: ere word TD Sleme elon ue Gag words T (ak), aud dynamice Cfora}. tt Study of TD ‘began Hough tus Ousideotion 4 ve wmotiue power Of beak. c Capacity af hot body ft produce work-the Cenfeat aim Gf TD % the ctcermmtion of tur Gyr & | PRO nun OW tu sens % yest (equilibrium Sta] Go gimen Abate System woluse environment 3 gunsally delermited a5 the prewute exuted on te ysl and ta femypuroteue g tu Ayko >TD B® contend wit ty behaviow 4 cuts, where nat, AMY ttuing that OCCupier Space, aud te mabke WHI % AUbject GF & To Aualys:s ts Called & System, > Enginers owe Gewratty juteuted tm skudying Systeny aud how uy Ca tuteroe wile Heir Sucrccundings, > They Bek t achizus improved duigny and bebe eae 105 mucuured by doctors Such ay Qu inaear ue te Ope Of Sous duieed produce ,a reduced lMpue oF & Store resource, a duction mu total (os re a (emer envitonnuntat (upace. ‘System : Th TO, tu tim System xy (Cedi ny ies Subjece Y te analyses. Dh kway tHe Roier A whale We Wank ty Atudy, IBe 1 Sens: I Closed Systems De vs ug om tH white Her fansee g | “mah OCHO x oundany down Hales place. ® clo Sytem always contain ty Suu -may yma mit alleud to tn System wot loa from Uy 4y5 em re. A Closed System Caunoe eu clauge rnacttee | oul CUeY lout Ku Seu oenidings 2 Psoloted Systran: A Apeciat type Pi: dows noe furerace YF 2 Closed SyAeem mH Quy way with ibs Strround. tugs Cold an Avlated System 26 TM doein't Grange EXCHANGE botu OU Oe MAK With. ty Buaocen dings. Ope Sistem: BE ts tu om en vohicw ‘mas Gers ur boundary taky place ‘bot He tr avsfee 4 (eave Cx Chang gl eee 70) ote, Auound, ings. Macroscopic § Kicoscopc views g To The maceascopic Ofpsouet to % Clayital TO. Wo mo du of te Tob tue mole cular , atomic aud 8 TD & Sometimesof Gite tine witha He Knowledge qf te Previow behaviow Qf te AYystem. Stoke * The word Stat reqs fo tt. condition e a system ap described 9 bY US propunting. Prours: wlan any GY Hu proprtin G @ System Charge He state Chanugy and tte Sytem 4 Said ou Undugou. a prouw. A proun 4 a tranxjormaxion from om Sta to Quotiu, f& Sysem 4% aid +o be at Aeady Staite 4 Mame JQ us Proptiea Chang wit time | | | | | | 1 | | Extesin § Dylensiee Popenticg | Themodynamic proputsa au dividid tty hop Clases W Extensive CY Dateusiv, DEMEMAULS A proputy ts Called exknsive YU Value or Qu ovuau AAkem & te Bum Of He valeus er / posts inty wiih tu Ayskm iw divided. EX! Mam , volun emugy dom the Aiza.Chany iw mr ore not gdditiw ta Hu ene previouly consi deed. . Preuss, eypucatiire » CrC- | Dnkusite proputy on indyendet GY Sime and may an te SS enim | Voxy qrom placr to place witun i mown « fi hus, inkenaile pYopurtia au the gunetcons t beth position & tine volume as enitnsrhe PYOprutey OF most Wir be tim Thuamo dy nawuic proces : Thy ae two types t i Yt Q < 4 CRevesipe Prous: A prow 3 cated reveesbi Stott ci tu. Aysttm Can be yeyord wom no efyects Mm te Ayn o tl Bustoun diny to Drowesible Prous: Y tu a Byrttn dud SUxoundings Den ¢ Ha tuctioy obSeey able ah Obscvabe effect! on a us Caled by URvErs| To Otter words, ayn UVC: be PoC may be dyjined OS He PrOews —whicy SDrodu C4 pemonent Fromodynamic 8 tate qt be Yehaud Pe Hie. py a “ Agvem And cannee |ergata qe me 4 ee Or coldian Cae defiutd as tempurotier. | qlurmat equitiorin: Df te Hompurate th alk pou Ha sym Y% Unifetm and 4 the Ame co thar of He Aukoundings, Hun the Ayn & AQid ty fe tu -thumat equilibrium. Thamodynanei c quuctibrunm: A Sete wahitn % te utmol, mucnanitor, aud chiwiter equrtibram 2% old to je in tumoadynanic Ceuilibrium. Zuote law 4 ID: | according to tu (cw, 4 quo Sygate ih Hosen, io Cquilibyium Wk go thud Synem. Thun they nla be th tuumat Clutibyium wir one anotty > This Statensne dorms ux bouts of coneipe y epee Yokun ie. Kmpnotus YF g Syke may be dyired og the PYoputy tat detuminey eee te Aystm & th teal equctiltum win Le iain i Qnits of (ok: Calorie 6 Jouy, hid oh ly =0-:8389 Cat. cs ; Colona we 8 sls Cee yuu bat? ake dm lus. it ' ONCOL » eLecbrommaynutic gravitational , Magnetic eee. e Sf Th Gtuttol phys, len a body wou Etec Ce eden se Action ERE TTOUL , Ann x3 work i douse by Aunounding on AYyskm. Ww dye * Y work & dow, by Byskry on Rugg: es 8 Sint > do cork on Is eet known ar Chugy PtH diffaue type: Kinmkil Clurgy, Polenrtiat eniegy > Javitakioner , etechie, Mog mtiC » Elcbhomaynetic.ete i i Dotnet Emegy: Ty ty, te iwlunat Cungy 2 tu to enegy Contained by a tueamodynanue yee | Pde ral Cuulgy lar te major & geese But ete mbicoke Buuiounding. W 3 Ve. Ott Ay. ia Lap _ Components, Of tse} e pasticus (Hawdation, votation vibrodions] abel PEs aoiakd Wille se xfatic conseiturn Of Code, Mose ewgyy Of Chemical bonds oe iutetnal cungy Go sys com fe Charged by V9 Ke 4yku oy Ly doing work on % fuat da.w Wy Thumody na mice: According to Hats lawn, yu. total tat added (ov) vemovud Yom tHe ” uw ewok to Summation of tu. Ware in intorok Femegy dud te CXbenal work dom on or by tos buy Wilts He ZuBOUN ing feat = Tnienal enigy + extunos te differ ntiot form q jum (aug 4 TD L work | da: du +dw |—> Fue dow o TD & He Atokemart Of the prinupe of commvation 4 eungy Enttnc yr TE YB A thumodynamic property qo Aykem equal to tue Sum Y US intumt emegy Ond the product Qf ys prosun aud Volum PB uw derokd wie 4yminl + Page wituwed as heat enttnt in A Lnitant presux Ayskan, Heat copaclty: rhe heat Copaecrty (c) F a System 23 dyrned or tu voto Qf te Mok eungy absorbed by tu Aysem qiom te Auxouucgs to inne m teAccording to Fast vw % TD dg= du-+dw aud dw- P.dv. v da=du4dpdv > «@ From <4 @ tO, de= doy Po) daz do. fs we knows, ioe Cy a ea AL comtant volun procs 01 Reak Chtovbed by tu Susfore ts equal £0 tu Chore in Tnternat Cresqy, Hear Copncity at Guta Prem Pro Bae Courtnud prow , pie P= lone. dp=0 —>@ From thy dfinition gt Enttraulpy , G=UtPV By oP fucutiatiry 0 “Born Sides, di=du+ d(py da =du+ Pdv+vdp 5 eq@ LaeoY Pd qd Turmody namics »* SS da = do+Pdy > @ : HY From © &@ Heat capacity at cvenytant presun, G = ($] E - day] > 4 ita hemodynamic Process and iS typee Thumody noni procs is tu One in which TD Systern Proceeds from tuitiat Stat to fret stow. as Oe typ 9 Thxmodynamic proceses. YW Doobaric Fundamertar thesmodynanuc propt ies: Etat (Q), Temperature (T) , Volunuty), press ue (P) speorannas procs: Tw tu prown tm whidr ty Heuyuratere (ry | ft TD Syatern wemouns (ontaut- AS ue Knows Dtanat Enugy ent » 2h) ae a nection =f emmprratice (1) , ea qs Ba 1 si cal O=v0r)BO Piede ote terapyntun 6 Contant. ‘ep. Me Cheorted Oh reliand by bu Ayem 2 to te exkinat work done by te System (ov) On Ape. Ex: Conversion Yt at OC ond woot gy to0% Adiabatic proc: ee to Proc in , Whith le tetol! beotk: Cop (a) Y te Th Shem Temain Constoudt: bE. Qe comm deo nn in trkeena Ex: Sudden buss 4 cai Goork dony ; bes in keg , * Th ottur bony patent 0h y ni cs nal t ho heal VWoursper bla System ane thew Lsochorie Proc: Ysroundings TE & the prous Syyern vemains cventont. UCU ee ee ret qtie (wu Tsocnotic procs because 4 © voluw. Psobaric Prowss: SNC tom Pest olaw 4 Thesmcdly nawicy , dgedy+ du dg = du+pdy ‘o Ww White nour of tue quauetiterr Teadlly EX; Movobi pixton im & cutindy, Problems tA Motor car “Type how a prersere Py Temp ak 8C.% tu tye suddenly bursts, Pind the featulting temp (Crimi 7 =tw) [UNote: Asame environmental prenune te am ) Sol: Pi=aatm 5 7,- 27°c » 09,15 ae R= tam 5 7%f oes 2 ak a Ub ae : ~ab4*c: ies Te DAB IT - 9427 * abd 9) Buawtity qf Ae ax anc aud okmasphuic presun guddinly toured 4 Alt us orginal v0 lume . ys final co predsuse Gy Temyiature (1-14) Vr ae YY Baas 5 V2LY 3 T, - 00 lSk P, =taem fe pM’ Cy BGs J tee isc)" P= (9) t = abgaatin sFinl premure A = 9.634 din. Ww Tempatur (7): eee | ee e Ly = a eS 300-15 (a = 300-15 (o syot ees 396-0SK ~ | S Te paar 2 Final temypwotute (1) = 1ag getie. ++ (¥] Rise: x (bu hed Ewes Siam’ AT =7-% OT 2 (319% -—T AT 20-3197 °K [Cyan motets Of a mows atomic (¥- Sh) puspece he aye adiabatically Compasssed tu a Yetussible prours Qu mitial premuse q (atm ‘0 % {inal pressure fcc Colotole he veultiny di fjecnce tu temp: sot: (iven Cato. Pp -lakm Feare = ols k = P.=500tm = = | led” reed ial a } 306.15 | To crag * 8S aub0k Sly Ss a ° > = (435. dubo- a93-15 = (162°C * Temfuiotese (7) = br’. Gutcin Mom of (ia, ot STP toVi > he PO = 2 i dele eu ots wary eerie | 3M Na eal = 93-15 (4) = 1PbO1K The [bo - ABS =-99-1°C w Bo fy : Pe y s PB i iS : Bea ten vy, A Quantity qf Ory au at arc % Lompeued ty slowty Sud deny to ', Y Us Volume Rind tu Chauge Temyurotuw tu each Cor, dy is tb Siew tw Proms ey o ro} AAuming iOS bel a Very Slow Kernp. th COnstouy Hee : aps CHOWe. te temp. dae Given dota oo Mae a Tare. soo. je V, Ns +. See 4 Anica)AT = &G-T, =a. 6 A Mono atomic Gos Expands slowly Qoubs k's iuitial Valu. Find the tuorkd sol: YUe\ (Lc csanainy > aM ae -workdorn. w= RT Ln (Ye) > $310 x 30015 x Yn (% US =1999.475 si Wate SHAM elued twa piston Cylindu Unde te [prestur S| agaki. Ty tu pressue taatm %& Wylid On Hu skam Aloully.Pind Hue swovkdone fu tha pron. Sol: tok Steam raving te Kmpuatun =loce T=loo+ aazls = ZIB1oK < OASUIL =| P-asatm ,f,-F2atm e mee ‘J W= Rt Ltn ees = 8-31¥x373-I5 dn (35) = -9930.0657 workdoue = -3930.0687 49 te ~wovkdone on (Moncatonic Gos fo Conyecss fom tsom® %0 tasm® Sloutly t% IST. Find teu empty or whith th prow és Camping out. : sol: en dato ysoms ee V, = lasm? , Wo =15T [easuning———— 314 Jn [Be Fe eh ae, Pee geen) woe ee . (Workdowe im Dotewmat rows: SWiew Tsothurmal frowns t& tu om tu lice te Breit of Tp ye Femcins constant T= Wwaut dt =o | AS ue ky | ae » MPreanal Enegy uw a functien 4 leup. | { re U=ou(r) AS T= owe > U= me =>do-0 50 From fie olaw of tp, } dQ= du+dw al dvorn eo, dv-o+dw | de-dw > © Bee kno, quszPiay The Gating on Bore oe Jove Seav w= sei 36 fiom Tdeat gas equation PV=NRT = NRT PeeSoH Vouume tu chanyixy from : Vo ae. W= ner | tdy Vv =nRt (dnv- dnvy) 2nRT (Ln na = 9303 mer log ve 7 @ [i 4n=230sleyo] Tregrating on Bg Jda= fow plows from rng @, | oa. 208787 #7 (6 L] Uottuamal proces n=no: moles R=Qou venkat Condition for Bo tewemat Proc Prom ideok gas equation, PV=nRr As Tevenstaut for Dotrumal process | | a Wwlur » @=teat absorbed [rekeased by Ku 4 Gd@=0 from fe olaw CF tremodynamica, do =dy +dw do+dw=0 dw=-do s@ rt heat Capacity at cvomtant Gye du ar AS ue know Thess, > dv= Gdr sO from Og, dw == Cydt for {ne number 4 ec 2 doe no. Tuegtatiry On Bote 8 du, Sate. fn overdQ=du+dw do tdw=0 —> frome w= dy > @ We know hak; dw=Pdy »@ Heat Capacity at lomtaut wolume, Cy = se] > dv: C¥dT 3@ hom @6 §@ -~GdT-pdv >»@ trom Pdrat gos equation, Pvener GY ome met Of gas, (n=l) | PV =RT p= &T from a@, ~Cedr= [Jay “SEF ]ere REF] Trtegrating on Bot du, =Cy fdr - atau [oke's Say temperature 3 voryiry from Th~Cy (Sn - Bn]. @ [to-do] G [In T-#ln tJ = @ Lov, - an 0 Cr Bn [2] Oe [2] ux know, -G=R 29 tom ea @, Gta (2). G0) ees Al Jo ea : SE Pu Jn ce 4 if fy a = = (941) an iz See ee 0 Bet" on tous’ ea ili yyw el |* As ne know , 1 Tv av) ‘ gos equation, PV=NRT PV=RT\ #73 INO, Th te vendi tvon dor Adcabotrc process ia 2 &V- $ahts oF M3 cs know tur P4eab gor equation PY ore rule, Pv- RT Ve _RT or = Me know tat, py? (oye aut av’ = py? a tom 0 eg, f, a =P fee) AL aes w) ap R le eth ae rd p, v oe aWee so PV= Const: Up 2 UKs Ap BV Teconch We d0+0+4 = OUT. => v Note? Ty pv Graph tu WOK) T, Qsotuumal procs, done % Catcutaced by teasing Q-auy, | fu aga Unde Wu Cuve. Change iv Dnkanar Energy, lw Knovo tat Dn OH an v-0(7) >[do =O) — bib sap Lhe PY grape dor term Wy Adiabatic prow % 2 es dynamic proes is an Shown W=Wae +Wae TURD itu qu figue ° a3) | Heat absorbed, he Tn A-a.p Heak Winking is Gone) c Ns cusp Oe gee : ra 1 chaur in Re, se V Gin me find Our te work donee Et Beak absorbed » Change th nol Cher Y te ;V (re) WItiumal procs W> Wns, + Wee + Wen + Woe PE Wes +We.4 lc, Waa = 3x2. =6T | | Mee = Ina 4 ding | Wane = dxy + bury se 4eciby } mer We = axp stag 4 | Wen = AxSzI0T = Wen - axa +4 | i a AY = = | o> d07 +3 2A = UP yaey | Heat absovbed, Woe = ax 2-4 diag sHl0+duy UW = Ib 412 42 4u = Wor | Dn Dsotuarnak peeus , She Teste : ced du-o Hescess : Q-w | ae Teste leak absorbed, Q= vor Trkunal Cuezany TOs [Thkeenod ewrgy tn DTP v ‘o, LAdiabatic procy a | @Adiobatic Procter, Woork dons, w= uoy |= Wae + Wee +Uky =aoy | tak abwrbed, da-p | Heat absorbed, Chauye in Trkeinal Dn a2. [dg-o] | d@=du+dt ” du +dw-o0® Tsotrermat ie | Workdous, Pe Une + Wee + Wen the + Ue D=-Wag +Wac - Wep Wee > Wep=0 Ue.» eg ee Dee = x10 +b xis eo. oe ttxaxg Pees = T92(eay ME = (x20 = a5 Wee > axe 9 Rc Wee =lxid+ J XI KID =(0+Be15 oe Ja- Work den, W=0495 40+ap Hg W =-12 WE 99 > 607 a-ale [Heat absorbed, 0 Quant (eel aaa Y iyreveasibe aby | bee. cs ‘Reversi ble POC: A process 4 mee seversible tf both te Auysem | aud Aussoundings Can be Teluunid 4 tuvit tudtial Sales | | Workdene, v= 60 | Heat absorbed, dog Chavye an Trketnal Enrsgy , O--w Veni USA Sore (Tercvasibe prom: A pip | Caled REVEL 2 By ake Shak cg ae and ak pares a hil sonrdtaeemaLkiOW , Hyyeouss. owride tuo distiace tyne of Spo () The Convesion Ca ork +o Guat | s | Ut gtem (2) Mew ap | | are of Trremseibuily , gn. teat | | | | Sehopy: te es defined —— foud denser d by gs ey ca al [Th move precise fom , [os- 49] es c= “tu word “ Eutiony 5 Bw Bled by Clauss. Evtopia ” > & geek Word 7weaus conwesion (a tun foward. *] 0 System x lye to lp “a a slow or Yapid vate eee ihe ‘sal ge eee, a ley 04 +t Phyeaol RTE GLUE itt 4 qeei Coby ium.Ex Free OLpamsiow a gar + ta WUMULL Dipyusion 4 Solute: High cenceentiation. to hoe Pomage of (cae ¢ High. emprratinr to plow fempurotian. Chemical reaction? C+0, > oo, , Qeiuition Eucteopby; ou tCutrory % a taumo WYnausic Mefeny tovdosds “equilib uw oy auerae Homogenization ov disspation 3 wu ity a Enkiopy a degree Of Tuveribrtity ee is: Enteony wD O wmeasre yf dwordunenys % random in a closed Aystem | Dr urmodynanits ,A Atote fuuction % O jo G a June Har dyends on Only He clutteul State te Apem aud w independene On tw part taker) tp Yeack Wat Atak ie. Stat function dueribes te: equilibrium Slate o fe Maemo dynanic Apkin twape. chw of haw te Ayytem ogecued iu toe eae Ex: EnGony, fermpurature, Volume, Crttolny, Here € O55 WD Ry 8 | J J a7 fundemectet tamatyran aren A fe TB AB | BoewBopic procs or Teerlionic proc: de ty ty jee tu Whith Hu eutrony Of tu temo dynamic Ayyem Femur Conkant jie 8= Cemstaue ds -02 OB wwtaut a *S alonyy fWceoues for wrveuibe preceded cane (atc dor YeuMid —pyocen. i eg + Puy Teuuyible Adrabatic prey th mnotteiny bueith YOMC recom. Sed hw of cloned noni | According to second ogy 8 themodyrnmen R uD pr te (uot flew hom Q cooly ldmotue etter ody Wee te aid Gi Cternat 94 Pro, | : Th otter words, Hu Calton of ot CeO — ot Yemeuns Conseaut. Cnty ne [ov veversi be [uw And iNereares for ever hell MaHam ati cally and vow oF rp ae | " se Gurren a equilibrium tate 9 ate 30d) equilib. (Tum volun 2 sponte neous Neen totes Plc and ay Hue ttarmo dyna nic heputin Yemaing UNhangeg | Diesel emsion tov eel we 1D fom govt alow 5+ 7D, d@= du +dw da=du+Pdv 70 dd olou TD. (fom Secon aeWh U Sdyendut Vawiabe, [o SV > Chdipendent Variabtes . GP-S Coeecient Dodepondent Variable ( it 4 niet He Th & Certain prow, 600 gon coorke tw M White gikes AST OF heat + col a Drtunal co q 4 tae Chae ih Take oy? a Gimen | work dons by te Byslery oT Heat Yeleare d by tle zyyiem, do= | -as07 Chanye in Dakeinar energy ns drom (ewe claw oF TD, dQ =dv +dup | ~ 280 = dv~boo | du = 600-950 3 Th O Cwtoik prom, gsa7 hak 3 absorbed sysetn —votile S907 of Work te der by hi [who ® te Clam in Drrenal Euurgy 9 Giwn, tear absorbed 140=¢So7 work dene by tu Byte, do c ffom Hu fut claw of rp, ~ dQ =du-+dw ps 635= dy-a90 ie du =par+290 —fork uw dom ie tue Aystm | on, tue fie work 2s don by tue Arsioundeys oy tu: DNO Work done CoNOKL of te Abdw. ExMauati¢n: Ci un | te reductien i Dtinal Cuesgy 5 cy ~-\son | tt twat velran d dQ =-woy y | fom fest oexw of TD, do =do +duy ~Y20 = “150 tdyy (Teos -9303) Tha work dene by te = System 4 Th O Cemicat Yeaction , tthe Abmeyrben [357 to inttiat tu igoimd «with ST: The did a voy, Cee the Trtenar Chee dy A te ale a active 4 Exo temic ByEndo temic (onmore wees Explouation: Ciwen, “ane Woork dene on Hee Ayytem 6 8 Obmebeee des 357 Trbesnoh CWB gains horn frst daw of TD, da-du +dus dig 25 #35 = Say Py the Ayton,Thumpodynancc dyes. energy De® te enugy th 0 Wuyicar Aysemr 4 com be Cnveted + YL, work: Gh ottm Words, i U Bu amount OY Work at 0 -teumodynancie Spkim Con fw youn Thumodynanic Potevcial: Thumodynamic potention ate euemsili Stak variubls oY démensiond OF enugy Theis [puree 6 to allow for Aimy tread 9 Qualibreuny iv Systems turkerovceivy Huh tn enyironniont. ‘ws One UW typed Of Thesimo dynamic potentials | D Drternar evargy (uy) | Hulmholte free eneegy (F) Gi) Enerodryy CH) | GY Qibb 's free cher ( Dulernas #9 (@) Eheroy (0): Pe can be db | derid ay tee ene | hae can be Convirsted to work a Coneone ou (hom tue cembined low of TD, Chua , U > dependent Vasiaby ay Sv —> independent variable 04 (laterak Varia bt, LP > Coyprodins oy Waturat Vor abl from eqn OL abide (s,v) ti Helmhotte free eneegyCF): De can be difined 0d tou Jennys Wat Cad be Converted to Work at Lomtonk Ty, | from the cembintd olaw of 7p, HA | du=Td&-Pdv —>»@ay v= [acrs)-sdrJ-pav du = ders) -sdt -Pdv do~ders) = —sdr — pay d(u-Ts) = ~sdr- Pav de» “gar pqv stv Pate Byers! cae i Eno oray Helmbolta. We eungy Errol (4): Te did Os te Chuegy thok Wy Converted into Uoork ak (enitank Rasa | yom He Cembind ola of TD | du = Tds-pdy >0 | cet 's Soy, dev) = edy +V dev) -vdp - =Pdy trom @ £0 ae du = dy - (acer) ~vdpy du = tds ~d (PV) tvdp du +d (Pv) = td, +Vdp Oat PH) = Ts yds” Gis = egy [H= HGPRe Fish iil yey IRs i SR ain ea (ov (Uibb'S fee eyargg: Be dind ar Hu erueqy | (an be Converted tp work % vowtant P,T, from Combined law of D> \ do= Th -Pdv du. = [4 (73) - dT) = [dcev) -VdpJ \ du = ders) - sdt—d ey) +V9p du - tS) +4 (Pv) = Vdp- Sd du-d (rs+ pv) =Vdp -sar d (v- Gs +PW]- T Thtegrating ON Both Sides SS Tt. | Jas 2 Jo 20 Sy ay. fiom tue equation of Specific hat, 5: 28 = > dg: SdT * | | qjtom a@, | TT Si dT fades 1 oat(as 8 [ao 4,- toty AS 249 [1 2 = As = 9.3038 log (eI dor & mas “p> Change in Cntaony der Teversi ble Peotmol Betording to secon}! dat 4 TD o " ds= 08 _.g For Totermel prey , T= Bwtant, dt-o from CY daw CPT Neat seers Ww As > As ut know usorkdan tn Bo termad f W = 2.303 net log (&] fe Os- ¥ +2303, oN eat As - 2-303 nog é] (& AS = 2.303 nr log (& Calouletion ol (bb's Bee erway undue tue Vari OHS ESS 6 sue gh ue Ben For an onen AYstem, tux (aibb's free hegy qunction vt TP and ue number ¥ molg oF ou Speeis prttmt in te Systm, ote 's Soy 415) 1; ny eee Hue No: of mots He Apes 1,5, ky, - -- y ai G= @(7)P)'n, ney ae) b Empseing tue abow. function diffeze de -[3] ar ee dp + (38 dnt Fi ia i jy Lee Mion; ee Lem) x “ne, ie Change in Gibb's free energy «for Oc mo: of rmeles Of ck SpeciesA Si Sf for | iy 4“ WW determined by paxtral difpurntion. 4G Terpect ty Hr ‘no: of m0 (os 4 tth Spin ap TP; TZ’ wa Stok funtion Ond x & y ase Hu indipendent vosiablu in a clesed Sytem ot di Composition: Z= L(y) Oi fru tion (orm vi abou function ou ( Wu teen Ghes a LA —0 “the partial deri vosines 3 Jy Mie Oo fonctions of 4 Op due (GF), =L (wy) SE) ewiewy [3ie Me (Ey] o i % 8 aa Fa wey t Consider tu equation that Shows tte Change in fnte- mol Energy for a Closed sysdem dy = Tds- pPdv > @ Ee MPOLNG ca ne » We gee Uy ee M=5P 4 GeV Substicute 44e abou valu in a @, (fa) se This th te Maxwell 's dug Souabion d. Conside ue equation that Ahows te Change Uelmholte 'S Gree energy for a cleed System de + —Sdt-Pdv s6 th Comparing 9 with CO@ sun ger #2P + -8r%2 Ts Y= oe ee By Substuating te aboue Values in oO, Wu ger ‘eh-« [Es Ths A He Marwuett 's Seond Quotinn4 Conside tu equation Hot shows sue Change in (\ THA toe olonuutts Had euuntion, (ree CHorgy dor a Closed Systm “a da 2Vdp - sdt > @ Comparing cy @ win a@, =, LV, xp, MeS.jy, > Ry Sulosevuuting Har abou values sy Bon (28h | sca TiO Mer Conus fourth equation Qivb's Helmholtz equation from tw. Gibbs qunction, Q@=H-Ts —3@ Ue abso Know that, du = STS MID Byes At Cemtant pusur wows, dys =SdT 419 * (P= womtont» du: -sdr dp-0) Ss .f de ae acc ot er, Cubstuucing S Volut in CH Oe tu: ae i [de] 4 GQakitt Cs as é “ .on Bor aid Dopo A AV -UpT _tde-G@dT y aes a oo with TY dy. Bt he bbls Uelmbolt® equodi thi equation ws Known a4 Gi fred which 3 Opyticabl to a Uesed Sym of composition: { ; % Por yobaric charg of ako ta Closed A4skerm Of nud Compesition gives tw relation Oo j Por Helmholtz functien, p=U-Ts 30 un obo know tat, de=-Sdt-Pdv —>@ For wochexic recent, dP--sdt+pdy we know that at conntantg's’ Valu in . ed 6, ee as Feuat (SE), pe VdT+TdF dr FdT = udt +Tde -UdT = TdP - PdT Sividing wut TY On Rotn 2ides, —udt , tdf- PAT eid 7 ~ot . d(4) Revi ew We Fast claw of TD, doedu+ pdy Second caw of TD» de= tayde> -sdt-pdy odit= Td tvdp dai= Vdp- dy Wah te ah Oe F2UTS 5 GsU-T9 St) G@sU4py—T. a=UtPV A FOES OF aExpomion of independent Vario bly ine kina i at : [# \ D cdsey ds Jp } -- [ae de e ave q Ale Fa . fide de ms v er = [# Tr \ pes ads slides | $2 lara “a } 5. Moxuell's equations = | ap a. ( 7 leas J cy} fa? s re ae Ee = laa Rie I> v a oT wy seen oer ws ad ES Ie Vs 4p 2] av af —s /28 se ae j 26 Jr i) | rb LG. Bea dé 127, Y2V, zoos See4(@F/7) Wome Se Expression gor cliffxcnee betes rola uot ce Tmolcn hee opacity (c) % dined as toe feng Yewitd rage fe ttinneratuee Oe a Pubstanes a (9- moe by le ot ik c= de dr Te Molar Ceat Capacity ae lemon Volume iG Creede | BR gr Saee Y ak Wincoue peers dey ay % oe a U tpy 5 (ge) fa Cp-Cy > ah rel du]. (isp he 0-0 (yr) do (HT, dv + (¥]. dc al Ge [97 5 *[ ca Substituting 4 @ th CaO) ne ieoo {DLE ET} Ul, Le], vole] Bete var), | aie teed a] T2S—pav rolls eae oe ie (+: Combined a ape do =Tds —pd 3, ea =o) Subs tucating CA@ in @ > ue get GG» rl, age it Prey G -Cy = The [23]. from mare's equation Dy (ee - (2), oe LE, Tae ut know , ee (241, re bax J, = cl edt Ap, Yat, Bay 1 -- i] = Substuuting tn ca® wu” G- Ha “LE 7 [ Faby e-oe-7 |S La r * replace and Kem m 4@@]Vv Jp =~ ov | Substituting tux volun th eg @ | @-& --7 (avy"(-4) Gy - Toy ae | o- Gt -# ie Maak Capaaty gy Cowskout presse dg nee ay ce- (48 eee 3 CC G-cy eee C42) Ja me —e 1 oe pO oe, ra “Lye -(, “Gr, Er), + Pls ce c(t) Ste] } e Hom 4@,we know thar Cty = (34 Hl ib baa Foy ideot gos equation, py=RT qov Ore role of Solution poreial difwntiating abou equation wutr Tepece tq? Or lmtante P. P . = RW poe oaare Mp pp aa vow 2 ial We know tat Prteenat Ewergy is te function open Hu ie 4 UE UCD) lies av as ea) Ry 4 dp tempat Clowns from Ty —> % td =the be (r) Changes to Gn (2) + dn (2) Ga(@) Canes tp Cn (D) #dGp Cd) &- (G9 (2) +dGo (a) - [an Jom a, | Ga(D) - Galt). | Ga(D) ~ Ga (ay-o td Go (ay) = AQ= dbs (D)_-dGs (2) qpr equilibrium, Bay oT 8 Pane contin at equcuibra + dGe(D) —d be (2) 20 do(@) ~ d&n (2) — eo We _ know thar , ee d= -sdT +vdp gency lin (3) = = Sn (dr no A AOS, dT + Vp) (0—s [2 @)-Se@]er = [rat no ASe.dt = AVy, dp JT _ Ave apne Asem 6 se) SE e A 1 sae Agoin, A&,- DO a [or cmatowe pr mecul Substitut: As Vakuin cquation @, his w known os Clapeyzon equation iP i reliant Lie He (56 Jey TOR OF Charge of Cuchi britum phon Wowylemation Lempurcctiire yee Chany ie pronue. Gitein for thyme dynamic Equiliovannn Comsidee He Thumodynamic proces ou dy- tds-Pdy => [duJ.y=0 df = -SdT-Pdv => [de Joy 20 du= tds +Vdp = (duJ..p-0 dq = -SdT+vdp > (d@Jx5 20 Sine iu & Cosy +o Mmointoin \T EP th. (bb's fre enngy cuiteia A empleyed and wutullurgical therrmdynomics.