Capital and Revenue Expenditure and Receipts
Capital and Revenue Expenditure and Receipts
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1. Capital and Revenue Expenditures and Receipts
The main functions of accounting include the ascertainment of profit/loss for an accounting period
and financial position (https://www.taxmann.com/academy/) as at the end of that period. The
distinction between capital and revenue items is important both from the Income Statement (Profit
and Loss Account) as well as the Position Statement (Balance Sheet) point of view. For example, if a
depreciable asset is purchased, the depreciation on that asset is charged to the Profit and Loss
Account, and the written down value of the asset (or original cost of the asset less accumulated
depreciation) is shown in the Balance Sheet. If the purchase of a depreciable asset, which is a capital
expenditure, is treated as revenue expenditure it will understate the profit of the current year and
overstate the profits of the subsequent years. Similarly, the Balance Sheet will not give a true and
fair view of the assets and equity of the enterprise till the useful life of the asset is over assuming
that the asset is not sold earlier.
Capital and revenue item is divided into
1. Capital and revenue expenditure;
2. Capital and revenue receipts.
1.1 Capital and Revenue Expenditure
According to Guidance Note on terms used in financial statements issued by ICAI, “Expenditure is
incurring a liability, disbursement of cash or transfer of property for the purpose of obtaining assets,
goods or services”. Thus expenditure may or may not involve outflow of cash. It includes the
purchase of capital or long-lived asset, goods for the purpose of sale or for getting services.
Expenditures are divided into three categories :
1. capital expenditure
2. revenue expenditure, and
3. deferred revenue expenditure
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4/18/24, 11:56 PM Capital and Revenue Expenditure and Receipts
1. An expenditure is capital expenditure, if it is incurred for acquiring a long term asset (having a
useful life of more than one year) for use in the business to earn revenue and not meant for sale.
2. An expenditure is capital expenditure, if it is incurred to put an asset into working condition. For
example, the transportation
transp and installation charges are added to the cost of machine. Similarly,
the legal charges like registration and stamp duty is added to the cost of land and building. Again,
architect fee paid for supervising construction of building is capitalised.
3. An expenditure incurred for putting an old asset into working condition is treated as capital
expenditure and added to the cost of the asset.
4. An expenditure incurred to increase the earning capacity of a business is treated as capital
expenditure. For example, expenditure incurred for shifting the factory to convenient site is a
capital expenditure.
5. Borrowing costs (e., interest and other costs incurred by an enterprise in connection with the
borrowing of funds) that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a
qualifying asset should be capitalised as part of the cost of that asset till the asset is ready for its
intended use or sale as per AS-16 : Borrowing costs.
1.1.2 Revenue Expenditure
If an expenditure is made not for the purpose of bringing into existence any capital asset or advantage of
enduring nature but for running the business or working it with a view to produce the profits is revenue
expenditure. Such expenditure benefits the current period only. It is incurred to maintain the existing
earning capacity of the business. For example, the amount spent on purchase of stock-in-trade is of
revenue nature. Administrative expenses and selling and distribution expenses are other examples
of revenue expenditure.
Rules for Determining Revenue Expenditure. The following are the rules for determining
revenue expenditure :
1. An expenditure incurred for the purpose of acquiring goods purchased for resale, consumable
items, etc. is a revenue expenditure. For example, purchase of raw material in the case of
manufacturing unit and purchase of merchandise meant for the purpose of resale. At the end of the
year, closing stock and opening stock of these items adjusted to match cost with revenue for
calculating profit.
2. Expenditures incurred on other direct expenses, e., expenses on production and purchase of goods
such as wages, power, freight etc. are revenue expenditure.
3. Expenditure incurred for maintaining fixed assets in working order is revenue expenditure. For
example, amount spent on repairs and renewals is revenue expenditure.
4. Depreciation on fixed assets is revenue expenditure.
5. Expenditures incurred on office and administrative and selling and distribution departments (not
covered above) in the normal course of business are revenue expenditures. These include salaries,
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4/18/24, 11:56 PM Capital and Revenue Expenditure and Receipts
Deferred revenue expenditure is a revenue expenditure by nature but it is not treated as revenue
expenditure on the ground that its benefit is not fully exhausted in the accounting period in which it
is incurred. The Guidance Note on ‘Terms used in Financial Statement’, issued by the Institute of
Chartered Accountant of India, states that “Deferred revenue expenditure is that expenditure for which
payment has been made or a liability incurred but which is carried forward on the presumption that it will
benefit over a subsequent period or periods.”
Deferred revenue expenditure is, for the time being, deferred from being charged against revenue.
The unwritten off portion of the deferred revenue expenditure is shown on the asset side of the
Balance Sheet. A portion of the total deferred revenue expenditure is charged as revenue expenditure.
Deferred revenue expenditure should be written off over a certain number of years.
AS-26 “Intangible Assets” has diluted the concept of deferred revenue expenditure.
According to it, if expenditure is incurred to provide future economic benefits to an
enterprise, but no intangible asset or other asset is acquired that can be recognised,
then expenditure should be recognised when it is incurred. For example, preliminary
expenses in establishing a legal entity, expenditure on training activities and
expenditure on relocating or reorganising an enterprise, expenditure on launching of
new products, expenditure on advertising and promotional activities should be
recognised as expenses in the year in which these are incurred. However, share issue
expenses and discount on issue of shares/debentures can be written off over a certain
number of years.
Deferred revenue expenditure should be distinguished from prepaid expenses. In case of deferred
revenue expenditure the benefits available cannot be precisely estimated but in case of prepaid
expenses, like payment of insurance in advance, benefits available can be precisely estimated. In
case of prepaid insurance, insurance protection will be available for a definite period after close of
the financial year.
Illustration 1.
Classify the following into capital or revenue expenditure :
(a) Overhaul expenses of ` 10,000 spent on second hand machinery purchased.
(b) Carriage of ` 1,000 spent on machinery purchased.
(c) Legal fees of ` 5,000 paid to acquire property.
(d) ` 1,500 paid for servicing the company’s car including ` 500 paid for change of oil.
(e) ` 1,000 paid for replacement of a worn out part of a machine.
(f) ` 18,000 spent for construction of temporary huts, which were necessary for construction of the
cinema house and were demolished when the cinema house was ready.
Solution:
(a) Overhaul expenses spent on second hand machinery purchased is a capital expenditure.
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4/18/24, 11:56 PM Capital and Revenue Expenditure and Receipts
(b) Loss on sale of fixtures ` 900 (` 2,500 – 1,600) is a revenue expenditure although it is of non-
operating nature. Amount spent on new fixtures ` 4,000 and on cartage ` 5 are capital expenditures
as they will benefit future periods also.
(c) ` 400 spent on painting the factory is a revenue expenditure as it was incurred to maintain the
factory building.
(d) Overhaul expenses (or repairs) ` 8,200 incurred to put a second hand car in working condition is a
capital expenditure. It will benefit in future also.
Illustration 4.
Classify the following into capital or revenue or deferred revenue expenditure :
(a) Heavy advertising cost of ` 10,00,000 spent on the launching of a company’s new product.
(b) Advertisement expense ` 50,000 incurred during peak festive season on regular basis.
(c) ` 2,000 paid for hiring of computer time for the preparation of the accounts of the business.
(d) Interest paid ` 40,000 on loan taken for construction of building and purchase of plant and machinery
before the asset is ready for intended use.
Solution:
(a) Heavy advertising cost of ` 10,00,000 spent on the launching of a company’s new product is a
revenue expenditure as per AS-26. According to AS-26 (Para 56) “Intangible Assets”, expenditure
incurred on “launching new products or process” and “expenditure on advertising and promotional
activities” are recognised as expenses when these are incurred. Earlier, it used to be treated as
deferred revenue expenditure.
(b) Advertisement expense ` 50,000 incurred during peak festive season on regular basis is a revenue
expenditure.
(c) ` 2,000 paid for hiring of computer time for the preparation of the accounts of the business is a
revenue expenditure.
(d) Interest paid ` 40,000 on loan taken for construction of building and purchase of plant and
machinery before the asset is ready for intended use is a capital expenditure.
Distinction between Expenses and Expenditure
Expenditure : According to the Guidance Note on Terms used in financial statements
issued by ICAI, expenditure is incurring a liability, disbursement of cash or transfer of property
for the purpose of obtaining assets, goods or services. It does not necessarily involve actual
delivery or parting with money or property. Incurring a liability is also expenditure.
Expenditure may be capital expenditure, revenue expenditure or deferred revenue
expenditure.
Expense : According to the Guidance Note on Terms used in financial statements issued by
ICAI, expense is a cost relating to the operations of an accounting period or to the revenue earned
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4/18/24, 11:56 PM Capital and Revenue Expenditure and Receipts
during the period or the benefits of which do not extend beyond that period. Expense is expired
cost. It decreases owners equity, other than those relating to distribution of dividend to
shareholders in case of a company or withdrawal etc. made by the owner (s) in case of non-
corporate entities. Expenses give benefit during the accounting period only in which they
are incurred. An expense is incurred when goods or services are used in the process of
earning revenue.
Dive Deeper:
Capital Expenditure v. Revenue Expenditure
(https://taxmann.com/practice/Income-tax/Capital-Expenditure-v.-Revenue-
Expenditure/1110000000026674/1/0?
cat=read&searchData=Capital%20Expenditure)
capital receipt (though taxable) whereas damages for breach of business contract is a revenue
receipt.
3. An amount received for surrender of certain right under an agreement is a capital receipt whereas
amount received by way of compensation of loss of future profits is a revenue receipt. For example,
pension is a revenue receipt whereas lump sum received in commutation of pension is a capital
receipt (though taxable).
4. The nature of a receipt is determined exclusively by its character in the hands of the receiver.
5. Where an asset is held as an investment, the sale proceeds of such asset is a capital receipt. But
where an asset is held as stock-in-trade, the sale proceeds of such asset is a revenue receipt. For
example, profit on sale of shares to a dealer in shares is a revenue receipt.
Distinction between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts
1. Capital receipts are not obtained in the course of normal business activities of the enterprise
whereas revenue receipts are obtained in the course of normal business activities.
2. Capital receipts are usually obtained in case of a company from issue of shares, debentures,
borrowings and sale of fixed assets or investments. Revenue receipts are usually obtained from sale
of goods, rendering of services or use of enterprise resources yielding interest, royalties and
dividend.
3. Capital receipts are usually of non-recurring nature and revenue receipts are usually of recurring
nature.
4. Capital receipts from financing activities such as issue of shares, debentures and borrowings are
shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheet as these receipts create liabilities payable at a
future date whereas interest on borrowings is shown as a charge in the Profit and Loss Account and
dividends to shareholders are shown as appropriation of profit in the appropriation section of
Profit and Loss Account. Interest accrued/outstanding will also be shown as a liability.
Illustration 5.
State with reasons whether the following are capital or revenue receipts :
(a) Introduction of capital by the owner ` 10,00,000.
(b) Amount realised from sale of old machinery ` 50,000 (book value ` 48,000).
(c) Sale of goods for cash ` 10,000.
(d) Cash received from debtors ` 20,000.
(e) Sale of investments for ` 40,000 (book value ` 44,000).
(f) Interest received on investments ` 3,000.
Solution:
(a) Introduction of capital by the owner ` 10,00,000 is a capital receipt as it creates a claim on the
business to repay it.
(b) Amount realised from sale of old machinery : ` 50,000 is a capital receipt. Capital profit on sale of
` 2,000 is to be shown in Profit and Loss Account.
(c) Sale proceeds from sale of goods ` 10,000 is a revenue receipt as it is a receipt in the course of
normal business activities of the enterprise.
(d) Cash received from debtors ` 20,000 is a revenue receipt as this is in the course of normal
business activities of the enterprise.
(e) Sale proceeds from investments ` 40,000 is a capital receipt and capital loss of ` 4,000 is to
charged in the Profit and Loss Account.
(f) Interest on investments ` 3,000 is a revenue receipt as use of enterprise resources yielding
interest is revenue.
Also Read:
Lessons from a Lifetime in the Capital Markets
(https://www.taxmann.com/post/blog/5401/lessons-from-a-lifetime-in-the-capital-
markets/)
All-About Capital Gains (https://www.taxmann.com/post/blog/4998/all-about-capital-
gains/)
Case Study on Issue of Long-Term Capital Gains on Sale of Penny Stocks under section
10(38) under Faceless Assessment (https://www.taxmann.com/post/blog/5378/case-study-
on-issue-of-long-term-capital-gains-on-sale-of-penny-stocks-under-section-1038-under-
faceless-assessment/)
Difference Between Long-Term Capital Gains Tax And Short-Term Capital Gains Tax
(https://www.taxmann.com/post/blog/381/difference-between-long-term-capital-gains-
tax-and-short-term-capital-gains-tax/)
Taxmann (https://www.taxmann.com/post/author/ruchi)
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4/18/24, 11:56 PM Capital and Revenue Expenditure and Receipts
actually something that I believe I might by no means understand. It kind of feels too complicated and
extremely extensive for me. I’m looking for ward for your next post, I will tr y to get the hold of it!
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