ME307 : Energy Conversion Devices
Unit 2: Recap of Thermodynamics & Fluid Mechanics and Dimensional analysis
Lecture 4
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Fundamental Laws
• Equation of Continuity
• The first law of thermodynamics
• The momentum equation
• The second law of thermodynamics
Source: Chapter 1: S. L. Dixon, C. A. Hall. Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery, 2010/2014,
Sixth/Seventh Edition
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Continuity Equation
• It is basically conservation of mass
• ρ = density of fluid
• A = Area element perpendicular to the flow direction
• C = velocity of the flow
1 2 𝑑𝑚
𝑚= = ρcdAn
𝑑𝑡
Velocity of the flow
ρ1A1c1= ρ2A2c2
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1 2
Conservation of Energy and Thermodynamic Cycles
• Importance of operation in cycle for continuous power generation
• Open and close cycles
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First Law of Thermodynamics
Conservation of energy applied to steady flow systems.
If system is taken through complete cycle during which heat is supplied and work is done,
then:
Change in Energy within the system when system is moving from (1) to (2)
Change in Energy within the system when system is moving from (1) to (2) without the flow work
(U is internal energy)
For an infinitesimal change in the system:
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Steady Flow Energy Equation:
Energy is transferred from the fluid to the blades of the turbomachine, positive work being done (via the
shaft) at the rate .
In the general case, positive heat transfer takes place at the rate , from the surroundings to the control
volume.
Stagnation enthalpy:
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Stagnation/Total and Static Quantities:
The stagnation state is defined as the terminal state of fictitious, isentropic and work-free thermodynamic
process, during which the macroscopic kinetic and potential energies of the fluid particle are reduced to
zero in steady flow. The initial state for the fictitious process is the static state. The macroscopic kinetic
and potential energies are relative to some arbitrary reference frame.
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Steady Flow Energy Equation:
The stagnation enthalpy is therefore constant in any flow process that does not involve a work transfer or a heat
transfer. Most turbomachinery flow processes are adiabatic (or very nearly so) and it is permissible to write
(For Turbines)
(For Compressors)
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Lecture 5
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Recap of Class 4
Continuity equation
Cyclic operation of energy conversion systems
First law of thermodynamics
Energy content and Internal energy
Steady flow Energy Equation
Enthalpy, flow work and work done in control volume approach of system analysis
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Second Law of Thermodynamics :
Inequality of Clausius:
dQ is an element of heat transferred to the system at an absolute temperature T.
If all the processes in the cycle are reversible, then dQ = dQR
Change in entropy is defined by:
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Entropy in Steady flow processes :
Entropy production due to irreversibility, Δsirrev
If the process is adiabatic, , then
If the process is adiabatic as well as reversible then ( ) it is called isentropic process.
Energy balance equation in terms of Entropy
For reversible process:
(for only pressure work)
In the absence of motion, gravity, and other effects the first law of thermodynamics for reversible processes becomes
Any creation/ generation of entropy in the flow path of a machine can be equated to a certain amount
of “lost work” and thus a loss in efficiency.
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
Brayton Cycle
Rankine Cycles
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Lecture 6
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The Devices for development of mankind: Thermodynamic Invention
Control Mass
Control Volume
Thermodynamic Classification
Displacement Work
Flow Work
Thermodynamic Superiority of A Turbo-machine
Any device working from state 1 to state 2:
Consider a control mass and a control volume working
between same states and following isentropic process.
Exchange of Fluid Energy
Using Gibb’s Equation:
For control mass: Tds du pdv
For control volume: Tds dh vdp
Definition of a turbomachine
• All those devices in which energy is transferred either to, or
from, a continuously flowing fluid by the dynamic action of
one or more moving blade rows.
• The word turbo or turbinis is of Latin origin and implies that
which spins or whirls around.
• Consists of rotating blade row, a rotor or an impeller, which
changes the stagnation enthalpy of the fluid moving through
it by either doing positive or negative work, depending upon
the effect required of the machine.
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Turbomachines and Positive Displacement Machines
Turbines, Axial Flow Compressor, Centrifugal Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines,
Compressor Reciprocating Compressors
Turbomachines are high speed and with high Reciprocating machines are inherently low speed
flow rate machines on account of mechanical and volumetric
efficiency considerations
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Turbo and Positive Displacement Machines
Volumetric efficiency is around 100 for turbo machines
Volumetric efficiency is around 80-90% in the selected operating speed. It is being increased
by boosted intake by use of some turbomacines.
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Components of Turbomachines
Energy transfer occurs only due to the exchange of momentum between the fluid that is flowing and
the rotating parts; there may not be even a specific boundary that the fluid is not permitted to cross.
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https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/engines.html
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Lecture 7
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Lecture 7 : Classification of Turbomachines
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Categories of a turbomachine
1. Absorb power to increase the fluid pressure or head (ducted fans, compressors and pumps).
2. Produce power by expanding fluid to a lower pressure or head (hydraulic, steam and gas
turbines).
• Pump: adds energy to a fluid, resulting
in an increase in pressure across the
pump. (Compression process)
• Turbine: extracts energy from the fluid,
resulting in a decrease in pressure
across the turbine. (Expansion process)
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Power absorbing devices:
Pumps when used with gases are further broken down into:
– Fans: Low pressure gradient, High volume flow rate.
Examples include ceiling fans and propellers.
– Blower: Medium pressure gradient, Medium volume
flow rate. Examples include centrifugal and squirrel-
cage blowers found in furnaces, leaf blowers, and
hair dryers.
– Compressor: High pressure gradient, Low volume
flow rate. Examples include air compressors for air
tools, refrigerant compressors for refrigerators and
air conditioners.
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Classification Based on Principle of Operation
Rotodynamic Machines with different types of impellers
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Categorization
• According to the nature of the flow path through the
passages of the rotor
Axial flow turbomachine
Radial flow turbomachine
Mixed flow turbomachines
• When the path of the through-flow is wholly or mainly parallel to the axis of
rotation, the device is termed an axial flow turbomachine
Open Axial Fans Ducted Axial Fans Kaplan turbine
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Categorization…
• When the path of the through-flow is wholly or mainly in a plane
perpendicular to the rotation axis, the device is termed a radial flow
turbomachine
Radial machine Centrifugal pump Centrifugal blower
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Categorization…
• Mixed flow machines refers to the direction of the through-flow at rotor
outlet when both radial and axial velocity components are present in
significant amounts.
Mixed impeller
Francis turbine
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The Co-ordinate System and Flow Velocities within a Turbomachine
Meridional plane is plane containing point of consideration and rotation axis of the turbomachine
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View looking down onto a stream surface
In this diagram: c is absolute velocity, w is velocity relative to rotating blade, subscripts: θ=
Tangential direction, m= meridional direction
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Can we have purely tangential/ circumferential flow machines??
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