MATH2021

Week 4 Lecture 3

The University of Sydney

2024 Semester 1
• Last time:
• Green’s Theorem

• Today:
• Proof of Green’s Theorem
• Application of Green’s Theorem
Proof of Green’s Theorem

Green’s Theorem: Let C be a positively oriented simple closed curve surrounding a region D ⇢ R2 . Let
F = P i + Qj be C 1 in D and on C. Then
I I ZZ ✓ ◆
@Q @P
F · dr = P dx + Q dy = dA.
C C D @x @y
Proof:
• Step 1: Prove Green’s Theorem assuming D can be represented in both forms:

D = {(x, y) 2 R2 | a  x  b, g(x)  y  h(x)}, - . . . (1)

2
and D = {(x, y) 2 R | c  y  d, p(y)  x  q(y)}. .
.
.
.
(2)

" '
Y A
↳ 4=4×1 4) Y ^

< d- -
-
-

L
C}

111 ,
"

c-
""

% ,
* guy,
ya?
-
-

Y :S " 't
> >
✗ ✗
a b
Proof of Green’s Theorem

• Let C1 and C2 be given by

C1 : y = g(x), x : a ! b, C2 : y = h(x), x : b ! a.
-
-
mm mm

• Then
I Z Z
P dx = P (x, y) dx + P (x, y) dx
C C1 C2
" Z b Z a
C, UC2 = P (x, g(x)) dx +
-
P (x, h(x)) dx
-
a b
Z b
= {P (x, g(x)) P (x, h(x))} dx
a
( FTC )
Z b ( Z h(x) )
@P
= dy dx
a g(x) @y
ZZ
@P
= dA.
D @y
Proof of Green’s Theorem

• Let C3 and C4 be given by

C3 : x = p(y), y : d ! c, C4 : x = q(y), y : c ! d.
-
-
mm -

• Then
I Z Z
Q dy = Q(x, y) dy + Q(x, y) dy
C C3 C4
" Z c Z d
C
} UC4
= Q(p(y), y) dy + Q(q(y), y) dy
d -
c un

Z d
= {Q(q(y), y) Q(p(y), y)} dy
c
( FTC )
Z d (Z q(y) )
@Q
= dx dy
c p(y) @x
ZZ
@Q
= dA.
D @x
Proof of Green’s Theorem

• Therefore,
I I ZZ ✓ ◆
@Q @P
F · dr = P dx + Q dy = dA.
C C D @x @y

• Step 2: Suppose the boundary of D includes some vertical lines. Then

I Z Z °
c,
P dx = P dx + /
P dx
C C1 C2
" Z Z °
↳ ✓ ↳ ✓ ↳
V4 + P dx + P/dx ↳ ↳
C3 C4
Z Z
"

I
= P dx + P dx.
C1 C3

Then the proof proceeds as Step 1.

The case where the boundary of D includes some horizontal lines is similar.

F
Proof of Green’s Theorem

• Step 3: In general, a region can be split into two or more regions of the type dealt with in Step 2,
then we prove for each sub-region and then combine the results.
For example, for a region D as shown here, we have

!
( =
GUC ,

=
( Gva) U1-4UG )
4

I Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
F · dr = + + = + + +
C C C2 C2 C3 C C2 C2 C3
Z Z1 ZZ 1
( step 2)
= (@x Q @y P ) dA + (@x Q @y P ) dA
D1 D2
ZZ
= (@x Q @y P ) dA.
D

⇤
Conservative field revisited (application of Green’s Theorem)

• Theorem: If F = P i + Qj define in R2 satisfies

@Q
@x
@P
@y
= 0,
tEÉ
then F is conservative.

• Proof: For any simple closed curve C surrounding a region D in R2 , it follows from Green’s Theorem
that
I ZZ ✓ ◆ ZZ
@Q @P
F · dr = dA = 0 dA = 0.
C D @x @y D

Therefore, F is conservative. ⇤
Area of a region in R2 revisited (application of Green’s Theorem)

• Applicaiton of Green’s Theorem: express the area of a plane region as a line integral over its boundary.

ywithpositiveorientatior.is
• Proposition: Let D be a plane region bounded by a simple closed curve C. Then
I
1
Area(D) = y dx + x dy.
2 C

HEE
Q

• Proof: By Green’s Theorem,

I ZZ ✓ ◆
1 1 @ @
y dx + x dy = (x) ( y) dA
2 C 2 D @x @y
ZZ
1
= 2 dA
2 D
= Area(D).

• Planimeter
ex Let a, b be positive real numbers. Find the area of the ellipse D ⇢ R2 given by
✗ Y x2 y2
2
+ 2  1.
a b
I >
×

Self :
Area (D) =
I § ✗ dy -

ydx
.

JD

%
'
×
where JD is +
= 1
I ,

oriented
positively .
 Param ZD with
Pos orient :
.
.

0 art
✗ b Sind : ☐ →

GS0
.

=
✗ = a ,
,

base do

.
'

.
dx = -
asim do ,
dry = .

c
'

. Area (D) = I § ✗
dy -
Ydx

2D

HT
asind do )
) ( bsiwo ) ( -

= £ ( acoso ) ( bcoso
do ) -

o I

do
=L IF ab É

= tab %
.
④ Prac Week 4 Problem 8
Lecture summary

After today’s lecture, you should be able to:

• Understand the proof of Green’s Theorem.
• Apply Green’s Theorem to compute double integrals or line integrals.