108 Huynh Ngoc Mai Kha, Nguyen Hoang Thuc Anh

EMBODIMENT EXPERIENCE IN SOME ORIENTATIONAL METAPHORS IN

ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE NEWSPAPERS
Huynh Ngoc Mai Kha1*, Nguyen Hoang Thuc Anh2
1
The University of Danang - University of Foreign Language Studies
2
Dong A University
* Corresponding author: [email protected]
(Received: February 16, 2022; Accepted: September 23, 2022)

Abstract - The article aims to investigate the impact of embodiment • Our marriage is on the rocks (The Poetics of Mind:
theory by Lakoff & Johnson on some orientational metaphorical Figurative Thought, Language, and Understanding, p.124)
structures identified through the examining of some official
Remarkably, conceptual metaphorical mappings put
electronic newspapers in the UK and Vietnam. Based on the data
collected via the use of Metaphor Identification Procedure by crucial emphasis on the experiential basis as an essential
Kovecses, the article has made an illumination over the operation and factor to establish the projection among domains. What’s
determination of embodied experiential principles on human’s mind, more, conceptual metaphors occur in daily lives where
which sets foundation for mankind’s conceptualization about the human’s interaction is enriched enormously with
world through their interactive experience with their surrounding surrounding environment and gives evidence for the
environment. Based on acquired explanations about embodiment conceptual metaphorical structures in language.
experience, the article has proposed some initial conclusions about
embodiment in metaphorical expressions which include both
According to Lakoff and Johnson [2], the concepts of
universality and peculiarity in language & culture of a nation. QUANTITY and VERTICAL ELEVATION are associated
through the daily lives experience of human being.
Key words - Conceptual metaphor; embodiment; orientational Therefore, it sets foundation for the conceptual projection
metaphor; cognitive linguistics; comparative & contrastive linguistics and mapping in language so as to create new conceptions. In
1. Introduction their explanation, if we put more oranges on a pile, the height
of pile accordingly therefore increases. It is the experiences
Unlike Generative Grammar developed by Noam in daily lives motivates the correlation between concepts and
Chomsky [1] which looks at language’s construction from form the mappings of source and target domain.
the view of modular system, which contributes to the
explanation for the organization of language in distinctive From the explanation of Lakoff & Johnson about the role of
incommensurable constituents of rules and sub disciplines, embodiment in the establishment of metaphorical expressions,
cognitive linguists has suggested a heterogeneous look into the paper, thus proposes in details implication for the operation
language’s nature assuming the existence of both of embodiment in some orientational metaphorical structures in
distinctive modules and shared organizational structural English and Vietnamese newspapers with the aim of
aspects including theoretical insights of issues like reaffirming how embodied cognition theories are reflected
categorization, polysemy and metaphor. vividly in language use, especially in daily languages.
Conceptual Metaphor Theory, first originated from Lakoff The objectives of the article include stating the
& Johson [2] has gone further the conventional norm of existence and operation of embodiment theory in some
stylistic language features, and attracted contemporary orientational metaphorical structures in English and
researchers’ awareness with the emphasis of cross-domain Vietnamese newspapers, explaining the influence of
mappings or connection of conceptual domains in language’s human’s interaction with surrounding world on the way
production. The essence of this theoretical framework is the they use language to reflect their mind and cognition.
emergence of new concepts deriving from domains projection In order to obtain the suggested objectives, the
to give birth to more complicated conceptual structures via following research questions have been raised:
human’s embodied experiences. For example, deriving from 1. What orientational metaphors are recognized in
the conceptual mapping between two domains LOVE and metaphorical expressions in English and Vietnamese
JOURNEY, couples of concepts like LOVERS and newspapers?
TRAVELLERS, WAYS TO EXPERIENCE LOVE AFFAIR 2. How is embodiment theory used to explain for the
and MEANS OF TRANSPORT, RELATIONSHIP STATUS construction of those orientational metaphors?
and ROUTE are assimilated in use through the conceptual 3. What are the interactions of human’s experience on
mappings or distinct correspondence. The formula A is B has the way they reflect their mind via language as a tool?
facilitated discrete conceptual mappings and suggested
license for linguistic expression as follow: 2. Research methods
• Although we've come to the end of the road, still I In order to accomplish the aims, this study applies both
can't let go. (Lyrics in End of the Road, Boy II Men) qualitative and quantitative research design. Then descriptive
• We are spinning our wheel. (https://www.eubios.info/ methods are employed to analyze all the given cases.
BFP/BFPJA.htm) In the field of language research, qualitative is to some
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG - JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 20, NO. 12.1, 2022 109
extent popular as it helps researchers recognize features of approximately more than 105 language expressions in
language in communication, which is said to be ambiguous English and Vietnamese which contain metaphorical
to perceive. For that reason, the article used qualitative structures relating to the conceptualization of concepts
method as an effective choice for data analysis of human with directions. Through steps of analysis, under the
language. In this paper, qualitative method is maximized illumination of embodied experience in conceptual
its function in terms of recognizing conceptual expressions metaphors, the paper presents its results as follow.
which originated from embodiment theory. Table 1. Electronic newspapers for data collection
In addition to qualitative method, quantitative approach English E-newspapers Vietnamese E-newspapers
is used to get precise picture of frequency of specific The Guardian The Vietnamnet
language phenomena to help give genuine reflections of the (https://www.theguardian.com/) (https://vietnamnet.vn/)
behavior of language.
The Sun The VnExpress
The descriptive methods and analytical approaches are (https://www.thesun.co.uk/) (https://vnexpress.net/)
used in this research so as to describe the nature and The Daily Mail The Thanhnien
characteristics of conceptual metaphorical structures which (https://www.dailymail.co.uk/) (https://thanhnien.vn/)
relate to embodied experience.
In this study, the metaphorical linguistic expressions 3. Finding and discussion
are identified following MIP procedure by the Pragglejaz 3.1. Theoretical background and previous studies
Group, which is suggested by Kovecses [3]. “As a result,
3.1.1. Theoretical background
the method is based on the following principles:
Conceptual Metaphor
1. Read the entire text-discourse to establish a general
understanding of the meaning. The notion of conceptual metaphor was first explored
2. Determine the lexical units in the text-discourse: by Lakoff & Johnson [2] in Metaphor we live by, which
looked at the semantic structures of language via mappings
(a) For each lexical unit in the text, establish its between different domains by their similarities. It involves
meaning in context, that is, how it applies to an entity, a relationship between a SOURCE DOMAIN, the source
relation, or attribute in the situation evoked by the text of the literal meaning of the metaphorical expression, and
(contextual meaning). Take into account what comes a TARGET DOMAIN, the domain of the experience
before and after the lexical unit. actually being described by the metaphor as follows.
(b) For each lexical unit, determine if it has a more basic
• Pack thoughts into words – WORDS ARE CONTAINERS
contemporary meaning in other contexts than the one in the
• Anger boiled over – EMOTION/ANGER IS HOT
given context. For our purposes, basic meanings tend to be:
FLUID (IN A CONTAINER)
• More concrete (what they evoke is easier to imagine, • Spend time – TIME IS MONEY
see, hear, feel, smell, and taste)
• Life is going – LIFE IS JOURNEY
• Related to bodily action
Lakoff and Johnson [2] have argued that conceptual
• More precise (as opposed to vague) structure is in part organised in terms of a metaphor system,
• Historically older. which is characterised by related sets of conventional
Basic meanings are not necessarily the most frequent associations or mappings between concrete and abstract
meanings of the lexical unit. domains. A domain in Conceptual Metaphor Theory is a
(c) If the lexical unit has a more basic current- body of knowledge that organises related concepts.
contemporary meaning in other contexts than the given context, The exploration of conceptual metaphor should include
decide whether the contextual meaning contrasts with the basic some features which set firm boundaries for all metaphorical
meaning but can be understood in comparison with it. structures, theoretically. First, although researchers all
3. If yes, mark the lexical unit as metaphorical. [4]”. recognize the coexistence of two domains (SOURCE and
TARGET) in any conceptual mapping, they tend to hardly pay
Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) is followed
their attention to the unidirectional feature in this relation.
by the identification of orientational metaphor based on the
Usually we conceptualize TIME in terms of MOTION by
experience of spatial orientation like up-down, front-back,
projecting related mappings of components in TIME to those
on-off, center-periphery, and near-far in the
in MOTION. However, we don’t assume the converse
conceptualization of concept system in the data found. The
direction mapping of MOTION to TIME, interestingly.
paper then conducts in-depth analysis on the relation and
Therefore, it is essential to note that metaphors operate thanks
impact of embodiment theory on the establishment of
to the mapping from source domain to target domain but not
orientational metaphors recognized in the previous step.
vice versa. Secondly, Kovecses [3] referred to a certain pattern
Due to the scope of the paper, we decided to conduct of which domains function as sources and which function as
data collection in 08 official electronic newspapers from targets. In his opinion, target domains tend to be more abstract
both languages as listed below. Choices are also based on with little physical features, clear dilineation and therefore call
the newspapers’ reputation of officiality and seriousness in for the metaphorical conceptualization from source domains
publication so far. of concrete and graspable features. Thirdly, aspects of the
Using MIP methods, the authors has collected source domain which are not explicitly presented in the
110 Huynh Ngoc Mai Kha, Nguyen Hoang Thuc Anh
projection can be inferred, which means metaphor mappings Orientational metaphor
contain entailments of inferences. Fourth, Lakoff & Johnson According to Lakoff and Johnson ([2], p.14), while
argued that image schemas play the role of source domain in structural metaphor creates new concepts thanks to the
the metaphorical mappings. mapping projection of two different concepts; orientational
Whereas we have mentioned the features of entailments in metaphor structures a whole system of concepts with
metaphorical mappings above, Lakoff & Johnson [5] also respect to another distinctive concept. The perception of
claimed the invariance principle in metaphorical structures orientational metaphor is obtained through the experience
which means certain restriction in the entailments in the of spatial direction like up-down, front-back, on-off,
source domains to the target domains. For example, if center-periphery, and near-far. Unlike Lakoff and Johnson,
DEATH is projected to HUMANLIKE QUALITIES, some Kovecses [3] recognized metaphors involved in basic
attributes like “devour” or “destroy” may be metaphorized. human spatial orientations as “coherence metaphor”. His
However, not all the features of DEATH are associated in this ideology of “coherence” was presented via examples of
mapping such as “sitting on the sofa” or “having a bathtub”. upward versus downward orientation as below:
This means that not all features of the concept HUMANLIKE “MORE IS UP; LESS IS DOWN”: Speak up, please.
QUALITIES in source domain are mapped onto target Could you please keep your voice down?
domain DEATH. Though features like “devour”, “destroy”,
“HEALTHY IS UP; SICK IS DOWN”: You raised me
“sitting on the sofa” and “having a bathtub” all belong to the
up. He fell ill. I am under the weather.
concept HUMANLIKE QUALITIES, only some of them are
taken into use in target domain DEATH as follows: “CONSCIOUS IS UP; UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWN”:
Wake up. He fell into a coma.
• Though death devour, though time decay, Let but our
hearts hold brotherhood. (hermetic.com) “CONTROL IS UP; LACK OF CONTROL IS
• The Lord of Death shall definitely come one day to DOWN”: She is on top of the company. Everything is
destroy us. (Living in the face of death: The Tibatan under his control.
Tradition, by Glenn H, Mullin) “HAPPY IS UP; SAD IS DOWN”: He is feeling down.
However, we haven’t found language expressions Cheer up.
which indicate HUMANLIKE QUALITIES like “sitting “VIRTUE IS UP; LACK OF VIRTUE IS DOWN”: She’s
on the sofa” and “having a bathtub” to be taken in to use in an upstanding citizen. That was a low-down thing to do.
DEATH concept so far. “RATIONAL IS UP; NONRATIONAL IS DOWN”:
Categorization of conceptual metaphor The discussion fell to an emotional level. He couldn’t rise
Lakoff & Johnson [2] has made a categorization of above his emotions.
conceptual metaphor into 4 types including structural Ontological metaphor
metaphor, orientational metaphor, ontological metaphor Lakoff and Johnson [2] also clarify the concept of ontological
and conduit metaphor. metaphor in the way that “our experiences with physical objects
Structural metaphor lay the foundation for a wide variety of ontological metaphors,
According to Lakoff and Johnson [2], the majority of that is, ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc.”
metaphor which is used in everyday life language is known as entities and substances.
structural metaphor. He also emphasized the idea that To distinguish ontological metaphor from structural one,
structural metaphor is a metaphorical system in which one Kövecses [3] suggested that “it can be understood in terms
concept is understood and communicated in terms of of objects, substances, and containers, in general, without
another. In other words, a general structure is formed by the indicating exactly kinds of object, substance, or container,
projection of attributes of the source domain (abstract one) compared to structural metaphor”. “Since our knowledge
into the target domain (more concrete one). This type of about objects, substances, and containers is rather limited at
metaphor is formed through systematic correlations within this general level” (p. 38), these highly general categories
human experience, which has been seen in the evidence for cannot be applied to understand much about target domains.
the metaphor “RATIONAL ARGUMENT IS WAR”. One specific example considered is that we refer to
Table 2. Structural correlations of “RATIONAL ARGUMENT as WAR” INFLATION as AN ENTITY in these below cases:
Source Target Domain Table 3. Ontological correspondences of “INFLATION as
Metaphorical expressions AN ENTITY” (Lakoff and Johnson [2])
Domain WAR ARGUMENT
He attacked every weak point Source domain: Target domain:
in my argument. Metaphorical expressions
AN ENTITY INFLATION
Attack Express an I demolished his argument Inflation is lowering our
opponents opposite view You disagree? Okay, shoot! standard of living.
He shot down all of my Inflation is taking its toll at
arguments Identifying the checkout counter and
Identifying an
Defend Express your inflation as a the gas pump.
Your claims are indefensible. entity as a cause
territories view cause
Inflation makes me sick.
Military Discourse If you use that strategy, he’ll Inflation is backing us into a
strategies strategies wipe you out. comer.
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Understanding an Understanding Buying land is the best way body and brain. And the human body is a component that
entity inflation of dealing with inflation influences experience and serves as the foundation for
Quantifying an Quantifying If there's much more activating thoughts that constitute a metaphor. All in all, our
entity inflation inflation, we'll never survive. organic embodiments, as well as our individual and
Setting goals to Setting goals to We need to combat communal experiences, determine human reason.
achieve achieve inflation. One of the most notable books in the realm –Metaphors
Conduit metaphor we live by Lakoff & Johnson [2] exposes experiencing
gestalts, image schema and conceptual metaphors based on
First introduced by Reddy [4], conduit metaphor our bodies' nature, our interactions with our physical
operates in the way we understand thoughts, ideas, surroundings, and our relationships with other people in
feelings, emotions under the generic term “repertoire our society. The basis of conceptual metaphors is provided
memebers”. Later, Lakoff & Johnson [2] treat repertoire by these experience gestalts [2, p. 117].
members as material objects and formulate it as follows:
Embodiment and fundamental aspects of embodiment
THE MIND IS A CONTAINER (FOR IDEAS) (embodied image schemas [6] and live simulation of
IDEAS (OR MEANINGS) ARE OBJECTS embodied experience [7] …) are said to be the derivation
COMMUNICATION IS SENDING of encoded concepts externalized in language. From the
view of semantic structure, conceptual metaphor mappings
LINGUISTIC EXPRESSIONS ARE CONTAINERS
have close relation to image schema, which underpins the
(FOR IDEAS-OBJECTS)
pre-conceptual embodied experience to structure more
In this article, we save more of our discussion for abstract entities and to determine and delimit the range of
orientational metaphors in the correlation with concepts’ nature also, to be represented.
embodiment theory underlining the metaphorical linguistic
To illustrate more about embodiment, Lakoff and Johnson
expressions in our daily lives for the following reasons.
[2] suggested that conceptual metaphor is a fundamental part
First, according to Lakoff & Jonhson [2] conceptual
of human mind. Also, conceptual metaphors are originated
metaphors are based on embodied representations; that is
from a variety of human experiences, including correlations in
to say, human’s sensory-motor experience is activated to
experience, various kinds of similarity, biological and cultural
conceptualize abstract domains like time, feelings,
roots, and others [3]. Therefore, “reason is not, in any way, a
interpersonal relationships, etc. Thus, spatial dimensions
transcendent feature of the universe or of disembodied mind.
are frequently used to support rich metaphorical conceptual
Instead, it is shaped crucially by the peculiarities of our human
systems for the reason that space is prominent in our
bodies, by the remarkable details of the neural structure of our
perceptual and motor experience. Majority of orientational
brains, and the specifics of our everyday functioning in the
metaphors relate to space and directions: up-down, in- out,
world” [8].
front –back, on –off, central-peripheral…
3.1.2. Previous studies
Embodiment
The concept of metaphor was originally indicated in
The notion of embodiment stems from an important two works by Aristote: The Poetics and The Rhetoric. He
assumption by Lakoff & Johnson [2] that the mind is indicates that metaphor is the transference of a word from
embodied by its very nature. They back up their claims with one thing to another thing, as seen in his definition of
considerable empirical research into "conceptual metaphor" metaphor: “Metaphor is the application of a strange term
and conceptual domains, which they explain as follows: either transferred from the genus and applied to the species
“Reason is not disembodied, as the tradition has largely or from the species and applied to the genus, or from one
held, but arises from the nature of our brains, bodies, and species to another or else by analogy” [9]. On the grounds
bodily experiences. This is not just the innocuous and of analogy, metaphors are characterized into four different
obvious claim that we need a body to reason; rather, it is the kinds in some following examples:
striking claim that the very structure of reason itself comes Here stands my ship. (From genus to species)
from the details of our embodiment. The same neural and
Indeed ten thousand noble things Odysseus did, (From
cognitive mechanisms that allow us to perceive and move
species to genus)
around also create our conceptual systems and modes of
reason. Thus, to understand reason we must understand the Drawing off his life with the bronze (From one species
details of our visual system, our motor system, and the to another)
general mechanisms of neural binding. In summary, reason Severing with the tireless bronze, (From one species to
is not, in any way, a transcendent feature of the universe or another)
of disembodied mind. Instead, it is shaped crucially by the As mentioned above, another well-known study on
peculiarities of our human bodies, by the remarkable details traditional metaphor is the book “More than Cool Reason: A
of the neural structure of our brains, and the specifics of our Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor” by George Lakoff and
everyday functioning in the world”. Mark Turner [10]. They highlight the critical role of
Since the key principle of cognitive linguistics is metaphor in poetry by examining a widespread of metaphor
anthropocentric, Lakoff and Johnson emphasize embodiment and its application in poems and proverbs. At the same time,
as the source of meaning. It is our interactions with the the book offers people a clearer view on the theory of poetic
environment and other people that bring about meaning in the metaphor. Above all, all metaphors imply a statement of
112 Huynh Ngoc Mai Kha, Nguyen Hoang Thuc Anh
similarities or dissimilarities between two or more things. Bodily experience (BE) also feature as targets or topics
What is more, it was considered that they had literal in certain discourse contexts, which leads to underexplored
meanings and were merely used by specialists for purposes scenarios where BE is simultaneously a source and a target
such as to persuade people or to express an imaginary world. of meaning making [3].
In Vietnam, among a myriad of scholars, Do Huu Chau According to Lakoff & Johnson [2], this conceptual
denominated metaphor as a way of naming one thing by metaphor is derived from the fact that it’s severe illness that
another thing and there was a correspondence between them forces people to lie down physically. Our culture,
[11]. According to Ly Toan Thang [12], metaphor is always therefore, has been greatly influenced by this natural
conventional in the traditional sense since it is formed inside phenomenon. When you are sick or even dead, you are
a linguistic and cultural group and lexicalized in word forms, physically down. On the other hand, people can stand up
usually terms referring to human body parts. Generally, and move around if they have fully recovered. As human
these original terms figure metaphor as a rhetorical device in beings, death, disease and illness are familiar but peculiarly
language instead of a process of thinking. heated topics, which is a central issue in news language.
Developed based on the preceding success of traditional (1) Mystery illness strikes down birds across US South
linguistics, cognitive linguistics has announced a variety of and Midwest.
issues which set robust foundation for the blossom in (https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jun/
researches in the field. It is Metaphors We Live By, one of 24/birds-mystery-illness-us-south-midwest)
the most remarkable masterworks by Lakoff and Johnson [2] (2) Bird mortality events are not all that uncommon.
that proved the popularity of metaphor use in the way human Last year, hundreds of migratory birds dropped dead in
think and act. In other words, they believe all metaphors New Mexico in a massive die-off.
remain in the conceptual system, not just in language.
(https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jun/
In order to conceptualize target domains as source 24/birds-mystery-illness-us-south-midwest)
domains, some correspondences between them, called
(3) “I know it’s super-tempting when you are in a down
mappings, are primarily experienced and discussed by
phase to amp it up to the max, but it’s not realistic.”
Lakoff and Johnson and further cognitive scientists such as
(https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2021/jun/2
George Lakoff (The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor,
1/do-what-you-love-and-take-it-easy-eight-ways-to-
[13]), Zoltan Kovecses (Metaphor: A Practical Introduction,
[3]), Alice Deignan (Metaphor and Corpus Linguistics, get-back-lost-fitness-and-motivation)
[14]), etc. Owing to the system of mappings, and their (4) I was in utter despair as my husband had left and I
applications to the process of reasoning and cognition of think I was having a breakdown.
conceptual metaphors, definitely facilitate the realization of (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2021/jun/1
metaphor in the field of electronic newspapers. 3/farewell-mariella-i-wanted-to-say-thanks)
In Vietnam, cognitive linguistic theory has been In the example (1) and (2), a report on the a massive die-off
prominently employed and thoroughly researched by a of migratory birds mentions the phrase strike down to express a
wide range of authors. The metaphorical conceptualisation kind of uncommon and sudden disease which troubles the
and some related terms are well evidenced by Lý Toàn biologists a lot to find the cause. It can be a supernatural force
Thắng in “Ngôn Ngữ Học Tri Nhận - Từ Lí Thuyết Đại which attacked the birds from the air. The word drop possibly
Cương Đến Thực Tiễn Tiếng Việt” [12] and Trần Văn Cơ states a fall from the sky due to the inability to fly, which is one
in his two books “Ngôn ngữ học tri nhận - Ghi chép và suy symptom of the illness. Another metaphorical use is found in
nghĩ” [15] and “Khảo luận - Ẩn dụ tri nhận” [16]. the example (3) when a trainer gives some suggestions for those
3.2. Research results who are not in good health conditions – in a down phase due to
the lack of regular work-out. Also, being sick means that you
3.2.1. The relation between bodily experience and
are forced to stay in bed and are unable to stand up and carry
linguistic metaphorical expressions about sickness out your everyday routines.
Basically, bodily experience is explained by Eve [17] that (5). Vận động để khỏe lên (https://thanhnien.vn/van-
we each have our own vantage point: that our perception is dong-de-khoe-len-post121194.html)
done by our own bodies, so that front and back, or far and near,
or this and that, are relative to each speaker’s perceptual (6) Sức khỏe cháu Bảo khá lên rất nhiều.
center. The spatiotemporal environment in general is (https://vietnamnet.vn/suc-khoe-cua-chau-bao-kha-len-
experienced via human memory, human intentionality, and rat-nhieu-395110.html)
human experience of correlations and change. (7) "Cơ thể tôi từng trải qua nhiều cuộc đại phẫu nên
Bodily experience is theorized in cognitive linguistics khi đến tuổi 30, tôi cảm nhận rất rõ nó đang xuống dốc.
as a factor which contributes to meaning making, meaning (https://vietnamnet.vn/suc-khoe-cua-huong-giang-
interpretation and projection at various levels from xuong-doc-vi-phau-thuat-qua-nhieu-676757.html)
grammar, semantics to discourse. Johnson [6] with theory 3.2.2. The relation between bodily facial expressions and
of embodied image schemas and Gibbs [7] with issue of temperature and linguistic metaphorical expressions about
live simulation of embodied experience have announced emotion (happiness and sadness)
vital role of bodily experience in the emergence and In this part, the concept of emotion, which means
understanding of conceptual metaphor. happiness and sadness only, is discussed due to the result
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG - JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 20, NO. 12.1, 2022 113
got in the process of data collection and analysis. people use language to express their cognition as follows:
Among the orientational conceptual metaphors (12) Mỗi khi đọc thấy số ca nhiễm bệnh và số người tử
illustrated in Lakoff & Johnson’s work [2], HAPPY IS UP/ vong, không khí gia đình tôi chùng xuống hẳn.
SAD IS DOWN is popularly explored in various language (https://tuoitre.vn/thuong-lai-mai-nha-20210918194043058.htm)
resources. This one stems from the human body behaviours (13) Cảm giác ai cũng có trách nhiệm, quyền lợi nên
when they are happy or sad. In other words, people tend to không khí vui lên hẳn. (https://tuoitre.vn/thuong-lai-mai-
droop or bow down if they feel down or depressed and when nha-20210918194043058.htm)
they are happy or up, they hold their head up and keep their
(14) Chuyện đó làm Maya bồn chồn. Cô bé từ phòng
back straight up. Hence we see that this kind of metaphor is
ngủ đi xuống vài lần và tất cả đều làm không khí vui lên.
not arbitrary but based on culture and experiences.
(https://vietnamnet.vn/tro-chuyen-voi-con-gai-nho-hon-
(8) Implying that they are perpetuates the myth that 300000-nguoi-thich-51331.html)
depression is just 'feeling a bit down', something that
(15) Cô bé Hột Mít ngày xưa bây giờ đã lớn thế nào,
doesn’t need to be taken seriously.
chỉ nhớ cái mặt xịu xuống (https://tuoitre.vn/hot-mit-ngay-
(https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/2549098/blue- xua-169487.htm)
monday-what-depressing-day/)
3.2.3. The relation between bodily experience and
(9) After a shitty weekend of narcissistic male linguistic metaphorical expressions about social status
behaviour and runaway preteens, and me constantly at
home, on my own, waiting to put the children back together When it comes to status, we often refer to the position
again, it has truly perked me up. or the rank of someone or something in an organization or
a chart. However, in the light of Conceptual Metaphor
(https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2021/jun/1
theory, social positions are understood in terms of spatial
3/farewell-mariella-i-wanted-to-say-thanks)
positions. As depicted in Metaphor We live by Lakoff &
(10) A brilliant and pant-wettingly funny comedy Johnson [2], status is correlated with (social) power and
guaranteed to pick you up. (physical) power is UP. Accordingly, higher position is
(https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/2549098/blue- more desirable and powerful because it provides a person
monday-what-depressing-day/) rights to act in a larger scale while the opposite limits the
(11) Yes there have been ups and downs and our son, person’s power as it struggles against him. As a result,
who was not quite two when I wrote to you. there are a variety of degrees and levels of status can be
depicted in terms of their being either upper or lower,
(https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2021/jun/1
which can be clearly seen from example (16) to (20).
3/farewell-mariella-i-wanted-to-say-thanks)
The above linguistic expressions of emotion happy/sad (16) The same cannot be said for Mickelson, who surged
have been attributed with a spatial term, up or down. This up the leaderboard having signed for a 69.
use of spatial terms in relation to this conceptualization of (https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/apr/11/hideki-
emotion is popular and widespread, both around us and matsuyama-surges-to-four-shot-lead-in-weather-hit-masters)
especially in news texts, as can be implied in the (17) The rise of BookTok: meet the teen influencers
circumstances. There is no denying that an increase of pushing books up the charts.
happiness is oriented UP, which is depicted in example (9), (https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/jun/28/wim
(10). These metaphors are conventionalized and they are, bledon-reopens-but-andy-murray-has-fans-on-edge-with-
so far, used unconsciously by native news editors. dramatic-victory)
One another points out that sadness is experienced as (18) Juice WRLD and Pop Smoke - the third most-
being physically nearer to the ground when you are nominated act - are up for top artist along with Taylor
disappointed about your boring walking trip with your head Swift and Drake, …
bowing down and your eyes looking down (Example 8).
(https://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article952660
Additionally, the feeling of depression implies the state of
9/The-Weeknd-leads-2021-Billboard-Music-Awards-16-
being pressed down without any hope to be in higher place.
nominations-following-Grammy-snub.html)
Here the conceptualization of being pushed downward is
clearly manifested. (19) The Weeknd's song is spending its record-extending
50th week in the Top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 chart and is
In the last example (11), people normally experience
also the longest-running No. 1 hit of all time on the R&B
not only happiness but also sadness in life since life is
chart, spending 47 weeks - and counting - on top.
colorful so these events are consistently performed by this
spatial orientation UP-DOWN. (https://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article952660
9/The-Weeknd-leads-2021-Billboard-Music-Awards-16-
Similarly, Vietnamese also conceptualize HAPPINESS nominations-following-Grammy-snub.html)
AND SADNESS in spatial direction UP-DOWN, which
derives from their bodied physical reaction to the (20) The Weeknd joins an exclusive club of songs that
emotional status. When we are in positive emotion, our were crowned biggest hit of the year by Billboard but fell
eyes tend to open wide with eyebrow raised up. In addition, short at the Grammy Awards.
our facial muscles often go up and heart beat raises when (https://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article952660
we are happy. From that experience, it is explainable when 9/The-Weeknd-leads-2021-Billboard-Music-Awards-16-
114 Huynh Ngoc Mai Kha, Nguyen Hoang Thuc Anh
nominations-following-Grammy-snub.html) AHEAD) are closed linked to the physical behaviours when
It can be seen that people absolutely demand higher place an object comes closer or people approach the object, our eyes
in the chart since this means that they themselves are popular look in the direction in which we typically move (ahead,
and renowned, as exposed in examples (16), (17), (18) and forward) so its size is undoubtedly larger and more visible. As
(19). In the example (20), the agent “books” are pushed up far as I can see, the ground is fixed, so the top of the object
to higher position in the rank so that they can reach a large apparently moves upward in the person's field of vision. The
number of readers without any obstacles. By contrast, a same case is seen in the Rule of Perspective Drawing as a
downward trend is observed when the biggest hit lowers its painting technique in the field of art. This perspective states
position or even not included in the chart any more. Thus we that the closer the objects are the larger you draw. Similarly, a
focus on not only a linguistic phenomenon, but also a decrease in size is shown as they are farther away. As found
metaphorical drawing of the state in terms of spatial relation. in English E-papers, there are numerous evidences supporting
the idea (from example 26 to 29).
In Vietnamese, spatial positions facilitate knowledge of
the value of one person, group or a product. As a result, (26) Tramlines and Standon Calling music festivals
higher positions are more attractive and powerful since they confirmed to go ahead.
allow a person to operate on a wider scale, but lower (https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/jun/29/tramline
positions restrict a person's strength as they battle against s-and-standon-calling-music-festivals-confirmed-to-go-ahead)
him. As a result, there are many different degrees and levels (27) These events are part of a research programme
of status that can be portrayed as either upper or lower. and would not be going ahead if they did not have a
(21) Từng giành huy chương Olympic quốc tế, tốt scientific purpose.
nghiệp cử nhân tại viện nghiên cứu hàng đầu Hàn Quốc,… (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/27/sport
là tiền đề quan trọng giúp Khôi apply thành công lên thẳng s-fans-warned-you-will-be-guinea-pigs-at-summer-events)
bậc học tiến sĩ tại MIT (Mỹ).
(28) I can’t see the tour will be in jeopardy …
(https://vietnamnet.vn/nam-sinh-ha-noi-tu-cu-nhan-
(https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/jun/29/conor
vao-thang-bac-tien-si-o-mit-823755.html )
-murray-will-be-amazing-lions-captain-says-jamie-george)
(22) Opera thường gắn liền với định nghĩa về một dòng
(29) Looking forward I can see how much I’m growing,
nhạc sang trọng, dành cho giới nhà giàu và học thức cao,
how much more I want to learn and explore.
đôi khi có phần hoa mỹ và kiểu cách.
(https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2021/jun/13/fa
(https://vietnamnet.vn/pham-khanh-ngoc-danh-doi- rewell-mariella-i-wanted-to-say-thanks)
thoi-gian-va-tuoi-tre-de-theo-opera-2048224.html)
Evidence that the upward movement conceptualizes
In example (21) and (22), a person's social status can be future incidents comes from the full range of spatial
determined by their level of education. Broad knowledge expressions consistent with its specifications such as “go
is understood as a higher value in society. This usage is not ahead”, “looking forward”, “I can’t see”, etc. In the
common in English as no similar examples can be found. examples (26) and (27), editors draw on the possibility of
(23) Tiêu tán 2 tỷ USD, tỷ phú Hoàng Kiều rớt khỏi those events at the same time evoke the readers’ mind
nhóm giàu nhất nước Mỹ. whether they can see them in front of their eyes or not.
(https://vietnamnet.vn/timkiem?q=r%E1%BB%9Bt%2 Besides, in example (28), people are trying to foresee the
0kh%E1%BB%8Fi%20nh%C3%B3m) future, though this kind of ability is not factual. And they
can just express their words by using “I can’t see”.
(24) Melanie Perkins, người phụ nữ giàu thứ hai
Likewise, human beings have a tendency to “look forward”
Australia và ông xã Cliff Obrecht đã bất ngờ rớt khỏi danh
to guess their future growth (example 29)
sách 500 người giàu nhất thế giới.
Like English, Vietnamese language witnesses evidences
(https://cafebiz.vn/cap-doi-ty-phu-quyen-luc-australia-
of metaphorical expressions undergone by the impact of
rot-khoi-danh-sach-500-nguoi-giau-nhat-the-gioi-
embodied theory. Let’s take examples (30), (31), (32) and (33)
176220830085355282.chn)
into consideration, we can recognize that it is the human’s
(25) Robert Lewandowski tiếp tục hiệu suất cao ở La cognition and the speakers’ time of speech to decide the
Liga, với 2 bàn thắng giúp Barca có chiến thắng 3-0 trước interpretation of meanings of phrases such as “sự kiện sắp
Elche và lên đỉnh bảng, tối 17/9. tới”, “cho tới nay”, “lùi thời gian”, “tuần qua”. The exact date
(https://vietnamnet.vn/tim- denoting for ““sự kiện sắp tới”, “nay” and “tuần qua” is not
kiem?q=l%C3%AAn%20%C4%91%E1%BB%89nh) fixed and depends on the temporal point that the speakers
Similarly, people certainly desire a higher position on make their speech, which means the impact of embodied
the chart since this indicates that they are well-known and experience on the understanding of meaning in language.
well-liked, as shown in examples (23), (24) and (25) by the (30) Tại Hà Nội, sắp tới nếu được giảm 50% phí trước bạ,
phrases “rớt khỏi top”, “rớt khỏi nhóm”, “lên đỉnh”. giá lăn bánh của mẫu xe này sẽ giảm tương đương từ 35,34 -
3.2.4. The relation between bodily experience and 43,14 triệu đồng. (https://vietnamnet.vn/giam-50-phi-truoc-
linguistic metaphorical expressions about temporal points ba-xe-hot-ha-gia-lan-banh-bao-nhieu-794649.html)
Lakoff & Johnson [6] propose that the metaphor (31) Được ra mắt lần đầu tiên vào năm 2019 nhưng cho
FORESEEABLE FUTURE EVENTS ARE UP (and tới nay, thức uống này vẫn là một trong những đề tài được
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG - JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 20, NO. 12.1, 2022 115
bàn tán sôi nổi trên khắp các diễn đàn ở Nhật. In example (34), the video game Pokémon is
(https://vietnamnet.vn/thuc-uong-duoc-menh-danh-co- considered as a powerful thing which can control the world
mui-vi-kinh-khung-nhat-nhat-ban-2061705.html) due to the fact that it attracts a large amount of people from
(32) Sở GD-ĐT Hà Nội đang đề xuất, xin ý kiến Bộ GD-ĐT all ages. While in examples (35) and (36) people apply the
và UBND thành phố về việc lùi thời gian kết thúc năm học. UP-DOWN trend when everything can be controlled.
(https://vietnamnet.vn/timkiem?q=l%C3%B9i%20th% 3.2.6. The relation between bodily experience and
E1%BB%9Di%20gian) linguistic metaphorical expressions about quantities
(33) Trong 104,6 ha tôm thiệt hại tuần qua, thị xã Vĩnh One common orientational metaphor is LESS IS
Châu có hơn 93 ha. (https://vietnamnet.vn/gia-tom-co-lon- DOWN/ MORE IS UP. Lakoff & Johnson [2] define it as
o-mien-tay-tang-cao-ky-luc-2062207.html) the physical experience where a substance or physical
objects are added to a container or pile, the level goes up.
3.2.5. The relation between bodily experience and Overall, the growth in number is linked to growth in height.
linguistic metaphorical expressions about human’s For example, the water level in a bottle is correlated to the
controlling activities quantity of water in the glass. As can be seen, our physical
Lakoff and Johnson believe that we often employ experience lays possible foundations for spatial metaphors,
"spatial orientations" conceptually when people refer to which is evident from example (39) to (45).
their force or power in society. People tend to (39) Many firms are downsizing their office space and
conceptualize this abstract concept and locate it in the some smaller businesses have scrapped them altogether to
space, so we have an ability of seeing it below us or above save money.
us. Specifically, attaining control or power over someone
is conceptualized as going upwards while losing control is (https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/apr/26/oscar
considered as being down. Interestingly, this mapping s-2021-ratings-us)
originates from human belief that physical size typically (40) The Oscars telecast suffered another major dip in
correlates with physical strength, and the victor in a fight viewership this year, with early ratings suggesting a 58% drop.
is placed on top [2]. Moreover, the conceptualization of (https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/jun/08/five-day-
CONTROL is also interacted by human’s embodiment. An week-office-centre-for-cities-covid-pandemic)
entity under or within our hands’ reach and handling is (41) The news follows on from similarly dramatic falls
mapped on the concept of something under the control. In for other pandemic-era award shows. Last year’s Emmys
contrast, things out of control are related to the concept of were the lowest ever with a 18% drop, this year’s Golden
something out of control. Below are some specific samples Globes fell around 60% while the Grammys were down
as found in news articles for evidence: 53% year on year.
(34) Last weekend marked the 25th anniversary of (https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/jun/08/fi
Pokémon Red and Blue (or Red and Green in their native ve-day-week-office-centre-for-cities-covid-pandemic)
Japan), the first video games in a series that truly would (42) …so if you are finding something makes you feel
take over the world. bad, exercise will be even more stressful, and your
(https://www.theguardian.com/games/2021/mar/05/poke motivation will decline even further.”
mon-was-a-key-part-of-my-childhood-now-its-25-i-feel-old) (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2021/jun/2
(35) Green list travel UPDATE: Covid cases rise but 1/do-what-you-love-and-take-it-easy-eight-ways-to-get-
UK ‘on top of situation’ health chief says despite ‘Delta back-lost-fitness-and-motivation)
Plus’ variant. (43) Kids today, in their millions, are still experiencing
(https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/jun/24/lego- that thrill. It’s easy to assume that Pokémon peaked in the
aims-to-woo-adult-superfans-with-instore-storytelling-tables) year 2000, when it first broke through into pop culture, but
(36) The tragic crossing comes after House Speaker it’s maintained its popularity over the decades.
Nancy Pelosi claimed the situation at the border was (https://www.theguardian.com/games/2021/mar/05/pokem
'under control' even as government figures show record on-was-a-key-part-of-my-childhood-now-its-25-i-feel-old)
numbers of people trying to cross into the U.S. at the (44) Roblox, a gaming platform popular with children
southern border. and teens, saw an 85% uptick in players and shares in the
(https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9382085/Nancy- company recently rose 60%, increasing its value to $47bn.
Pelosi-says-Biden-administration-border-situation-control.html) (https://www.theguardian.com/games/2021/mar/25/2021
(37) Hơn 2.600 thành phố và thị trấn của nước này nằm worst-year-ever-for-video-games)
dưới sự kiểm soát của Nga. (45) Wilson’s TikTok handle, @kateslibrary, is among
(https://www.saigondautu.com.vn/the-gioi/bo-truong- the increasingly popular accounts posting on #BookTok,
shoigu-nga-kiem-soat-hoan-toan-lugansk-106796.html) a corner of TikTok devoted to reading, which has clocked
up 9.6bn views and counting …
(38) Có 11 cách để đối phó với các vấn đề nằm ngoài
tầm kiểm soát của bạn. (https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/jun/28/wim
bledon-reopens-but-andy-murray-has-fans-on-edge-with-
(https://doanhnhanplus.vn/11-cach-de-doi-pho-voi-cac- dramatic-victory)
van-de-nam-ngoai-tam-kiem-soat-cua-ban-573180.html)
116 Huynh Ngoc Mai Kha, Nguyen Hoang Thuc Anh
In terms of the above instances, the conceptual has discussed the way human’ embodied experiences have
metaphor LESS IS DOWN/ MORE IS UP is employed influenced the way we conceptualize TIME, HEALTH,
using expressions such as downsize, dip, drop, fall, down EMOTION, QUANTITIES, and CONTROL…The
to underline a shortage in the number of viewers and discussion above, once again, partly contributes to the role
followers (examples 39, 40, 41) or the lack of office space of cognitive linguistics in how language is structured with
due to saving policy. Whereas, another upward words like commensurable reasons, not in a modular system only.
peak, uptick, rose, increasing, clocked up indicate the Based on the theory of embodiment and its operation
larger quantity of something. Specifically, there are more on the meaning structures in conceptual metaphor, the
kids playing Pokemon in 2000 than in previous years so article has explored how language in daily lives reflects the
“Pokémon peaked in the year 2000”. theories by linguist, factually. The results got from
Since this kind of conceptual metaphor is dominant, it can exploration into orientational metaphors in English and
be easily detected in Vietnamese texts also. As similar to the Vietnamese official newspapers have vividly reflected
experience in English language, Vietnamese people hold the characteristics of cognitive linguistics in general and
belief that an increase in number equals a growth in height, cognitive semantic in specific as follows:
which derives from the experience of human with surrounding The very first principle to mention is a conceptual structure
world about quantity. For example, when people put apples is embodied (embodied cognition thesis - our conceptual
together in piles, the higher pile means more apples. Therefore, structure is pervaded by representations of our bodies). Many of
people tend to map concept of quantity to the concept of height the examples presented in the article have shown the influence
as a result. This embodied experience conventionally explains of image schemas and embodiment in the process of human’s
for expressions of language as follows: conceptualization. The way people conceive the objective
(46) Côn Đảo thuộc tỉnh Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu, thuộc nhóm world has strong determination on the way they express their
35 tỉnh có nguy cơ thấp trong dịch Covid-19, vẫn tạm thought via language. The second principle to discuss is
ngưng tàu khách từ đất liền. (https://thanhnien.vn) meaning representation is encyclopaedic, and the third is
(47) Mặc dù có những loại thuốc để giảm huyết áp, meaning construction is conceptualization [18]…
nhưng bạn cũng nên thực hiện các thay đổi trong lối sống,
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