Biotechnology
Biotechnology: During 1970s, biotechnology express as a new discipline.
The term “ Biotechnology” derived through the fusion of “biology” with
“technology”.
In simple terms, biotechnology may be defined as the controlled use of
biological agents such as microorganism or cellular components for beneficial
use ( US national Science Foundation).
Clearly, biotechnology exploits-
i) Biological processes based on microorganisms, animals/plants cell, cell
components, or cell constituents e.g., enzymes, hormone, toxins etc.
ii) For the production of beneficial (not harmful) goods and services.
Biotechnology
Definition: Biotechnology is defined by different organization in different
ways. It has been broadly defined as the development and utilization of
biological processes, forms, and system for obtaining maximum benefits to
man and other forms of life.
Biotechnology is “the science of applied biological process”
(Biotechnology: A Dutch perspective, 1981)
Some definitions given by other organizations:
Biotechnology is the application of scientific and engineering
principles to the processing of materials by biological agents to
provide goods and service [The Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD), 1981]
Biotechnology
Definition:
One of the broadest definition of Biotechnology is the one given at
the United Nations Conference on Biological Diversity in 1992 as
“any technological application that uses biological systems, living
organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or
processes for specific use.”
The integrated use of biochemistry, microbiology, and engineering
sciences in order to achieve technological application of the
capabilities of microorganisms, cultured tissue, cells, and parts
their of [ The European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB), 1981]
Biotechnology is the “controlled use of biological agents such as
microorganisms or cellular components for beneficials use” (U.S.
National Science Federation)
Biotechnology
Biotechnology
Who is father of biotechnology? Or Who discovered
biotechnology?:
Károly Ereky (German: Karl Ereky; 20 October 1878 – 17 June 1952) was a
Hungarian agricultural engineer. The term 'biotechnology' was coined by him
in 1919. He is regarded by some as the "father" of biotechnology.
Biotechnology
History of biotechnology:
Origin of biotechnology
during old human civilization/ when microorganisms were
already used for processes like fermentation.
1970s, the efforts made by
Microbiologists
Molecular biologists
Genetics
Biochemists
Medical scientist
Biochemical engineering
Agricultural scientists
Virologists etc.
Lead to reach their respective disciplines to the zenith.
Biotechnology
History of biotechnology:
First discovery of biotechnology
Alcohol production butanol and acetone by C. Weizmann in 1920s from
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Second discovery of biotechnology
Antibiotic penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1929
3rd discovery of biotechnology
It is recent in the form of recombinant DNA technology (1970s)
Biotechnology
History of biotechnology:
Chronology of some important developments in biotechnology
Activity Year
Yeast used to make wine and beer Before 6000BC
Yeast used for making leavened bread About 4000BC
Copper mined with the aid of microbes 1670AD
Sewage treatment systems using microbe developed About 1910AD
Large scale production of acetone, butanol, and glycerol using 1920s
bacteria
Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin 1929
Large scale production of penicillin 1944
Biotechnology
History of biotechnology:
Chronology of some important developments in biotechnology
Activity Year
Mining of uranium with aid of microbes ( Canada) 1962
First successful genetic engineering experiments 1973
Genetically engineered growth hormone approved for treatment of Mid eighties
dwarfism
New antibodies produced by cell fusion
Commercial production of dyes and industrial chemicals from algae
Monoclonal antibodies employed to boost the body’s defense
against cancer and other disease
Growth hormones used to increase yield meat and milk from cattle
Raw materials for plastic industry obtained from microbes Late eighties
Interferon employed to treat certain types of cancer
Biotechnology
History of biotechnology:
Chronology of some important developments in biotechnology
Activity Year
Animal birth control product 1990s
Aquaculture technology developed
Biofertilizers and nitrogen fixation
Biopesticides ( Viral, bacteria, and fungus sources)
DNA fingerprinting and DNA probe
Embryo transfer and split embryo technology
Number of vaccines
Oral polio vaccines etc.
First FDA approval for a whole food produced through biotechnology 1994
FLAVARSAVR TM tomato
First animal cloned from an adult cell a sheep named Dolly in Scotland 1997
PCR techniques developed 1997
Biotechnology
History of biotechnology:
Chronology of some important developments in biotechnology
Activity Year
First conviction using genetic fingerprinting in the UK 1990s
Breast cancer susceptibility genes cloned
First complete map of a plant genome develop from Arabidopsis thaliana 2000
1089 million acres biotech crops grown in 13 countries
Golden rice for vitamin A sources
First complete map of the genome of a food plant completed Rice 2001
Scientific Journals publish complete human genome sequence
Late professor Dr Maqsudul Alam and his team made global headlines for 2010
discovering the genome sequence of 'Tosha' jute -- the Jute Plant Draft June
Genome
Biotechnology
Old biotechnology Vs new biotechnology
Fermentation by some microorganisms, formation of Yoghurt and
cheese from milk and that of vinegar from molasses, production of
antibiotics like penicillin from certain fungi, the processes of
baking and brewing are often included in describing what is called
old biotechnology.
The other examples of biological processes involving the
techniques of recombinant DNA and polymerase chain reaction
(PCR), cell culture and fusion and bioprocessing which become
possible only through the researchers in molecular biology have
been described as new biotechnology.
Biotechnology
Multidisciplinary nature of
biotechnology
Biotechnology
Biotechnology institute in Bangladesh
University
Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University,
University of Rajshahi
University of Chittagong
University of Khulna
Islamic University, Kushtia
Jagannath University
Jahangirnagar University
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University
Sylhet Agricultural University
Bangabandhu Shiekh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University
Bangladesh Agricultural University
Biotechnology
Biotechnology institute in Bangladesh
Institute
Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI),
Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI),
Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI),
Bangladesh Forest Research Institute (BFRI),
Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA),
Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR),
Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI)
Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC)
National Institute of Biotechnology (NIB)
Achievement of biotechnology
In genetic engineering programs:
-it has become possible to map the whole genome of an organism
- to find out the functions of genes
- cut and transfer into another organism
Recombinant DNA technology has made it easier/possible
-to detect the genetic diseases and cure before the birth of a child
- to develop vaccines against viral and malarial disease
- to develop growth hormones and interferon
Biotechnology has caused a revolution in agricultural science
- Cell culture and protoplast fusion techniques have resulted in hybrid/cybrid plants
- To produce encapsulated seeds, soma-clonal variants, disease resistant plants, herbicide,
and stress resistant plants, and nif gene and nod gene transfer
- For better yield of agricultural crops, use of biofertilizers has become an alternative tool
for synthetic chemical fertilizers.
For the protection of environment and pollution, treatment of sewage, transformation of
domestic wastes and xenobiotic chemicals have drawn much attention in recent years.
Biotechnology has helped the bio-industries in producing the novel compounds and
optimization and scaleup of products for example alcohols, acids, antibodies and enzymes
and single cell proteins etc.
Company categories involved in Biotechnology
Therapeutics
Pharmaceutical products for the cure or control of human disease including antibiotics, vaccines,
gene therapy
Diagnostic
Clinical testing and diagnosis
Agriculture/ forestry/horticulture
Novel crop or animal varieties, pesticides, biofertilizers
Food
Wide range of food products, beverages, ingredients
Environment
Waste treatment, bioremediation, energy production
Chemical intermediates
Reagents including enzymes, DNA/RNA, especially chemicals
Equipment
Hardware, bioreactors, software etc
Scope and importance of biotechnology
Biotechnology has rapidly developed as an area of activity having a marked realized as well
as potential impact on virtually all domains of human welfare, ranging from food processing,
protecting the environment and human health.
As a result, it now plays a very important role in employment, production and productivity,
trade, economics and economy, human health, and the quality of human life throughout the
world.
The importance of biotechnology to human welfare would become obvious from some
selected examples (Table 32.2)
Scope and importance of biotechnology
Scope and importance of biotechnology
