Fundamental of Electrical Engineering ASS.prof. Buraq A.
Awad
Electricity: is the transfer of free electrons in the last orbit around the nucleus from atom to atom
ھﻲ اﺗﺗﻘﺎل اﻹﻟﻛﺗﺮوﻧﺎت اﻟﺣﺮة ﻓﻲ آﺧﺮ ﻣدار ﺣول اﻟﻧواة ﻣن ذرة إﻟﻰ ذرة
Electric current: It is a directed movement of free electrons from one point to another
through a conductor. In order for these electrons to move through the conductor, an external
force must be applied to them. And we get this power from the electrical energy source, for
example, batteries.
وﻧﺣﺻل. ﻳﺟب ﺗطﺑﻳق ﻗوة ﺧﺎرﺟﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻳﮫﺎ، وﻟﻛﻲ ﺗﺗﺣﺮك ھذه اﻹﻟﻛﺗﺮوﻧﺎت ﻋﺑﺮ اﻟﻣوﺻل.ھو اﺗﺟﺎه ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻺﻟﻛﺗﺮوﻧﺎت اﻟﺣﺮة ﻣن ﻧﻘطﺔ إﻟﻰ أﺧﺮى ﻋﺑﺮ ﻣوﺻل
اﻟﺑطﺎرﻳﺎت، ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﻳل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل،ﻋﻠﻰ ھذه اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ ﻣن ﻣﺻدر اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻛﮫﺮﺑﺎﺋﻳﺔ
Direction of Electric Current: It is agreed that the direction of the electric current from the
positive electrode to the negative electrode is opposite to the direction of the electrons.
ﻣﺗﻔق ﻋﻠﻳﻪ أن اﺗﺟﺎه اﻟﺗﻳﺎر اﻟﻛﮫﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣن اﻟﻘطب اﻹﻳﺟﺎﺑﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘطب اﻟﺳﺎﻟب ھو ﻋﻛس اﺗﺟﺎه اﻹﻟﻛﺗﺮوﻧﺎت
Electric Charge:
Charge of electron = 1.6 *10-19 C
Work and Power:
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Fundamental of Electrical Engineering ASS.prof. Buraq A. Awad
Electric potential:
It is the effect that creates a difference in charges between the two ends of a conductor to
make one of them full of electrons and the other poor in them, according to the principle of
repulsion of similar charges from each other and gravitational attraction. Different towards
each other.
Electrical Resistance:
The amount of material obstruction to the passage of the electric current in it, as the
electrons that form the electric current collide during their path through any conductor with
the parts of the conductor material that show obstruction or resistance in the path of the
electron.
ﺣﻳث ﻳﺗﺻﺎدم اﻹﻟﻛﺗﺮوﻧﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﻛل اﻟﺗﻳﺎر اﻟﻛﮫﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ أﺛﻧﺎء ﻣﺮورھﺎ ﻓﻲ أي،ﻛﻣﻳﺔ اﻟﻣﻌوﻗﺎت اﻟﻣﺎدﻳﺔ أﻣﺎم ﻣﺮور اﻟﺗﻳﺎر اﻟﻛﮫﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻳﻪ
.ﻣوﺻل ﻣﻊ أﺟﺰاء ﻣن ﻣﺎدة اﻟﻣوﺻل ﺗظﮫﺮ ﻋﺮﻗﻠﺔ أو ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺎر اﻹﻟﻛﺗﺮون
Conductance:
Sometimes it is more appropriate to calculate the conductivity of a material than to calculate
the extent of its opposition to the passage of electric current. For this we use an expression or
a property called conductance.
The conductivity is the opposite of the resistance and expresses the ability of the material to
pass the electric current, and it is symbolized by the letter (G) and it is measured by a unit
called (mho) which is the inverse of the word Ohm (ohm), and recently one called Siemens and
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Fundamental of Electrical Engineering ASS.prof. Buraq A. Awad
Siemens has been adopted It has the letter (S). Mathematically, the conductivity is the reciprocal of
𝟏
the resistance as in the following relationship: =𝑮
𝑹
ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌض اﻷﺣﻳﺎن ،ﻳﻛون ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑًﺎ أﻛﺛﺮ ﺣﺳﺎب ﺗوﺻﻳﻠﻳﺔ اﻟﻣﺎدة ﺑدﻻً ﻣن ﺣﺳﺎب ﻣدى ﻣﻌﺎرﺿﺗﮫﺎ ﻟﻣﺮور اﻟﺗﻳﺎر اﻟﻛﮫﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ .وﻟذﻟك ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ﺧﺎﺻﻳﺔ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ اﻟﺗوﺻﻳﻠﻳﺔ .
اﻟﺗوﺻﻳﻠﻳﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﻌﻛس ﺗﻣﺎﻣًﺎ ﻟﻠﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ وﺗﻌﺑّﺮ ﻋن ﻗدرة اﻟﻣﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻣﺮﻳﺮ اﻟﺗﻳﺎر اﻟﻛﮫﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ،وﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﮫﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺮف ) (Gوﻳﺗم ﻗﻳﺎﺳﮫﺎ ﺑوﺣدة ﺗﺳﻣﻰ )ﻣﮫو( وھﻲ ﻋﻛس
ﻛﻠﻣﺔ "أوم" ،وﺗم اﻋﺗﻣﺎد وﺣدة أﺧﺮى ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺳﻳﻣﻧﺰ وﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﮫﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺮف ) (Sﺣدﻳﺛًﺎ .رﻳﺎﺿﻳ ًﺎ ،اﻟﺗوﺻﻳﻠﻳﺔ ھﻲ ﻋﻛس اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ.
Resistance and Resistivity
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Fundamental of Electrical Engineering ASS.prof. Buraq A. Awad
The SI system of units Standard International Units
The SI system of units selects six physical quantities as basis:
Principle of Ohm’s law
Where R : the resistance of the conductor between the two points. The unit of the resistance
is ohms.
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Fundamental of Electrical Engineering ASS.prof. Buraq A. Awad
Thermostat Negative Temperature
Coefficient (NTC)
Variable resistors
photo resistor
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Fundamental of Electrical Engineering ASS.prof. Buraq A. Awad
-
EX: Find the value of two currents I3 and
I4 by using KCL
SOL: at node a
At node b
H.W
Find
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Fundamental of Electrical Engineering ASS.prof. Buraq A. Awad
Ex: Find Vab
1- First mathode
2- Seconde mathode
Types of DC circuits: DC circuit can be classified as:
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Fundamental of Electrical Engineering ASS.prof. Buraq A. Awad
EX
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Fundamental of Electrical Engineering ASS.prof. Buraq A. Awad
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Fundamental of Electrical Engineering ASS.prof. Buraq A. Awad
EX: find I2 by using CDR
Sol:
EX: Find I1, I2 and I3
Sol:
Or
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