Unit- 3 AI

What is NLP?
Natural language processing, or NLP, combines computational linguistics—rule-based
modeling of human language—with statistical and machine learning models to enable
computers and digital devices to recognize, understand and generate text and speech.

A branch of artificial intelligence (AI), NLP lies at the heart of applications and devices
that can

 translate text from one language to another

 respond to typed or spoken commands
 recognize or authenticate users based on voice
 summarize large volumes of text
 assess the intent or sentiment of text or speech
 generate text or graphics or other content on demand

Several NLP tasks break down human text and voice data in ways that help the
computer make sense of what it's ingesting. Some of these tasks include the following:

 Speech recognition, also called speech-to-text, is the task of reliably converting

voice data into text data. Speech recognition is required for any application that
follows voice commands or answers spoken questions. What makes speech
recognition especially challenging is the way people talk—quickly, slurring words
together, with varying emphasis and intonation, in different accents, and often
using incorrect grammar.
 Part of speech tagging, also called grammatical tagging, is the process of
determining the part of speech of a particular word or piece of text based on its
use and context. Part of speech identifies ‘make’ as a verb in ‘I can make a paper
plane,’ and as a noun in ‘What make of car do you own?’
 Word sense disambiguation is the selection of the meaning of a word with
multiple meanings through a process of semantic analysis that determine the
word that makes the most sense in the given context. For example, word sense
disambiguation helps distinguish the meaning of the verb 'make' in ‘make the
grade’ (achieve) vs. ‘make a bet’ (place).
 Named entity recognition, or NEM, identifies words or phrases as useful entities.
NEM identifies ‘Kentucky’ as a location or ‘Fred’ as a man's name.
 Co-reference resolution is the task of identifying if and when two words refer to
the same entity. The most common example is determining the person or object
to which a certain pronoun refers (e.g., ‘she’ = ‘Mary’), but it can also involve
identifying a metaphor or an idiom in the text (e.g., an instance in which 'bear'
isn't an animal but a large hairy person).
 Sentiment analysis attempts to extract subjective qualities—attitudes, emotions,
sarcasm, confusion, suspicion—from text.
 Natural language generation is sometimes described as the opposite of speech
recognition or speech-to-text; it's the task of putting structured information into
human language.
NLP is used in a wide range of applications, including machine translation, sentiment
analysis, speech recognition, chatbots, and text classification. Some common
techniques used in NLP include:
1. Tokenization: the process of breaking text into individual words or phrases.
2. Part-of-speech tagging: the process of labeling each word in a sentence with its
grammatical part of speech.
3. Named entity recognition: the process of identifying and categorizing named
entities, such as people, places, and organizations, in text.
4. Sentiment analysis: the process of determining the sentiment of a piece of text,
such as whether it is positive, negative, or neutral.
5. Machine translation: the process of automatically translating text from one
language to another.
6. Text classification: the process of categorizing text into predefined categories or
topics.

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and

Computer Science that is concerned with the interactions between computers and
humans in natural language. The goal of NLP is to develop algorithms and models that
enable computers to understand, interpret, generate, and manipulate human
languages.
Common Natural Language Processing (NLP) Task:
 Text and speech processing: This includes Speech recognition, text-&-speech
processing, encoding(i.e converting speech or text to machine-readable language),
etc.
 Text classification: This includes Sentiment Analysis in which the machine can
analyze the qualities, emotions, and sarcasm from text and also classify it
accordingly.
 Language generation: This includes tasks such as machine translation,
summary writing, essay writing, etc. which aim to produce coherent and fluent text.
 Language interaction: This includes tasks such as dialogue systems, voice
assistants, and chatbots, which aim to enable natural communication between
humans and computers.

Technologies related to Natural Language Processing

There are a variety of technologies related to natural language processing (NLP) that
are used to analyze and understand human language. Some of the most common
include:
1. Machine learning: NLP relies heavily on machine learning techniques such as
supervised and unsupervised learning, deep learning, and reinforcement learning to
train models to understand and generate human language.
2. Natural Language Toolkits (NLTK) and other libraries: NLTK is a popular open-
source library in Python that provides tools for NLP tasks such as tokenization,
stemming, and part-of-speech tagging. Other popular libraries include spaCy,
OpenNLP, and CoreNLP.
3. Parsers: Parsers are used to analyze the syntactic structure of sentences, such
as dependency parsing and constituency parsing.
4. Text-to-Speech (TTS) and Speech-to-Text (STT) systems: TTS systems
convert written text into spoken words, while STT systems convert spoken words
into written text.
5. Named Entity Recognition (NER) systems : NER systems identify and extract
named entities such as people, places, and organizations from the text.
6. Sentiment Analysis: A technique to understand the emotions or opinions
expressed in a piece of text, by using various techniques like Lexicon-Based,
Machine Learning-Based, and Deep Learning-based methods
7. Machine Translation: NLP is used for language translation from one language
to another through a computer.
8. Chatbots: NLP is used for chatbots that communicate with other chatbots or
humans through auditory or textual methods.
9. AI Software: NLP is used in question-answering software for knowledge
representation, analytical reasoning as well as information retrieval.

Applications of Natural Language Processing (NLP):

 Spam Filters: One of the most irritating things about email is spam. Gmail uses
natural language processing (NLP) to discern which emails are legitimate and
which are spam. These spam filters look at the text in all the emails you receive and
try to figure out what it means to see if it’s spam or not.
 Algorithmic Trading: Algorithmic trading is used for predicting stock market
conditions. Using NLP, this technology examines news headlines about companies
and stocks and attempts to comprehend their meaning in order to determine if you
should buy, sell, or hold certain stocks.
 Questions Answering: NLP can be seen in action by using Google Search or
Siri Services. A major use of NLP is to make search engines understand the
meaning of what we are asking and generate natural language in return to give us
the answers.
 Summarizing Information: On the internet, there is a lot of information, and a lot
of it comes in the form of long documents or articles. NLP is used to decipher the
meaning of the data and then provides shorter summaries of the data so that
humans can comprehend it more quickly.

Future Scope:

 Bots: Chatbots assist clients to get to the point quickly by answering inquiries
and referring them to relevant resources and products at any time of day or night.
To be effective, chatbots must be fast, smart, and easy to use, To accomplish this,
chatbots employ NLP to understand language, usually over text or voice-
recognition interactions
 Supporting Invisible UI: Almost every connection we have with machines
involves human communication, both spoken and written. Amazon’s Echo is only
one illustration of the trend toward putting humans in closer contact with technology
in the future. The concept of an invisible or zero user interface will rely on direct
communication between the user and the machine, whether by voice, text, or a
combination of the two. NLP helps to make this concept a real-world thing.
 Smarter Search: NLP’s future also includes improved search, something we’ve
been discussing at Expert System for a long time. Smarter search allows a chatbot
to understand a customer’s request can enable “search like you talk” functionality
 (much like you could query Siri) rather than focusing on keywords or topics. Google
recently announced that NLP capabilities have been added to Google Drive,
allowing users to search for documents and content using natural language.

Natural language processing tools

There are numerous natural language processing tools and services available to help
you get started today. Some of the most common tools and services you might
encounter include the following:
 Google Cloud NLP API
 IBM Watson
 Amazon Comprehend

Speech Recognition in AI

Overview

Speech recognition is one technique that has advanced significantly in the field of
artificial intelligence (AI) over the past few years. AI-based speech recognition has
made it possible for computers to understand and recognize human speech, enabling
frictionless interaction between humans and machines. Several sectors have been
transformed by this technology, which also has the potential to have a big impact in the
future.

Introduction

One of the most basic forms of human communication is speech. It serves as our main
form of thought, emotion, and idea expression. The capacity of machines to analyze
and comprehend human speech has grown in significance as technology develops. AI
research in the area of speech recognition aims to make it possible for machines to
understand and recognize human speech, enabling more efficient and natural
communication.

Today, speech recognition in AI has numerous applications across various industries,

from healthcare to telecommunications to media and marketing. The ability to recognize
and interpret human speech has opened up new possibilities for machine-human
interaction, enabling machines to perform tasks that were previously only possible
through manual input. As technology continues to advance, we can expect to see even
more exciting applications in the future.

What is Speech Recognition in AI?

Speech recognition is the process of identifying a human voice. Typically, businesses

create these programs and integrate them into various hardware devices to identify
speech. When the program hears your voice or receives your order, it will respond
appropriately.
Numerous businesses create software that recognizes speech using cutting-edge
technologies like artificial intelligence, machine learning, and neural networks. The way
individuals utilize hardware and electrical devices has been changed by technologies
like Siri, Amazon, Google Assistant, and Cortana. They include smartphones, devices
for home security, cars, etc.

Remember that voice recognition and speech recognition are not the same. Speech
recognition takes an audio file of a speaker, recognizes the words in the audio, and
converts the words into text. Voice recognition, in contrast, only recognizes voice
instructions that have been pre-programmed. The conversion of voice into text is the
only similarity between these two methods.

How does Speech Recognition in AI Work?

 Recording: The voice recorder that is built into the gadget is used to carry out the
first stage. The user's voice is kept as an audio signal after being recorded.
 Sampling: As you are aware, computers and other electronic gadgets use data in
their discrete form. By basic physics, it is known that a sound wave is continuous.
Therefore, for the system to understand and process it, it is converted to discrete
values. This conversion from continuous to discrete is done at a particular
frequency.
 Transforming to Frequency Domain: The audio signal's time domain is changed
to its frequency domain in this stage. This stage is very important because the
frequency domain may be used to examine a lot of audio information. Time
domain refers to the analysis of mathematical functions, physical signals, or time
series of economic or environmental data, concerning time. Similarly, the
frequency domain refers to the analysis of mathematical functions or signals
concerning frequency, rather than time.

 Information Extraction from Audio: Each voice recognition system's foundation is

at this stage. At this phase, the audio is transformed into a vector format that may
be used. For this conversion, many extraction methods, including PLP, MFCC,
etc., are applied.

 Recognition of Extracted Information: The idea of pattern matching is applied in

this step. Recognition is performed by taking the extracted data and comparing it
to some pre-defined data. Pattern matching is used to accomplish this comparing
and matching. One of the most popular pieces of software for this is Google
Speech API.

Speech Recognition AI and Natural Language Processing

Speech recognition AI and natural language processing (NLP) are two closely related
fields that have enabled machines to understand and interpret human language. While
speech recognition AI focuses on the conversion of spoken words into digital text or
commands, NLP encompasses a broader range of applications, including language
translation, sentiment analysis, and text summarization.
One of the primary goals of NLP is to enable machines to understand and interpret
human language in a way that is similar to how humans understand language. This
involves not only recognizing individual words but also understanding the context and
meaning behind those words. For example, the phrase "I saw a bat" could be
interpreted in different ways depending on the context. It could refer to the animal, or it
could refer to a piece of sporting equipment.

Speech recognition AI is a subset of NLP that focuses specifically on the conversion of

spoken words into digital text or commands. To accomplish this, speech recognition AI
systems use complex algorithms to analyze and interpret speech patterns, mapping
them to phonetic units and creating statistical models of speech sounds.

Some of the techniques used in AI for speech recognition are:

 Hidden Markov Models (HMMs): HMMs are statistical models that are widely
used in speech recognition AI. HMMs work by modelling the probability
distribution of speech sounds, and then using these models to match input
speech to the most likely sequence of sounds.
 Deep Neural Networks (DNNs): DNNs are a type of machine learning model that
is used extensively in speech recognition AI. DNNs work by using a hierarchy of
layers to model complex relationships between the input speech and the
corresponding text output.
 Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs): CNNs are a type of machine learning
model that is commonly used in image recognition, but have also been applied to
speech recognition AI. CNNs work by applying filters to input speech signals to
identify relevant features.

Some recent advancements in speech recognition AI include:

 Transformer-based models: Transformer-based models, such as BERT and

GPT, have been highly successful in natural language processing tasks, and are
now being applied to speech recognition AI.
 End-to-end models: End-to-end models are designed to directly map speech
signals to text, without the need for intermediate steps. These models have
shown promise in improving the accuracy and efficiency of speech recognition
AI.
 Multimodal models: Multimodal models combine speech recognition AI with other
modalities, such as vision or touch, to enable more natural and intuitive
interactions between humans and machines.
 Data augmentation: Data augmentation techniques, such as adding background
noise or changing the speaking rate, can be used to generate more training data
for speech recognition AI models, improving their accuracy and robustness.

Use Cases of Speech Recognition AI

Speech recognition across a wide range of fields and applications, artificial intelligence
is employed as a commercial solution. AI is enabling more natural user interactions with
technology and software, with higher data transcription accuracy than ever before, in
everything from ATMs to call centres and voice-activated audio content assistants.

 Call centres: One of the most common applications of speech AI in call centres is
speech recognition. Using cloud models, this technology enables you to hear
what customers are saying and respond properly. The use of voice patterns as
identification or permission for access solutions or services without relying on
passwords or other conventional techniques or models like fingerprints or eye
scans is also possible with speech recognition technology. By doing this,
business problems like lost passwords or compromised security codes can be
resolved.
 Banking: Speech AI applications are being used by banking and financial
institutions to assist consumers with their business inquiries. If you want to know
your account balance or the current interest rate on your savings account, for
instance, you can ask a bank. As a result, customer support agents may respond
to inquiries more quickly and provide better service because they no longer need
to conduct extensive research or consult cloud data.
 Telecommunications: Models for speech recognition technology provide more
effective call analysis and management. Providing better customer service
enables agents to concentrate on their most valuable activities. Consumers may
now communicate with businesses in real-time, around-the-clock, via text
messaging or voice transcription services, which improves their overall
experience and helps them feel more connected to the firm.
 Healthcare: Speech-enabled In the telecommunications sector, AI is a
technology that is growing in popularity. Models for speech recognition
technology provide more effective call analysis and management. Providing
better customer service enables agents to concentrate on their most valuable
activities.
 Media and marketing: Speech recognition and AI are used in tools like dictation
software to enable users to type or write more in a shorter amount of time. In
general, copywriters and content writers may transcribe up to 3000–4000 words
in as little as 30 minutes. Yet accuracy is a consideration. These tools cannot
ensure 100% error-free transcription. Yet, they are quite helpful in assisting
media and marketing professionals in creating their initial draughts.

Challenges in Working with Speech Recognition AI

Accuracy

Today, accuracy includes more than just word output precision. The degree of accuracy
varies from case to case, depending on various factors. These elements—which are
frequently tailored to a use case or a specific business need—include:

 Background noise
 Punctuation placement
 Capitalization
  Correct formatting
 Timing of words
 Domain-specific terminology
 Speaker identification

Data Security and Privacy

Concerns regarding data security and privacy have significantly increased over the past
year, rising from 5% to 42%. That might be the outcome of more daily interactions
occurring online after the coronavirus pandemic caused a surge in remote work.

Deployment

Voice technology, or any software for that matter, needs to be easy to deploy and
integrate. Integration must be simple to perform and secure, regardless of whether a
business needs deployment on-premises, in the cloud, or embedded. The process of
integrating software can be time-consuming and expensive without the proper
assistance or instructions. To circumvent this adoption hurdle, technology vendors must
make installations and integrations as simple as feasible.

Language Coverage

There are gaps in the language coverage of several of the top voice technology
companies. English is covered by the majority of providers, but when organizations wish
to employ speech technology, the absence of language support creates a hurdle to
adoption.

Even when a provider does offer more languages, accuracy problems with accent or
dialect identification frequently persist. What occurs, for instance, when an American
and a British person are speaking? Which accent type is being used? The issue is
resolved by universal language packs, which include a variety of accents.

Conclusion

 For commercial solutions, speech recognition enables computers, programs, and

software to understand and convert spoken word input into text.
 The speech recognition model works by analysing your voice and language using
artificial intelligence (AI), understanding the words you are speaking, and then
accurately reproducing those words as model content or text data on a screen.
 Speech recognition in AI works by converting spoken words into digital signals
that can be analyzed and interpreted by machines.
 This process involves several steps, including signal processing, feature
extraction, acoustic modeling, language modeling, and decoding.
 Speech recognition AI is closely related to natural language processing (NLP).
NLP involves the ability of machines to understand and interpret human
 language, enabling them to perform tasks such as text summarization, sentiment
analysis, and language translation.
 Speech recognition AI is a subset of NLP that focuses on the conversion of
spoken words into digital text or commands.
 Working with speech AI presents various difficulties. As an illustration, both
technology and the cloud are recent and evolving quickly. As a result, it can be
difficult to anticipate with any degree of accuracy how long it will take a company
to develop a speech-enabled device.
 Speech recognition AI has the potential to transform the way we communicate
with machines and has numerous applications across various industries.

FAQs

Q. How does speech recognition work?

A. Speech recognition works by using algorithms to analyze and interpret the acoustic
signal produced by human speech, and then convert it into text or other forms of output.
Here is a general overview of the process:

 Pre-processing: The incoming audio signal is first processed to remove noise

and enhance the signal quality. This may involve filtering out unwanted
frequencies, adjusting the volume levels, or normalizing the audio to a standard
format.
 Feature Extraction: The processed audio signal is then broken down into smaller,
more manageable pieces called "features." These features represent the
frequency content and other characteristics of the speech.
 Acoustic Modeling: In this step, a statistical model of the speech signal is created
using machine learning techniques. This model takes the feature vectors as input
and produces a set of probabilities over a predefined set of linguistic units
(phonemes, words, or sentences).
 Language Modeling: Once the acoustic model has been created, a language
model is built. This model uses statistical analysis of language to predict the
probability of a particular word or sentence based on its context within a larger
body of text.
 Decoding: In this step, the acoustic and language models are combined to
determine the most likely sequence of words or sentences that match the input
audio signal. This process is called decoding.
 Post-processing: Finally, the output of the speech recognition system is post-
processed to correct errors and improve the quality of the output. This may
involve applying language-specific rules to correct grammar, punctuation, or
spelling errors.

Q. What is the purpose of speech recognition AI?

A. The purpose of speech recognition AI is to enable computers and other devices to
understand and process human speech. This has a wide range of potential applications,
including:

 Voice commands: Speech recognition can be used to enable the hands-free

operation of devices, such as smartphones, smart home devices, and virtual
assistants. This allows users to control these devices with their voice, which can
be particularly useful in situations where they cannot physically interact with the
device.
 Transcription: Speech recognition can be used to automatically transcribe audio
recordings into text. This can be particularly useful in industries such as
healthcare, legal, and finance, where accurate transcription of audio recordings is
necessary for documentation and record-keeping.
 Accessibility: Speech recognition can be used to enable people with disabilities,
such as those who are visually impaired or have mobility issues, to interact with
computers and other devices more easily.
 Translation: Speech recognition can be used to automatically translate spoken
language from one language to another. This can be particularly useful in
situations where language barriers exist, such as in international business or
travel.
 Customer service: Speech recognition can be used to automate customer
service interactions, such as phone-based support or chatbots. This can help
reduce wait times and improve the overall customer experience.

Q. What is speech communication in AI?

A. Speech communication in AI refers to the ability of machines to communicate with

humans using spoken language. This involves the use of speech recognition, natural
language processing (NLP), and speech synthesis technologies to enable machines to
understand and produce human language.

Speech communication in AI has become increasingly important in recent years, as

more and more devices and applications are being designed to support voice-based
interaction. Some examples of speech communication in AI include:

 Virtual assistants: Virtual assistants like Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant use
speech recognition and NLP to understand user commands and queries, and
speech synthesis to respond.
 Smart home devices: Devices like smart speakers, thermostats, and lights can
be controlled using voice commands, enabling hands-free operation.
 Call centers: Many call centers now use speech recognition and NLP to
automate customer service interactions, such as automated phone trees or
chatbots.
 Language translation: Speech recognition and NLP can be used to automatically
translate spoken language from one language to another, enabling
communication across language barriers.
  Transcription: Speech recognition can be used to transcribe audio recordings into
text, making it easier to search and analyze spoken language.

Speech communication in AI is still a developing field, and many challenges must be

overcome, such as dealing with accents, dialects, and variations in speech patterns.

Q. Which type of AI is used in speech recognition?

A. There are different types of AI techniques used in speech recognition, but the most
commonly used approach is Deep Learning.

Deep Learning is a type of machine learning that uses artificial neural networks to
model and solve complex problems. In speech recognition, the neural network is trained
on large datasets of human speech, which allows it to learn patterns and relationships
between speech sounds and language.

The specific type of neural network used in speech recognition is often a type of
Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) called a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network.
LSTMs can model long-term dependencies in sequences of data, making them well-
suited for processing speech, which is a sequence of sounds over time.

Other AI techniques used in speech recognition include Hidden Markov Models

(HMMs), Support Vector Machines (SVMs), and Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs).

Q. What are the difficulties in voice recognition AI in artificial intelligence?

A. Despite advances in speech recognition technology, there are still several challenges
that must be addressed to improve the accuracy and effectiveness of voice recognition
AI. Here are some of the key difficulties in voice recognition AI:

 Background noise: One of the biggest challenges in speech recognition is

dealing with background noise. Ambient noise, such as music, traffic, or other
people talking, can interfere with the accuracy of the system, making it difficult to
distinguish between speech and noise.
 Variations in speech: People speak in different accents, and dialects, and with
varying levels of clarity. This can make it difficult for speech recognition systems
to accurately transcribe spoken language, especially for individuals with non-
standard speech patterns.
 Speaker diarization: In situations where multiple people are speaking, it can be
difficult for the system to identify and distinguish between different speakers. This
can result in errors in transcription or the misattribution of words to the wrong
speaker.
 Contextual understanding: Speech recognition systems often struggle to
understand the context of the spoken language. This can result in errors in
transcription or misinterpretation of the intended meaning of the speech.
 Limited training data: Building accurate speech recognition models requires large
amounts of high-quality training data. However, collecting and labeling speech
 data can be time-consuming and expensive, especially for languages or dialects
with limited resources.
 Privacy concerns: Voice recognition systems often rely on collecting and storing
user voice data, which can raise concerns about privacy and security.

Overall, these difficulties demonstrate that speech recognition technology is still a

developing field, and there is a need for ongoing research and development to address
these challenges and improve the accuracy and effectiveness of voice recognition AI.

AI Techniques-Search, Knowledge, Abstration

Artificial intelligence (AI) is both a tool and a fundamental shift in intelligence used by
and for humans. What is this paradigm composed of? Is it evolving well in all aspects of
human intelligence? Let us explore.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is getting closer and closer to the heights and depths of human
intelligence. That’s what some of us want. That’s what we smell in John McCarthy’s
words of AI’s description too. “The science and engineering of making intelligent
machines, especially intelligent computer programs.” And all this intelligence comes
from building agents that act rationally. That is where we can define the AI technique as
a composite of three areas. It is a type of method built on knowledge, which organizes
and uses this knowledge and is also aware of its complexity.

Search in artificial intelligence (AI)

Artificial intelligence (AI) agents essentially perform some kind of search algorithm in the
background to complete their expected tasks. That’s why search is a major building
block for any artificial intelligence (AI) solution.

Any artificial intelligence (AI) has a set of states, a start state from where the search
begins, and a goal state. By the use of search algorithms, the solution reaches from the
start state to the goal state.

This is done through various approaches.

o Blind search
o Uninformed and informed search

o Depth first search

o Breadth first search

o Uniform cost search

o Search heuristics

Knowledge representation in artificial intelligence (AI)

 Any artificial intelligence (AI) agent has to work on some input. This work can happen
only when there is some knowledge about the input or about its handling. Artificial
intelligence (AI), hence, has to be strong in understanding, reasoning, and interpreting
knowledge. This is done by the representation of knowledge. It is where the beliefs,
intentions, and judgments of an intelligent agent are expressed by reasoning. This is the
place for modeling intelligent behavior for an agent.

Here, the representation of information from the real world happens for a computer to
understand and leverage this knowledge to solve complex real-life problems. This
knowledge can be in the form of the following.

o Objects
o Events

o Performance

o Facts

o Meta-knowledge

o Knowledge-base

o Declarative knowledge

o Structural knowledge

o Procedural knowledge

o Meta knowledge

o Heuristic knowledge

o Perception component

o Learning component

o Reasoning

o Execution component

All this is woven into many ways through logical, semantic, frame, and production rules-
as ways of knowledge representation.

Abstraction in artificial intelligence (AI)

When we talk of abstraction, we are looking at an arrangement of the complexity of

computer systems. It helps to reduce complexity and achieve a simplified view of
various parts and their interplay with each other.

This is very important considering the significant criticism that AI tools face. The ‘black
box’ effect is a big problem because a lot of effective and stellar AI models cannot
explain how they do what they do. This opacity is a massive barrier to gaining
 confidence and adoption of artificial intelligence (AI). So several AI techniques span
these areas of search, knowledge, and abstraction. Like the following.

o Data Mining – where statistics and artificial intelligence are used for the analysis
of large data sets to discover helpful information
o Machine Vision – where the system can use imaging-based automatic inspection
and analysis for guidance, decisions, automatic inspection, process control, etc.
o Machine Learning (ML) – where models learn from experience and evolve their
precision and delivery over a period
o Natural Language Processing or NLP – where machines can understand and
respond to text or voice data
o Robotics – where expert systems can perform tasks like a human.