Statistics en Phase I 11th Notes
Statistics en Phase I 11th Notes
Statistics
Table of contents
Session 01 𝟎𝟑 Session 02 𝟐𝟗
Mean Deviation 24
Session 01
Introduction to
Statistics
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Key Takeaways
Statistics:
Statistics is the branch of mathematics which deals with collection,
organisation, analysis, interpretation and presentation of numerical data.
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Key Takeaways
Ungrouped Data Example :
(Raw data)
Types of Data: Types of Data of marks of a student in 10
Data different tests:
Grouped Data 61, 48, 54, 49, 61, 61, 61, 49, 54, 52
Marks 𝑓 Class 𝑓!
49 2 45 − 50 3
52 1 50 − 55 3
54 2 55 − 60 0
61 4
60 − 65 4
48 1
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Measures of Central Tendency:
Ø Mean
Ø Median
Ø Mode
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Measures of Central Tendency:
Example :
Data of marks of a student in 10 different tests:
61 + 48 + 54 + 49 + 61 + 61 + 61 + 49 + 54 + 52
𝑥̅ = = 55
10
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Measures of Central Tendency:
Example :
𝑥! 𝑓! 𝑓! 𝑥!
2 1 2 96
𝑥̅ = = 6.4
15
3 2 6
5 3 15
7 4 28
9 5 45
15 96
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If for some 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, the frequency distribution of the marks
obtained by 20 students in a test is:
Marks 2 3 5 7
Frequency 𝑥+1 # 2𝑥 − 5 𝑥 # − 3𝑥 𝑥
then the mean of the marks is:
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Solution:
A
Given there are 20 students.
"
∴ ∑ 𝑓! = 𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥 − 5 + 𝑥 " − 3𝑥 + 𝑥 = 20
B
⇒ 2𝑥 " +2𝑥 − 24 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 " + 𝑥 − 12 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3, −4 (rejected)
C 2.8
∑ $ ! %! "⋅ %'( " ')⋅ "%*+ '+⋅ % " *)% ',⋅% "⋅ . " ')⋅('+⋅-',⋅) +/
∵ Mean 𝑥 = ∑ $!
= = = = 2.8
"- "- "-
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Key Takeaways
Median: It is the middle value when the observations are arranged in increasing
or decreasing order.
Case 1: When 𝑛 is odd Case 2: When 𝑛 is even
%'" () % () % ()
𝑀= term 𝑀 = Average of term & + 1 term
# # #
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Key Takeaways
𝑛 01 𝑛 01
term + 2+1 term 501 term + 601 term 54 + 54
𝑀= 2 = = = 54
2 2 2
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Key Takeaways
%'" () % () % ()
𝑀= #
term 𝑀 = Average of term & + 1 term
# #
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Key Takeaways
Example : %'" () 15 + 1
𝑀= term = = 8() term
# 2
𝑥! 𝑓! 𝐶. 𝐹.
2 1 1 The closest C.F. greater than 8 is 10.
3 2 3
The term corresponding to C.F. 10 is 7.
5 3 6
7 4 10 ∴ Median = 7
9 5 15
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The mean and the median of the following ten numbers in increasing
*
order 10, 22, 26, 29, 34, 𝑥, 42, 67, 70, 𝑦 are 42 and 35 respectively, then is
+
equal to:
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Solution: A
Mean = 42
(-'""'"/'"2').'%'."'/,',-'3
⇒ (-
= 42 B
⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 120
Since there are 10 terms, median will be mean of middle two terms. C ,
)
).'%
Median = = 35 ⇒ 𝑥 = 36
"
D
∴ 𝑦 = 84
3 ,
Hence, %
=)
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Mean & Median for Continuous Frequency Distribution
𝑁
1
Mean = 𝐴 + 3 𝑓! 𝑑! Median 𝑀 = 𝑙 + 2 − 𝑐 ×ℎ
𝑁 𝑓
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Let the assumed mean 𝐴 = 15
Class
𝑥! 𝑓! 𝑥! 𝑓! 𝑑! 𝑓! 𝑑! C.F.
Interval
0−6 3 𝑎 3𝑎 −12 −12𝑎 𝑎
6 − 12 9 𝑏 9𝑏 −6 −6𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
12 − 18 15 12 180 0 0 12 + 𝑎 + 𝑏
18 − 24 21 9 189 6 54 21 + 𝑎 + 𝑏
24 − 30 27 5 135 12 60 26 + 𝑎 + 𝑏
3𝑎 + 9𝑏 114 − 12𝑎
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 26
+ 504 − 6𝑏
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Let the assumed mean 𝐴 = 15
Class
𝑥! 𝑓! 𝑥! 𝑓! 𝑑! 𝑓! 𝑑! C.F.
Interval
0−6 3 𝑎 3𝑎 −12 −12𝑎 𝑎
6 − 12 9 𝑏 9𝑏 −6 −6𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 Median
Class
12 − 18 15 12 180 0 0 12 + 𝑎 + 𝑏
18 − 24 21 9 189 6 54 21 + 𝑎 + 𝑏
24 − 30 27 5 135 12 60 26 + 𝑎 + 𝑏
3𝑎 + 9𝑏 114 − 12𝑎
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 26
+ 504 − 6𝑏
∴ 𝑎−𝑏 . =4
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Key Takeaways
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Key Takeaways
For discrete frequency distributions, mode is simply the distribution with highest
frequency.
Example:
𝑥! 𝑓!
2 1
3 2
Mode : 9
5 3
7 4
9 5
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Key Takeaways
Frequency
Median
Median
Mean
Mean
Negatively skewed
Normal Distribution Positively skewed
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In a frequency distribution, the mean and median are 21 & 22
respectively, then its mode is approximately.
Solution:
Mode = 3 median − 2 mean A
= 3×22 − 2×21
B 24.0
= 3 22 − 14
= 3×8 C
= 24
D
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Measure of Dispersion
It is measure of deviation of its value about their central values. It gives an idea of scatteredness
of different values from the central values.
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Measure of Dispersion
Range
Consider 𝑥( , 𝑥" , 𝑥) , ⋯ , 𝑥4 be data, then
𝑥56% − 𝑥5!4
Range = 𝑥56% − 𝑥5!4 Coefficient of Range =
𝑥56% + 𝑥5!4
Example
Range = 20 − 9 = 11
20 − 9 11
Coefficient of Range = =
20 + 9 29
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Key Takeaways
Mean Deviation:
Mean deviation of a distribution is the mean of absolute value of deviation of variate
from their statistical average (median, mean or mode).
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Key Takeaways
Mean Deviation:
If 𝐴 is any statistical average the mean deviation about 𝐴 is defined as
%
1
Mean deviation = 3 𝑥! − 𝐴
𝑁
!&"
Example :
Given a data set {5, 3,7, 8, 4, 9}, what is the mean deviation about the mean?
5+3+7+8+4+9 36
Solution: Mean = = =6
6 6
|5 − 6| + |3 − 6| + |7 − 6| + |8 − 6| + |4 − 6| + |9 − 6| 1 + 3 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3
Mean Deviation = =
6 6
12
= =2
6
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Key Takeaways
Mean Deviation:
If 𝐴 is any statistical average the mean deviation about 𝐴 is defined as
%
1
Mean deviation = 3 𝑥! − 𝐴
𝑁
!&"
%
1
Mean deviation = 3 𝑓! 𝑥! − 𝐴
𝑁
!&"
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If the mean deviation about the median of the numbers
𝑎, 2𝑎, ⋯ , 50𝑎 is 50, then 𝑎 equals:
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Solution:
𝑎, 2𝑎, ⋯ , 50𝑎 50 terms
7 9: 9:
term ' 7
'" term
When 𝑛 is even, Median = 8 8
A
#
25𝑎 + 26𝑎
Median: 𝑀 = = 25.5 𝑎
2 B
C
4
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If the mean deviation about the median of the numbers
𝑎, 2𝑎, ⋯ , 50𝑎 is 50, then 𝑎 equals:
AIEEE 2011
Solution: 2
25𝑎 + 26𝑎 1
Median: 𝑀 = 25.5 𝑎 Mean deviation = A 𝑥/ − 𝐴
𝑁
2 /01
∑>?
!&" 𝑥! − 𝑀 A
Mean deviation = = 50
50
𝑎 − 25.5 𝑎 + 2𝑎 − 25.5 𝑎 + ⋯ +|50𝑎 − 25.5 𝑎|
= 50 B
50
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Session 02
Variance and its
Properties
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Property of Mean deviation
After multiplying with constant 𝑎 and adding another constant 𝑏 in each observation,
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The mean deviation of an ungrouped data is 50. If each observation is
increased by 2%, then the new mean deviation is:
Solution: A
2
𝑥′! = 1 + 𝑥 = 1.02𝑥!
100 !
B
51
M.D. → 𝑎 × M.D.
Thus, new mean deviation = 1.02×50 = 51 C
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Key Takeaways
Variance
It is the mean of squares of deviation of variate from their mean.
It is denoted by 𝜎 " or var 𝑥 .
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Key Takeaways
Variance
It is the mean of squares of deviation of variate from their mean.
It is denoted by 𝜎 " or var 𝑥 .
If 𝑥( , 𝑥" , ⋯ ⋯ , 𝑥4 are 𝑛 values of a variable 𝑋, then
% % %
#
1 # 𝑥 # 2
𝜎 = ⋅ 3 𝑥! + ⋅ 3 1 − ⋅ 𝑥 3 𝑥!
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
!&" !&" !&"
% %
1 1
𝜎 # = ⋅ 3 𝑥!# + 𝑥 # − 2 𝑥 ##
𝜎 = ⋅ 3 𝑥!# − 𝑥 #
𝑛 𝑛
!&" !&"
Mean Square of
of Squares Mean
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Key Takeaways
Variance
2
1
𝜎 . = ⋅ A 𝑥/. − 𝑥 .
𝑛
/01
Note
Variance of discrete frequency distribution:
If 𝑥( , 𝑥" , ⋯ ⋯ , 𝑥4 are 𝑛 values of a variable 𝑋 and corresponding frequencies of
them are 𝑓( , 𝑓" ⋯ ⋯ , 𝑓4 .
"
1 1 1
Var 𝑋 = M 𝑓! 𝑥! − 𝑥̅ "
= M 𝑓! 𝑥!" − M 𝑓! 𝑥!
𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
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The variance of first 𝑛 natural numbers is _______ .
A 𝑛" + 1
Solution:
4 4 " 6
1 1
𝜎 " = M 𝑥!" − M 𝑥! B 𝑛" + 1
𝑛 𝑛
!;( !;(
12
"
1 1
= 1" + 2" + ⋯ 𝑛" − 1 + 2 + ⋯+ 𝑛 C 𝑛" − 1
𝑛 𝑛
6
"
1 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1 𝑛+1
= − D 𝑛" − 1
𝑛 6 2
12
𝑛" − 1
=
12
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Standard deviation
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The mean and standard deviation of 15 observations are found to
be 8 and 3 respectively. On rechecking it was found that, in the
observations, 20 was misread as 5. Then, the correct variance is
equal to _______.
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Solution: Let the observations be 𝑥( , 𝑥" , … , 𝑥(+
(.
M 𝑥! + 5 (.
!;(
=8 ⇒ M 𝑥! = 115
15 !;(
(.
M 𝑥! + 20
!;( 115 + 20
Corrected Mean : 𝑋< = = =9
15 15
Variance = 𝑆. 𝐷. "
=9
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The mean and standard deviation of 15 observations are found to
be 8 and 3 respectively. On rechecking it was found that, in the
observations, 20 was misread as 5. Then, the correct variance is
equal to _______.
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Solution: Let the observations be 𝑥( , 𝑥" , … , 𝑥(+
Variance = 𝑆. 𝐷. "
=9
(.
M 𝑥!" + 5"
!;(
− 8" = 9
15
(.
M 𝑥!" = 1070
!;(
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The mean and standard deviation of 15 observations are found to
be 8 and 3 respectively. On rechecking it was found that, in the
observations, 20 was misread as 5. Then, the correct variance is
equal to _______.
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Solution: Let the observations be 𝑥( , 𝑥" , … , 𝑥(+
Variance = 𝑆. 𝐷. "
=9 M 𝑥!" = 1070
!;(
Correct Variance:
(.
M 𝑥!" + 20"
!;( 1070 + 400
𝜎 " = − 9" = − 81 = 98 − 81 = 17
15 15
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Key Takeaways
Variance
Property: Variance is independent of change of
origin, but dependent on change of scale.
var 𝑥! + 𝑏 = var 𝑥!
G8H"
Example : Variance of 1,2,3,4 =
"#
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Key Takeaways
Variance
Property: Variance is independent of change of origin, but dependent on
change of scale.
var 𝑥! + 𝑏 = var 𝑥!
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If variance of first 𝑛 natural numbers is 10 and variance of first 𝑚
even natural numbers is 16, then 𝑚 + 𝑛 is equal to:
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Solution:
!!"#
Variance of first 𝑛 natural numbers =
" #$
𝑛 −1
= 10
12
⇒ 𝑛 = 11 var 𝑎𝑥! + 𝑏 = 𝑎# var 𝑥!
Variance of (2,4,6. . . ) = 4× variance of (1,2,3,4. . . )
𝑚" − 1
= 4×
12
𝑚" − 1
⇒ = 16 ⇒ 𝑚 = 7
3
∴ 𝑛 + 𝑚 = 11 + 7 = 18
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In a series of 2𝑛 observations, half of them are equal to 𝑎 and remaining
half are equal to −𝑎. Also, by adding a constant 𝑏 in each of these
observations, the mean and standard deviation of new set become 5 and
20, respectively. Then the value of 𝑎# + 𝑏 # is equal to:
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Solution:
A
Given series is 𝑎(𝑛 times), −𝑎(𝑛 times)
𝑥=0
If 𝑏 is added to each of them, then the new mean is B
𝑥= = 𝑥 + 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 = 5
C
Standard deviation doesn't change when same number is added to all, so
𝑛𝑎" + 𝑛𝑎" D
− 0 = 20 ⇒ 𝑎" = 400 ∴ 𝑎" + 𝑏" = 425 425
2𝑛
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Key Takeaways
Coefficient of variation
𝜎
𝐶. 𝑉. = ×100
𝑋X
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Co-efficient of variation of two series are 75 % and 90 % and their
standard deviations 15 and 18. Find their mean.
Solution:
15
For 1>0 series 75 = ×100 ⇒ 𝑥 = 20
𝑥
18
For 24? series 90 = ×100 ⇒ 𝑥 = 20
𝑥
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Size Mean Variance
Observation 𝐼 10 2 2
Observation 𝐼𝐼 𝑛 3 1
13
If the variance of the combined set of these two observation is , then the value of 𝑛 is equal to:
4
Solution:
For Observation 𝐼:
∑ 𝑥!
= 2 ⇒ ∑𝑥! = 20
10
∑𝑥!"
⇒ − 2 "=2
10
⇒ ∑ 𝑥!" = 60
For Observation 𝐼𝐼:
∑ 𝑦!"
− 3" = 1 ⇒ ∑ 𝑦!" = 10𝑛
𝑛
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Size Mean Variance
Observation 𝐼 10 2 2
Observation 𝐼𝐼 𝑛 3 1
13
If the variance of the combined set of these two observation is , then the value of 𝑛 is equal to:
4
Solution:
"
"
∑ 𝑥!" + 𝑦!" ∑ 𝑥! + 𝑦!
𝜎 = − ⇒ ∑ 𝑥!" = 60
10 + 𝑛 10 + 𝑛
17 60 + 10𝑛 20 + 3𝑛 " ⇒ ∑ 𝑦!" = 10𝑛
⇒ = −
9 10 + 𝑛 10 + 𝑛 "
⇒ 17 𝑛" + 20𝑛 + 100 = 9 𝑛" + 40𝑛 + 200
⇒ 8𝑛" − 20𝑛 − 100 = 0
⇒ 2𝑛" − 5𝑛 − 25 = 0
⇒𝑛=5
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