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Signal Flow Graph of Control System

The document discusses control systems including definitions, requirements, types, examples, advantages and disadvantages. It describes open loop and closed loop control systems. It also discusses block diagram representation and signal flow graph representation of control systems.

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ahmedlkmd2003
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14 views

Signal Flow Graph of Control System

The document discusses control systems including definitions, requirements, types, examples, advantages and disadvantages. It describes open loop and closed loop control systems. It also discusses block diagram representation and signal flow graph representation of control systems.

Uploaded by

ahmedlkmd2003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONTROL (1) + CONTROL SYS COMP.

Lecture(1)

Dr. shahira Elfeky


What is a Control System?
A control system is defined as a system of devices that
manages, commands, directs, or regulates the behavior of
other devices or systems to achieve a desired result.

A control system achieves this through control loops, which


are a process designed to maintain a process variable at a
desired set point.
Requirements of a Good Control System

Accuracy: Accuracy is the measurement tolerance of the instrument and


defines the limits of the errors made when the instrument is used in normal
operating conditions.

Accuracy can be improved by using feedback elements. To increase the


accuracy of any control system error detector should be present in the control
system.

Sensitivity: The parameters of a control system are always changing with the
change in surrounding conditions, internal disturbance, or any other
parameters.

This change can be expressed in terms of sensitivity. Any control system should
be insensitive to such parameters but sensitive to input signals only.
• Noise: An undesired input signal is known as noise. A good control
system should be able to reduce the noise effect for better performance.

• Stability: It is an important characteristic of the control system. For the


bounded input signal, the output must be bounded and if the input is
zero then the output must be zero then such a control system is said to
be a stable system.

• Bandwidth: An operating frequency range decides the bandwidth of the


control system. Bandwidth should be as large as possible for the
frequency response of a good control system.

• Speed: It is the time taken by the control system to achieve its stable
output. A good control system possesses high speed. The transient
period for such a system is very small.
Hence, there are two main types of control systems. They are as follow
1.Open-loop control systems
2.Closed-loop control systems

Open Loop Control System

Examples of open-loop control systems in daily life include:


1.Electric Hand Drier – Hot air (output) comes out as long as you keep your hand under the machine, irrespective
of how much your hand is dried.
2.Automatic Washing Machine – This machine runs according to the pre-set time irrespective of washing is
completed or not.
3.Bread Toaster – This machine runs as per adjusted time irrespective of toasting is completed or not.
4.Automatic Tea/Coffee Maker – These machines also function for pre-adjusted time only.
5.Timer Based Clothes Drier – This machine dries wet clothes for pre-adjusted time, it does not matter how much
the clothes are dried.
6.Light Switch – Lamps glow whenever the light switch is on irrespective of light is required or not.
7.Volume on Stereo System – Volume is adjusted manually irrespective of output volume level.
Advantages of Open Loop Control Systems
1.Simple in construction and design.
2.Economical.
3.Easy to maintain.
4.Generally stable.
5.Convenient to use as output is difficult to measure.

Disadvantages of Open Loop Control System


1.They are inaccurate.
2.They are unreliable.
3.Any change in output cannot be corrected automatically.
Closed Loop Control System

Examples of closed-loop control systems in daily life include:


1.Water Level Controller – Input water is controlled by the water level of the reservoir.
2.Missile Launched and Auto Tracked by Radar – The direction of the missile is controlled by comparing
the target and position of the missile.
3.An Air Conditioner – An air conditioner functions depending upon the temperature of the room.
4.Cooling System in Car – It operates depending upon the temperature which it controls.
Advantages :
1. The closed-loop control systems are more accurate even in the
presence of nonlinearities.
2. Highly accurate as any error arising is corrected due to the presence
of a feedback signal.
3. Simplifies automation.
4. The sensitivity of the system may be made small to make the system
more stable.
5. This system is less affected by noise.

Disadvantages:
1. They are costlier.
2. They are complicated to design.
3. Require more maintenance.
4. Feedback leads to an oscillatory response.
5. Stability is the main problem.
Block Diagram Representation

What is a Block Diagram in a Control System?

A block diagram is used to represent a control system in diagram


form. In other words, the practical representation of a control
system is its block diagram.
Each element of the control system is represented with a block and
the block is the symbolic representation of the transfer function of
that element.
This is the transfer function of a closed-loop system
with negative feedback.
SIGNAL FLOW GRAPH OF CONTROL SYSTEM

A GRAPHICAL METHOD OF REPRESENTING THE CONTROL


SYSTEM USING THE LINEAR ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS IS KNOWN
AS THE SIGNAL FLOW GRAPH.

IT IS ABBREVIATED AS SFG. THIS GRAPH BASICALLY SIGNIFIES


HOW THE SIGNAL FLOWS IN A SYSTEM.
E(s)= 1.R(s) -H(s) C(s)
C(s)=G(s) E(s)
E(s)
y1

Y1(s)=G1(s)X(s)

Y(s)=Y1(s)+Y2(s)

Y2(s)=G2(s)X(s)
y1

y1
X1=R(s) - C(s)

X2=X1+ H1(s) X4

X3=G1 X2 - H2 C(s)
x1 x2 x3 x4

x1 x2 x4
x3
-

x2

C(s)=1 C(s)

C(s)
P1=G1G2G3

L1=G1G2H1
+(2 nontouch loops)-(3….)
Here the total number of forward paths are two.
p1 = G1G2G3G4G5 Δ1=1
p2 = G1G2G6
Also, the above signal flow graph contains, 2 individual feedback loops
L1 = – G1H1
L2 = – G4H2
These two loops of the SFG are also the two non-touching loops.
Therefore, substituting the values in the formula to calculate Δ, we will get,
Δ = 1 – (L1 + L2) + (L1L2)
C = 1 – (- G1H1 – G4H2) + [(- G1H1) (- G4H2)]
So,
Δ = 1 + G1H1 + G4H2 + [(G1G4 H1H2)]
we will now calculate ΔK
Δ1 = 1 – (loops that are not touching first forward path)
And here there is no such loop which is not touching the first forward path, hence,
Δ1 = 1 – (0)
Δ1 = 1

Now,

Δ2 = 1 – (loops not touching the second forward path)


And here L2 is not touching the second forward path, therefore,
Δ2 = 1 – (L2)
Δ2 = 1 – (- G4H2)

On simplifying
Δ2 = 1 + G4H2

So, now substituting the values in the mason’s gain formula: solution of example 1 of mason's gain
formula
Here we have only a single forward path.
Thus, K = 1 The various combinations of 2 non-touching loop of
So, the SFG are:
T1 = G1G2G3G4G5 L1L3 = (- G1H1)(- G4H3) = G1H1G4H3
The 4 individual feedback loops of the above shown signal L1L4 = (-G1H1)(-G4G5H4) = G1H1G4G5H4
flow graph are: L2L3= (-G2H2)(-G4H3) = G2H2G4H3
L1 = – G1H1 L2L4= (-G2H2)(-G4G5H4) = G2H2G4G5H4
L2 = – G2H2
L3 = – G4H3
L4 = – G4G5H4

in this SFG, there are no 3 non-touching loops, thus we will stop right here.
So, Δ will be given as:
Δ = 1 – (-G1H1 – G2H2 – G4H3– G4G5H4) + [(G1H1G4H3) + (G1H1G4G5H4) + (G2H2G4H3) + (G2H2G4G5H4)]
So, we will have,
Δ = 1 + G1H1 + G2H2 + G4H3 + G4G5H4 + G1H1G4H3 + G1H1G4G5H4 + G2H2G4H3 + G2H2G4G5H4
Now, as we have a single forward path,
Therefore, Δ1 = 1 – (0)

This is so because we have no such loops that are not touching the first forward path.

So, Δ1 = 1

Hence, the transfer function of the above signal flow graph will be: solution of example 2 of
mason's gain formula1

On substituting the values, we will get,

solution of example 2 of mason's gain formula2

This is the transfer function of the system with the above-given signal flow graph.

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