CONTEMPORARY WORLD REVIEWER Demography refers to the study of populations with

reference to size and density, fertility, mortality, growth,

Global City age distribution, migration, and vital statistics and the
- an urban centre that enjoys significant interaction of all these with social and economic
competitive advantages and that serves as a conditions.
hub within a globalized economic system. It is based on vital statistics reporting and special
- The term has its origin in research on cities surveys of population size and density: it measure trends
carried out during the 1980s over time.
- Economic was primarily constitute a global Demographic Transition
city - Started in the mid or late 1700 in Europe
- New York, Tokyo, London – economic - Death rates and fertility <
enters that exert control over the world’s - High to low fertility: 200 years in France
political economy and 100 years in US
Indicators of a Global City - 20th century mortality< in Africa and Asia
 Seats of Economic Power - Life expectancy in India (24 years)
New York- largest stock market Effect of Demographic Transition
Tokyo- Most number of corporate headquarters(613 HQ) - enormous gap in life expectancy
Shanghai- world’s busiest container port - Japan and West- 12 years LE at birth
 Centers of Authority - Increased 20 years by 1900
Washington DC- seat of American state power - India & China- economic stagnation
Canberra- sleepy town, Australia’s political capital - High levels of population growth rates
 Centers of Political Influence - Low fertility rates (Japan)
New York- United Nations - Higher dependency ratio (PH & India) – it
Brussels- European Union was caused by the decline in the infant and
Jakarta- ASEAN child mortality and high levels of fertility
Frankfurt- European Central Bank
 Centers of Higher Learning and Culture Theory of Demographic Transition
Boston- Harvard University - Suggests that future population growth will
New York City- New York Times develop along a predictable 4 or 5stages
Australia- Leading language universities
Los Angeles- film Industry Stage 1
Copenhagen- capital of Denmark, culinary capitals - Death rates and birth rates are high and
Singapore- MTV roughly in balance
 Economic Opportunities - Population growth is typically very slow
San Francisco Bay Area- IT Programmers and engineers - Constrained by the available food supply
London- nursing Stage 2
 Economic competitiveness - Death rates drop rapidly
Singapore- Asia’s most competitive city, houses the - Improvements in food supply and sanitation
regional offices of many major global corporations - Increases life span and reduce diseases
- Afghanistan
Cities- the engines of globalization - Selective breeding and crop rotation and
1900- 5% of world population was urban farming techniques
2007- 50% - Access to technology, basic healthcare, and
2050- 75% education
- Europe
Demography Stage 3
demos- population - Birth rates fall
graphia- description or writing - Mexico
- Decrease due to various fertility factors:
writings about population contraception, increases in wages,
Achille Guillard- Belgian statistician urbanization, reduction in subsistence
John Graunt agriculture
 - Late 19th century Reasons for Migration
- Transition in values Push Factor- induces people to move out their present
Stage 4 location
- Low birth rates and low death rates Pull Factor- induces people to move into a new location
- Below replacement level (Germany, Italy
and Japan) 1. Cultural factor
- Sweden - Slavery and political instability (cultural
- Creates economic burden on the shrinking diversity)
population 2. Socio-political factor
Stage 5 - Political instability
- Below-replacement fertility levels - Situation of war, oppression, lack of socio-
- Increase in fertility political right
- Debated - Social conflict
- Nations as: High fertility, Intermediate or 3. Environmental factor
low-fertility - Ecological changes
- Environmental Migrants – persons or group
Global Migration of persons who, for compelling reasons of
- A situation in which people go to live in sudden or progressive changes in the
foreign countries especially to find a job environment that adversely affect their lives
- Permanent move rather than a complex or living conditions, are obliged to leave
series of backward or onward series their habitual homes, or choose to do so,
Migration either temporarily or permanently, and who
- Conceptualized as a move from an origin to move either within their country or abroad
a destination, or from a place of birth to 4. Economic factors
another destination across administrative - Remittances are more stable and predictable
borders within a country or international as compared to other financial flows and,
borders. more importantly, they are counter-cyclical
providing buffer against economic shocks
Types of Migration - Positive impact on GDP growth
- Expands the skilled workforce
 Internal Migration- This refers to people moving - Remittances – crucial to survival,
from one area to another within one country sustenance, rehabilitation and reconstruction
 International Migration- This refers to the - Remittances can spur economic growth by
movement people who cross the borders of one improving sending countries credit
country to another worthiness and expanding their access to
international capital markets
5 groups - Return Migration
 Immigrants- Those who moved permanently to Sustainable Development
another country - primarily relates to how the needs of the
 Workers- stay in another country for a fixed people basically through the consumption
period of time and utilization of resources, sustainable
 Illegal Immigrants development is often linked with climate
 Migrants- Families have petitioned them to change which due to its hazardous effects in
move to the destination country the environment is known to be a major
restriction in achieving sustainability
 Refugees (asylum seekers)- unable or unwilling
2 fold link
to return because a well-founded fear of
persecution on account of race, religion,  Impacts of climate change can severely hamper
nationality, membership in a particular social development efforts in key sector
group, or political opinion  Development choice will influence the capacity
to mitigate and adapt to climate change
Food security 4. Global Citizenship as the cultivation of
- exists when all people, at all times, have principled decision making
access to adequate, safe, and nutritious food - Entails an awareness of the interdependence
to meet their dietary needs and food of individuals and systems as well as sense
preferences for an active and healthy life of responsibility
4 dimensions of food security 5. Global Citizenship as participation in the
1. food access- access to adequate resources to social and political life of one’s community
acquire a healthy and nutritious diet - Feel a sense of connection towards their
2. Food use- use of food through adequate diet, communities and translate this connection to
clean water and health care to reach the state of participation
healthy well-being 3 approaches to global economic resistance
3. Availability – availability of adequate supply of 1. Trade protectionism- involves the systematic
food, produced either through domestic or government intervention in foreign trade
foreign import, including as well the food aid through tariffs and non-tariff barriers in order to
received from outside the country encourage domestic producers and deter their
4. Stability – access to sufficient food at all times, foreign competitors
without losing access to food supply brought by - Shields the domestic economy from
either economic or climatic crisis systemic shocks
2. Fair trade
Global Citizenship - Aims at moral and equitable global
- is the idea that, as people, we are all citizens economic system
of the globe who have an equal - Price is not set by the market; negotiated
responsibility for what happens on, and to transparently by both producers and
our world. consumers
- as a moral and ethical disposition that can 3. Helping the bottom line
guide the understanding of individuals or - Increasing aid is only one of the many
groups of local and global contexts, and measures that is required.
remind them of their relative - International norms and standards can be
responsibilities within various communities adapted to the needs of the bottom billion.
(Caecilia Johanna van Peski) - Reduction of trade barriers = reduce
economic marginalization of these people
Salient Features of Global Citizenship and their nations

1. Global Citizenship as a choice and a way of

thinking
- Various formative life experiences
- Primarily exercised at home through
engagement in global issues or with
different cultures in a local setting
2. Global Citizenship as self-awareness and
awareness of others
- Self-awareness helps students identify with
the universalities of human experience
3. Global Citizenship as they practice cultural
empathy
- Cultural empathy or intercultural
competence is commonly articulated as a
goal of global education
- Intercultural competence occupies a central
position in higher education’s thinking about
global citizenship and is seen as an
important skill in the workplace