A LOW POWER SMS BASED TRACKING SYSTEM USING A9G MODULE

CONTENTS

CHAPTERS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.3 MAIN OBJECTIVE
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES
3. CONCEPTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
3.1 OVERVIEW OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
3.1.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
3.1.2 Memory
3.1.3 Input devices
3.1.4 Output devices
3.1.5 Communication interfaces
3.1.6 Application-specific circuitry
3.2 APPLICATION AREAS

3.2.1 Consumer appliances

3.2.2 Office automation

3.2.3 Industrial automation
3.2.4 Medical electronics
3.2.5 Computer networking
3.2.6 Telecommunications
3.2.7 Wireless technologies
3.2.8 Insemination
3.2.9 Security
3.2.10 Finance

3.3 COMPONENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

3.3.1 Microcontroller
3.3.2 Office automation

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3.3.3 Power Supply

3.4 COMMUNICATION INTERFACES

3.5 CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

3.6 HARDWARE CONSTRAINTS

3.6.1 Limited Memory
3.6.2 Power Constraints
4. PROJECT METHODOLOGY

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

5. COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

6. SOFTWARE TOOL

7. RESULTS

8. ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

9. CONCLUSION

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CHAPTER 3

Introduction To Embedded Systems

An embedded system can be defined as a computing device that does a specific focused job.
Appliances such as the air-conditioner, VCD player, DVD player, printer, fax machine, mobile phone
etc. are examples of embedded systems. Each of these appliances will have a processor and special
hardware to meet the specific requirement of the application along with the embedded software that is
executed by the processor for meeting that specific requirement. The embedded software is also called
“firm ware”. The desktop/laptop computer is a general-purpose computer. You can use it for a variety
of applications such as playing games, word processing, accounting, software development and so on.
In contrast, the software in the embedded systems is always fixed listed below:

Embedded systems do a very specific task, they cannot be programmed to do different things.
Embedded systems have very limited resources, particularly the memory. Generally, they do not have
secondary storage devices such as the CDROM or the floppy disk. Embedded systems have to work
against some deadlines. A specific job has to be completed within a specific time. In some embedded
systems, called real-time systems, the deadlines are stringent. Missing a deadline may cause a
catastrophe-loss of life or damage to property. Embedded systems are constrained for power. As many
embedded systems operate through a battery, the power consumption has to be very low. Some
embedded systems have to operate in extreme environmental conditions such as very high
temperatures and humidity.

Types of Embedded Systems

Embedded systems are specialized computer systems designed to perform specific functions within
larger systems. They are used in a wide range of applications, from consumer electronics to industrial
automation. There are several different types of embedded systems, including:

 Real-time embedded systems: These systems are designed to respond to external events in real-
time, often with strict timing requirements. They are commonly used in applications such as
control systems, medical devices, and automotive systems.
 Standalone embedded systems: These systems operate independently of other systems and do
not require communication with other devices. They are commonly used in applications such as
home appliances, toys, and security systems.

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 Networked embedded systems: These systems are designed to communicate with other devices
over a network, such as the internet or a local area network. They are commonly used in
applications such as smart homes, industrial automation, and telecommunications.

3.1Overview Of Embedded System Architecture

Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built around a Central Processing Unit
(CPU). This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is loaded.

Fig 1 Layered architecture of an embedded system

The software residing on the memory chip is also called the ‘firmware’. The embedded system
architecture can be represented as a layered architecture as shown in Fig.

The operating system runs above the hardware, and the application software runs above the operating
system. The same architecture is applicable to any computer including a desktop computer. However,
there are significant differences. It is not compulsory to have an operating system in every embedded
system. For small appliances such as remote-control units, air conditioners, toys etc., there is no need
for an operating system and you can write only the software specific to that application.

For applications involving complex processing, it is advisable to have an operating system. In such a
case, you need to integrate the application software with the operating system and then transfer the
entire software on to the memory chip. Once the software is transferred to the memory chip, the
software will continue to run for a long time you do not need to reload new software.

Now, let us see the details of the various building blocks of the hardware of an embedded system. As
shown in Fig. the building blocks are;

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● Central Processing Unit (CPU)

● Memory (Read-only Memory and Random Access Memory)

● Input Devices

● Output devices

● Communication interfaces

● Application-specific circuitry

3.1.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The Central Processing Unit (processor, in short) can be any of the following: microcontroller,
microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP). A micro-controller is a low-cost processor. Its main
attraction is that on the chip itself, there will be many other components such as memory, serial
communication interface, analog-to digital converter etc. So, for small applications, a micro-controller
is the best choice as the number of external components required will be very less. On the other hand,
microprocessors are more powerful, but you need to use many external components with them. D5P is
used mainly for applications in which signal processing is involved such as audio and video
processing.

3.1.2 Memory

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The memory is categorized as Random Access 11emory (RAM) and Read Only Memory
(ROM). The contents of the RAM will be erased if power is switched off to the chip, whereas ROM
retains the contents even if the power is switched off. So, the firmware is stored in the ROM. When
power is switched on, the processor reads the ROM; the program is program is executed.

3.1.3 Input devices

Unlike the desktops, the input devices to an embedded system have very limited capability.
There will be no keyboard or a mouse, and hence interacting with the embedded system is no easy
task. Many embedded systems will have a small keypad-you press one key to give a specific
command. A keypad may be used to input only the digits. Many embedded systems used in process
control do not have any input device for user interaction; they take inputs from sensors or transducers
1’fnd produce electrical signals that are in turn fed to other systems.

3.1.4 Output devices

The output devices of the embedded systems also have very limited capability. Some
embedded systems will have a few Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to indicate the health status of the
system modules, or for visual indication of alarms. A small Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) may also be
used to display some important parameters.

3.1.5 Communication interfaces

The embedded systems may need to, interact with other embedded systems at they may have to
transmit data to a desktop. To facilitate this, the embedded systems are provided with one or a few
communication interfaces such as RS232, RS422, RS485, Universal Serial Bus (USB), IEEE 1394,
Ethernet etc.

3.1.6 Application-specific circuitry

Sensors, transducers, special processing, and control circuitry may be required fat an
embedded system, depending on its application. This circuitry interacts with the processor to carry out
the necessary work. The entire hardware has to be given power supply either through the 230 volts
main supply or through a battery. The hardware must design in such a way that the power consumption
is minimized.

Advantages of Embedded Systems

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1. They are designed to do a specific task and have real time performance constraints which must
be met.

2. They allow the system hardware to be simplified so costs are reduced.

3. They are usually in the form of small computerized parts in larger devices which serve a
general purpose.

3.2 Application Areas

Nearly 99 per cent of the processors manufactured end up in embedded systems. The
embedded system market is one of the highest growth areas as these systems are used in very market
segment- consumer electronics, office automation, industrial automation, biomedical engineering,
wireless communication, data communication, telecommunications, transportation, military and so on.

3.2.1 Consumer appliances

At home we use several embedded systems which include digital camera, digital diary, DVD player,
electronic toys, microwave oven, remote controls for TV and air-conditioner, VCO player, video game
consoles, video recorders etc. Today’s high-tech car has about 20 embedded systems for transmission
control, engine spark control, air-conditioning, navigation etc. Even wristwatches are now becoming
embedded systems. The palmtops are powerful embedded systems using which we can carry out many
general-purpose tasks such as playing games and word processing.

3.2.2 Office automation

The office automation products using embedded systems are copying machine, fax machine, key
telephone, modem, printer, scanner etc.

3.2.3 Industrial automation

Today a lot of industries use embedded systems for process control. These include pharmaceutical,
cement, sugar, oil exploration, nuclear energy, electricity generation and transmission. The embedded
systems for industrial use are designed to carry out specific tasks such as monitoring the temperature,
pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc., and then take appropriate action based on the monitored
levels to control other devices or to send information to a centralized monitoring station. In hazardous
industrial environment, where human presence has to be avoided, robots are used, which are

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programmed to do specific jobs. The robots are now becoming very powerful and carry out many
interesting and complicated tasks such as hardware assembly.

3.2.4 Medical electronics

Almost every medical equipment in the hospital is an embedded system. These equipment’s include
diagnostic aids such as ECG, EEG, blood pressure measuring devices, X-ray scanners; equipment used
in blood analysis, radiation, colonoscopy, endoscopy etc. Developments in medical electronics have
paved way for more accurate diagnosis of diseases.

3.2.5 Computer networking

Computer networking products such as bridges, routers, Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN),
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), X.25 and frame relay switches are embedded systems which
implement the necessary data communication protocols. For example, a router interconnects two
networks. The two networks may be running different protocol stacks. The router’s function is to
obtain the data packets from incoming pores, analyze the packets and send them towards the
destination after doing necessary protocol conversion. Most networking equipment’s, other than the
end systems (desktop computers) we use to access the networks, are embedded systems.

3.2.6 Telecommunications

In the field of telecommunications, the embedded systems can be categorized as subscriber terminals
and network equipment. The subscriber terminals such as key telephones, ISDN phones, terminal
adapters, web cameras are embedded systems. The network equipment includes multiplexers, multiple
access systems, Packet Assemblers Dissemblers (PADs), satel1ite modems etc. IP phone, IP gateway,
IP gatekeeper etc. are the latest embedded systems that provide very low-cost voice communication
over the Internet.

3.2.7 Wireless technologies

Advances in mobile communications are paving way for many interesting applications using
embedded systems. The mobile phone is one of the marvels of the last decade of the 20th century. It is
a very powerful embedded system that provides voice communication while we are on the move. The
Personal Digital Assistants and the palmtops can now be used to access multimedia services over the
Internet. Mobile communication infrastructure such as base station controllers, mobile switching
centers are also powerful embedded systems.

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3.2.8 Insemination

Testing and measurement are the fundamental requirements in all scientific and engineering activities.
The measuring equipment we use in laboratories to measure parameters such as weight, temperature,
pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc. are all embedded systems. Test equipment such as
oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, logic analyzer, protocol analyzer, radio communication test set etc.
are embedded systems built around powerful processors. Thank to miniaturization, the test and
measuring equipment are now becoming portable facilitating easy testing and measurement in the field
by field-personnel.

3.2.9 Security

Security of persons and information has always been a major issue. We need to protect our homes and
offices; and, the information we transmit and store. Developing embedded systems for security
applications is one of the most lucrative businesses nowadays. Security devices at homes, offices,
airports etc. for authentication and verification are embedded systems. Encryption devices are nearly
99 per cent of the processors that are manufactured end up in~ embedded systems. Embedded systems
find applications in every industrial segment-consumer electronics, transportation, avionics,
biomedical engineering, manufacturing, process control and industrial automation, data
communication, telecommunication, defense, security etc. Used to encrypt the data/voice being
transmitted on communication links such as telephone lines. Biometric systems using fingerprint and
face recognition are now being extensively used for user authentication in banking applications as well
as for access control in high security buildings.

3.2.10 Finance
Financial dealing through cash and cheques are now slowly paving way for transactions using smart
cards and ATM (Automatic Teller Machine, also expanded as Any Time Money) machines. Smart
card, of the size of a credit card, has a small micro-controller and memory; and it interacts with the
smart card reader! ATM machine and acts as an electronic wallet. Smart card technology has the
capability of ushering in a cashless society. Well, the list goes on. It is no exaggeration to say that eyes
wherever we go, we can see, or at least feel, the work of an embedded system.

3.3 Components of Embedded Systems

Embedded systems are made up of several components that work together to perform a specific task.

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These components include:

3.3.1 Microcontroller

The microcontroller is the brain of the embedded system. It is responsible for processing data and
executing instructions. It typically includes a processor, memory, and input/output peripherals.

3.3.2 Sensors and Actuators

Sensors are used to detect changes in the environment and convert them into electrical signals.
Actuators are used to control physical processes based on the data received from the sensors. Examples
of sensors include temperature sensors, light sensors, and motion sensors. Examples of actuators
include motors, solenoids, and valves.

3.3.3 Power Supply

Embedded systems require a power supply to operate. This can be a battery or an external power
source. The power supply must be able to provide the necessary voltage and current for the
components to function properly.

3.4 Communication Interfaces

Embedded systems often require communication with other systems or devices. Communication
interfaces allow the embedded system to send and receive data. Examples of communication interfaces
include USB, Ethernet, and Bluetooth.

3.5 Challenges in Developing Embedded Systems

Developing embedded systems presents a unique set of challenges that are not typically encountered in
other software development projects. Some of the key challenges include:

 Limited Resources: Embedded systems are often designed to operate with limited resources,
including memory, processing power, and energy. This requires developers to optimize their
code to ensure that it can run efficiently on the target hardware.
 Real-time Constraints: Many embedded systems are designed to perform critical functions in
real-time, such as controlling machinery or monitoring vital signs. This means that developers
must ensure that their code can respond to events in a timely and predictable manner.

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 Hardware Variability: Embedded systems are often deployed on a wide range of hardware
platforms, each with its own unique characteristics and capabilities. This can make it difficult
to develop code that is portable across different devices.

3.6 Hardware Constraints

3.6.1 Limited Memory

Embedded systems often have limited memory, which can make it challenging to store and process
data efficiently.

3.6.2 Power Constraints

Embedded systems often have tight power constraints, which can limit the functionality of the system
and make it challenging to optimize power usage.

CHAPTER 4

SOFTWARE

This tutorial will walk you through downloading, installing, and testing the Arduino software (also
known as the Arduino IDE - short for Integrated Development Environment). Before you jump to the
page for your operating system, make sure you've got all the right equipment.

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Fig 9 arduino logo

Required Materials

● A computer (Windows, Mac, or Linux)

● An Arduino-compatible microcontroller (anything from this guide should work)

● A USB A-to-B cable, or another appropriate way to connect your Arduino-compatible

microcontroller to your computer (check out this USB buying guide if you're not sure which
cable to get).

How to install CH340 drivers

(if you need them) on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux.

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If you're ready to get started, click on the link in the column on the left that matches up with your
operating system, or you can jump to your operating system here.

● Windows

● Mac

● Linux

● Windows

This page will show you how to install and test the Arduino software with a Windows operating
system (Windows 8, Windows 7, Vista, and XP).

● Go to the Arduino download page and download the latest version of the Arduino software for
Windows.

● When the download is finished, un-zip it and open up the Arduino folder to confirm that yes,
there are indeed some files and sub-folders inside. The file structure is important so don't be
moving any files around unless you really know what you're doing.

● Power up your Arduino by connecting your Arduino board to your computer with a USB cable
(or FTDI connector if you're using an Arduino pro). You should see the an LED labed 'ON'
light up. (this diagram shows the placement of the power LED on the UNO).

Drivers for Arduino Uno on Windows

Installing the Drivers for the Arduino Uno (from Arduino.cc)

● Plug in your board and wait for Windows to begin it's driver installation process

● After a few moments, the process will fail, despite its best efforts

● Click on the Start Menu, and open up the Control Panel

● While in the Control Panel, navigate to System and Security. Next, click on System

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● Once the System window is up, open the Device Manager

● Look under Ports (COM & LPT). You should see an open port named "Arduino UNO
(COMxx)". If there is no COM & LPT section, look under 'Other Devices' for 'Unknown
Device'

Fig 12 device manager

● Right click on the "Arduino UNO (COMxx)" or "Unknown Device" port and choose the
"Update Driver Software" option

● Next, choose the "Browse my computer for Driver software" option

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Fig 13 update driver software

● Finally, navigate to and select the Uno's driver file, named "ArduinoUNO.inf", located in the
"Drivers" folder of the Arduino Software download (not the "FTDI USB Drivers" sub-
directory). If you cannot see the .inf file, it is probably just hidden. You can select the 'drivers'
folder with the 'search sub-folders' option selected instead.

● Windows will finish up the driver installation from there

For earlier versions of the Arduino boards (e.g., Arduino Duemilanove, Nano, or Diecimila) check
out this page for specific directions.

Drivers for Reboard on Windows

If you are using a red Board programmed for Arduino, please go to How to Install FTDI Drivers, for
specific instructions on how to install the drivers.

USB Serial Driver Quick Install

How to install USB serial drivers on Windows, MacOS, and Linux.

Launch and Blink!

After following the appropriate steps for your software install, we are now ready to test your first
program with your Arduino board!

● Launch the Arduino application

● If you disconnected your board, plug it back in

● Open the Blink example sketch by going to: File > Examples > 1. Basics > Blink

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Fig 14examples

● Select the type of Arduino board you're using: Tools > Board > your board type

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Fig 15 selection of board

● Select the serial/COM port that your Arduino is attached to: Tools > Port >COMxx

Fig 16 selection of serial port

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● If you're not sure which serial device is your Arduino, take a look at the available ports, then
unplug your Arduino and look again. The one that disappeared is your Arduino.With your
Arduino board connected, and the Blink sketch open, press the 'Upload' button

Fig 17 example code

● After a second, you should see some LEDs flashing on your Arduino, followed by the message
'Done Uploading' in the status bar of the Blink sketch.

● If everything worked, the onboard LED on your Arduino should now be blinking! You just
programmed your first Arduino!

Troubleshooting

This guide from Arduino has some more details and troubleshooting tips if you get stuck.

● Mac

This page will show you how to install and test the Arduino software on a Mac computer running
OSX.

● Go to the Arduino download page and download the latest version of the Arduino software for
Mac.

● When the download is finished, un-zip it and open up the Arduino folder to confirm that yes,
there are indeed some files and sub-folders inside. The file structure is important so don't be
moving any files around unless you really know what you're doing.

● Power up your Arduino by connecting your Arduino board to your computer with a USB cable
(or FTDI connector if you're using an Arduino pro). You should see an LED labed 'ON' light
up. (this diagram shows the placement of the power LED on the UNO).

● Move the Arduino application into your Applications folder.

FTDI Drivers

If you have an UNO, Mega2560, or Redbeard, you shouldn't need this step, so skip it!

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● For other boards, you will need to install drivers for the FTDI chip on your Arduino.

● Go to the FTDI website and download the latest version of the drivers.

● Once you're done downloading, double click the package and follow the instructions from the
installer.

● Restart your computer after installing the drivers.

Launch and Blink!

After following the appropriate steps for your software install, we are now ready to test your first
program with your Arduino board!

● Launch the Arduino application

● If you disconnected your board, plug it back in

● Open the Blink example sketch by going to: File > Examples > 1. Basics > Blink

Fig 18 examples in MAC

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● Select the type of Arduino board you're using: Tools > Board > your board type

Fig 19 board selection in MAC

● Select the serial port that your Arduino is attached to: Tools > Port >xxxxxx (it'll probably look
something like "/dev/tty. usbmodemfd131" or "/dev/tty.usbserial-131" but probably with a
different number)

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Fig 20 board selection in MAC

● If you're not sure which serial device is your Arduino, take a look at the available ports, then
unplug your Arduino and look again. The one that disappeared is your Arduino.

● With your Arduino board connected and the Blink sketch open, press the 'Upload' button

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Fig 21 example code

● After a second, you should see some LEDs flashing on your Arduino, followed by the message
'Done Uploading' in the status bar of the Blink sketch.

● If everything worked, the onboard LED on your Arduino should now be blinking! You just
programmed your first Arduino!

Troubleshooting

If you're having problems, check out this troubleshooting guide from Arduino.

● Linux

If you are a Linux user, you probably know that there are many different distribution 'flavors' of Linux
out there. Unsurprisingly, installing Arduino is slightly different for many of these distributions.
Luckily, the Arduino community has done an excellent job of providing instructions for most of the
popular versions. Click on the link below that covers your flavor of Linux:

● Arch Linux

● Debian

● Fedora

● Gentoo

● MEPIS

● Mint

● openSUSE

● Puppy

● Pussy

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● Slackware

● Ubuntu

● Xandros (Debian derivative) on Asus Eee PC

If the above directions did not work for you, or you don't see your distribution, try this catch-all guide.

You can go to the download page and download the latest version of Arduino for Linux (there are 32-
bit and 64-bit versions available) when your system is properly set up.

Launch and Blink!

After following the appropriate steps for your software install, we are now ready to test your first
program with your Arduino board!

● Launch the Arduino application

● If you disconnected your board, plug it back in

● Open the Blink example sketch by going to: File > Examples > 1. Basics > Blink

● Select the type of Arduino board you're using: Tools > Board > your board type

● Select the serial port that your Arduino is attached to: Tools > Port >xxxxxx (it'll probably look
something like "/dev/tty. usbmodemfd131" or "/dev/tty.usbserial-131" but probably with a
different number)

● If you're not sure which serial device is your Arduino, take a look at the available ports, then
unplug your Arduino and look again. The one that disappeared is your Arduino.

● With your Arduino board connected and the Blink sketch open, press the 'Upload' button

● After a second, you should see some LEDs flashing on your Arduino, followed by the message
'Done Uploading' in the status bar of the Blink sketch.

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● If everything worked, the onboard LED on your Arduino should now be blinking! You just
programmed your first Arduino!

Troubleshooting

The Arduino Playground Linux section is a great resource for figuring out any problems with your
Arduino installation.

● Board Add-Ons with Arduino Board Manager

With Arduino v1.6.4+, a new boards manager feature makes it easy to add third-party boards (like
the Spark Fun Red board, Digital Sandbox, and Red Bot) to the Arduino IDE.

To start, highlight and copy (CTRL + C / CMD + C) the text below for the boards manager URL.
You'll need this to configure Arduino.

COPY CODEhttps://raw.githubusercontent.com/sparkfun/Arduino_Boards/master/
IDE_Board_Manager/package_sparkfun_index.json

Open up Arduino:

● Configure the Boards Manager

o For Windows and Linux, head to File>Preferences>Additional Boards Manager

URLs and paste (CTRL + V / CMD + V) the link

o For Macs, head to Arduino>Preferences>Additional Boards Manager URLs and paste

(CTRL + V / CMD + V) the link

● Click on Tools>Board>Boards Manager...

● Select the Type as "Contributed" from the drop-down menu.

● Click on the Spark Fun AVR Boards and then click Install

Python

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Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose programming. Created

by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a design philosophy that emphasizes code
readability, notably using significant whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports multiple
programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and procedural, and has a
large and comprehensive standard library.

 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need to
compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
 Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the interpreter
directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse code is part of
this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of code. Maintainability also
ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say something about how much code you
have to scan, read and/or understand to troubleshoot problems or tweak behaviors. This speed of
development, the ease with which a programmer of other languages can pick up basic Python skills
and the huge standard library is key to another area where Python excels.

Introduction

A9G is a complete quad-band GSM/GPRS+GPS module based on the RDA8955 chip. The cost
reduction of the core chip provides users with a cost-effective IoT solution. Integrating protocol stacks
such as GSM/GPRS inside, this module supports the basic phone voice call/SMS, serial to GPRS and
GPS data transmission functions, which can be used in a wide range of applications, such as IoT,
vehicle-mounted equipment, remote localization, electric power environment monitoring.

Only one mobile phone card or Internet of Things card is needed to enable the device to have
information transmission functions such as GPRS/GPS/ SMS/voice call, A9G could also work with
other devices by AT command. Besides, the module comes with 29 GPIOs and integrated SDK that
could greatly facilitate private redevelopment.

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Specification

 Operating Temperature: -20℃~+70℃

 Low Power Mode Current: 2mA below (average)
 Supports for Quad-band GSM/GPRS (850/900/1800/1900MHz)
 GPRS Class 10
 Sensitivity: <-105dB
 Supports for Voice call and SMS
 GPIO Level: 2.8V
 Supports GPRS data service, the maximum download data rate is 85.5kbps, upload rate is
42.8Kbps
 Supports standard GSM07.07,07.05 AT command and Ai-Thinker expandable command set
 AT command supports standard AT&TCP/IP command port

The A9G is a complete quad-band GSM / GPRS module that combines GPRS and GPS / BDS
technologies and integrates it in a compact SMD package, saving customers time and money in
developing GNSS applications. The A9G by default comes with a bootloader or firmware and hence it
can be controlled using AT commands through Arduino, ESP8266, and Raspberry Pi as well. It can be
used to connect modules such as Arduino and Raspberry Pi to the internet and can be used in a wide
range of IoT applications and is ideal for IoT applications for home automation, industrial wireless
control, wearable electronics, wireless location sensing devices, wireless location system signals and
other IoT applications.

A9G SMD package uses the standard SMT equipment to achieve the rapid production of products,
especially for automation, large-scale, low-cost modern production methods for the convenience of a

variety of Internet of Things hardware terminal applications.

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The Pin diagram for this module is as shown in the image above.

Some Important Features of the module are: -

1) Complete quad-band GSM / GPRS module, 800/900/ 1800 / 1900MHz

2) SMD package for easy MP & testing

3) Low power mode, average current 2mA or less

4) Supports GPS, BDS.

5) Supports digital audio and analog audio, supports HR, FR, EFR, AMR voice coding

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6) Support voice calls and SMS messages

7) Embedded network service protocol stack

8) Support standard GSM07.07,07.05AT command and Anxin expandable command set

9) Support PBCCH - Supports firmware upgrade via serial port

Structural details of the module are as mentioned below: -

1) 1 A9G module

2) 29 GPIOs with 2.45mm spacing (with 2 download debug pins (HST_TX, HST_RX)

3) One SIM card slot (Nano Card < Micro Card < Standard Card)

4) 1 TF card slot

5) 1 GPRS interface with IPEX

6) 1 generation package

7) 1 GPS interface with IPEX

8) 1 generation package

9) 1 micro-USB interface5v-4.2V DC-DC, it can be 5v power supply or 3.8 ~ 4.2V power supply

10) 1 power key, a reset button,2 LED,1 microphone

Step 4: AT Commands Useful for GPS and GPRS Functioning

As the A9G module comes with an inbuilt bootloader and hence it can be controlled using AT
commands and can also be used to transmit commands as well. Some useful AT commands are:-

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 AT+GPS=1: This command is used to enable GPS. When this command is sent the GPS is
turned On and the LED on module for GPS starts blinking.
 AT+GPS=0: This command is used to turn OFF GPS. After sending this command GPS is
turned OFF and LED also stops blinking
 AT+GPSRD=1: This command is used to start reading GPS data and display it on the monitor.
The data returned by this command is in NMEA format which needs to be converted to get into
a readable form.
 AT+GPSRD=0: This command is used to stop reading the GPS data.
 AT+LOCATION=1: This command is used to get location data through the LBS server. It
displays the location information in the form of latitude and longitude.
 AT+GPSUPGRADE: Release GPS UART from A9’s CPU, then you can connect GPS UART
directly to communicate with GPS.
 AT+CGPSPWR: This command is used for GPS Power Control. It is used to turn on or turn
off the GPS Power supply
 AT+CGPSRST: This command resets GPS in COLD start mode or autonomy mode.
 AT+CGPSRST=0 resets GPS in cold start mode and command
 AT+CGPSRST=1 resets GPS in autonomy mode.
 AT+CREG? This command is used to check whether we are registered to the network or not.
If it shows 1,1 as a response then this means that we are registered and can move ahead.
 AT+CGATT: This command is similar to the CREG command. If its response is 1 then we are
connected to the network.
 AT+CIPSTATUS: This command is used to check whether the IP is connected or Not. If its
response is "INITIAL" then it means that we are connected. If it shows something else then
there is some problem.
 AT+CGDCONT=1: This command is used to connect to the Internet. In this command, we
need to specify the APN and IP as well in the format given as AT+CGDCONT=1, "IP",
"www"
 AT+HTTPGET: This command is used to send an HTTP get request to any server link. Its
format is AT+HTTPGET="server link".
 AT+CIPMODE: This is used for selecting TCP/IP application mode. '0' os non-transparent
mode and '1' is the transparent mode.
 AT+CIPACK: This command checks the state of data transmission. It will return the amount
of data sent, data acknowledged by the server, and data not confirmed by the server.

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Step 5: Using GPS and GPRS Functions of A9G Module

Here we are going to use the GPS and GPRS functions of the A9G module. We will be using AT
commands to control the module and do different tasks. As this module operates on 5V we will use a
USB to Serial converter to supply it the 5V supply.

Steps for Connecting module to PC: -

1) Connect the GSM and GPS antennas to the A9G module.

2) Insert a SIM card in the SIM card slot and a Micro SD card in the SD card slot

3) Connect the Vcc and GND Pin of the module to the Vcc and GND of the USB to Serial Converter.

4) Connect the Rx Pin of the A9G to the Tx pin of the Converter and Tx Pin of A9G to the Rx pin of
the converter and connect it to your PC.

5) Open AI Thinker Tool and select the correct COM port and baud rate (In this case it is 115200) and
click open Serial button.

Steps for using GPS functions of the module: -

1) In the command, section write command AT and click Send button. It must display OK on the
monitor which shows that your module is connected successfully.

2) Now to enable GPS we need to send a command AT+GPS=1. This turns ON the GPS and as it turns
ON the GPS LED starts blinking.

3) After this, we will send a command AT+GPSRD=5. This command will read the GPS data and send
it to the monitor after every 5 seconds. The Data appearing on the Monitor would be in NMEA format
which can be converted to get the GPS data details.

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4) To stop this, we need to send command AT+GPSRD=0 and it will stop sending GPS data and after
that send the command AT+GPS=0 which will disable GPS as well.

Steps for using GPRS functions of the module: -

1) To check the status of the GPRS we can use commands such as AT+CREG? if this command shows
1,1 on the monitor it means that we are registered to the network. Similarly, we can use AT+CGATT
command which shows 1 when we are connected to the network

2) To connect to the Internet using GPRS we need to send a command which is AT+CGDCONT=1,
"IP", "www". where "IP" is the Internet Protocol and "www" is the Access Point Name which can be
different in your case. As we send the command it should display OK which means that we are
connected to GPRS.

3) Use AT+CIPSTATUS command to check whether IP is connected or not it should display "Initial".

4) To send an HTTP request we need to type a command which is AT+HTTPGET="any server link"
this will send a get request to the server link which is mentioned after the "=" sign. As the command is
sent, the monitor will display the data received and in that the bottom line is the response sent by the
server.

Using GSM Functionality of A9G Module

The A9G module has GSM capabilities with the help of which it can be used to start a call, receive a
call, and send an SMS as well when we dial the number whose SIM card is inserted within the A9G
module a "RING" message will continuously appear on the monitor. The AT Commands which can be
used for calling and sending SMS using the A9G are: -

Call Commands: -

 ATA: Used to Answer an Incoming Call. On sending this command "+CIEV: "CALL",1

CONNECT"; the message is received.

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 ATD: This Command is used to dial a number this command is sent as "AT+number to be

dialed" and on sending this command we receive a message saying "ATD+number dialed OK

+CIEV: "CALL",1 +CIEV: "SOUNDER",1 ";

 ATH: This command is used to disconnect a call. This command is sent as "ATH" and on

sending this we receive a message "+CIEV: "CALL",0 OK";

 AT+SNFS=0: This command used to enable any earphones/headphones connected to the

module. This command enables them.

 AT+SNFS=1: This command is used to enable Loudspeaker selection.

 AT+CHUP: This command causes the mobile terminal to hang up the current call

SMS Commands: -

 AT+CMGF=1: This command is used to select the SMS message format. On sending his
command we receive an OK. This is to read and write SMS messages as strings instead of
hexadecimal characters.
 AT+CMGS: This command is used to send SMS to a given mobile number. The format for
sending this command is "AT+CMGS=” mobile number”.On sending this command the
monitor will show > You can now type the message text and send the message using the - key
combination: TEST After some seconds the modem will respond with the message ID of the
message, indicating that the message was sent correctly: "+CMGS: 62". The message will
arrive on the mobile phone shortly.
 AT+CMGL: This command is used to read SMS messages from preferred storage.

ESP32-C3

ESP32-C3 is a cost-effective, RISC-V-based MCU with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 5 (LE) connectivity for
secure IoT applications.

Espressif launched ESP8266 in 2014 and ESP32 in 2016. ESP8266, with its Wi-Fi-only MCU,
facilitated simple connectivity use-cases, whereas ESP32 addressed use-cases that required dual

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connectivity (Wi-Fi + Bluetooth/Bluetooth LE), considerably more computing power, or strong

security features. These two chips became undisputed segment leaders on the IoT market, powering up
a huge number of connected devices. In the meantime, the IoT market itself has not only become
mainstream, but it has also matured in terms of features and cost expectations. So, from now on,
whenever defining a new product, we at Espressif understand that we have to strike a fine balance
between features and cost. In fact, we understand that the one-size-fits-all model is not viable, as there
should be multiple products for various needs. Hence, for simple and secure connectivity
applications, Espressif is introducing ESP32-C3.

ESP32-C3 attempts to address the most common needs for connected devices. Here are the key criteria
that have been considered for the design of ESP32-C3:

1. Security is of prime importance. Even the lowest-cost connectivity solution needs to provide
an appropriate level of security for common security threats.
2. Bluetooth Low Energy availability is useful for improving user experience and field
diagnostics.
3. While cost is a very important parameter, the availability of sufficient memory for common
use-cases is equally important. Optimizing applications for memory utilization, while
maintaining such memory-constrained devices in the field, is challenging.

ESP32-C3 is a single-core, 32-bit, RISC-V-based MCU with 400KB of SRAM, which is capable of
running at 160MHz. It has integrated 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 5 (LE) with a long-range support.
It has 22 programmable GPIOs with support for ADC, SPI, UART, I2C, I2S, RMT, TWAI, and PWM.

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Security

The attacks on connected devices are generally meant to:

1. gain access to sensitive data

2. get unauthorized control of the device
3. steal the device's identity and, subsequently, gain unauthorized access to the device's cloud.

There are various ways to carry out these attacks, either remotely by exploiting software and protocol
vulnerabilities, or physically by accessing the device for direct flash access and fault injection.
Subsequently, the attacks can be made permanent by installing the malicious firmware as the default
one on the device.

It is important that the connectivity platform provides sufficient protection against these types of
attacks. ESP32-C3 is designed to address this threat model.

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1. Secure Boot: ESP32-C3 implements the standard RSA-3072-based authentication scheme to

ensure that only trusted applications can be used on the platform. This feature protects from
executing a malicious application programmed in the flash. We understand that secure boot
needs to be efficient, so that instant-on devices (such as light bulbs) can take advantage of this
feature. ESP32-C3’s secure boot implementation adds less than 100ms overhead in the boot
process.
2. Flash Encryption: ESP32-C3 uses the AES-128-XTS-based flash encryption scheme,
whereby the application as well as the configuration data can remain encrypted in the flash.
The flash controller supports the execution of encrypted application firmware. Not only does
this provide the necessary protection for sensitive data stored in the flash, but it also protects
from runtime firmware changes that constitute time-of-check-time-of-use attacks.
3. Digital Signature and HMAC Peripheral: ESP32-C3 has a digital signature peripheral that
can generate digital signatures, using a private-key that is protected from firmware access.
Similarly, the HMAC peripheral can generate a cryptographic digest with a secret that is
protected from firmware access. Most of the IoT cloud services use the X.509-certificate-
based authentication, and the digital signature peripheral protects the device's private key that
defines the device's identity. This provides a strong protection for the device's identity even in
case of software vulnerability exploits.

4. World Controller: ESP32-C3 has a new peripheral called world controller. This provides two
execution environments fully isolated from each other. Depending on the configuration, this
can be used to implement a Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) or a privilege separation
scheme. If the application firmware has a task that deals with sensitive security data (such as
the DRM service), it can take advantage of the world controller and isolate the execution.

Bluetooth 5 (LE) with Long-Range Support

Typically, connected devices use Wi-Fi connectivity to connect to cloud services. However, Wi-Fi-
only devices pose some difficulty to the network configuration of the devices, as these devices fail to
provide reliable configuration feedback to the provisioner, while at the same time iOS and Android
provisioners have additional complexity when connecting to the network. The availability of Bluetooth
LE radio in the device makes the provisioning easy. Also, Bluetooth LE provides easy discovery and
control in the local environment.

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Previous versions of the Bluetooth LE protocol had a smaller range, and that made it not very suitable
a protocol for local control in large spaces, e.g. big homes. ESP32-C3 adds support for the Bluetooth 5
(LE) protocol, with coded PHY and extended advertisement features, while it also provides data
redundancy to the packets, thus improving the range (typically 100 meters). Furthermore, it supports
the Bluetooth LE Mesh protocol. This makes it a strong candidate for controlling devices in a local
network, and for communicating with other Bluetooth 5 (LE) sensor devices directly.

Sufficient Memory

With a large variety in the use-cases and their memory requirements, it is tricky to determine the most
suitable memory size for the SoC. However, in our experience, it is important to support use-cases
with one or, sometimes, two TLS connections to the cloud, which are Bluetooth-LE-active all the time,
while also supporting a reasonable application headroom on top of that. ESP32-C3’s 400 KB of
SRAM can meet these requirements, while still keeping the chip's cost within the budget target. Also,
ESP32-C3 has dynamic partitioning for the instruction (IRAM) and data (DRAM) memory. So, the
usable memory is effectively maximized. It is also important to note here that we have optimized the
Bluetooth subsystem’s memory requirements, in comparison with ESP32. We will provide more
details when we are closer to the SDK release.

Mature Software Support

ESP32-C3 will be supported through Espressif’s popular ESP-IDF platform. If we take a look at the
total software that enables the connected devices, a large portion of that comprises hardware-
independent software components. ESP-IDF already supports millions of connected devices, and
undergoes rigorous testing and release cycles. The maturity of ESP-IDF, as well as familiarity with
APIs and tooling will make it easy for developers to build applications for ESP32-C3. With the
availability of ESP-IDF, other software components like cloud agents can be used on ESP32-C3
without any change.

ESP32-C3 will also support the hosted mode of operation, in order to provide Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE
connectivity for external microcontrollers or microprocessors through ESP-AT and ESP-Hosted SDKs.

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ESP32-C3 provides so much at a cost that is close to that of ESP8266. There is a variant, ESP32-C3F,
which comes with integrated flash for simplified designs. We continue providing certified and cost-
effective modules for building connected devices easily. The ESP32-C3-MINI-1 module comes with a
small form-factor (13×16.6 mm) and support for a maximum operating temperature of 105°C. For ease
of migration, we have ensured that the ESP32-C3-WROOM-02 module is pin-to-pin compatible with
the ESP-WROOM-02D and ESP-WROOM-02 modules. ESP32-C3-WROOM-02 also supports a
maximum temperature of 105°C.

As mentioned earlier in this article, ESP32-C3 targets the most common use-cases for connected
devices. However, we continue building solutions that will address additional use-cases. In doing so,
we always take community feedback into serious consideration and we are grateful for all the support
from our maker friends, partners, and customers.

GPS antenna
GPS is a terminal that receives satellite signals for positioning or navigation. The antenna is
necessary for receiving signals. The GPS satellite signal is divided into L1 and L2, with frequency of
1575.42MHz and 1228MHz, of which L1 is an open civil signal with a circular polarization. The
signal strength is about -166dBM, which is a weak signal. These characteristics determine the special
antenna for receiving the GPS signal.

GPS antenna function

1. The GPS antenna is used to capture satellites and receive satellite positioning information, that is,
radiation and receiving electromagnetic waves. Any high -frequency circuit, as long as it is not
completely shielded, can radiate electromagnetic waves to the surrounding space more or less, or
receive electromagnetic waves more or less from the surrounding space. Depending on the GPS
antenna, it can be divided into flat antennas and spiral antennas. The spiral antenna has a stronger star
search capability.
2. Transform the electromagnetic wave energy of the radio signal from the satellite into the current of
the electronic devices of the receiver, that is, the energy conversion. For dedicated equipment or
vehicle equipment, because the device is often a certain distance before the equipment and the GPS

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receiving module, more than 1 meter of collapse may be used in the real environment. In this
case, GPS active antenna is better because of the signal loss of feed line.

(GPS Active antenna AGPS25A-60C)

GPS antenna structure

At present, most of the GPS antennas are right –rotating polarized ceramic media, and their
components are: ceramic antenna, low noise signal module, RF cable, and radio frequency connector.
Among them, ceramic antennas are passive antennas, which is the core technology of the GPS antenna.
The signal acceptance capacity of a GPS antenna is mostly determined by the ingredients of the
ceramic part.
Low noise signal blocks, also known as LNA low noise amplifiers, are part of amplification and
filtering signals. The selection of components is also very important, otherwise the reflection loss of
the GPS signal will be increased and the noise will be excessive.
The selection of RF microwave cables should also be used to reduce reflection as the standard to
ensure the matching of impedance.

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GPS antenna performance

The main aspects that affect the performance of GPS antenna:
1. Ceramics: The quality of ceramic powder and the sintering process directly affect its performance.
The current ceramics in the market are mainly 25X25, 18X18, 15X15, 12X12. The larger the
ceramic area, the larger the dielectric constant, the higher the resonance frequency, and the better
the acceptance effect. Most of the ceramic sheets are square design, to ensure that the resonance in
the XY direction is basically the same, so as to achieve the effect of uniform star collection.
2. Silver layer: Silver layer on the ceramic antenna surface can affect the antenna resonance
frequency. The ideal GPS ceramic frequency point is accurate to 1575.42MHz, but the antenna
frequency point is very vulnerable to the surrounding environment. Specially assembled in the
whole machine, it must be adjusted by adjusting the shape of the silver surface coating to adjust the
frequency points to 1575.42MHz again. Essence Therefore, when purchasing antenna, the GPS
entire machine must cooperate with the antenna manufacturer to provide the whole machine
sample for testing.
3. Ceramic antennas to discuss the resonance signals and send them to the back end. Due to the
matching of the antenna yang resistance, the point is generally not in the center of the antenna, but
a tiny adjustment in the XY direction. Such impedance matching methods are simple and do not
increase costs. Move only in a single -axis direction is called a single bias antenna, and the
movement of both axes is called dual bias.
4. Amplification circuit: PCB shape and area of the ceramic antenna. Because GPS has the
characteristics of a touch of ground, when the background is 7cmx7cm non-intermittent land, the
effectiveness of the Patch antenna can be exerted to the extreme. Although it is restricted by factors
such as appearance structure, try to maintain a fairly uniform shape. The choice of amplifying
circuit gain must be matched with the back -end LNA gain. SIRF's GSC3F requires that the total
gain before the signal input must not exceed 29dB, otherwise the signal is full saturation.

GSM Antennas

GSM is an acronym for Global System for Mobile communications. Until the early 1990s mobile
phone communications were based on analogy technology which is sometimes referred to a 1G. The
introduction of digital based GSM technology, sometimes referred to as 2G allowed carriers to offer
many more features for mobile communications. GSM technology has evolved in the form of 3G, 4G
and 5G (coming) since its introduction offering ever increasing features.

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GSM Antenna is a generic term used to describe an antenna suitable for mobile phones and wireless
modems. A GSM Antenna describes both the tiny little internal antennas used inside the devices or
larger external antennas that can be connected to increase the signal above and beyond the capabilities
of the device as supplied by the manufacturer.

GSM antennas are not all the same. They vary in both frequency and style. For a GSM antenna to
work correctly, it must support the frequency used by your carrier. Therefore, when you buy a GSM
antenna, you need to make sure the antenna is tuned to your carriers transmit and receive frequency.
As carriers strive to provide more features and bandwidth, they often use multiple frequencies and
therefore these days most GSM antennas are multi-band to cater for this progress. Our GSM antennas
are categorised by carriers ie. Telstra, Optus, Virgin etc., taking the hassle out of selecting the correct
antenna.

GSM antennas come in many different styles such as magnetic base, glass mount, fibreglass whip,
Yagi directional, grid antennas and more. They are designed with a particular application in mind such
as portable, vehicle, marine, wall and pole mount for buildings etc. GSM antenna selection is largely
based on the application. Therefore, select an antenna that best suits you application and then look at
the gain shown in decibels (dB) which signifies the signal gain the antenna will produce. Higher dB
will provide more signal strength.

GSM Antenna Definition

GSM antenna is a type of antenna commonly used in mobile phones and cell towers. The GSM there
means global system for mobile, which is a common standard for global mobile phone market. GSM
antenna is used in a GSM phone, which allows the phone to communicate with another GSM antenna
on a cell tower and then transfer the signal to another tower of cell phone based on the satellite
communications technology.

There are many advantages to using GSM technology, which includes:

 Support worldwide roaming

 The capacity to replace services with a same cellphone
 The capacity to send text messages

Make a universal emergency number achievable, as you can call emergency services globally even
without knowing the local number.

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GSM service have been widely used on several radio frequencies, depending on the region and
technology used. To meet the needs of different countries and areas, many phones will support a
variety of these frequencies.

GSM Antenna Specification

Following are the main specification of our GSM Antenna for reference:

Frequency Range MHz）: 850/900/1800/1900 (Bandwidth MHz） 90/280

VSWR ≤1.6
Gain (dB）: 2.0/2.5/ 3.5
Max Input power 60W
Input Impedance 50ohms
Polarization Type Vertical
Antenna Length mm based on customer requirements
Cable Length/Cable Type based on customer requirements
Connector Type SMA/SMB/SMC/BNC/FME/TNC/MCX /MMCX/UFL or other
Type: Magnetic GSM Antenna/Stubby GSM Antenna
Housing: Black/white
Storage/Operating Temperature -45℃ to +75℃

Use of GSM Antenna

1. GSM Antenna for mobile phones

Most modern mobile phones use internal GSM antenna to ensure the pretty look, and the antenna
usually located in or near the bottom of the phone. But at the beginning, some manufacturers use the
external pull-out antenna design or make the small bump of an antenna on the top of the phone. So the
internal and external GSM antenna is all available and they works in a same way.

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Beside the call function, more smartphones used additional technologies for the antennas, such as
wireless Internet connections and data transfer, which used for sending email or web browsing.

2. GSM Antenna for cell site

Cell phone carriers use much larger antennas as part of their cell site. These can be mounted high on a
tower or structure. A cell phone often is within range of more than one cell site, and it selects one to
use for a call or data transfer based on signal strength and congestion. Carriers sometimes will hide a
large GSM antenna or disguise it to make it look more appealing.

3. GSM Antenna for computer of USB device

A GSM antenna also can be found in a laptop, a netbook or a Universal Serial Bus (USB) device. In
these cases, the antenna is meant only for data. It usually will use 3G/4G technology to deliver quick
wireless Internet service over a GSM network.

4. Other application of GSM Antenna

In areas with poor coverage, special devices are designed to increase or extend the cell phone signal,
typically for more reliable indoor use. These devices, which can be called femtocells, microcells or
GSM booster antennas, have larger antennas than those found on mobile phones but smaller than those
of a traditional cell site. The device uses its larger antennas to reach distant cell towers, and it provides
a strong signal to nearby phones that otherwise would receive a poor signal or no signal.

Department of ECE