PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION related to communis "common, public,

MIDTERMS general"

UNIVERSITY VISION TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

DHVSU envisions of becoming one of the 1. INTRAPERSONAL- with the self

lead universities in the ASEAN Region in 2. INTERPERSONAL- relationship
producing globally competitive professionals level
who are capable of creating, applying and 3. GROUP- interaction with limited
transferring knowledge and technology for number of persons
the sustainable development of the 4. PUBLIC- to inform, persuade or
humanity and society. entertain audience
5. MASS- sent to large audience via a
UNIVERSITY MISSION channel
6. ONLINE, OR MACHINE ASSISTED-
DHVSU commits itself to provide a using computers and internet
conducive environment for the holistic
development of students to become globally ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION -
competitive professionals through quality present during communication event
instruction and services; innovation and
research towards the sustainable 1. SENDERS- who formulate, encode
development of society. and transmit message
2. RECEIVERS- who receives, decode
CORE VALUES and interpret message
3. MESSAGE- content
● Professionalism - conducting oneself 4. CHANNELS- media, medium which
with responsibility, integrity, accountability, message are sent
and excellence 5. NOISE- interferes or distorts the
● Excellence - the quality of being ability to send messages
outstanding or extremely good 6. CONTEXT- the setting
7. FEEDBACK- returned message
● Good Governance - processes and POSITIVE- behavior enhancing
institutions produce results that meet the response
needs of society NEGATIVE- extinguishes behavior in
progress
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION - writing, INTERNAL- give yourself
speaking, reading, listening, viewing and EXTERNAL- from other
presenting to different audiences and for 8. EFFECT- outcome
various purposes
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
LESSON 1 – COMMUNICATION
GAMBLE AND GAMBLE’S –
COMMUNICATION – deliberate or communication is continuous and
accidental transfer of meaning simultaneous

communicationem - (nominative FRANK DANCE - spiral or helix, the way

communicatio) "making common, imparting, communication evolves and progress from
communicating; a figure of speech," birth to present.

communicare - "to share, divide out; COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES

communicate, impart, inform; join, unite,
participate in," literally "to make common," COMMUNICATION IS DYNAMIC
- all its elements constantly interact with across an array of communication situations
and affect each other or contexts, we gain communication
competence.
- like the humans who compose them,
relationships constantly evolve MEDIA AND TECHNOLOGY

- nothing about communication is static. Marshall McLuhan – “medium is the

message”
COMMUNICATION IS UNREPEATABLE
AND IRREVERSIBLE - different channels affects communication

- human contact you experience is unique Technopoly – technology monopolizes the

thought world
COMMUNICATION HAS NO OPPOSITE
Technology - gives us ability to interact in
- assume that communication is purposeful more ways
and that we communicate only because we
want to communicate, this is sometimes
true, it is also true that sometimes we WHY COMMUNICATE?
communicate without any awareness of • To gain self-understanding and insight
doing so and just as often into others
- can never voluntarily stop behaving • To form meaningful relationships
because behavior has no opposite. o hyper-competitive culture -
the contention that one needs to defeat
COMMUNICATION IS AFFECTED BY another to achieve one's goals
CULTURE o need for inclusion - the need for
social contact
- how we formulate and interpret messages o need for control - the need to feel
depends on our culture we are capable and responsible
o need for affection - the need to
- cultural diversity, including race, ethnicity, express and receive love
gender, and age, influences the meanings
• To influence others
we attribute to communication
• For career development
COMMUNICATION IS INFLUENCED BY
ETHICS EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION SKILLS
• The ability to understand and
- every time we communicate, we decide communicate with yourself
implicitly or explicitly whether we will do so • An appreciation of the extent to which
ethically gender, culture, media, and new
technologies affect communication
- ethics are the moral principles, values, and
• The capacity to listen to and
beliefs that the members of society use to
process information
guide behavior
• Sensitivity to silent messages that
COMMUNICATION IS COMPETENCE- you
BASED and others send
• Knowledge of how words affect you
- how we can prevent communication from and
failing. those with whom you relate
• An understanding of how
- add knowledge and make a commitment relationships develop
to develop the skills to apply that knowledge
• An understanding of how Correctness – avoid typo errors; use
feelings and emotions affect facts and figures; use the right level of
relationships language
• Learning how to disagree without Conciseness – keep it clear and to the
being disagreeable point
• An understanding of how beliefs, Concreteness – be specific; use facts
values, and figures
and attitudes affect the formulation and Coherence – make sure that the
reception of messages and the message can be understood; ensure it
development flows logically; avoid covering too
of speaker audience relationships much
Courtesy - be polite and tactful
BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION

• Environmental and Physical barriers LESSON 2: COMMUNICATION AROUND

THE WORLD
▪ Time
▪ Place - Globalization - increasing economic,
Atmosphere/Noise/Distraction political, and cultural integration and
▪ Space interdependence of diverse cultures
▪ Medium – Choice of
Communication Channels Diversity - recognition and valuing of
• Semantic Barriers difference, encompassing such factors as
▪ Use of Language age, gender, race, ethnicity, ability, religion,
▪ Clarity of Message education, marital status, sexual orientation,
▪ Lack of Feedback and income.
• Cultural Barriers
Multiculturalism - engagement with and
▪ Status/Role
respect toward people from distinctly
▪ Cultural Differences
different cultures.
▪ Known or Unknown Receiver
• Cultural Barriers Intercultural communication - interpreting
▪ Status/Role and sharing meanings with individuals from
▪ Cultural Differences different cultures
▪ Known or Unknown Receiver
• Psychological Barriers Interracial communication - the
▪ Mood/ Biases/Emotions interpreting and sharing of meanings with
▪ Poor retention individuals from different races
▪ Premature Evaluation
Interethnic communication - interaction
▪ Disabilities
with individuals of different ethnic origins
• Perception of Reality
▪ Individual Perceptions/ International communication -
Attitudes/Personalities communication between persons
representing different nations
7C’S OF COMMUNICATION
Clarity – make objective clear; avoid Intracultural communication - interaction
complex phrases with members of the same racial or ethnic
Completeness – include all important group or co culture as yours
information; include a call-to-action
• Melting-pot philosophy - the view
that different cultures should be
 assimilated into the dominant CULTURE WITHIN CULTURE
culture.
Culture - a system of knowledge, beliefs,
• Cultural pluralism - adherence to values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts
the principle of cultural relativism,
allowing for cultures to maintain Co-cultures - groups of persons who differ
differences while coexisting in in some ethnic or sociological way from the
broader society. parent culture

Understanding Cultural Differences STRATEGIES TO INTERACT IN CO-

CULTURES
• Showing the sole of a shoe is a gesture
perceived as insulting among Muslims Assimilation - co-culture members attempt
to fit in with members of the dominant
• Blinking rapidly in Taiwan is considered culture
impolite.
Accommodation - attempt to maintain their
• McDonald’s unintentionally offended cultural identity
Muslims by printing an excerpt from the
Quran on its hamburger bags. Resistance or separation – co-culture
resist interacting
• The Japanese believe eye contact over a
sustained period of time shows disrespect DIMENSIONS OF CULTURE

Factors that affect our view of Diversity Individualism vs. Collectivism

• Cultural imperialism – happens when Individualistic cultures - individual goals

one culture tends to dominate over another are stressed
culture
collectivistic cultures - group goals are
• Culturally confused- lacking an stressed
understanding of cultural difference
High Context vs. Low Context
• Cultural relativism - the acceptance of
other cultural groups as equal in value to high-context communication -
one’s own communication system which depends on
indirectness
Intergroup Bias
low-context communication - encourages
Ethnocentrism – the tendency to see one’s directness in communication
own culture as superior to all others
High Power Distance vs. Low Power
Discrimination – unfair treatment of Distance
members of a particular group based on
their members in that group high-power-distance cultures -
subordinates defer to superiors
Prejudice – a positive or negative
prejudgment towards something low-power-distance cultures - power
should be used only when legitimate
Stereotypes – are mental images or
pictures we carry around in our heads Monochromic vs. Polychromic Culture

Monochromic - one event at a time

polychromic – not obsessed with time

Masculine vs. Feminine Culture 2. PRONOUN - A pronoun is a word that
takes the place of a noun or a noun phrase
masculine cultures - aggressiveness,
strength, and material symbols of success 3. VERB - A verb is a word that expresses
an action, occurrence, or state of being.
feminine cultures – tenderness and
relationships 4. ADJECTIVE - An adjective is a word that
describes or modifies a noun or pronoun,
TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNITY providing more information about it.
DIGITAL DIVIDE – information gap 5. ADVERB - An adverb is a word that
modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb,
TECHNOLOGICAL APERTHEID - refers to typically providing information about time,
the unequal access to and use of manner, place, degree, or frequency.
technology among different groups of
people, often resulting in a form of 6. PREPOSITION - A preposition is a word
segregation or discrimination. that shows the relationship between a noun
or pronoun and other words in a sentence,
TECHNOLOGICAL DIVIDE - This term is indicating location, time, direction, etc
also known as information gap. It is used to
describe our ability or inability to have 7. CONJUNCTION - A conjunction is a word
access to technologies that provide access that connects words, phrases, or clauses
to information. within a sentence
LANGUAGE REGISTER 8. INTERJECTION - An interjection is a
word or phrase that expresses emotion or
1. Frozen or "static" register: that is highly exclamation.
formalized and fixed, often in the form of
rituals, ceremonies, or legal documents TYPES OF SENTENCES
2. Formal register: typically used in formal 1. DECLARATIVE - A declarative sentence
settings such as academic writing, official makes a statement or expresses an idea. It
documents, or professional communication ends with a period.
3. Consultative register: language used in 2. EXCLAMATORY - An exclamatory
professional or expert contexts, more formal sentence expresses strong emotion or
than casual conversation but less formal excitement. It ends with an exclamation
than formal register, involves technical mark.
vocabulary and may include jargon
3. IMPERATIVE - An imperative sentence
4. Casual register: used in relaxed, gives a command, makes a request, or
informal settings among friends, family, or offers advice. It may end with a period or an
peers. exclamation mark, depending on the
intensity of the command or request.
5. Intimate register: most personal and
informal level of language, typically used in 4. INTERROGATIVE - An interrogative
very close relationships such as between sentence asks a question. It ends with a
romantic partners or very close friends or question mark.
family members
LESSON 3: SENTENCES
8 PARTS OF SPEECH

1. NOUN - A noun is a word that represents A sentence is a group of words

a person, place, thing, or idea. expressing a complete thought.
• The two basic parts of every sentence Inverted order sentence – where the
are the subject and the predicate comes before the subject,
predicate. serves to add emphasis to the subject
• subject is the part of the sentence
about which something is being A complement is a word or group of
said. words that completes the meaning of a
• predicate is the part that says verb.
something about the subject.
• the subject and the predicate 4 KINDS OF COMPLEMENTS
may consist of more than one word. 1. Direct objects
2. Indirect objects
Simple sentece 3. Object complements
• The simple subject is the key noun or 4. Subject complements
pronoun (or group of words acting as a
noun) that tells what a sentence is A direct object answers the question what?
about. or whom? after an action verb.
• The simple predicate is the verb or verb
phrase that tells something about the An indirect object answers the question to
subject. whom? for whom? to what? Or for what?
Complete Subjects and Complete after an action verb
Predicates
• The complete subject consists of the An object complement answers the
simple subject and all the words that question what? after a direct object.
modify it.
• The complete predicate consists of the
Subject Complements - follows a subject
simple predicate and all the words that
and a linking verb and identifies or
modify it or complete its meaning.
describes the subject.
Compound Subjects - is made up of two
- predicate nominative is a noun or pronoun
or more simple subjects that are joined by
that follows a linking verb and points back
a conjunction and have the same verb.
to the subsect to identify it further
Compound predicate (or compound
verb) - is made up of two or more - predicate adjective follows a linking verb
verbs or verb phrases that are joined and points back to the subject and further
by a conjunction and have the same describes it
subject.
LESSON 4: CLAUSES
Order of Subject and Predicate
A clause is a group of words that has a
Commands subject and a predicate and that is used as
a part of a sentence.
The subject you is understood rather
than expressed in the case of A main clause has a subject and a
commands or requests. predicate and can stand alone as a
sentence.
Questions
A subordinate clause has a subject and a
predicate but cannot stand alone as a
Questions frequently begin with a sentence.
verb or helping verb.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS • Writing, typically fiction or poetry, which
displays imagination or invention.
Relative Pronouns
• defined as writing that is imaginative,
who whose whomever that what created, productive and original. This
covers all areas of fiction, such as novels,
whom whoever which whichever whatever short stories, poetry, etc. but can also
A compound sentence has two or more include non-fiction, such as feature articles
main clauses. They are usually joined by a for magazines.
comma and FANBOYS Technical Writing
Semicolons may also be used to join the • is a simple, stripped-down tool designed to
main clauses in a compound sentence do job that is to convey information to
when not using FANBOYS people who need it. It’s not meant to be
A complex sentence has one main clause fancy. It’s meant to be clear and effective.
and one or more subordinate clauses. Technical Reporting - Technical reports
A compound-complex sentence has two are documents that are prepared for
or more main clauses and at least one supervisors, subor- dinates, peers,
subordinate clause. customers, clients, and various government
agencies.
An adjective clause is a subordinate
clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun. Business communications - include a
wide range of correspondence that inputs
An adjective clause usually follows the be written in the course of business
word it modifies. activities.

- Some adjective clauses are called Scientific writing - includes experimental

essential clauses, or restrictive research and associated documentation, as
clauses. Without them the meaning well as the scholarly publications that
of the sentence would be unclear. emerge from that work. Scientific writing
also includes scholarly and experimental
An adverb clause is a subordinate clause research in medicine.
that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an
adverb. It tells when, where, how, why, to Books are a way for scientists and
what extent, or under what condition. engineers to get very wide and archival
distribution for their ideas.
A noun clause is a subordinate clause
used as a noun. It can function as a Journals are the preferred venue for
subject, a direct object, an indirect object, publication of important scientific ideas and
an object of a preposition, or a predicate technical breakthroughs.
nominative.
Journal articles usually focus more on
- The subordinating conjunction theory and less on applications because
that is sometimes dropped at the they are intended to be relevant for a very
beginning of a noun clause. long period of time.

LESSON 4: WRITING Magazines There are numerous scientific

and technical magazines catering to
Creative Writing various communities of interest.
Conference Proceedings Conferences Anthropomorphic Writing - It is not
are meetings where researchers present appropriate to project human feelings,
scientific findings, often in preliminary form behaviors, or characteristics upon animals,
inanimate objects, or systems.
Newsletters are informal publications
produced by some community of interest, Malapropisms - A malapropism is a word
for example, a user group, a special that sounds similar to an intended word but
interest group of some professional society, is logically wrong, often in some insidious
or an informal collection of practitioners. way. Malapropisms are sometimes used for
comic effect.
Websites and Blogs technical disciplines,
subdisciplines, and specialties have Erroneous Heterographs - Two words are
spawned one or more dedicated websites heterographs if they sound the same when
and columnist blogs. Websites and blogs pronounced but are spelled differently and
can have nearly instantaneous publication have different meanings. For example,
so that they can be very timely in their "compliment" and "complement" sound the
coverage. same, but have different meanings.

Technical Writing Basics Opinion versus Fact - Acronyms, Domain-

Specific Terms, and Jargon
• Structuring Your Writing
The Laziness of “Very” – cheap way to try
• Positioning Your Writing to amplify meaning
Know Your Audience- Before you begin • OTHER
writing, you must fully understand your
intended reader- ship and prepare to align Comparative phrases
your work accordingly.
Indefinite pronouns
Point-of-view of Writing - means writing
from the point of view of the author Loopholes

• Choosing the Right Words Non-verifiable terms

Conciseness - Vigorous writing is concise. Superlative

A sentence should contain no unnecessary
words. Subjective language

Precision - When you can measure what Allegory - An allegory is a story that uses
you are speaking about, and express it in metaphors for real characters and events.
numbers. THE 5 CS OF TECHNICAL WRITING
Universal and Existential Quantification- 1. Correctness - The information in the
It is common in mathematical and written artifact is grammatically and
engineering writings technically correct.
Negatives - It is preferred to use the 2. Clarity - Clarity (or unambiguousness)
positive form of declaration the direction means that each sentence, related groups
and instruction rather than the negative of sentences, or related sections of the
• Avoiding Traps written document can have only one
interpretation.
Clichés – a cliche is a lazy way to create an
image.
3. Completeness - A technical document is • Editing - A classical editorial process is a
complete if there is no missing "relevant" or more formal one evolving editing by
"important" information. professional copy editor.

4. Consistency – 2 FORMS • Publishing - It is the finalization process

for the document. Publish is a legal term
• Internal consistency means that one part meaning to make the document available to
of the document does not contradict the public
another part.
PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT
• External consistency means that the
document is in agreement with all other A paragraph is a miniature composition.
applicable documents and standards. Like a composition in nature, it has a main
idea, a plan of organization, and an artistic
5. Changeability - A document is effect on the reader.
changeable if the structure of the document
will readily yield to modification. PART OF PARAGRAPH

ETHICS IN TECHNICAL WRITING • Topic Sentence

• Honesty The topic sentence expresses the thought

to be developed in a paragraph. It may be
• Accuracy placed at the beginning, at the end, or be
restated at the end or in the middle.
• Emphasis
• Supporting Sentence/s
• Creating Impressions
A group of sentences that develop the main
o Connotation vs. Denotation idea expressed in the topic sentence.
- The denotation of a word or • Concluding Sentence
expression is its direct meaning. Its
connotation consists of the ideas or A summary of the main idea expressed in a
meanings associated with it or paragraph. It may also be a reiteration of
suggested by it. the topic sentence. It has the same impact
as the topic sentence.
REFERENCING
THOUGHT ORGANIZATION
• Choose the Right References -
Thought organization is a process of
• Web References expressing ideas or thoughts in a
• Reference Styles consistent manner using a clear pattern or
thought development, connectors and
The Writing Process transition signals showing the relationship of
ideas
• Brainstorming - Sometimes called “pre
writing” it is the process of recording of your METHOD TO USE IN ACHIEVING
ideas on paper. THOUGHT ORGANIZATION:

• Drafting - It is the hardest part and it • P- POINT : What is the topic/point that
usually takes the longest time you want to express?

• Revising - Making the document good • R-REASON : What are your reason/s for
through revision your point?
• E- EXPLAIN : What proof or details can important to most important or vice
you give to support your point?
versa.
• P-POINT : Re-state your point again.

The use of transition words are also

called transition signals. They guide the
listeners.

Transition words are also called

connectors. They join two independent
clauses together using a semi colon, a
transition and a comma.

QUALITIES OF A GOOD PARAGRAPH

1. Unity- In a unified paragraph, all of the

sentences stick to the main idea presented
in the topic sentence. A paragraph has
unity if all of the sentences relate closely to
the topic sentence.

2. Coherence - In a unified paragraph, all of

the sentences stick to the main idea
presented in the topic sentence. A
paragraph has unity if all of the sentences
relate closely to the topic sentence.

3. Emphasis – emphasizes what is most

important in the paragraph while also
highlighting the paragraph's internal
structure.

WAYS OF DEVELOPING PARAGRAPHS:

1. Chronological (time)

o Gives a sequence of events;

o Tells what happened first, second,

third, and so on.

2. Spatial (Space)

o Arranges details from nearest to

farthest, top to bottom, left to right,

and so on.

3. Order of Importance

o Ranks information from least