NUTS & BOLTS

GROUP MEMBER
NEHA SINGH
PRIYA SINGH
“ JOINERY DETAILS
●
●
REBATE
WELDING ELECTRODES
● WASHER
● NUT
● BOLTS
● CUTTING WHEELS
● GRINDING WHEEL

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 REBATE

REBATE

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REBATE

➢ A REBATE IS A RECESS IN A DOOR JAMB THAT

PROVIDES A STOP FOR THE SCREEN DOOR .
➢ Chowkhats must have a rebate carved to
accommodate the leaves (shutters) - the rebate
should be 12 to 13 mm deep and equal in width to
the leaf thickness. REBATE

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REBATE

➢ When machining a rebate, half of the

door's "thickness" is channelled out to
allow the doors to interlock by 12mm.

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WELDING
ELECTRODES

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WELDING ELECTRODES

➢ A welding electrode is defined as a

metal wire covered with a composition
identical to the metal being welded.

Types of Welding Electrodes

1. Consumable Electrodes
2. Non-Consumable Electrodes

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 Consumable Electrodes
➢ Consumable electrodes have low melting point.
➢ These types of welding electrodes are preferred
to use in Metal Inert Gas (MIG) welding .
➢ Materials like mild steel and nickel steel are
utilised to make consumable electrodes.

Consumable electrodes are classified as

follows:
(i) Bare Electrodes :They are electrodes that have
no coating and are typically utilised in
applications where a coated electrode is not
required.
(ii)Coated Electrodes :The coating factor is used to
categorise coated electrodes. The coating factor is
the proportion of the electrode diameter to the
diameter of the core wire. 8
Types of coated electrodes:
1 Light coated electrodes -Electrodes with a coating
factor of 1.25. Impurities like as oxides and
phosphorous are removed by applying a light coating
to electrodes. Arc stability is also improved with
light coating.
2 Medium coated electrodes - Medium coated electrodes with
coating factor of 1.45.
3 Shielded arc or Heavily coated electrodes - It has a coating
factor that ranges from 1.6 to 2.2. The composition of these
electrodes is correct and well characterised. The electrodes
were highly coated.
They are designed in three types –
● Electrodes with cellulose coating
● Electrodes with mineral coating
● Electrodes with coating of both cellulose as well as
mineral coating.

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 Non-Consumable
Electrodes
➢ Non-consumable electrodes are those which do not
melt away or consumed during the welding process.
➢ Non-consumable electrodes are used in Tungsten
inert gas welding (TIG) and carbon arc welding.
➢ These electrodes involves the use of high melting
point materials such as carbon - MP 6700 degree
Fahrenheit, pure tungsten MP 6150 degree
Fahrenheit, or alloy tungsten.

Types of non-consumable electrodes:

1. Carbon or Graphite electrodes : It is made up of
carbon and graphite and mostly used in the
applications of cutting arc welding.
2. Tungsten electrodes : It is consists of tungsten
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and it is a non-filler metal electrode.
Classification of Welding Electrodes

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WASHER

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 WASHER

A washer is a thin disc-shaped plate that is used in conjunction with

a threaded fastener to:
➢ Distribute load.
➢ Create separation.
➢ Prevent corrosion and wear.
➢ Lock fasteners.
➢ Reduce vibration.

Washers are most commonly made from metal or plastic, although

rubber and fibre versions are also available.

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There are three main categories of washer:
➢ Plain washers-A flat annulus or ring is used to spread the
load of a screwed fastening and prevent harm to the surface
being attached with this form of washer. Penny washer

● Penny washer (or Fender washer)

● Spherical washer
● C-washer
● Countersunk washer Countersunk
c- washer
➢ Spring washers- The axial flexibility of this washer helpswasher
to Spherical washer

prevent fastening or loosening as a result of vibrations or

stress.
Belleville
● Belleville washer washer

● Curved disc spring

● Wave washer
● Split washer
Split washer

Curved disc washer

wave washer

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➢ Locking washer- This type of washer
prevents fastening or loosening rotation
and is typically interchangeable with
spring washers.
● Helical spring Helical washer

● Toothed lock washer

● Tab washer
Toothed lock washer

Tab washer

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Bolts

Hex Bolt

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 Bolts

Bolts are metal objects consisting of a cylindrical trunk with grooves

(Grooves that are similar to the grooves present inside a nut. )

In addition to this threaded stem, there is also a forward current, which BOLT
helps hold the fasten together.

OUTSIDE

NUT
INSIDE

Bolts come in different sizes, usually ranging from 3mm to 60 mm in diameter and
nominal length ranges to as high as 300 mm (or even more) depending upon the
usage.
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 Bolts

Eye Bolt in use.

U-Bolt in use.

Common finishes include:

● Anodizing
● Armor coating
● Low carbon steel ● Black oxide
● Medium carbon steel ● Blue phosphate
● Low carbon martensite steel ● Chrome plating
● Weathering steel ● Hot-dipped galvanized
● Alloy steel ● Yellow passivated
● Medium carbon alloy steel ● Zinc coating

Bolts are also available in alternative material choices than the usual steels. These options include
stainless steel, metal alloys such as brass and bronze, and polymers such as nylon or PEEK
(PolyEther Ether Ketone).

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 Types of Bolts

There are various types of bolts and they all

have different functions. FLANGE BOLTS
Contain a washer-like surface or
(U-bolt and Eye bolt are also types of bolts) flange beneath the head of these
fasteners that provides a means to
distribute the clamping load over a
larger surface area.
ANCHOR BOLTS
Designed to be used to attach a structural
member or component to a concrete slab or
poured foundation HEX BOLTS
These bolts feature a hexagonal head or a
hex head, that is suitable for tightening
with a wrench or socket. A hex bolt may
be fully threaded or may feature an
unthreaded shoulder.
CARRIAGE BOLTS
Carriage Bolts are a form of self-locking bolt
that affords a level of security by using a
flush-mount domed head, which permits
SHOULDER BOLTS
Also called stripper bolts, feature a
access to remove or loosen these bolts from
threaded bolt section of smaller diameter
the nut side of the bolt only.
than the shoulder of the bolt (the section
of the bolt between the head and the
beginning of the threaded portion)
ROUND HEAD BOLTS DOUBLE END BOLTS
Similar in appearance to carriage bolts, round One end is designed to be threaded
head bolts do not have the square taper beneath into a suitable hole that has been
the domed head of the bolt and are typically tapped with a mated thread, while the
used to join wood. other end protrudes and is threaded to
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support a nut.
 SOCKET HEAD BOLTS
Feature a recessed head that is tightened using
an Allen wrench or hex socket tool. The head
style of these bolts can vary from a cylindrical
profile to a flat-head countersunk style to a
domed button head design, depending on the
desired use.

Differences between bolt and screw

SQUARE HEAD BOLTS
Were used often until hex bolts came in. They are
primarily used in railway applications or to
achieve the aesthetic of an older or more
traditional appearance.

BLIND BOLTS
Bolt that allows for the use of a fastener in cases
where the application does not allow access to
both sides of the bolt to tighten or torque the
bolt.

Some sizes in Round-headed Bolts 20

8M grade nut Made from 316 type stainless steel
Nuts
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 Nuts

A nut is a small metal object with a hole in the middle that has
a corrugated hole. These curved holes are known as threads.
Nuts are used as a fastening device.

Different locking mechanisms can be used, including:

● Locking washers.
● Jam nuts or locking nuts.
● Thread-locking fluid. Materials commonly used:
● Oval-shaped threads ● Titanium
WELD NUT ● Stainless steel
● Steel
SQUARE NUT ● Rubber
● Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
● Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
● Plastic
● Fiber-reinforced plastic
● Copper alloy
● Brass
● Aluminum
T-NUT
It is important to note that evens though nuts are used as a fastening device, they cannot be used without bolts. 22
 Types of Nuts

WING NUT CAP NUT

BASIC HEX NUT
ACORN NUT

COUPLING NUT
BARREL NUT CAGE NUT FLANGE NUT
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 Nuts Bolts
1 A nut is a type of fasteners that The bolt is a solid cylindrical
are always used with bolts. fastener that is used with a
nut.

2 The nuts are hollow circular The bolts are solid

cylinders with a circular cylinders with a circular
cross-section. cross-section.

3 They are used as a fastener in In conjugation with nuts

conjugation with bolts. are used to fasten the
stuff.

4 The materials used to make are The material is generally

usually carbon steel coated with used to make high-grade
zinc steel with a large
percentage of nickel and
chrome. 24
Grinding
Wheel
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 Grinding Wheel
A grinding wheel is a multi-tooth cutter made up of many hard particles
known as abrasives which have been crushed to leave sharpened edges for
machining.

Every grinding wheel has two constituents:

● Abrasive used for cutting.
● Bond that holds abrasive grains.

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF A GRINDING WHEEL:-

● Removal of stock
● Generation of cylindrical, flat and curved surfaces
● Production of highly finished surfaces
● Cutting off operations
● Production of sharp edges and points.

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ABRASIVES:
An abrasive is a hard and tough substance, having sharp edges. It cuts or wears away materials softer than itself.
Important properties of abrasives are penetration hardness, fracture resistance and wear resistance.

There are two types of abrasives:

natural (sand stone, diamond)
artificial abrasives (SiC, Al2O3)

BOND:
The bond is an adhesive substance which cements or holds the
abrasive grains together to form a grinding wheel.
Depending upon the application, bond imparts the qualities of hardness or softness to the grinding wheel.
The choice or selection of the bond depends upon the accuracy, the required surface finish and the nature of
grinding operation.
The bond is divided into 5 types (i.e. Vitrified (V), Resinoid (B), Rubber (R), Metal (M), Electroplated (P)).

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 all of the surface must be ground.
They are classified in the following groups:
Straight side grinding wheel
Cylindrical wheels
Cup wheels
Dish wheels

CUP WHEEL

CYLINDRICAL WHEEL
DISH WHEEL
STRAIGHT SIDE GRINDING WHEEL 28
Nomenclature of Grinding Wheel
It consists of 6 symbols representing following properties of
grinding wheel:
● Manufacturer’s symbol
● Type of abrasive
● Grain size
● Grade
● Structure
● Type of bond
● Manufacture symbol (optional) for
● reference

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Cutting
Wheel
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Cutting Wheel
Cutting wheels, or cut-off wheels, differ from grinding wheels in their function and structure.

Where grinding wheels use an abrasive to grind large pieces of material off a workpiece from
a shallow angle, cutting wheels typically make narrow, precise cuts at 90-degree angles.

● Cutting wheels are often thinner than grinding wheels

● The minimal thickness makes them better for clean, accurate cuts.

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Cutting wheels typically contain a few different materials —
● primarily the grains that do the cutting
● bonds that hold the grains in place
● fiberglass that reinforces the wheels

Common cutting wheel diameters:

● range from 2 to 4 inches for die grinders,
● 4 to 9 inches for angle grinders, and
● 12 to 20 inches for chop, stationary, or high-speed saws.

GRINDING WHEEL SPECIFICATIONS

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TYPE 1 CUTTING WHEEL (TYPE 41 CUTTING
WHEEL)
A type 1 cut-off wheel, also known as a type 41 cut-off
wheel, is completely flat. It is typically considered the
most efficient type of wheel for general all-purpose
cutting.

It lacks a depressed center, it provides more cutting

surface and minimizes interference with the workpiece.

TYPE 27 CUTTING WHEEL (TYPE 42 CUTTING

WHEEL)
Instead of being completely flat, a type 27 cut-off wheel,
also known as a type 42 cut-off wheel, has a depressed
center.

The depressed center allows for added clearance when

the operator is working at a constrained angle, though it
gives the wheel limited cutting ability when working
around corners, profiles, or extrusions.

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This small recession creates a wider view angle
for the user and ability to provide better cuts.

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Thank You