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Does not discuss potential solutions for a health care problem or issue and describe what would be
required to implement a solution. Nonprofit agencies compete among themselves for charitable
donations as well as government and private foundation grants, and in some cases government
agencies have sought to improve the cost-effectiveness of services by encouraging nonprofits to
compete for grant funding. Identifies a health care problem or issue but does not analyze it. For
example, in starting up a community project one team might conduct a needs assessment, while
another looks for funding, and a third locates a facility. Download Free PDF View PDF See Full
PDF Download PDF Loading Preview Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. This helps visualize
the organization in terms of who reports to whom, who is responsible for which divisions of the
organization, and how the chain of command proceeds from bottom to top. Analyze a health care
problem or issue by describing the context, explaining why it is important, and identifying
populations affected by it. Identity is what is unique, core, and enduring to the organization and to
which organizational members cling when faced with major challenges (Schmid, 2013). Matrix
structures have been criticized because staff report to different people for different functions.Project
team structure: This model is used when work is organized by teams that work relatively
independently on specific projects. For example, an international advocacy organization has the goal
to assist victims of human trafficking (Hodge, 2014). Does not write clearly and logically, with
correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics. They can affect, for example, whether
adult protective service workers are instructed merely to collect facts from a battered older person
and then turn to a supervisor who will direct the next steps, or whether they are allowed to use
professional judgment to intervene as they believe is needed. They reveal the symbolic meaning in
challenges faced and in relational conflicts. Beginning in Task 1 by gathering contextual information,
we then move to Task 2 (external) and Task 3 (internal) aspects of the focal organization. Thus, the
agency?s domain is geographically broad in scope, even though it is more narrow in terms of whom it
targets. This appeared to be a result of these organizations. More generally, almost all revenues of
HSOs come with strings attached, and decisions on how to spend them often rest more with the
funding agency than with the recipient.Using governmental organizations as an example, a county
agency that appears to be subject to local decision-making processes may in fact operate more like a
local extension of the state agency that provides the bulk of its funds. This increases the likelihood
that clients will receive services and that agencies will receive clients they need. The views of
members of the general public are not always apparent, however, and public opinion is seldom
unanimous, so organizations must decide which of a wide variety of expressed views represents the
prevailing attitude. In general, the lower the level of government, the larger the variety of funding
sources used. Clients who cover the cost of their services, either personally or through third-party
reimbursement, will be termed full-pay clients. Some organizations are iconic, such as the American
Red Cross or UNICEF, in that images immediately come to mind. Discuss potential solutions for a
health care problem or issue and describe what would be required to implement a solution.
Competency 4: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and respectful of the
diversity, dignity, and integrity of others, and that is consistent with expectations for health care
professionals. For example, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations
(JCAHO) establishes requirements for how member agencies must operate, and loss of accreditation
can threaten an agency?s viability by restricting its funding and client referrals. Writes following
APA style for in-text citations, quotes, and references without errors, and uses current reference
sources. Upload Read for free FAQ and support Language (EN) Sign in Skip carousel Carousel
Previous Carousel Next What is Scribd. Stories provide information on past events and the persons
involved as well as interpretations of what happened. Trends in the availability of funds from
charitable or governmental sources are usually closely watched, and in order to ensure resource flow
some agencies may attempt to compete for funds in areas where they have little experience or
expertise.Task 2: Assess the Organization?s Environmental RelationshipsAs mentioned, organizations
have to be able to navigate the external environment beyond their domains and build internal
capacity to adapt and survive within that environment. Writes clearly and logically, with correct use
of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.
The University of Texas ?Consumer Medicare Quality Measure Comparative Paper. In contrast,Table
8.2 Identifying Client PopulationsClient Groups Served1. Enter the email address associated with
your account, and we will email you a link to reset your password. Identify what each organization
does well and areas where they fall short. Use scholarly information to describe and explain a health
care problem or issue and identify possible causes for it. The problem is that these steps rarely solve
the kinds of fundamental concerns that brought about the need for a management consultant in the
first place.An alternative approach to organizational assessment is to conduct a systematic
examination of key organizational elements. How does information flow throughout the
organization? ??? ??? ??? ???5. Chen (2013) asserts that these stories promote organizational memory
and change. This appeared to be a result of these organizations. The problem is that these steps rarely
solve the kinds of fundamental concerns that brought about the need for a management consultant in
the first place.An alternative approach to organizational assessment is to conduct a systematic
examination of key organizational elements. Regardless of how the formal organizational structure is
designed, there will be a second structural level, often referred to as informal networks or emergent
structures (Rank, 2008). If LFS has not revised this mission, it is unlikely that its current work has
any connection to its stated reason for existence. Accessing materials that describe programs, their
rationale, and their designs will be important to understanding what services are available.Go to the
Foundation Center website, and search the free online database of funding sources. A guiding
assumption has been that private sector organizations can provide services more efficiently and
effectively than large governmental bureaucracies, and that, in the case of nonprofit organizations,
they can also draw on their traditional commitments to addressing poverty to ensure that these
clients are served.Human service agencies adjust their boundaries due to a many factors, and a
misunderstanding of these may lead to critical service gaps. For example, one quality standard might
be to require that no more than 20 percent of clients given counseling services drop out before the
counseling program is considered to be complete. Does the mission make a statement about expected
client outcomes? ??? ???7. Nonprofit agencies, which usually receive funds from a wide variety of
sources, may have greater flexibility. As noted in Chapter 2, the entire nonprofit human service sector
originated with individual volunteers working together to make their efforts more productive.
Among the most important mechanisms for dissemination are block grants (lump-sum federal
appropriations in which specific allocations are left to state or local governments), matching funds
(which typically provide a certain amount of federal funds for each dollar expended by the receiving
agency), and grant programs in which funds are targeted for a specific use and are restricted
accordingly. Disciplines in which they are trained include social work, counseling, psychology, child
care, medicine, nursing, rehabilitation, and education, and their work may be supported by people
from fields such as accounting, management, public relations, and finance. Competency 4:
Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and respectful of the diversity, dignity, and
integrity of others, and that is consistent with expectations for health care professionals. Like
communities, organizations may have geographical or nonplace parameters. Efficiency accountability
focuses on the ratio of outputs to inputs or, more specifically, the ratio of volume of service provided
to dollars expended. It also states the reason for the agency?s existence, which should not change in
fundamental ways unless the reason for existence also changes. For a small, community-based
agency, a collegial model might be best. However, since the early 1980s, governmental policies have
favored privatization?the shifting of more services to the private sector. This increases the likelihood
that clients will receive services and that agencies will receive clients they need. Payment is made
only after you have completed your 1-on-1 session and are satisfied with your session. Is the
structure appropriate to the needs of the organization or program? ??? ??? ??? ???3. Sometimes,
these are provided for use directly by the agency; at other times, they are intended for resale to
generate cash revenues, or for distribution directly to clients.
Also, many do not make detailed funding information readily available except where public funds
are used and budget documents are a matter of public record.The first step in assessing
organizational funding is to determine the sources from which funds are acquired. For our purposes,
we will define the clients of HSOs as those who receive services, not necessarily those who pay.
Clients who cover the cost of their services, either personally or through third-party reimbursement,
will be termed full-pay clients. Similar to McGregor?s characterization of Theory X, the assumptions
of this model are that people inherently dislike work, they are not self-motivated or self-directed, and
they do it only because they need the money. Theories that support the human relations model would
include Mayo?s human relations theory as well as many of the theorists who expanded on Mayo?s
work and focused on employee motivation.The human resources model is characterized by a focus
on the use of untapped resources and potential existing within employees. For example, the Joint
Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations (JCAHO) establishes requirements for
how member agencies must operate, and loss of accreditation can threaten an agency?s viability by
restricting its funding and client referrals. Because revenues for serving these clients must be
generated from other sources (e.g., charitable donations or profits earned from full-pay clients),
agencies often do little to attract these clients and may erect eligibility barriers to restrict their
numbers. For example, direct supervision of a social worker for his or her activities on the ward of an
inpatient mental health facility might come from a physician or nurse who is the ward leader,
whereas a different supervisor might oversee the social worker?s efforts with outpatients. As a
student, you will access quality metrics in Medicare.gov. Discover the comparison of quality
information available to consumers. Examples of relevant databases available in most university
libraries include Social Work Abstracts, Medline, PsycINFO, and others.Some of the more important
documents and data sources to be. A change episode that attempted to influence the use of these
funds would be unlikely to succeed unless those seeking change recognize that decision-making
power rests with organizations in the agency?s task environment rather than inside its own
boundaries.The number of sources from which an agency?s funds are drawn is also a key
consideration. Accordingly, it is important in assessing effectiveness to review the professional
literature and become aware of the most recent trends and tools. For example, Howard (2013),
found that as dependence on fee-paying clients in nonprofit HSOs increases, their likelihood of
serving nonwhite clients decreases, as does the range of service they offer to non-English speakers.
Examples of relevant databases available in most university libraries include Social Work Abstracts,
Medline, PsycINFO, and others.Some of the more important documents and data sources to be. On
the other hand, professional organizations such as the Academy of Certified Social Workers
(ACSW) or state licensing agencies impose standards on how individuals carry out their work within
agencies, whether or not the agencies themselves are accredited.The ?general public? is a constituent
of almost all organizations, and by their nature HSOs are dependent on societal approval for their
activities. In the Lakeside Family Services vignette, volunteers were critical to the organization?s
early development. It may be important to examine these documents firsthand, since organizations
that are incorporated for one purpose, such as operating the orphanage from which LFS arose, may
gradually add new populations and services, such as help for pregnant teens. For example, LFS is a
prime candidate for reexamining its original mission, which was established when orphanages were
both necessary and commonplace. The dollar value of these resources is difficult to calculate, but
estimates suggest it is substantial. Merton (1952) warned of learned incompetence that develops
among employees in bureaucracies who rely so heavily on a policy manual to make their decisions
that they cease to think logically or creatively about their jobs (such as addressing client problems in
an HSO). Write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mech.
Employees of HSOs often come from a wide range of specializations, including health, mental
health, substance use, developmental disabilities, child welfare, services to older adults, residential
treatment, adult and juvenile corrections, and many others. Pay special attention to areas where your
competitors outrank you on scores. Employees of HSOs often come from a wide range of
specializations, including health, mental health, substance use, developmental disabilities, child
welfare, services to older adults, residential treatment, adult and juvenile corrections, and many
others. Language: English close menu English (selected) Espanol Portugues Deutsch Francais. The
paper contains supporting examples for the main points. Power dynamics and status differentials
may result in misunderstandings. Colorado Technical University Online Human Service
Organizations Discussion. Like communities, organizations may have geographical or nonplace
parameters. Managers are expected to create an environment in which all members may contribute to
the limits of their abilities, full participation is encouraged on all matters, and self-direction and self-
control are supported and promoted.
Analyze a Current Health Care Problem or Issue Scoring Guide. As noted in Chapter 2, the entire
nonprofit human service sector originated with individual volunteers working together to make their
efforts more productive. Stories provide information on past events and the persons involved as well
as interpretations of what happened. For example, an international advocacy organization has the
goal to assist victims of human trafficking (Hodge, 2014). Who is responsible for generating ideas
about how to make improvements? ??? ??? ??? ???Small HSOs may have one program with multiple
services, whereas larger HSOs may have numbers of programs targeted to multiple population
groups. Writes following APA style for in-text citations, quotes, and references without errors, and
uses current reference sources. For large public agencies, some type of bureaucratic structure may be
useful because of size, predictability of operations, and accountability considerations. The changes
may be reasonable and well intentioned, but may still result in the agency operating outside its legal
authorization. Having learned about the external and internal work of the organization, one is better
able to assess the organization?s cultural competency in Task 4. See Figure 8.1 for an overview of
the tasks in the framework for assessing an organization.Task 1: Identify Focal OrganizationIt may
be that you work in a particular organization and are knowledgeable about its background. One
useful way to organize and understand them comes from Miles (1975), who classified managerial
theories or models into one of three categories: (1) the traditional model, (2) the human relations
model, and (3) the human resources model.The traditional model is characterized by very closely
supervising work, controlling subordinates, breaking work down into simple tasks that are easily
learned, and establishing detailed work routines. Pay special attention to areas where your
competitors outrank you on scores. Competency 4: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly,
professional, and respectful of the diversity, dignity, and integrity of others, and that is consistent
with expectations for health care professionals. Are staff aware of, and do they practice in
accordance with, the mission statement? ??? ???organizational products such as annual reports,
organizational charts, job descriptions, case records, and a host of others. Following from this
approach, consultants often recommend short-term solutions such as staff development and training,
employee incentive programs, morale-building activities like social events, relationship-enhancing
activities between management and staff, attempts to humanize the chief executive officer, and so
forth. Management is open to feedback, and subordinates are allowed to exercise some self-direction
on routine matters. For example, an organization with a mission to serve the neediest clients may
have begun focusing primarily on marketing to clients who can pay. Trends in the availability of
funds from charitable or governmental sources are usually closely watched, and in order to ensure
resource flow some agencies may attempt to compete for funds in areas where they have little
experience or expertise.Task 2: Assess the Organization?s Environmental RelationshipsAs mentioned,
organizations have to be able to navigate the external environment beyond their domains and build
internal capacity to adapt and survive within that environment. For-profit agencies that depend on
paying clients also have greater flexibility than public agencies, but their decision making is driven
by demands to return profits to their investors.Among government organizations, direct
appropriations are usually the only source of revenue, including federal, state, county, and local
agencies. Is the structure appropriate to the needs of the organization or program? ??? ??? ??? ???3.
Nonprofit agencies, which usually receive funds from a wide variety of sources, may have greater
flexibility. Extensive accounting and funding-usage requirements are also imposed by
nongovernmental funding sources such as the United Way.Other organizations that impose some sort
of regulatory boundaries include professional associations, labor unions, and accrediting bodies.
Boundary control is generally highest in for-profit organizations, where the primary goal is making
money, and lowest in governmental organizations, which are intended to provide a safety net for
clients who cannot obtain services elsewhere. Employees of HSOs often come from a wide range of
specializations, including health, mental health, substance use, developmental disabilities, child
welfare, services to older adults, residential treatment, adult and juvenile corrections, and many
others. This may lead to certain groups of clients, including the most needy, being deliberately
excluded from access to services, as well as to creaming (taking on less needy clients who can pay
or are more likely to succeed). Agencies with a single funding source risk becoming rigid and
overspecialized; those with many sources may have difficulty defining or focusing on their mission.
Identify what each organization does well and areas where they fall short. Competency 2: Apply
scholarly information through critical thinking to solve problems in the field of health care. Because
revenues for serving these clients must be generated from other sources (e.g., charitable donations or
profits earned from full-pay clients), agencies often do little to attract these clients and may erect
eligibility barriers to restrict their numbers. How are organizational goals established? ??? ??? ???
???2.
Describes a health care problem or issue but does not explain it, or identifies possible causes for a
problem or issues but the identification is incomplete or inaccurate. For example, a health care
organization may be proud of its identity as a leader in the field, but when incoming patients feel
they are not well treated, image will not align with identity. Minimum of two references in addition
to text. 10 Pointsplease, compare these three organizations Current workplace- THHSCcomparatives
organizations - Harris County Hospital- EBJ Future workplace- CMS -Long term sector. Colorado
Technical University Online Human Service Organizations Discussion. This increases the likelihood
that clients will receive services and that agencies will receive clients they need. Does not write
following APA style for in-text citations, quotes, and references. As discussed in Box 8.2, much
depends on variables such as the nature of the work and the background and roles of staff. More
generally, almost all revenues of HSOs come with strings attached, and decisions on how to spend
them often rest more with the funding agency than with the recipient.Using governmental
organizations as an example, a county agency that appears to be subject to local decision-making
processes may in fact operate more like a local extension of the state agency that provides the bulk
of its funds. If yes, how many, and for what purposes?What in-kind resources (e.g., food, clothing,
physical facilities) does the organization receive?What tax benefits does the organization receive?In
a study of nonprofit agencies. Analyzes the ethical implications if a potential solution to a health
care problem or issue was implemented. Nonprofit agencies compete among themselves for charitable
donations as well as government and private foundation grants, and in some cases government
agencies have sought to improve the cost-effectiveness of services by encouraging nonprofits to
compete for grant funding. It is assumed that for most people, work means more than merely earning
a paycheck and that they are willing to contribute to the success of the total work effort. For
example, a for-profit counseling agency may draw most of its clients from the employee assistance
program of a nearby manufacturing plant; thus relationships with the manufacturer are likely to be
the key environmental consideration for the counseling agency. Colorado Technical University
Online Human Service Organizations Discussion. Finally, mass media are critical purveyors of
public attitudes, although they may highlight the extreme rather than typical opinions. Assessing
Human Service OrganizationsAs mentioned in the reading materials for this unit, human service
organizations oper. However, since the early 1980s, governmental policies have favored
privatization?the shifting of more services to the private sector. Competency 3: Apply ethical
principles and academic standards to the study of health care. This includes a special concern for
families, children, and older adults. Each team has a leader, and overall coordination is done by a
committee of team leaders (Miles, 1975).Collegial or network structure: This is most common in
organizations composed of professionals who operate relatively independently and come together
only in circumstances in which their work overlaps. This may lead to certain groups of clients,
including the most needy, being deliberately excluded from access to services, as well as to creaming
(taking on less needy clients who can pay or are more likely to succeed). They found that these
relationships may be particularly challenging because of accountability requirements that are
developed by dominant cultures that may not mesh well with local communities. Within each
element, one could examine ideal models or optimal levels of functioning, as illustrated in current
theoretical or research literature. For-profit agencies that depend on paying clients also have greater
flexibility than public agencies, but their decision making is driven by demands to return profits to
their investors.Among government organizations, direct appropriations are usually the only source of
revenue, including federal, state, county, and local agencies. Foster parents5. Individuals in need of
personal counseling6. Each program may have its own funding sources with different rules and
regulations, each may have specialized staff, and some may share staff across programs.
Informational brochures, funding applications, and strategic plans, may contain detailed program
plans complete with goals and objectives. This number included about 22 percent of adult men and
28 percent of adult women. If yes, how many, and for what purposes?What in-kind resources (e.g.,
food, clothing, physical facilities) does the organization receive?What tax benefits does the
organization receive?In a study of nonprofit agencies. How might a human service organization use
this resource in locating new sources of revenue?Each program should have a clear statement of the
problem(s) it is intended to address and the population(s) it is intended to serve. Analyze the ethical
implications if a potential solution to a health care problem or issue was implemented.
Each team has a leader, and overall coordination is done by a committee of team leaders (Miles,
1975).Collegial or network structure: This is most common in organizations composed of
professionals who operate relatively independently and come together only in circumstances in which
their work overlaps. A guiding assumption has been that private sector organizations can provide
services more efficiently and effectively than large governmental bureaucracies, and that, in the case
of nonprofit organizations, they can also draw on their traditional commitments to addressing
poverty to ensure that these clients are served.Human service agencies adjust their boundaries due to
a many factors, and a misunderstanding of these may lead to critical service gaps. A chronology of
events in the life of the agency may be listed on the agency?s website. Using this ideal as a basis of
comparison, the review proceeds to an examination of data that depict the actual situation as well as
gaps between the ideal and real. Write following APA style for in-text citations, quotes, and
references. Does not write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation,
and mechanics. Examples of relevant databases available in most university libraries include Social
Work Abstracts, Medline, PsycINFO, and others.Some of the more important documents and data
sources to be. As a student, you will access quality metrics in Medicare.gov. Discover the
comparison of quality information available to consumers. Language: English close menu English
(selected) Espanol Portugues Deutsch Francais. Minimum of two references in addition to text. 10
Pointsplease, compare these three organizations Current workplace- THHSCcomparatives
organizations - Harris County Hospital- EBJ Future workplace- CMS -Long term sector. Colleagues?
status is related to their professional competencies, and thus status differentials are removed. Does
not write following APA style for in-text citations, quotes, and references. Who has involvement in
providing feedback about performance? ??? ??? ??? ???6. Cooperative arrangements are also
common, as in the case of referral agreements between agencies, which are used as a means of
exchanging clients who do not fit the referring agency but are considered resources by the agency to
which they are referred. Because revenues for serving these clients must be generated from other
sources (e.g., charitable donations or profits earned from full-pay clients), agencies often do little to
attract these clients and may erect eligibility barriers to restrict their numbers. The changes may be
reasonable and well intentioned, but may still result in the agency operating outside its legal
authorization. SWOT analyses reveal a great deal about organizational identity.Corporate Authority
and MissionAn agency?s corporate authority forms the legal basis for its operations, and this
represents one of the ways it defines its domain. Analyze the ethical implications if a potential
solution to a health care problem or issue was implemented. Whatever form that history takes, it is an
important cultural artifact that provides clues to cultural values and assumptions and how they have
changed over time.Equally important are the historical narratives that organizational members tell.
Uses scholarly information to describe and explain a health care problem or issue and identify
possible causes for it. Uses scholarly information to describe and explain a health care problem or
issue and identify possible causes for it. Lipsky?s (1984) bureaucratic disentitlement describes
situations in HSOs where clients fail to receive benefits or services to which they are entitled due to
decisions based on rigid and sometimes illogical internal rules rather than client needs. This increases
the likelihood that clients will receive services and that agencies will receive clients they need.
Another indirect but important indicator of public views is funding sources, where patterns in the
availability of dollars can reveal much about topics of interest to wealthy donors, private
foundations, and ordinary citizens. As you near the end of your first field education practicum,
reflect upon your use of self as a tool for helping others to. One example would be a private
counseling clinic in which a small partnership of psychologists and social workers purchase a
building and equipment and hire support staff. One example would be a private counseling clinic in
which a small partnership of psychologists and social workers purchase a building and equipment
and hire support staff. Is it tasks, is it functions, or is it the employee?How are decisions made. If it
is private, its legal basis is in its articles of incorporation. One part of the process is domain
legitimation, in which the organization gains acknowledgment of claims it makes as to its sphere of
activities and expertise.
Having learned about the external and internal work of the organization, one is better able to assess
the organization?s cultural competency in Task 4. Is communication primarily top-down, or in all
directions? ??? ??? ??? ???4. Managers are expected to create an environment in which all members
may contribute to the limits of their abilities, full participation is encouraged on all matters, and self-
direction and self-control are supported and promoted. It is widely used because it is easy to
understand and apply, ensures that everyone has only one supervisor, and provides for lines of
communication, exercise of authority, performance evaluation, and many other functions necessary
to ensure smooth operation.As we also noted in Chapter 7, however, many critics of bureaucratic
structure believe it is not the best design for human service agencies. Also, many do not make
detailed funding information readily available except where public funds are used and budget
documents are a matter of public record.The first step in assessing organizational funding is to
determine the sources from which funds are acquired. HBOs must typically report data on
efficiency, quality, and effectiveness that reflect a commitment to providing the best services
possible at the lowest cost. They, too, become cultural artifacts and icons either through continued
participation or through legend. Each team has a leader, and overall coordination is done by a
committee of team leaders (Miles, 1975).Collegial or network structure: This is most common in
organizations composed of professionals who operate relatively independently and come together
only in circumstances in which their work overlaps. These includeBox 8.1 Example Mission
Statement for Lakeside Family ServicesThe mission of Lakeside Family Services is to help members
of our community solve problems facing them. The question to ask about these artifacts is do they
reflect the espoused values within the organization?s mission statement or are there potential
discontinuities in what is espoused and actual behavior. Does not analyze a health care problem or
issue by describing the context, explaining why it is important, and identifying populations affected
by it. Sometimes, these are provided for use directly by the agency; at other times, they are intended
for resale to generate cash revenues, or for distribution directly to clients. Similar to McGregor?s
characterization of Theory X, the assumptions of this model are that people inherently dislike work,
they are not self-motivated or self-directed, and they do it only because they need the money.
Language: English close menu English (selected) Espanol Portugues Deutsch Francais. Egregious
cases in which the abuse of a child resulted in death have led to public outcry, followed by legislative
changes directing protective service workers to favor the safety of the child when investigating new
reports. Questions are posted anonymously and can be made 100% private. To browse Academia.edu
and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser.
The dollar value of these resources is difficult to calculate, but estimates suggest it is substantial. This
may lead to certain groups of clients, including the most needy, being deliberately excluded from
access to services, as well as to creaming (taking on less needy clients who can pay or are more
likely to succeed). Still another complication is that agencies may be forced to stand against public
opinion, as in the case of advocacy organizations that must confront ignorance or discrimination
against particular clients or groups.Within the task environment, public opinion is often conveyed
through elected representatives, interest groups, civic organizations, and many others. In general,
accrediting bodies certify the operation of organizations as a whole, whereas professional
associations and licensing bodies certify the work of individuals. This can mean that consumers are a
less important part of the task environment of private agencies than insurance companies and other
third-party payers who establish criteria and rates for reimbursement. For a small, community-based
agency, a collegial model might be best. More generally, almost all revenues of HSOs come with
strings attached, and decisions on how to spend them often rest more with the funding agency than
with the recipient.Using governmental organizations as an example, a county agency that appears to
be subject to local decision-making processes may in fact operate more like a local extension of the
state agency that provides the bulk of its funds. Is information solicited from those affected?Do
employees feel valued at every level. The median number of hours per years devoted by each
volunteer was about 50. They found that these relationships may be particularly challenging because
of accountability requirements that are developed by dominant cultures that may not mesh well with
local communities. They can affect, for example, whether adult protective service workers are
instructed merely to collect facts from a battered older person and then turn to a supervisor who will
direct the next steps, or whether they are allowed to use professional judgment to intervene as they
believe is needed. One example is regulatory bodies responsible for establishing acceptable service
practices. Some of these may be governmental licensing agencies that inspect and certify the services
and physical environment of organizations such as nursing homes, child-caring institutions, and
residential treatment facilities.