersant/oil dispersants [57]. Some solidifiers such as Spill Green LS with
[50] [51, 52]. The application ratio in treating and controlling 43, Petro Lock with 44, SmartBond HO with 45, Oil Bond100
depended on the level of medium and heavy oil, light oil [53]. with 33, Molten wax with 109, Powdered wax with 278 of
The method of treating oil spill and oil slick by using percent to solidify were usually used [58-60].
dispersants in combination to helicopter was shown in Figure
10. Chemical methods were considered using quickly in all of
weather conditions with high efficiency on many kinds of oil.
Besides, chemical methods did not need much manpower and
were cheaper than those of physical methods. However, their
big disadvantages such as no any oil recovered, recovery of
oil with high viscosity not effectively were shown. The
natural break-up of oil was promoted by dispersants but they
were not suitable for oil spill with high viscosity or stable
emulsions, and oil slick.

C. Thermal or in-situ burning methods

Thermal or in-situ burning method was a simple and quick
one that relates to oil spill or thick oil slick that was burnt on
the surface of water and was shown in Figure 12.

Figure 10. Sprayed dispersant on oil slick by Helicopter

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1988, Exxon Valdez in 1989; Newfoundland, Canada in 1993

was successful in using this method to control the oil spill and
slick [65]. However, thermal or in-situ burning method was
only effective as: the oil slick on the water was wide enough
to burn a oil volume at the same time; the thickness of oil
slick was also enough to maintain the combustion; the
seawater condition was calm; and the place of oil slick was far
from sensitive zones, facilities, equipments [61, 66].
An in-situ burning promoted its advantage in oil spill cleanup
while used in ice, cold water conditions or snow because of
maintenance ability of conditions favouring combustion for a
Figure 12. Oil burning and emission components long time [67]. Although this method was an effective one to
recovery the oil spill, however the main constraints of this
method were the ability of occurring secondary fires, the
This method was used to reduce the risks and the impacts of impact on the human health, the impact of burnt by-product
the oil slick and oil spill on the in-water ecosystem and the sea on the environment [35, 68]. Safe distances based on PM 2.5
environment [61]. A 100-300 tons of oil spill and slick could concentrations considered as the most dangerous, harmful
be removed per hour by thermal or in-situ burning method emission to human health were determined as equation:
[62]. Since 1960s, this method has been widely used aiming at y = 0.75x (1)
removing the oil spill, oil slick in/on ice, water, snow resulted
by the accidents from broken pipeline, punctured/ broken where: y was safety distance (m); x was square or burning
storage tank or ship accidents in the USA, Canada, Europe oil area (m2)
[63]. To overcome oil spill using this method, a Heliport
equipment was used for ignition, a type of flamethrower
hanged under the helicopter; or an oiled rag with diesel fuel The main chemical components of burnt by-product formed
thrown from the helicopter. Generally, this method might be from this method, the COx, SOx, NOx, PM, VOCs, PAH
used in many large oil spills although it has to be subject to emission quantity in the in-situ burning [69, 70]. The impacts
the ratification of government [64]. Several oil spill and slick and the safety distance of in-situ burning method in spilled oil
such as in northern Canada in 1958; Spitsbergen, Norway in treatment were given in Table 4.

Table 4. Emission components from an in-situ burning of oil spill treatment

Emission Emission quantity USA Standard Characteristics Minimum safety
components (g.kg-1) (g.kg-1) distance
(g emission in (g emission in
comparison with kg comparison with kg
burned oil) burned oil)
CO2 3.000 - An increased concentrations around an in-situ
burning with normal atmospheric levels are about
300 g.kg-1 in comparison with 500 g.kg-1 of near
in-situ burning.
CO 20 - 50 35 over 1 hour, 9 Low detection levels and not harmful to humans
after 8 hours Wind velocity from
2 to 5 m/s was not
SOx 3 14 after 24 hours, 3 Low concentrations and a part reacted with water considered.
annual average to convert into sulfuric acid.
NOx 5 0.05 annual average Low concentrations and not harmful to humans
PM 50 - 200 0.5 Most of health professionals consider PM as the
main combustion product affecting to human
health.
VOCs 5 - The VOCs concentrations in in-situ burning are
lower than that of oil slick
PAH 0.04 - Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) appear under
the fire with low concentrations

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Thermal or in-situ burning methods used quickly but with D. Bioremediation

high efficiency if supported by specialized devices, cheap
Biodegradation was a natural process that microorganisms
were shown, but it was only suitable for the area of open
like bacteria, yeasts, and fungi degrade, breakup and
water, snow or ice. However, these methods showed many
metabolize the complex compounds and the chemical
disadvantages such as no any oil recovered, emission of many
substances into their food in order to restore and overcome the
polluting components to air and marine environment, threat
environmental quality [64, 71]. Main microorganisms for
for marine creatures, human life, other resources.
degrading the oil spill and slick were given in Table 5.

Table 5. Main microorganisms of oil degradation

Microorganisms Description Ability to degrade compounds

Bacteria Arthrobacter Arthrobacter grown on mineral salts is commonly found in Phenanthrene (C14H10)
spp soil with Gram-positive and exponential growth. Notable Methyl-tert-butyl ether, or 2-Methoxy-
characteristics are able to use pyridine as its only carbon 2-methylpropane ((CH3)3COCH3)
source. Ethyl-tert-butyl ether (C2H5OC(CH3)3)
Tert-amyl methyl ether
(C2H5C(CH3)3)OCH3)
Brevebacterium Brevibacteria is short life, asporogenous, aerobic, gram- Asphaltenes, Petroleum oil
positive wwith optimum growth from 30 to 37°C.
Dietzia Dietzia is considered as promoting the activities of HC- n-Alkanes with number carbon from 12
degrading aiming at increasing the hydrogenase and to 38 and branched alkanes
catalase for degrading and speeding up the oil
biodegradation process.
Flavobacterium Flavobacterium is a Gram-negative, used engine-oil as a Chlorophenols (HOC6H5−xClx; 1x5)
carbon source, isolate capable up to 80 and 90% of oil with include from Monochlorophenol to
30–37°C of optimal temperature. Pentachlorophenol
Mycobacterium The Mycobacterium is degrading hydrocarbon with the Polycyclic hydrocarbon
highest rate of C12 and C13 Pyrene (C16H10)
Phenanthrene (C14H10)
Diesel oil
Pseudomonas Pseudomonas show high potential for degrading 4-chlorobenzoate (C7H4ClO2)
spp hydrocarbon because of the metabolic diversity, the
abundant microorganisms, the chemical remediation
resistance.
Rhodococcus Rhodococcus are potential producer, high emulsifying Polychlorinated-biphenyl (C12H10−xClx;
index of diesel-water, suitable for light oil 1x10)
Hexadecane (C16H34)
Tricholroethan (CH3CCl3)
Polycyclic hydrocarbon contain only C,
H with many aromatic rings
Fungi Aspergillus Aspergillus show the highest biodegradation extent with Pyrene (C16H10)
98% of degradation efficiency for aromatic hydrocarbon Benzo(a)pyrene (C20H12)
Candida Candida shows a high potential in biodegradation of oil Toluene (C7H8)
spill and some hydrocarbons.
Fusarium Fusarium has ability in degradation hydrocarbons up to Methyl tert-butyl ether (CH3)3COCH3)
C31 with high efficiency. Tert-butyl alcohol (C4H10O)
Phanerochaete Phanerochaete has the ability in catabolizing oil spill to Benzo(a)pyrene (C20H12)
carbon dioxide. Phenanthrene (C14H10)
Fluorene (C13H10)

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The biodegradation application in recovering and cleaning-up Chemical methods only were considered in small area such as
oil spill related to give native or non-native microorganisms bay without tourism or aquaculture because of unrecovered oil
aiming at speeding up the natural biodegradation process and after treatment by chemicals. Moreover, the residual
therefore they helped to protect the affected areas by oil spill chemicals as after spraying into oil spill or oil slick were still
risks and prevent environment from being damaged further exist with long time in the seawater and difficult
[72, 73]. Many enzymatic microorganisms showed the ability decomposition. Thus, they affected the marine creatures and
of degrading hydrocarbons in petroleum, crude oil or diesel ecology system. The experience showed that, it should not use
fuel [74]. Alkanes, aromatic contents, and other hydrocarbons chemical methods for treating high viscosity or with stable
might be degraded by some of enzymatic microorganisms emulsion oil spill, and oil slick. Using chemical methods after
[75]. Alkanes from 10 to 26 of the carbon number were recovering by physical methods to restrict the negative effects
degraded the fastest, besides aromatic contents like benzene, on the marine environmental should be done.
toluene or xylene with low-molecular-weight were also
In case of oil spill occurred in open water such as very large
biodegraded very fast by [76]. However, complex or
area on the seawater surface, snow or ice, thermal or in-situ
complicated structures were difficult to degrade because fewer
burning methods were only used because emission of many
small organisms could biodegrade those structures. The higher
pollution components into air and marine environment
the hydrocarbon structure complexity was, the slower the
threatened marine creatures, human life, other resources. The
biodegradation rates were [26]. The oil spill biodegradation
pollution level from thermal or in-situ burning methods was
was affected by many factors such as nutrient bioavailability,
very serious.
the oil concentration, temperature [77]. Nutrients such as
nitrogen, dissolved oxygen and phosphorus were necessary Although no any oil spill products recovered after treating by
for the metabolic activity of microorganisms in marine biodegradation methods, but this methods were considered as
environment [78]. Hence, it needed about 2-4 weeks for the most advanced and efficient one because CO2, H2O was
biodegradation process if the concentration of oil spill was the last products of biodegradation process by multi-
high [79].The biodegradation needed at least a week in order microorganisms. However, the specification of oil types was
to microorganisms acclimate to the marine environment, and extremely necessary to choice the most suitable
to complete the whole process of bioremediation, it might take microorganisms due to each microorganisms only favoured
several months, even years [73]. one specific oil. This method might be the safest solution for
oil spill, oil slick remediation though it took long time.
Biodegradation method was suitable for all of weather
conditions, efficiency with cheap cost, and the product after Based on the level of oil spill and oil slick, kind of oils,
biodegrading only including CO2, H2O. Although this method weather conditions at each area, the reality condition of each
was also no any oil recovered but the residues were countries, the choice of suitable methods, solution or remedies
continuously biodegraded by multi- microorganisms. were necessary to recover the oil the most efficiently.
The summarized methods for recovering and treating the oil
spill from accident, disasters were proposed. Each method
also included advantages and disadvantages. Hence, it was ACKNOWLEDGMENT
necessary to carry out the criteria to evaluate aiming at The authors acknowledge Ho Chi Minh city University of
choosing the most suitable oil spill recovery methods [75] Transport, Vietnam Maritime University for supporting this
[80]. The criteria should be reliability, efficiency, recovery research.
and treatment time, charge, marine life effect, difficulty level,
ability of oil recovery, level of depending on weather
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