COMPREHENSIVE

GUIDEBOOK FOR
TEACHERS AND
STUDENTS ON
PRACTICAL
RESEARCH AND
CAPSTONE PAPER
DEVELOPMENT

LYNDON M. RAMIREZ, EdD

Division Senior High School and
Research Coordinator
 Contents

Preface
SDO Tanjay City Research Paper Parts
a. Quantitative Research & Capstone
b. Qualitative Research
Title Page
Approval Sheet
Acknowledgement
Abstract
CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND THE SCOPE
Introduction and Background of the study
Statement of the Problem
Statement of the Hypothesis
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitation of the Study

CHAPTER 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies

Related Literature
Related Studies
Theoretical Background of the Study
Conceptual Framework
Definition of Terms

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
Research design
Setting and participants
Instrument
Research Procedures
Statistical Treatment of Data
Ethical Considerations

CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Chapter 5 Summary of Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendations

References

Appraisal Tool:
a. Research Rubric for Final Oral Defense (Manuscript)
b. Research Rubric for Final Oral Defense (Individual)

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 Preface
Welcome to the "Comprehensive Guidebook for Teachers and Students on Practical
Research and Capstone Paper Development." This guidebook is designed to serve as a
valuable resource for both practical research teachers and students embarking on the
journey of research and capstone paper development.

For teachers, this guidebook offers a comprehensive framework to facilitate the

conduct of research within the classroom. It provides detailed instructions on various
templates, principles/ elements and contents necessary for crafting a comprehensive
research paper. Additionally, the guidebook presents appraisal tools and templates in the
context of SDO Tanjay, aiding teachers in guiding students through the research process.
Enriched with examples and illustrations tailored for Senior High School students,
teachers will find ample support to mentor and navigate students through each stage of
research writing.

For students, this guidebook serves as a step-by-step companion to navigating the

research process. It offers clear guidance on conducting research, writing specific segments
of the paper, and provides numerous examples and illustrations to illustrate each step. By
following the guidance provided, students will gain a deeper understanding of research
methodology and develop the necessary skills to produce a high-quality research paper.

Throughout this guidebook, both teachers and students will find practical insights,
actionable advice, and valuable resources to guide them through the intricacies of research
and capstone paper development. It is my hope that this comprehensive resource will
empower both Senior High School teachers and students alike to embark on successful
research endeavors and contribute meaningfully to their academic pursuits.

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 SDO Tanjay City
Research Paper Parts

A. PARTS OF THE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH AND CAPSTONE

PAPER
Title Page
Approval Sheet
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Appendices

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND THE SCOPE

Introduction and Background of the study
Statement of the Problem
Statement of the Hypothesis
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitation of the Study

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature
Related Studies
Theoretical Background of the Study
Conceptual Framework
Definition of Terms

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
Research design
Setting and participants
Instrument
Research Procedures
Statistical Treatment of Data
Ethical Considerations

CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION

AND RECOMMENDATIONS

OUTPUT/INNOVATION (OPTIONAL)

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

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 SDO Tanjay City
Research Paper Parts

B. PARTS OF THE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Title Page
Approval Sheet
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Appendices

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND THE SCOPE

Introduction and Background of the study
Research Question
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitation of the Study

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature
Related Studies
Theoretical Background of the Study
Conceptual Framework
Definition of Terms

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
Research design
Setting and participants
Instrument
Research Procedures
Ethical Considerations

CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS, INTERPRETATIONS,

AND ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND FINAL INSIGHTS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

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 Title Page

The title page contains important information such as the title of the paper, the names
of the authors, the school, the subject (practical research) for which the paper is being
submitted, the name of the teacher, and the date of the completion of the research
(American Psychological Association, 2019).
Example of a Title Page

Title
Inverted pyramid
Not more than 10-15
words
Times New Roman font
style and a font size of 12
Centered, bold and
capitalized
1.5 spacing between lines
Must be catchy and
include essential variables
of the research

Name of School/ Institution

Position it 2-3 lines below
the title
Indicate the school (do
not abbreviate)

Author name/s and year

Position it 2-3 lines below the Subject
subject. Position it 2-3 lines below
Must indicate the author/s (first the school name
name, middle initial, and last The subject should be
name). capitalized
If there are two or more authors, list
them in alphabetical order.
Must indicate the year when the
research is completed.

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 Approval Sheet

The approval sheet is typically placed on the second page of the thesis. This
endorsement from authorities enhances the credibility of the thesis within the academic
community, particularly when presented across various platforms (Rajveer, 2023)
.
Approval Sheet Template

Indicate the members of the approval committee or panelists. Following the completion
of the entire research and a successful defense, ensure that the document is signed by the
panelists.

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 Acknowledgement

An acknowledgment is a significant part of a research paper where gratitude is

expressed to those who assisted in conducting the research or inspired the writing process.
Authors typically extend thanks to their research adviser, statistician, editors, school
personnel, friends, family, and any other individuals who provided support during the
writing journey (Meriam, 2023).

Example of a Research Acknowledgement

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 Abstract

The abstract is a brief overview of the entire research paper, similar to the title. It
should be straightforward, clear, and to the point, providing a concise summary of the
study. The abstract should accurately represent the content of the paper without any bias
or misleading information (Tullu, 2019).
Points to remember when writing an abstract:
1. The abstract provides an introduction to the study, explaining its purpose.
2. It clarifies why the study is necessary.
3. The methods used in the study are described.
4. Key findings from the study are highlighted.
5. Conclusions and implications drawn from the results are discussed.
6. The abstract adheres to specific formatting guidelines: 150-250 words, single-spaced text,
1-2 paragraphs, no indentation on the first line, and single space format.

Example of an Abstract A. Background and/or Objectives:

Explains the reason for
conducting the research and state
the hypothesis or main research
question.

B. Methods: This part states what

was done and gives essential
details of the study design, setting,
participants, sample size,
sampling method, intervention/s,
duration and follow-up, research
instruments, main outcome
measures, parameters evaluated,
and how the outcomes were
assessed or analyzed.

C. Results/Observations/ Findings:
This section presents the findings
of the study, including details
such as the number of
Keywords: Keywords should D. Conclusion: This participants, the results of the
encapsulate four essential aspects section interprets the analysis (both primary and
of the study, including the findings of your secondary objectives), and specific
discipline to which the study study and discusses data such as numerical values,
belongs, the main construct or the broader averages, and statistical measures
concept explored, the methods or implications of your like "P" values, confidence
processes used, and the results intervals, and effect sizes ((Tullu,
geographical scope of the study. 2019).

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 Introduction

The introduction is crucial in any research paper as it sets your writing style, research
quality, and scholarly credibility. It's your initial opportunity to impress your reader,
providing background and context to highlight your research's significance. It starts by
introducing your topic broadly, then focuses on your research question or hypothesis
(Ammon, 2023).

Example of a Research Introduction

Background of
the study: It
provides an
overview of the
situation or
circumstances
that led to the
development of
your research

Key Studies: This

section outlines
the latest and
most relevant
research and
literature related
to the current
situation or
circumstance.

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 Introduction
Example of a Research Introduction

DepEd
Orders/issuances
, the existing
policies, and/or
framework

Gaps: This part

highlights the
deficiencies in
the studies

Local context.
It presents the
situation where
the study is
conducted
along with the
available
literature if
applicable.
Additionally, it
emphasizes the
importance of
the study for its
intended
audience.

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 Introduction

Snippet of Research Introduction

Purpose
Statement/s

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 Statement of the
Problem

The statement of the problem outlines the specific issue or challenge that the research
aims to tackle (Sirisilla, 2023). It articulates the questions formulated to explore the
problem comprehensively from various perspectives.

Example of a Statement of the Problem for Research in the Social Sciences

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 Statement of the
Problem

Example Statement of the Problem for Experimental Research

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 Statement of the
Problem

The statement of the problem should align with the study's title. It serves as the
foundation for developing the research questionnaire.

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 Statement of the
Problem

Example: Alignment of Title, Statement of the Problem, and Questionnaire

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 Statement of the
Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a statement where you guess what your research might uncover. It's like
a preliminary answer to your research question, but it hasn't been proven yet. There are
two types of hypothesis, the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. The null
hypothesis suggests that there's no connection between the variables. It's usually
represented as H0, read as "h-oh" or "h-null." On the other hand, the alternative hypothesis
proposes that there is a relationship between the variables. It's denoted as Ha or H1
(McCombes, 2023).

An example of a hypothesis for social research

An example hypothesis for experimental research

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 Significance of the
Study

The significance of the study is essential for conveying to the reader the importance of
the research. It delineates the specific contributions of the study and its findings to the
identified group of people (DiscoverPhDs, 2020).

In crafting the significance of the study, please consider the following suggestions:
1. Identify the primary beneficiaries of the research, ranging from specific groups to
broader audiences (e.g., students to DepEd). You can organize them in ascending or
descending order based on their significance.
2. Clarify how the outcomes and utilization of the project/study will positively impact the
identified groups. Explain how they will benefit from the research findings and results.
3. Feel free to consider potential implications of the study for future researchers and other
relevant groups not mentioned in the example, highlighting the broader significance of
the research.

Example of the Significance of the Study for Research in Social Sciences

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 Significance of the
Study

Example of the Significance of the Study for Experimental Research

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 Scope and Limitation
of the Study

The scope and limitations of a research paper set the topic and limits of the research
problem to be studied. The scope explains how thoroughly your study will investigate the
research question and the factors like population and time it will consider. Limitations
concern the reliability and accuracy of the study. They are aspects of the research design or
method that you can't change but affect your findings. As a result, they affect how valid your
study is both internally and externally and are seen as possible weaknesses. In simple terms,
limitations are things the researcher can't control or factors beyond their influence
(DiscoverPhDs, 2020).

Scope of the
study
Example of Scope and Limitations for Experimental Research

Limitation of
the study

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 Scope and Limitation
of the Study

Example of Scope and Limitations for Research in Social Sciences

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 Review of Related
Literature

A review of related literature (commonly known as RRL in research) is a thorough

examination of all the existing writings about a particular topic or research question. A
good review gives the reader a well-organized analysis and summary of what's already
known about the subject (Ulz, 2022).

It involves carefully finding, gathering, and analyzing information from various

sources that relate to the research problem. These documents can include articles,
abstracts, reviews, books, dissertations, and electronic sources. Reviewing the literature
serves several important purposes. One major goal is to understand what research has
already been conducted on your topic. This helps you avoid duplicating others' work
and gives you insights to position your own research logically. In simple terms, the
review tells you what has been done and what still needs to be explored (Shi, 2006).

According to Shona McCombes (2023), there are five essential steps that guide the
process of crafting a literature review:
1. Searching for relevant literature.
2. Evaluating sources for credibility and relevance.
3. Identifying overarching themes, ongoing debates, and research gaps within the
literature.
4. Outlining the structure to ensure coherence and organization.
5. Writing the literature review, which entails synthesizing, analyzing, and critically
evaluating the gathered information.

The review of related literature comprises two main components: the Review of
Related Literature (RRL) and the Review of Related Studies (RRS). The Review of
Related Literature (RRL) carefully examines the indicators for each variable in an
objective manner. It's a common practice to divide the RRL into two parts: foreign and
local literature. The review process involves three main steps: finding relevant material,
reading it thoroughly, and taking notes. The literature can include various types of
articles such as theoretical articles, reviews, protocol papers, opinions, and policy
statements. On the other hand, the Review of Related Studies (RRS) focuses on all
studies related to a specific research problem. The RRS helps justify why studying the
problem is necessary. These studies typically involve actual experiments, data collection,
and analysis. Therefore, the RRS includes only empirical studies, experiments, and
research findings (Editageinsights, 2021).

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 Review of Related
Literature

Example of a Review of Related Literature (RRL)

Include brief
introduction

discussion

Themes

A minimum of 10
RRL is suggested for
the research

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 Review of Related
Literature

Review of Related Studies (RRS) Example

Include brief
introduction

Presentation
and discussion
of multiple
studies
pertinent to the
topic in a
coherent
manner.

The research
requires a
minimum of 5
RRS

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 Theoretical Background of
the Study

A theoretical background is like the foundation of a building, providing the

framework and tools to understand experiments or studies. It's crucial for making sense
of the results in a thesis or research paper. When actual experiments aren't possible, or
when verifying numerical results, theoretical formulas and concepts come into play.
These backgrounds are vital in many fields, like social change, classifiers, and bird
impact studies. They give researchers the concepts and formulas they need to analyze
data and draw meaningful conclusions from their research (SCISPACE, 2022).
Additionally, it connects the research subject with the theory, capturing the relevant
theories, principles, and concepts that the researcher considers pertinent to their
research (LibGuides, 2023).
Ideally, the research
should incorporate
Example of Theoretical Background of the Study
three (3) theories that
are highly relevant to
the study

In this section, the

theories are introduced
and elaborated to provide
a comprehensive
understanding. The core
principles and key
aspects of each theory
are condensed and
explained for clarity and
coherence.

In this segment, the

researcher must present
the implication and
essence of the theory in
relation to the study.

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 Theoretical Background of
the Study

Example of the Theoretical Background of the Study (Summary)

Following the presentation of the

theories, a concluding statement or
paragraph will succinctly summarize
and underscore the relevance of these
theories to the research topic.

Please specify the

Theoretical Framework Example theories, their
proponents, and the
publication year.

Include the gist of

the theories in 1-3
words

Explain the diagram

within the context of
your research by
elucidating the
connection between
the theories,
discussing the
overarching
implications, and
exploring other
relevant factors.

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 Conceptual Framework

A conceptual framework provides guidelines for shaping a research question and

finding relevant answers. It links theories, assumptions, beliefs, and concepts related to
your research and presents them visually, graphically, or through narrative. Your
conceptual framework establishes connections between dependent and independent
variables, factors, and other ideas that influence your research structure (What is a
Conceptual Framework, 2023)
.
Independent
Variables
Example of a Conceptual Framework of an Experimental Research

Moderating Dependent
Relationships
Variables Variables

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27 Capstone Paper Development
 Conceptual Framework

Example of Conceptual Framework of an Experimental Research

Explanation of the
conceptual
framework

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 Definition of Terms

This section offers a straightforward explanation of important concepts, variables,

and words used in the study. This section helps readers grasp the meaning of technical
terms, acronyms, and other specialized language used in the research. By providing clear
definitions, researchers ensure effective communication and understanding among
readers. It adds to the credibility and thoroughness of the study (Pedada, 2023).

When crafting definitions for terms, it is recommended to follow these steps:

1. Identify the key words and concepts essential for your research, typically derived
from the title or statement of the problem.
2. Arrange the identified words alphabetically.
3. Define the terms by providing the dictionary definitions first, followed by their
operational meanings.

Example of Definition of Terms

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29 Capstone Paper Development
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY:
Research design

The research design is like a master plan that guides how you put together all the parts
of your study in a clear and sensible manner. It ensures that you tackle the research
problem effectively. Think of it as a blueprint for gathering, measuring, and analyzing data
(Research Guides: Organizing Academic Research Papers, 2020). A carefully crafted
research design ensures that your methods align with your research goals, enabling you to
gather reliable data and apply appropriate analysis methods to address your inquiries using
reputable sources. This enables you to draw accurate and dependable conclusions.

Common Types of Research Design:

1. Experimental Research Design. In an experimental setup, people chosen from the larger
group are randomly divided into two groups: one gets the treatment, and the other
doesn't (known as the 'control group'). This split usually happens before the treatment
begins. The idea behind this setup is that both groups are similar in every way, except
for the fact that one gets the treatment. So, if there are any differences between them,
it's because of the intervention/treatment. This difference is called the treatment effect
(Jalil, 2023). This type of research design is commonly employed in capstone project.
2. Descriptive Research Design. It aims to answer questions about who, what, when,
where, and how related to a specific research problem. However, it cannot definitively
answer why certain phenomena occur. Descriptive studies are valuable for
understanding the current state of things and describing what exists regarding variables
or conditions in a given situation (Research Guides: Organizing Academic Research
Papers, 2020).
3. Exploratory Research Design. An exploratory design is used when there aren't many
studies to refer to regarding a research problem. The aim is to gain insights and become
familiar with the topic for future investigation, especially when the issues are still in the
early stages. The goals of exploratory research include understanding the basic details,
settings, and concerns related to the topic, generating new ideas and assumptions,
developing tentative theories or hypotheses, and providing direction for future research
and the development of new techniques (Research Guides: Organizing Academic
Research Papers, 2020).
4. Phenomenological Research Design. The phenomenological research design is a
qualitative research approach that aims to explore and explain the fundamental nature
of a phenomenon. It delves into the ordinary experiences of individuals while setting
aside any assumptions the researchers may have. In essence, phenomenological
research examines real-life experiences to uncover a deeper understanding of how
people perceive and interpret those experiences (LaiYee, 2023).

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30 Capstone Paper Development
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY:
Research design

Example of a Research Design

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31 Capstone Paper Development
 Setting and
Participants

The research setting refers to the place or environment where the research takes place,
including its physical, social, or experimental aspects. Providing an accurate description
of the research setting is essential in a research paper because the results and how we
understand them can be greatly influenced by it (Editage Insights, 2022). Research
participants on the other hand are the individuals who are involved in a study, either
directly or indirectly through a representative, and who have provided their informed
consent (Ethical Research Involving Children, 2020).

Example of Research Setting/ Environment

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 Setting and
Participants

Example of Research Participants/ Respondents

Research Participants Example

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33 Capstone Paper Development
 Research Instrument

A Research Instrument is a tool used to gather and evaluate data relevant to your
research objectives. These tools are frequently employed in health sciences, social sciences,
and education to evaluate various individuals such as patients, clients, students, teachers,
and staff members. Research instruments may encompass interviews, tests, surveys, or
checklists. The selection of a research instrument is typically based on the researcher's
methodology and study design (Teachers College-Columbia University, 2020).

Steps for Developing an Instrument:

1. Planning: In this initial stage, researchers define the variables of interest and create a
conceptual framework illustrating their relationships (DeVellis, 2017; Hair et al., 2014,
as cited in Pentang, 2023).
2. Construction: During this phase, researchers design the instrument and conduct a pilot
study to evaluate its psychometric properties, including reliability and validity
(Dillman et al., 2014; Fowler, 2013). Reliability assesses measurement consistency,
while validity measures whether the instrument accurately captures the intended
constructs (Heale & Twycross, 2015; Leedy & Ormrod, 2016, as cited in Pentang,
2023).
3. Evaluation: In this stage, researchers analyze collected data and use statistical methods
to assess the instrument's psychometric properties (DeVellis, 2017; Streiner et al., 2014,
as cited in Pentang, 2023). This includes evaluating internal consistency and construct
validity, ensuring items are interrelated and measure the intended constructs
accurately.
4. Expert Validation: Research instruments undergo validation by education experts,
such as academics or professionals in the field (Beaton et al., 2000; DeVellis, 2017;
Streiner et al., 2014, as cited in Pentang, 2023). This validation ensures accuracy and
reliability of results. Experts review instruments for clarity, completeness, relevance,
and may offer feedback on format and structure.

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 Research Instrument

Example of Research Instrument section Research

Instruments

A detailed
description is
provided on how the
research instrument
was utilized, along
with an explanation
of how validity and
reliability were
attained if
applicable.

Description of the
components of the
questionnaire

Likert scale values

if applicable

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 Research Procedures

A research procedure comprises clearly defined steps that guide the research from start
to finish, along with a concise description of how each step was carried out in relation to
the study. It acts as a roadmap for your research, detailing the methods used to gather
information and draw conclusions.
The research procedures encompass several key components, including:
1. Formulating the questionnaire, conducting pilot testing, and implementing measures
to ensure validity and reliability.
2. Performing experiments and data collection procedures.
3. Obtaining permissions and communicating with relevant stakeholders for the
research's execution.
4. Conducting interviews, surveys, focus group discussions (FGDs), etc., to engage
identified participants and respondents.
5. Verifying or triangulating quantitative data to enhance its reliability.
6. Providing a concise overview of the statistical methods utilized to analyze the collected
data.
7. Transcribing, coding, and executing other necessary steps in data processing.
Example of Research Procedures for Experimental Research

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 Research Procedures

Example of Research Procedures in the Social Sciences

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 Statistical Treatment
of Data

Statistical treatment involves using statistical methods to analyze a dataset and

understand its significance. This treatment can be descriptive, which explains the
connection between variables in a group, or inferential, which examines a hypothesis
based on the data collected. It includes various methods such as finding the mean, mode,
median, regression, conditional probability, sampling, standard deviation, and
distribution range (DiscoverPhDs, 2020).
In this section, a comprehensive description of the statistical tools utilized in the study
will be provided, along with an explanation of their application to address specific
components of the research questions. While the inclusion of formulas for each statistical
tool is optional, their conceptual usage will be elaborated upon.

An Example of Statistical Treatment of Data for Research in the Social Sciences

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38 Capstone Paper Development
 Statistical Treatment
of Data

Example of Statistical Treatment of Data for Experimental Research

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39 Capstone Paper Development
 Ethical Considerations

Ethical considerations in research pertain to the guidelines and principles that

researchers must follow during the conduct of the research. They are crucial because they
uphold the objectives of research, which include accuracy, truthfulness, and the pursuit of
knowledge. Ethical considerations prevent the dissemination of false interpretations and
the misrepresentation of facts when drawing conclusions from research endeavors
(Ethical Considerations , 2023).

According to StudySmarter UK (2020), ethical considerations in research encompass

several important principles:
1. Informed consent. This involves ensuring that participants fully understand the study
they are agreeing to participate in. They are provided with all relevant information
about the research, and only after understanding this information, they provide their
consent to take part.
2. Rights to withdraw from research. Participants have the right to withdraw from the
study at any point, without facing any consequences. This right extends from before
the study begins until after data collection has concluded.
3. Confidentiality - anonymity and privacy. It is crucial to maintain the confidentiality of
participants' personal information throughout the study and even after its
completion. This ensures that their identities are kept anonymous and their privacy is
respected.
4. Preventing psychological and physical harm. Researchers have a responsibility to
ensure that participants are not subjected to any form of physical or psychological
harm during the course of the study. This includes taking measures to minimize any
potential risks associated with the research.

Example of Ethical Considerations

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 Presentation, Analysis and
Interpretation of Data

Data analysis and presentation are fundamental practices across multiple fields,
including academia, commerce, industry, marketing, and professional settings. Analyzing
data involves simplifying raw information into clear charts or graphs, facilitating
interpretation and extracting valuable insights (Data Presentation – Types & Its
Importance, 2021).

Common methods of presenting data include charts/graphs and tables, which enhance
comprehension and engage readers effectively. Furthermore, the American Psychological
Association (APA) has established guidelines for formatting tables and figures, specifically
outlined in the APA 7th edition.

In the process of data analysis, it's essential to prioritize the most significant results that
address the research problem. Sufficient data should be utilized to support conclusions or
generalizations. Additionally, thorough explanation and discussion of the implications
suggested by the data are crucial (Anza, 2012).

When interpreting tables, it is advisable to provide context and analysis before presenting
the table itself. This may involve presenting the main findings, comparing them with existing
literature, explaining the results, discussing methodological limitations, and considering the
broader applicability of the findings.

Example Introductory Parts for the Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

Before presenting tables and engaging in discussion, provide a brief introduction to

the chapter, outlining its contents and expectations.

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 Presentation, Analysis and
Interpretation of Data
The example provided below will serve as a guide for presenting your data in a tabular
format and conducting the subsequent data analysis in a structured manner.

The table interpretation

Table and Interpretation Example highlights key findings,
avoids redundant
repetition, and
emphasizes significant
details, including
identifying significant
data points (high and
low) and drawing
inferences.

Compare your findings

to prior studies
conducted, emphasizing
relevance and
implications

If interviews and FGDs

were conducted, highlight
relevant significant
statements to support
your findings.

Table numbers must

be aligned to the left
and in whole numbers

The table title should be

Remove
left-aligned and
unnecessary lines positioned one space
within the table down below the table
number.

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42 Capstone Paper Development
 Summary of Findings,
Conclusion, and
Recommendations

A summary of findings highlights the key factors and outcomes of a study, including
theoretical boundaries and the significance of each result. It provides an overview of what
was done, how it was done, and the study's results. A concise summary enables readers to
understand minor findings and relevant data for each result, examine effect estimates in
different formats, and gain clarity on the evidence provided (Chibueze, 2023).

According to Cabana (2014), the summary of findings should include the following
elements:

1. It must address each specific question outlined in the statement of the problem. It
should be presented first, followed by the findings that address each question.
2. Findings should consist of textual generalizations, providing a summary of the
important data using both text and numbers.
3. No deductions, inferences, or interpretations should be included, as these will be
addressed in the conclusion.
4. Only the most significant findings, highlighting key data, should be included in the
summary. These findings should form the basis for drawing conclusions.
5. The summary should be concise, presenting information as succinctly as possible.
6. Past tense should be used to present the results of the study

On the other hand, according to Chibueze (2023), a conclusion goes beyond merely
describing points or restating the problem statement. It involves synthesizing critical
elements, including:
1. Restating the research topic.
2. Reiterating the thesis (objective of the study).
3. Summarizing the main points.
4. Mentioning the relevance or outcomes.
5. Wrapping up your thoughts.

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43 Capstone Paper Development
 Summary of Findings,
Conclusion, and
Recommendations

After the conclusion, the researcher is prepared to proceed with formulating

recommendations. Research recommendations comprise suggestions or advice offered to
researchers to steer their investigations on a particular topic. They are typically dispensed
by experts in the field. These recommendations are action-oriented, furnishing specific
guidance for decision-makers (Nair, 2024).

Example of Summary of Findings

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44 Capstone Paper Development
 Summary of Findings,
Conclusion, and
Recommendations

Conclusion Example

Comprehensive Guidebook for Teachers and Students to Practical Research and

45 Capstone Paper Development
 Summary of Findings,
Conclusion, and
Recommendations

Example of Recommendations

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46 Capstone Paper Development
 References

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49 Capstone Paper Development
 Appraisal Tool

The appraisal tool offers a structured and fair way to assess manuscripts
and presentations, ensuring fairness and consistency across various
components. This helps to eliminate biases and ensures that everyone is
evaluated based on the same standards. It also helps to guide both the
presenter and the panel by highlighting key elements, expectations, and
important aspects of the research.

A. RESEARCH RUBRIC FOR FINAL ORAL DEFENSE (Manuscript)

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 Appraisal Tool

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 Appraisal Tool

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 Appraisal Tool

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 Appraisal Tool

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 Appraisal Tool

B. RESEARCH RUBRIC FOR FINAL ORAL DEFENSE (Individual)

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55 Capstone Paper Development