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Statistics en Phase I 11th Notes

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
36 views48 pages

Statistics en Phase I 11th Notes

Uploaded by

DR.TARIQ AHMAD
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 48

Welcome to

Statistics
Table of contents

Session 01 𝟎𝟑 Session 02 𝟐𝟗

Statistics 04 Property Of Mean Deviation 30

Measures of Central Tendency 06 Variance 32

Mean 07 Standard Deviation 36


10 Properties of Variance 40
Median
Mean and Median
15
Combined Variance/ Standard
Mode 44
18 Deviation
Empirical Relation
20
Measure of Dispersion
22
Range 23

Mean Deviation 24
Session 01
Introduction to
Statistics

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Key Takeaways

Statistics:
Statistics is the branch of mathematics which deals with collection,
organisation, analysis, interpretation and presentation of numerical data.

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Key Takeaways
Ungrouped Data Example :
(Raw data)
Types of Data: Types of Data of marks of a student in 10
Data different tests:
Grouped Data 61, 48, 54, 49, 61, 61, 61, 49, 54, 52

Discrete Frequency Distribution Continuous Frequency Distribution

Marks 𝑓 Class 𝑓!
49 2 45 − 50 3
52 1 50 − 55 3
54 2 55 − 60 0
61 4
60 − 65 4
48 1

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Measures of Central Tendency:

An average value or central value of a distribution is the value of a variable which is


representative of the entire distribution, this representative value is called the
measure of central tendency.
It can be of following types:

Ø Mean

Ø Median

Ø Mode

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Measures of Central Tendency:

For Ungrouped data:


Mean: It is the average value of all the observations.
%
𝑥" + 𝑥# + 𝑥$ + ⋯ + 𝑥% 1
𝑥̅ = = 3 𝑥!
𝑛 𝑛
!&"

Example :
Data of marks of a student in 10 different tests:

61, 48, 54, 49, 61, 61, 61, 49, 54, 52

61 + 48 + 54 + 49 + 61 + 61 + 61 + 49 + 54 + 52
𝑥̅ = = 55
10

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Measures of Central Tendency:

For Discrete Frequency Distributions:

𝑓"𝑥" + 𝑓#𝑥# + 𝑓$𝑥$ + ⋯ + 𝑓% 𝑥% ∑%!&" 𝑓! 𝑥!


Mean: 𝑥̅ = = %
𝑓" + 𝑓# + 𝑓$ + ⋯ + 𝑓% ∑!&" 𝑓!

Example :

𝑥! 𝑓! 𝑓! 𝑥!
2 1 2 96
𝑥̅ = = 6.4
15
3 2 6
5 3 15
7 4 28
9 5 45
15 96
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If for some 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, the frequency distribution of the marks
obtained by 20 students in a test is:
Marks 2 3 5 7
Frequency 𝑥+1 # 2𝑥 − 5 𝑥 # − 3𝑥 𝑥
then the mean of the marks is:
JEE Main 2019
Solution:
A
Given there are 20 students.

"
∴ ∑ 𝑓! = 𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥 − 5 + 𝑥 " − 3𝑥 + 𝑥 = 20
B
⇒ 2𝑥 " +2𝑥 − 24 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 " + 𝑥 − 12 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3, −4 (rejected)
C 2.8
∑ $ ! %! "⋅ %'( " ')⋅ "%*+ '+⋅ % " *)% ',⋅% "⋅ . " ')⋅('+⋅-',⋅) +/
∵ Mean 𝑥 = ∑ $!
= = = = 2.8
"- "- "-

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Key Takeaways

Measures of Central Tendency:


For Ungrouped data:

Median: It is the middle value when the observations are arranged in increasing
or decreasing order.
Case 1: When 𝑛 is odd Case 2: When 𝑛 is even

%'" () % () % ()
𝑀= term 𝑀 = Average of term & + 1 term
# # #

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Key Takeaways

Measures of Central Tendency:


For Ungrouped data:
Example:
Given: Data of marks of a student in 10 different tests:

61, 48, 54, 49, 61, 61, 61, 49, 54, 52

After arranging in ascending order,

48, 49, 49, 52, 54,54


54,54, 61, 61, 61, 61

𝑛 01 𝑛 01
term + 2+1 term 501 term + 601 term 54 + 54
𝑀= 2 = = = 54
2 2 2

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Key Takeaways

Measures of Central Tendency:


For Discrete Frequency Distributions:
Median:
Case 1: When 𝑛 is odd Case 2: When 𝑛 is even

%'" () % () % ()
𝑀= #
term 𝑀 = Average of term & + 1 term
# #

Where 𝑛 is the Cumulative frequency.

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Key Takeaways

Measures of Central Tendency:


For Discrete Frequency Distributions:

Example : %'" () 15 + 1
𝑀= term = = 8() term
# 2
𝑥! 𝑓! 𝐶. 𝐹.
2 1 1 The closest C.F. greater than 8 is 10.
3 2 3
The term corresponding to C.F. 10 is 7.
5 3 6
7 4 10 ∴ Median = 7
9 5 15

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The mean and the median of the following ten numbers in increasing
*
order 10, 22, 26, 29, 34, 𝑥, 42, 67, 70, 𝑦 are 42 and 35 respectively, then is
+
equal to:
JEE Main 2019
Solution: A
Mean = 42
(-'""'"/'"2').'%'."'/,',-'3
⇒ (-
= 42 B

⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 120

Since there are 10 terms, median will be mean of middle two terms. C ,
)
).'%
Median = = 35 ⇒ 𝑥 = 36
"
D
∴ 𝑦 = 84
3 ,
Hence, %
=)

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Mean & Median for Continuous Frequency Distribution

𝑁
1
Mean = 𝐴 + 3 𝑓! 𝑑! Median 𝑀 = 𝑙 + 2 − 𝑐 ×ℎ
𝑁 𝑓

Where 𝑁 = total frequency = ∑ 𝑓


𝐴 = assumed mean

𝑑! = deviation of 𝐴 from each of 𝑥! i.e. 𝑑! = 𝑥! − 𝐴

𝑙 = lower limit of median class

𝑓 = frequency of the median class

𝑐 = cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class

ℎ = class interval (width) of the median class

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Let the assumed mean 𝐴 = 15
Class
𝑥! 𝑓! 𝑥! 𝑓! 𝑑! 𝑓! 𝑑! C.F.
Interval
0−6 3 𝑎 3𝑎 −12 −12𝑎 𝑎
6 − 12 9 𝑏 9𝑏 −6 −6𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
12 − 18 15 12 180 0 0 12 + 𝑎 + 𝑏
18 − 24 21 9 189 6 54 21 + 𝑎 + 𝑏
24 − 30 27 5 135 12 60 26 + 𝑎 + 𝑏
3𝑎 + 9𝑏 114 − 12𝑎
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 26
+ 504 − 6𝑏

114 − 12𝑎 − 6𝑏 309 1


Mean = 15 + = Mean = 𝐴 + 3 𝑓! 𝑑!
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 26 22 𝑁

⇒ 81𝑎 + 37𝑏 = 1018 ⋯ 𝑖

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Let the assumed mean 𝐴 = 15
Class
𝑥! 𝑓! 𝑥! 𝑓! 𝑑! 𝑓! 𝑑! C.F.
Interval
0−6 3 𝑎 3𝑎 −12 −12𝑎 𝑎
6 − 12 9 𝑏 9𝑏 −6 −6𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 Median
Class
12 − 18 15 12 180 0 0 12 + 𝑎 + 𝑏
18 − 24 21 9 189 6 54 21 + 𝑎 + 𝑏
24 − 30 27 5 135 12 60 26 + 𝑎 + 𝑏
3𝑎 + 9𝑏 114 − 12𝑎
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 26
+ 504 − 6𝑏

⇒ 81𝑎 + 37𝑏 = 1018 ⋯ 𝑖


𝑎+𝑏
13 + 2 − 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑁
Median = 12 +
12
×6 = 14 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 18 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖
Median 𝑀 = 𝑙 + 2 − 𝑐 ×ℎ
𝑓
From 𝑖 and 𝑖𝑖 , 𝑎 = 8 and 𝑏 = 10

∴ 𝑎−𝑏 . =4

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Key Takeaways

Measures of Central Tendency:


For Ungrouped data:

Mode: It is the observation with maximum frequency.


Example :
Given: Marks of a student in 10 different tests are

61, 48, 54, 49, 61, 61, 61, 49, 54, 52


Mode of the given data is 61 since it has maximum frequency.

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Key Takeaways

Measures of Central Tendency:


For Discrete Frequency Distributions:

For discrete frequency distributions, mode is simply the distribution with highest
frequency.
Example:
𝑥! 𝑓!
2 1
3 2
Mode : 9
5 3
7 4
9 5

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Key Takeaways

Measures of Central Tendency:


Empirical Relationship between Mean, Median and Mode
The formula to define the relation between mean, median and mode in a moderately skewed
distribution is

Mode = 3 Median − 2 Mean


Mean
Median
Mode
Mode Mode
Frequency
Frequency

Frequency
Median
Median

Mean
Mean

Negatively skewed
Normal Distribution Positively skewed
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In a frequency distribution, the mean and median are 21 & 22
respectively, then its mode is approximately.

Solution:
Mode = 3 median − 2 mean A

= 3×22 − 2×21
B 24.0
= 3 22 − 14

= 3×8 C

= 24
D

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Measure of Dispersion

It is measure of deviation of its value about their central values. It gives an idea of scatteredness
of different values from the central values.

It has four types:


Ø Range
Ø Mean deviation
Ø Variance
Ø Standard deviation

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Measure of Dispersion

Range
Consider 𝑥( , 𝑥" , 𝑥) , ⋯ , 𝑥4 be data, then

𝑥56% − 𝑥5!4
Range = 𝑥56% − 𝑥5!4 Coefficient of Range =
𝑥56% + 𝑥5!4

Example

Let 20, 15, 12, 11, 10 & 9 be data,

Range = 20 − 9 = 11

20 − 9 11
Coefficient of Range = =
20 + 9 29

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Key Takeaways

Mean Deviation:
Mean deviation of a distribution is the mean of absolute value of deviation of variate
from their statistical average (median, mean or mode).

If 𝐴 is any statistical average the mean deviation about 𝐴 is defined as


%
1
Mean deviation = 3 𝑥! − 𝐴
𝑁
!&"

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Key Takeaways

Mean Deviation:
If 𝐴 is any statistical average the mean deviation about 𝐴 is defined as
%
1
Mean deviation = 3 𝑥! − 𝐴
𝑁
!&"

Example :
Given a data set {5, 3,7, 8, 4, 9}, what is the mean deviation about the mean?
5+3+7+8+4+9 36
Solution: Mean = = =6
6 6

|5 − 6| + |3 − 6| + |7 − 6| + |8 − 6| + |4 − 6| + |9 − 6| 1 + 3 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3
Mean Deviation = =
6 6
12
= =2
6

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Key Takeaways

Mean Deviation:
If 𝐴 is any statistical average the mean deviation about 𝐴 is defined as
%
1
Mean deviation = 3 𝑥! − 𝐴
𝑁
!&"

For frequency distributions,

%
1
Mean deviation = 3 𝑓! 𝑥! − 𝐴
𝑁
!&"

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If the mean deviation about the median of the numbers
𝑎, 2𝑎, ⋯ , 50𝑎 is 50, then 𝑎 equals:
AIEEE 2011
Solution:
𝑎, 2𝑎, ⋯ , 50𝑎 50 terms
7 9: 9:
term ' 7
'" term
When 𝑛 is even, Median = 8 8
A
#

25𝑎 + 26𝑎
Median: 𝑀 = = 25.5 𝑎
2 B

C
4

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If the mean deviation about the median of the numbers
𝑎, 2𝑎, ⋯ , 50𝑎 is 50, then 𝑎 equals:
AIEEE 2011
Solution: 2
25𝑎 + 26𝑎 1
Median: 𝑀 = 25.5 𝑎 Mean deviation = A 𝑥/ − 𝐴
𝑁
2 /01

∑>?
!&" 𝑥! − 𝑀 A
Mean deviation = = 50
50
𝑎 − 25.5 𝑎 + 2𝑎 − 25.5 𝑎 + ⋯ +|50𝑎 − 25.5 𝑎|
= 50 B
50

0.5 𝑎 + 1.5 𝑎 + ⋯ + | 24.5 𝑎|


2× = 50
50 C
4
2 25
× (0.5|𝑎| + 24.5|𝑎|) = 50
50 2
D
⇒ 625 𝑎 = 2500 ⇒ 𝑎 =4

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Session 02
Variance and its
Properties

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Property of Mean deviation

Mean deviation is independent of change of origin, but dependent on change of scale.

If 𝑥", 𝑥#, ⋯ ⋯ , 𝑥% are 𝑛 values of a variable 𝑋


%
1
Mean deviation(M.D.) = 3 𝑥! − 𝐴
𝑁
!&"

After multiplying with constant 𝑎 and adding another constant 𝑏 in each observation,

i.e. 𝑎𝑥" + 𝑏 , 𝑎𝑥# + 𝑏 , ⋯ ⋯ , 𝑎𝑥% + 𝑏

New Mean deviation = 𝑎 × M.D.

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The mean deviation of an ungrouped data is 50. If each observation is
increased by 2%, then the new mean deviation is:

Solution: A
2
𝑥′! = 1 + 𝑥 = 1.02𝑥!
100 !
B
51
M.D. → 𝑎 × M.D.
Thus, new mean deviation = 1.02×50 = 51 C

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Key Takeaways

Variance
It is the mean of squares of deviation of variate from their mean.
It is denoted by 𝜎 " or var 𝑥 .

If 𝑥( , 𝑥" , ⋯ ⋯ , 𝑥4 are 𝑛 values of a variable 𝑋, then


1
𝜎# = ⋅ ∑ 𝑥! − 𝑥 #
𝑛
1
𝜎# = ⋅ 3(𝑥!# + 𝑥 # − 2 ⋅ 𝑥! ⋅ 𝑥)
𝑛
% % %
#
1 # 𝑥 # 2
𝜎 = ⋅ 3 𝑥! + ⋅ 3 1 − ⋅ 𝑥 3 𝑥!
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
!&" !&" !&"

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Key Takeaways

Variance
It is the mean of squares of deviation of variate from their mean.
It is denoted by 𝜎 " or var 𝑥 .
If 𝑥( , 𝑥" , ⋯ ⋯ , 𝑥4 are 𝑛 values of a variable 𝑋, then
% % %
#
1 # 𝑥 # 2
𝜎 = ⋅ 3 𝑥! + ⋅ 3 1 − ⋅ 𝑥 3 𝑥!
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
!&" !&" !&"

% %
1 1
𝜎 # = ⋅ 3 𝑥!# + 𝑥 # − 2 𝑥 ##
𝜎 = ⋅ 3 𝑥!# − 𝑥 #
𝑛 𝑛
!&" !&"

Mean Square of
of Squares Mean

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Key Takeaways

Variance
2
1
𝜎 . = ⋅ A 𝑥/. − 𝑥 .
𝑛
/01

Note
Variance of discrete frequency distribution:
If 𝑥( , 𝑥" , ⋯ ⋯ , 𝑥4 are 𝑛 values of a variable 𝑋 and corresponding frequencies of
them are 𝑓( , 𝑓" ⋯ ⋯ , 𝑓4 .

"
1 1 1
Var 𝑋 = M 𝑓! 𝑥! − 𝑥̅ "
= M 𝑓! 𝑥!" − M 𝑓! 𝑥!
𝑁 𝑁 𝑁

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The variance of first 𝑛 natural numbers is _______ .

A 𝑛" + 1
Solution:
4 4 " 6
1 1
𝜎 " = M 𝑥!" − M 𝑥! B 𝑛" + 1
𝑛 𝑛
!;( !;(
12
"
1 1
= 1" + 2" + ⋯ 𝑛" − 1 + 2 + ⋯+ 𝑛 C 𝑛" − 1
𝑛 𝑛
6
"
1 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1 𝑛+1
= − D 𝑛" − 1
𝑛 6 2
12
𝑛" − 1
=
12

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Standard deviation

The standard deviation(𝑠 OR σ) is defined as the positive square


root of the variance.

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The mean and standard deviation of 15 observations are found to
be 8 and 3 respectively. On rechecking it was found that, in the
observations, 20 was misread as 5. Then, the correct variance is
equal to _______.
JEE Main 2022
Solution: Let the observations be 𝑥( , 𝑥" , … , 𝑥(+
(.

M 𝑥! + 5 (.
!;(
=8 ⇒ M 𝑥! = 115
15 !;(
(.

M 𝑥! + 20
!;( 115 + 20
Corrected Mean : 𝑋< = = =9
15 15

Variance = 𝑆. 𝐷. "
=9

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The mean and standard deviation of 15 observations are found to
be 8 and 3 respectively. On rechecking it was found that, in the
observations, 20 was misread as 5. Then, the correct variance is
equal to _______.
JEE Main 2022
Solution: Let the observations be 𝑥( , 𝑥" , … , 𝑥(+

Corrected Mean : 𝑋< =


=9

Variance = 𝑆. 𝐷. "
=9
(.

M 𝑥!" + 5"
!;(
− 8" = 9
15
(.

M 𝑥!" = 1070
!;(

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The mean and standard deviation of 15 observations are found to
be 8 and 3 respectively. On rechecking it was found that, in the
observations, 20 was misread as 5. Then, the correct variance is
equal to _______.
JEE Main 2022
Solution: Let the observations be 𝑥( , 𝑥" , … , 𝑥(+

Corrected Mean : 𝑋< =


=9
(.

Variance = 𝑆. 𝐷. "
=9 M 𝑥!" = 1070
!;(

Correct Variance:
(.

M 𝑥!" + 20"
!;( 1070 + 400
𝜎 " = − 9" = − 81 = 98 − 81 = 17
15 15

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Key Takeaways

Variance
Property: Variance is independent of change of
origin, but dependent on change of scale.

If 𝑥( , 𝑥" , ⋯ ⋯ , 𝑥4 are 𝑛 values of a variable 𝑋,

var 𝑥! + 𝑏 = var 𝑥!

G8H"
Example : Variance of 1,2,3,4 =
"#

On adding 3 to each term,


"
4" + 5" + 6" + 7" 4+5+6+7 126 − 121 5
Variance of 4,5,6,7 = − = =
4 4 4 4

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Key Takeaways

Variance
Property: Variance is independent of change of origin, but dependent on
change of scale.

If 𝑥( , 𝑥" , ⋯ ⋯ , 𝑥4 are 𝑛 values of a variable 𝑋,

var 𝑥! + 𝑏 = var 𝑥!

var 𝑎𝑥! + 𝑏 = 𝑎# var 𝑥!

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If variance of first 𝑛 natural numbers is 10 and variance of first 𝑚
even natural numbers is 16, then 𝑚 + 𝑛 is equal to:
JEE Main 2020

Solution:
!!"#
Variance of first 𝑛 natural numbers =
" #$
𝑛 −1
= 10
12
⇒ 𝑛 = 11 var 𝑎𝑥! + 𝑏 = 𝑎# var 𝑥!
Variance of (2,4,6. . . ) = 4× variance of (1,2,3,4. . . )
𝑚" − 1
= 4×
12
𝑚" − 1
⇒ = 16 ⇒ 𝑚 = 7
3
∴ 𝑛 + 𝑚 = 11 + 7 = 18

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In a series of 2𝑛 observations, half of them are equal to 𝑎 and remaining
half are equal to −𝑎. Also, by adding a constant 𝑏 in each of these
observations, the mean and standard deviation of new set become 5 and
20, respectively. Then the value of 𝑎# + 𝑏 # is equal to:
JEE Main 2021
Solution:
A
Given series is 𝑎(𝑛 times), −𝑎(𝑛 times)
𝑥=0
If 𝑏 is added to each of them, then the new mean is B

𝑥= = 𝑥 + 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 = 5
C
Standard deviation doesn't change when same number is added to all, so

𝑛𝑎" + 𝑛𝑎" D
− 0 = 20 ⇒ 𝑎" = 400 ∴ 𝑎" + 𝑏" = 425 425
2𝑛

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Key Takeaways

Combined Variance/Standard Deviation

If there are two sets of observations containing 𝑛" & 𝑛# items.

Mean: 𝑥" & 𝑥# Standard deviation: 𝜎" & 𝜎#


𝑛"𝑥" + 𝑛#𝑥# 1
𝑥= 𝜎# = 𝑛" 𝜎"# + 𝑑"# + 𝑛# 𝜎## + 𝑑##
𝑛" + 𝑛# 𝑛" + 𝑛#

Where 𝑑" = 𝑥̅ − 𝑥" , 𝑑# = 𝑥̅ − 𝑥#

Coefficient of variation

𝜎
𝐶. 𝑉. = ×100
𝑋X

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Co-efficient of variation of two series are 75 % and 90 % and their
standard deviations 15 and 18. Find their mean.

Solution:
15
For 1>0 series 75 = ×100 ⇒ 𝑥 = 20
𝑥

18
For 24? series 90 = ×100 ⇒ 𝑥 = 20
𝑥

Thus, both the series have same mean i.e. 20

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Size Mean Variance
Observation 𝐼 10 2 2
Observation 𝐼𝐼 𝑛 3 1
13
If the variance of the combined set of these two observation is , then the value of 𝑛 is equal to:
4

Solution:
For Observation 𝐼:
∑ 𝑥!
= 2 ⇒ ∑𝑥! = 20
10
∑𝑥!"
⇒ − 2 "=2
10
⇒ ∑ 𝑥!" = 60
For Observation 𝐼𝐼:

∑ 𝑦!"
− 3" = 1 ⇒ ∑ 𝑦!" = 10𝑛
𝑛

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Size Mean Variance
Observation 𝐼 10 2 2
Observation 𝐼𝐼 𝑛 3 1
13
If the variance of the combined set of these two observation is , then the value of 𝑛 is equal to:
4

Solution:
"
"
∑ 𝑥!" + 𝑦!" ∑ 𝑥! + 𝑦!
𝜎 = − ⇒ ∑ 𝑥!" = 60
10 + 𝑛 10 + 𝑛
17 60 + 10𝑛 20 + 3𝑛 " ⇒ ∑ 𝑦!" = 10𝑛
⇒ = −
9 10 + 𝑛 10 + 𝑛 "
⇒ 17 𝑛" + 20𝑛 + 100 = 9 𝑛" + 40𝑛 + 200
⇒ 8𝑛" − 20𝑛 − 100 = 0

⇒ 2𝑛" − 5𝑛 − 25 = 0

⇒𝑛=5

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