E = −∇V Ex = −∂ xV
( )

Método 1: E = Ex xɵ + E y ɵy + Ez zɵ Ex xɵ + E y ɵy + Ez zɵ = − ∂ xV xɵ + ∂ yV ɵy + ∂ zV zɵ E y = −∂ yV
∇V = ∂ xV xɵ + ∂ yV ɵy + ∂ zV zɵ Ez = −∂ zV


E = A  x 2 + 1 xɵ + 2 y z ɵy + y 2 zɵ 
 
Ex = A x 2 + 1, E y = 2 Ay z , Ez = Ay 2

∂ xV = − Ex  ∂ xV = − A x 2 + 1   ∂ Vdx = − A
x x 2 + 1dx  V = −
A
2( ( ))
x x 2 + 1 + ln x + x 2 + 1 + f ( y, z )

∂ yV = − E y  ∂ y −
 A
 2
( ) 
x x 2 + 1 + ln( x + x 2 + 1) + f ( y, z )  = −2 Ay z  ∂ y f ( y, z ) = −2 Ay z   ∂ y f ( y, z )dy =  −2 Ay zdy 

f ( y, z ) = − Ay 2 z + g 2 ( z ) − g1 ( z ) = − Ay 2 z + g ( z )  V = − (
A
2
( ))
x x 2 + 1 + ln x + x 2 + 1 + f ( y, z ) = −
A
2 ( ( ) )
x x 2 + 1 + ln x + x 2 + 1 + 2 y 2 z + g ( z )

∂ zV = − E z
 A
 ∂ z −
 2
( ( ) ) 
x x 2 + 1 + ln x + x 2 + 1 + 2 y 2 z + g ( z )  = − Ay 2  − Ay 2 + ∂ z g ( z ) = − Ay 2  ∂ z g ( z ) = 0 

A
( ( 2 2
) ) A
(
 ∂ z g ( z )dz =  0dz  g ( z ) = cte  V = − 2 x x + 1 + ln x + x + 1 + 2 y z + g ( z) = − 2 x x + 1 + ln x + x + 1 + 2 y z + cte
2 2 2 2
( ) )

rteutle
 
E = −∇V Eρ = −∂ ρV

Método 1:  + E ϕɵ + E zɵ
E = Eρ ρ  + E ϕɵ + E zɵ = −  ∂ V ρ
Eρ ρ  + 1 ∂ V ϕɵ + ∂ V 
zɵ 
1
Eϕ = − ∂ϕV
ϕ ϕ  ρ ϕ
ρ ρ
z z z
 
 + 1 ∂ V ϕɵ + ∂ V zɵ
∇V = ∂ ρ V ρ Ez = −∂ zV
ϕ
ρ
z


 − Aρ 2 senϕ ϕɵ
E = 3 Aρ 2 cos ϕ ρ
Eρ = 3 Aρ 2 cos ϕ , Eϕ = − Aρ 2 senϕ , Ez = 0

∂ ρV = − Eρ  ∂ ρV ( ρ , ϕ , z ) = −3 Aρ 2 cos ϕ   ∂ ρV ( ρ ,ϕ , z )d ρ =  −3 Aρ
2
cos ϕ d ρ  V ( ρ , ϕ , z ) = − Aρ 3 cos ϕ + f (ϕ , z )

∂ϕV = − ρ Eϕ  ∂ϕ  − Aρ 3 cos ϕ + f (ϕ , z )  = − ρ ( − Aρ 2 senϕ )  Aρ 3 senϕ + ∂ϕ f (ϕ , z ) = Aρ 3 senϕ  ∂ϕ f (ϕ , z ) = 0 

 ∂ϕ f (ϕ , z )dϕ =  0dϕ  f (ϕ , z ) = g ( z )  V = − Aρ 3 cos ϕ + f (ϕ , z ) = − Aρ 3 cos ϕ + g ( z )

∂ zV = − E z  ∂ z  − Aρ 3 cos ϕ + g ( z )  = 0  ∂ z g ( z ) = 0   ∂ g ( z)dz =  0dz

z  g ( z ) = cte 
V = − Aρ 3 cos ϕ + g ( z ) = − Aρ 3 cos ϕ + cte

∂ zV = − E z  ∂ zV = 0  V = f ( ρ , ϕ )
∂ ρ V = − Eρ  ∂ ρ f ( ρ , ϕ ) = −3 Aρ 2 cos ϕ  f ( ρ , ϕ ) = − Aρ 3 cos ϕ + g (ϕ )  V = f ( ρ , ϕ ) = − Aρ 3 cos ϕ + g (ϕ )
∂ϕ V = − ρ Eϕ  ∂ϕ  − Aρ 3 cos ϕ + g (ϕ )  = − ρ ( − Aρ 2 senϕ )  Aρ 3 senϕ + ∂ϕ g (ϕ ) = Aρ 3 senϕ  ∂ϕ g (ϕ ) = 0 
g (ϕ ) = cte  V = − Aρ 3 cos ϕ + g (ϕ ) = − Aρ 3 cos ϕ + cte

rteutle
 
E = −∇V Er = −∂ rV
  1 1  1
Método 1: E = Er rɵ + Eθ θɵ + Eϕ ϕɵ Er rɵ + Eθ θɵ + Eϕ ϕɵ = −  ∂ rV rɵ + ∂θ V θɵ + ∂ϕ V ϕɵ  Eθ = − ∂θ V
 r rsenθ  r
1 1
∇V = ∂ rV rɵ + ∂θ V θɵ + ∂ϕV ϕɵ 1
r rsenθ Eϕ = − ∂ϕ V
rsenθ
 2 A cos θ Asenθ ɵ
E= 3
rɵ + θ
r r3
2 A cos θ Asenθ
Er = 3
, Eθ = , Eϕ = 0
r r3

2 A cos θ A cos θ
∂ rV = − Er  ∂ rV = −  V= + f (θ , ϕ )
r3 r2

 A cos θ  Asenθ Asenθ Asenθ

∂θ V = −rEθ  ∂θ  2
+ f (θ , ϕ )  = −r 3
 − 2
+ ∂θ f (θ , ϕ ) = −  ∂θ f (θ , ϕ ) = 0 
 r  r r r2
A cos θ A cos θ
f (θ , ϕ ) = g (ϕ )  V = 2
+ f (θ , ϕ ) = + g (ϕ )
r r2

 A cos θ  A cos θ A cos θ

∂ϕV = − rsenθ Eϕ  ∂ϕ  2
+ g (ϕ )  = 0  ∂ϕ g (ϕ ) = 0  g (ϕ ) = cte  V = 2
+ g (ϕ ) = + cte
 r  r r2

rteutle
 
E = −∇V Eρ = −∂ ρ V

Método 1:  + E ϕɵ + E zɵ
E = Eρ ρ  + E ϕɵ + E zɵ = −  ∂ V ρ
Eρ ρ  + 1 ∂ V ϕɵ + ∂ V 
zɵ  Eϕ = −
1
∂ϕ V
ϕ ϕ  ρ ϕ
ρ ρ
z z z
 
 + 1 ∂ V ϕɵ + ∂ V zɵ
∇V = ∂ ρV ρ Ez = −∂ zV
ϕ
ρ
z


(
 +  2 ρ z 3 senϕ cos ϕ − 2 z sen(2ϕ )  ϕɵ + 3ρ 2 z 2 sen2ϕ + 5 z 4 cos(2ϕ ) − 5 z ( z 2 + 10)3 zɵ 
)

E = − A ( 5ρ 4 + 2 ρ z 3 sen 2ϕ ) ρ
5

  
  ρ  
4 3 2 

3

ρ


(
Eρ = − A ( 5ρ + 2 ρ z sen ϕ ) , Eϕ = − A  2 ρ z senϕ cos ϕ − 2 sen(2ϕ )  , Ez = − A 3ρ 2 z 2 sen2ϕ + 5 z 4 cos(2ϕ ) − 5 z ( z 2 + 10)3
z5
)
∂ ρV = − Eρ  ∂ ρ V = A ( 5ρ 4 + 2 ρ z 3 sen 2ϕ )  V = A ( ρ 5 + ρ 2 z 3 sen2ϕ ) + f (ϕ , z )

 z5 
∂ϕV = − ρ Eϕ  ∂ϕ  A ( ρ 5 + ρ 2 z 3 sen 2ϕ ) + f (ϕ , z )  = Aρ  2 ρ z 3 senϕ cos ϕ − 2 sen(2ϕ )  
 ρ 
2 Aρ z senϕ cos ϕ + ∂ϕ f (ϕ , z ) = 2 Aρ z senϕ cos ϕ − 2 Az sen(2ϕ )  ∂ϕ f (ϕ , z ) = −2 Az sen(2ϕ ) 
2 3 2 3 5 5

f (ϕ , z ) = Az 5 cos(2ϕ ) + g ( z )  V = A ( ρ 5 + ρ 2 z 3 sen 2ϕ ) + f (ϕ , z ) = A ( ρ 5 + ρ 2 z 3 sen 2ϕ + z 5 cos(2ϕ ) ) + g ( z )

∂ zV = − E z (
 ∂ z  A ( ρ 5 + ρ 2 z 3 sen2ϕ + z 5 cos(2ϕ ) ) + g ( z )  = A 3ρ 2 z 2 sen 2ϕ + 5 z 4 cos(2ϕ ) − 5 z ( z 2 + 10)3 ) 

3 Aρ 2 z 2 sen 2ϕ + 5 Az 4 cos(2ϕ ) + ∂ z g ( z ) = 3 Aρ 2 z 2 sen 2ϕ + 5 Az 4 cos(2ϕ ) − 5 Az ( z 2 + 10)3  ∂ z g ( z ) = −5 Az ( z 2 + 10)3 

g ( z ) = − A ( z 2 + 10)5 + cte 

( )
V = A ( ρ 5 + ρ 2 z 3 sen 2ϕ + z 5 cos(2ϕ ) ) + g ( z ) = A ρ 5 + ρ 2 z 3 sen 2ϕ + z 5 cos(2ϕ ) − ( z 2 + 10)5 + cte

rteutle
      
V ( Pf ) − V ( Pi ) = −  E ⋅dr −  E ⋅dr −  E ⋅dr
Pf 0
 
− 
Pi , C
E ⋅ d r = V ( Pf ) − V ( Pi ) Cy z
i i
Cx z
f i
Cx
f
y
f

C = C yi zi ∪ C x f zi ∪ C x f y f    
 E = Ex xɵ + E y ɵy + Ez zɵ , d r = xdx
ɵ + ɵydy + zdz
ɵ , E ⋅ d r = E dx + E dy + E dz
= {( x, yi , zi ) xi ≤ x ≤ x f } , d ryi zi = xɵ dx
Método 2: x y z
C yi zi

Cx f zi { }
= ( x f , y , zi ) yi ≤ y ≤ y f , d rx f zi = ɵydy xf yf zf
 V ( Pf ) = −  Ex ( x, yi , zi )dx − E ( x f , y , zi )dy −  Ez ( x f , y f , z )dz
Cx f y f { } ɵ
= ( x f , y f , z ) zi ≤ z ≤ z f , d rx f y f = zdz xi yi
y
zi


E = A  x 2 + 1 xɵ + 2 y z ɵy + y 2 zɵ 
 
Ex = A x 2 + 1, E y = 2 Ay z , Ez = Ay 2

( ( )) A2 ( x ( ))
xf xf
A
−  Ex ( x, yi , zi ) dx = −  A x 2 + 1dx = − xf x 2f + 1 + ln x f + x 2f + 1 + i xi2 + 1 + ln xi + xi2 + 1
xi xi
2

yf yf

−  E y ( x f , y , zi )dy = −  2 Ay zi dy = − A ( y 2f − yi2 ) zi
yi yi

zf zf

−  Ez ( x f , y f , z )dz = −  Ay 2f dz = − Ay 2f ( z f − zi )
zi zi

1
V ( Pf ) = − A  x f
2
( )) 12 ( x x + 1 + ln ( x + x + 1)) + ( y − y ) z + y ( z − z )
(
x 2f + 1 + ln x f + x 2f + 1 − i
2
i i
2
i
2
f
2
i i
2
f f i

V ( x , y , z ) = − A  ( x x + 1 + ln ( x + x + 1 ) ) − ( x x + 1 + ln ( x + x + 1 ) ) + y z − y z 
1 2 1 2  2 2 2 2
f f f f f f f i i i i f f i i
2 2 

∴ V ( x, y, z ) = − A  ( x x + 1 + ln ( x + x + 1 ) ) + y z − ( x x + 1 + ln ( x + x + 1 ) ) − y z 
1 2 1 2 2  2 2 2
i i i i i i
2 2 

rteutle
      
V ( Pf ) − V ( Pi ) = −  E ⋅dr −  E ⋅dr −  E ⋅dr
Pf 0
 
− 
Pi , C
E ⋅ d r = V ( Pf ) − V ( Pi ) Cϕ z
i i
Cρ z
f i
Cρ
f
ϕ
f

C = Cϕ z ∪ Cρ z ∪ Cρϕ    
  + E ϕɵ + E zɵ , d r = ρ
E = Eρ ρ d ρ + ϕρ
ɵ dϕ + zdz
ɵ , E ⋅ d r = E d ρ + E ρ dϕ + E dz
Cϕi zi = {( ρ , ϕi , zi ) ρi ≤ ρ ≤ ρ f } , d rϕ z = ρ
Método 2: d ρ ϕ z ρ ϕ z


{ }
Cρ f zi = ( ρ f , ϕ , zi ) ϕi ≤ ϕ ≤ ϕ f , d rρ z = ϕρɵ dϕ ρf ϕf zf
 V ( Pf ) = −  Eρ ( ρ , ϕi , zi )d ρ −  Eϕ ( ρ , ϕ , zi ) ρ f dϕ −  Ez ( ρ f , ϕ f , z )dz
{ } ɵ z
Cρ f ϕ f = ( ρ f , ϕ f , z ) zi ≤ z ≤ z f , d rρϕ = zd ρi ϕi
f
zi


 − Aρ 2 senϕ ϕɵ
E = 3 Aρ 2 cos ϕ ρ
Eρ = 3 Aρ 2 cos ϕ , Eϕ = − Aρ 2 senϕ , Ez = 0

ρf ρf

−  Eρ ( ρ , ϕi , zi )d ρ = −  3 Aρ 2 cos ϕi d ρ = − A ( ρ 3f − ρi3 ) cos ϕi

ρi ρi

ϕf ϕf

−  Eϕ ( ρ f , ϕ , zi ) ρ f dϕ = −  − Aρ 2f senϕρ f dϕ = − Aρ 3f ( cos ϕ f − cos ϕi )

ϕi ϕi

zf zf

−  Ez ( ρ f , ϕ f , z )dz = −  0dz = 0
zi zi

( ) (
V ( Pf ) = A  − ρ 3f − ρi3 cos ϕi − ρ 3f cos ϕ f − cos ϕi + 0 
  )
V ( ρ f , ϕ f , z f ) = A  − ρ 3f cos ϕ f + ρi3 cos ϕi 
∴ V ( ρ , ϕ , z ) = A  − ρ 3 cos ϕ + ρi3 cos ϕi 

rteutle
      
V ( Pf ) − V ( Pi ) = −  E ⋅dr −  E ⋅dr −  E ⋅dr
Pf 0
 
− 
Pi , C
E ⋅ d r = V ( Pf ) − V ( Pi ) Cθ ϕ
i i
Cr ϕ
f i
Cr
f
θf

C = Cθiϕi ∪ Crf ϕi ∪ Crf θ f    

 E = Er rɵ + Eθ θɵ + Eϕ ϕɵ , d r = rɵ dr + θɵ rdθ + ϕɵ rsenθ dϕ , E ⋅ d r = Er dr + Eθ rdθ + Eϕ rsenθ dϕ
= {(r , θi , ϕi ) ri ≤ r ≤ rf } , d rθiϕi = rɵdr
Método 2:
Cθiϕi

Crf ϕi { }
= (rf ,θ , ϕi ) θi ≤ θ ≤ θ f , d rrf ϕi = θɵ rdθ rf θf ϕf
 V ( Pf ) = −  Er (r , θi , ϕi )dr −  Eθ ( rf ,θ , ϕi )rf dθ −  Eϕ (r ,θ , ϕ ) rf senθ f dϕ
Cr f θ f { }
= ( rf ,θ f , ϕ ) ϕi ≤ ϕ ≤ ϕ f , d rrf θ f = ϕɵ rsenθ dϕ ri θi ϕi
f f

 2 A cos θ Asenθ ɵ
E= 3
rɵ + θ
r r3
2 A cos θ Asenθ
Er = 3
, Eθ = , Eϕ = 0
r r3

rf rf
2 A cos θi 1 1
−  Er (r , θi , ϕi )dr = −  dr = A cos θi  2 − 2 
r 3  rf ri 
ri ri  

θf θf
Asenθ
rf dθ = 2 ( cos θ f − cos θi )
A
−  Eθ (rf , θ , ϕi )rf dθ = −  3
θi θi rf rf

ϕf ϕf

−  Eϕ (rf , θ f , ϕ )rf senθ f dϕ = −  0 rf senθ f dϕ = 0

ϕi ϕi

 1 1 1 
V ( Pf ) = A cos θi  2 − 2  + 2 cos θ f − cos θi
  rf ri  rf
( ) 

   
 cos θ f cos θ 
V (rf ,θ f , ϕ f ) = A  2 − 2 i 
 rf ri 
 cos θ cos θ 
∴ V (r ,θ , ϕ ) = A  2 − 2 i 
 r ri 

rteutle
      
V ( Pf ) − V ( Pi ) = −  E ⋅dr −  E ⋅dr −  E ⋅dr
Pf 0
 
− 
Pi , C
E ⋅ d r = V ( Pf ) − V ( Pi ) Cϕ z
i i
Cρ z
f i
Cρ
f
ϕf

C = Cϕ z ∪ Cρ z ∪ Cρϕ    
  + E ϕɵ + E zɵ , d r = ρ
E = Eρ ρ  d ρ + ϕρ
ɵ dϕ + zdz
ɵ , E ⋅ d r = E d ρ + E ρ dϕ + E dz
Cϕi zi = {( ρ , ϕi , zi ) ρi ≤ ρ ≤ ρ f } , d rϕ z = ρ
Método 2: d ρ ϕ z ρ ϕ z


{ }
Cρ f zi = ( ρ f , ϕ , zi ) ϕi ≤ ϕ ≤ ϕ f , d rρ z = ϕρɵ dϕ
ρf ϕf zf
 V ( Pf ) = −  Eρ ( ρ , ϕi , zi ) d ρ −  Eϕ ( ρ , ϕ , zi ) ρ f dϕ −  Ez ( ρ f , ϕ f , z )dz
{ } ɵ z
Cρ f ϕ f = ( ρ f , ϕ f , z ) zi ≤ z ≤ z f , d rρϕ = zd ρi ϕi
f
zi


(
 +  2 ρ z 3 senϕ cos ϕ − 2 z sen(2ϕ )  ϕɵ + 3ρ 2 z 2 sen 2ϕ + 5 z 4 cos(2ϕ ) − 5 z ( z 2 + 10)3 zɵ 
)
 5
E = − A ( 5ρ 4 + 2 ρ z 3 sen 2ϕ ) ρ   
  ρ  


z5 
(
Eρ = − A ( 5ρ 4 + 2 ρ z 3 sen 2ϕ ) , Eϕ = − A  2 ρ z 3 senϕ cos ϕ − 2 sen(2ϕ )  , Ez = − A 3ρ 2 z 2 sen 2ϕ + 5 z 4 cos(2ϕ ) − 5 z ( z 2 + 10)3
ρ 
)
ρf ρf

(
−  Eρ ( ρ , ϕi , zi )d ρ = −  − A ( 5ρ 4 + 2 ρ zi3 sen 2ϕi ) d ρ = A ρ 5f − ρi5 + ( ρ 2f − ρi2 ) zi3 sen 2ϕi )
ρi ρi

ϕf ϕf
 
z5
(
−  Eϕ ( ρ f , ϕ , zi ) ρ f dϕ = −  − A  2 ρ f zi3 senϕ cos ϕ − 2 i sen(2ϕ )  ρ f dϕ = A ρ 2f zi3 ( sen 2ϕ f − sen2ϕi ) + zi5 ( cos(2ϕ f ) − cos(2ϕi ) )
 ρf  )
ϕi ϕi  

( ) ( )
zf zf

−  Ez ( ρ f , ϕ f , z )dz = −  − A 3ρ 2f z 2 sen 2ϕ f + 5 z 4 cos(2ϕ f ) − 5 z ( z 2 + 10)3 dz = A ρ 2f ( z 3f − zi3 ) sen 2ϕ f + ( z 5f − zi5 ) cos(2ϕ f ) − ( z 2f + 10)5 + ( zi2 + 10)5
zi zi



( )  




( ) 

 
V ( Pf ) = A  ρ 5f − ρi5 + ρ 2f − ρi2 zi3 sen 2ϕi + ρ 2f zi3  sen 2ϕ f − sen 2ϕi  + zi5  cos(2ϕ f ) − cos(2ϕi )  + ρ 2f z 3f − zi3 sen 2ϕ f +  z 5f − zi5  cos(2ϕ f ) − ( z 2f + 10)5 + ( zi2 + 10)5 
 
V ( ρ f , ϕ f , z f ) = A  ρ 5f − ρi5 + ρ 2f z 3f sen2ϕ f − ρi2 zi3 sen 2ϕi + z 5f cos(2ϕ f ) − zi5 cos(2ϕi ) − ( z 2f + 10)5 + ( zi2 + 10)5 
 
∴ V ( ρ , ϕ , z ) = A  ρ 5 + z 5 cos(2ϕ ) + ρ 2 z 3 sen 2ϕ − ( z 2 + 10)5 − ρi5 − zi5 cos(2ϕi ) − ρi2 zi3 sen 2ϕi + ( zi2 + 10)5 
 

rteutle
 Ex = −∂ xV
 
Demostrar que E = A  x y 3 xɵ + y z 3 ɵy + z x3 zɵ  no es de tipo electrostático usando E = −∇V ⇔ E y = −∂ yV
 
Ez = −∂ zV
Solución
Ex = Axy 3 , E y = Ay z 3 , Ez = Az x 3

A 2 3
∂ xV = − Ex  ∂ xV = − Axy 3   ∂ Vdx =  − Axy dx  V =− x y + f ( y, z )
3
x
2

3A 2 2 3 A 2 2 Esta última ecuación no es válida para todo punto

∂ yV = − E y  − x y + ∂ y f ( y, z ) = − Ay z 3  ∂ y f ( y, z ) = − Ay z 3 + x y 
2 2 en el que esta definido el campo vectorial E.
En el lado izquierdo se tiene una función de "y" y "z", mientras en el derecho una función de "x", "y" y "z".
Esto implica que no existe función potencial y que por lo tanto el campo vectorial no es de tipo electrostático.

rteutle
 
 − Aρ 2 senϕ ϕɵ + Aρ zɵ no es de tipo electrostático
Demostrar que E = 3 Aρ 2 cos ϕ ρ
Pf ρf ϕf zf
 
usando −  E ⋅ d r = V ( Pf ) − V ( Pi ) ⇔ V ( Pf ) = −  Eρ ( ρ , ϕi , zi )d ρ −  Eϕ ( ρ f , ϕ , zi ) ρ f dϕ −  Ez ( ρ f , ϕ f , z ) dz
Pi , C ρi ϕi zi


 − Aρ 2 senϕ ϕɵ + Aρ zɵ
E = 3 Aρ 2 cos ϕ ρ
Eρ = 3 Aρ 2 cos ϕ , Eϕ = − Aρ 2 senϕ , Ez = Aρ

ρf ρf

−  Eρ ( ρ , ϕi , zi )d ρ = −  3 Aρ 2 cos ϕi d ρ = − A ( ρ 3f − ρi3 ) cos ϕi

ρi ρi

ϕf ϕf

−  Eϕ ( ρ f , ϕ , zi ) ρ f dϕ = −  − Aρ 2f senϕρ f dϕ = − Aρ 3f ( cos ϕ f − cos ϕi )

ϕi ϕi

zf zf

−  Ez ( ρ f , ϕ f , z )dz = −  Aρ f dz = − Aρ f ( z f − zi )
zi zi

 ( ) ( )
V ( Pf ) = A  − ρ 3f − ρi3 cos ϕi − ρ 3f cos ϕ f − cos ϕi − ρ f z f + ρ f zi 

Debido a que la ecuación anterior no tiene la forma V ( Pf ) - V ( Pi ) debido al término Aρ f zi , entonces no existe potencial y
por lo tanto el campo no es de tipo electrostático.

rteutle