ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ

ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ
ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
«СТАВРОПОЛЬСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ АГРАРНЫЙ
УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ

И МЕЖКУЛЬТУРНОЙ КОММУНИКАЦИИ

ENGLISH FOR INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
ДЛЯ IT-СПЕЦИАЛИСТОВ

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

Ставрополь
2019
УДК 811.111
ББК 81.2 Англ.
А 64

Рецензент
Чуднова О.А., к. психол. н., доцент кафедры иностранных языков

Составители:
Зорина Е.Б., к. пед. н., доцент кафедры иностранных языков;
Михиенко С.А., к. филол. н., доцент кафедры иностранных языков;
Поддубная Н.В., к. филол. н., доцент иностранных языков;
Волкогонова А.В., ст. преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков;
Картавцева И.В., ст. преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков;
Чаплицкая А.А., ст. преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков;
Крусян И.Э., ст. преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков.

А 64
English for Information Technology. Английский язык для
IT-специалистов : учебное пособие для студентов 2 курса техни-
ческих специальностей / сост. Е.Б. Зорина, С.А. Михиенко,
Н.В. Поддубная, и др. ; Ставропольский государственный аграр-
ный университет. – Ставрополь : Ставропольское издательство
«Параграф», 2019. – 40 с.

Учебное пособие содержит профессионально-ориентированные тек-

сты, а также лексико-грамматические упражнения, теоретический матери-
ал по грамматике английского и тексты для дополнительного чтения. Основ-
ным назначением пособия является развитие у обучающихся навыков чтения и
говорения на английском языке с использованием терминологии, употребляе-
мой в сфере информационных технологий. Предназначено для студентов вузов
обучающихся по направлению «Информационные системы и технологии».

УДК 811.111
ББК 81.2 Англ.
© Составители, 2019.
© ФГБОУ ВО Ставропольский государственный
аграрный университет, 2019.
© Оформление. ООО «Ставропольское
издательство «Параграф», 2019.
2
 CONTENTS

UNIT I. COMPUTER USE AND APPLICATIONS ................................ 4

TEXT 1.1. WORD-PROCESSING FACILITIES ..................................... 4

TEXT 1.2. BASIC FEATURES OF DATABASE PROGRAMS ............. 6

GRAMMAR. Совершенные времена ..................................................... 8

UNIT II. THE INTERNET ....................................................................... 14

TEXT 2.1. SURFING THE NET ............................................................ 14

TEXT 2.2. SECURITY ON THE INTERNET ....................................... 17

Grammar. СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ

(ТHЕ SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD).............................................................. 19

UNIT III. COMPUTER & DESIGN ........................................................ 22

TEXT 3.1. WEB DESIGN ...................................................................... 22

TEXT 3.2. COMPUTER GRAPHICS .................................................... 24

Grammar. МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ MODAL VERBS .................... 27

ASSIGNMENT 1. DESKTOP PUBLISHING ............................................ 30

ASSIGТMENT 2. VIRUSES ...................................................................... 31

ASSIGNMENT 3. LANS AND WANS ...................................................... 33

REFERENCES .......................................................................................... 37

3
 UNIT I
COMPUTER USE AND APPLICATIONS

 Share information on how you use computers. Compare an-

swers with other students and make a list of uses for your class

1. Find the answers to these questions in the text below.

1. What is a word processor?
2. What makes processors superior to traditional typewriters?
3. What are the most important features offered by word processor?
4. What is WYSIWYG?
5. What is mail merging?

TEXT 1.1 WORD-PROCESSING FACILITIES

Writing letters, memos or reports are the ways most people use com-
puters. They manipulate words and text on a screen, primarily to print at
some later time and store for safe keeping. Computers alleviate much of the
tedium associated with typing, proofing and manipulating words. Because
computers can store and recall information so readily, documents need not
be retyped from scratch just to make corrections or changes. The real
strength of word processing lies in this ability to store, retrieve and change
information. Typing is still necessary (at least, for now) to put the infor-
mation into the computer initially, but once in, the need to retype only ap-
plies to new information.
Word processing is more than just typing, however. Features such as
Search and Replace allow users to find a particular phrase or word no matter
where it is in a body of text. This becomes more useful as the amount of text
grows.
Word processors usually include different ways to view the text.
Some include a view that displays the text with editor's marks that show
hidden characters or commands (spaces, returns, paragraph endings, applied
styles, etc.). Many word processors include the ability to show exactly how
the text will appear on paper when printed. This is called WYSIWYG (What
You See Is What You Get, pronounced 'wizzy-wig'). WYSIWYG shows
bold, italic, underline and other type style characteristics on the screen so
that the user can clearly see what he or she is typing. Another feature is the
correct display of different typefaces and format characteristics (margins,
indents, super- and sub-scripted characters, etc.). This allows the user to
plan the document more accurately and reduces the frustration of printing
something that doesn't look right.

4
 Many word processors now have so many features that they approach
the capabilities of layout applications for desktop publishing. They can im-
port graphics, format multiple columns of text, run text around graphics, etc.
Two important features offered by word processors are automatic
hyphenation and mail merging. Automatic hyphenation is the splitting of a
word between two lines so that the text will fit better on the page. The word
processor constantly monitors words typed and when it reaches the end of a
line, if a word is too long to fit, it checks that word in a hyphenation diction-
ary. This dictionary contains a list of words with the preferred places to split
it. If one of these cases fits part of the word at the end of the line, the word
processor splits the word, adds a hyphen at the end and places the rest on the
next line. This happens extremely fast and gives text a more polished and
professional look.
Mail merge applications are largely responsible for the explosion of
'personalized' mail. Form letters with designated spaces for names and ad-
dresses are stored as documents with links to lists of names and addresses of
potential buyers or clients. By designating what information goes into which
blank space, a computer can process a huge amount of correspondence sub-
stituting the 'personal' information into a form letter. The final document
appears to be typed specifically to the person addressed.
Many word processors can also generate tables of numbers or fig-
ures, sophisticated indexes and comprehensive tables of contents.

2. Mark the following statements as True or False.

1. It is impossible to show exactly how the text will appear on paper
when printed.
2. Many word processors cannot generate tables of numbers or fig-
ures, sophisticated indexes and comprehensive tables of contents.
3. Mail merging is the splitting of a word between two lines so that
the text will fit better on the page.
4. Two important features offered by word processors are automatic
hyphenation and mail merging.
5. Many word processors can import graphics, format multiple col-
umns of text, run text around graphics, etc.

3. Find English equivalents:

облегчить работу; внести изменения; надстрочный символ;
скрытый символ; жирный шрифт; курсивный шрифт; начертание сим-
вола; добавить дефис; подстрочный индекс; автоматическая расстанов-
ка переносов; функция подготовки стандартных писем; создать табли-
цу; поле; отступ; перечень слов.

5
 4. Link these sentence.
1. Documents need not be retyped from a) … primarily to print at some later
scratch just to make corrections or time and store for safe keeping.
changes …
2. They manipulate words and text on a b) … so that the user can clearly see
screen, … what he or she is typing.
3. WYSIWYG shows bold, italic, under- c) …because computers can store and
line and other type style characteristics recall information.
on the screen …
4. Typing is still necessary to put the in- d) … margins, indents, super- and sub-
formation into the computer initially, … scripted characters, etc.
5. Another feature is the correct display e) … the need to retype only applies to
of different typefaces and format charac- new information.
teristics such as …

5. Find Russian equivalents:

to retype from scratch; to run text around graphics; hidden charac-
ters; mail merging; different typefaces; tables of numbers or figures; to add
a hyphen; super- and sub-scripted characters; desktop publishing; to format
multiple columns of text; typeface of a character; automatic hyphenation;
mail merging; a list of words; form letter; sophisticated indexes.

6. Summarize the text «Word processing facilities» in 12-15 sen-

tences.

TEXT 1.2 BASIC FEATURES OF DATABASE PROGRAMS

1. Find the answers to these questions in the text below.

1. What is a database?
2. How is information entered on a database?
3. What is a record?
4. Which tasks can be performed by using a database?
5. What are the main advantages of a database program over a man-
ual filing system?
«Basic features of database programs»
With a database you can store, organize and retrieve a large collec-
tion of related information on computer. If you like, it is the electronic
equivalent of an indexed filing cabinet. Let us look at some features and
applications.
• Information is entered on a database via fields. Each field holds a sepa-
rate piece of information, and the fields are collected together into records. For
example, a record about an employee might consist of several fields which give

6
their name, address, telephone number, age, salary and length of employment
with the company. Records are grouped together into files which hold large
amounts of information. Files can easily be updated: you can always change
fields, add new records or delete old ones. With the right database software, you
are able to keep track of stock, sales, market trends, orders, invoices and many
more details that can make your company successful.
• Another feature of database programs is that you can automatically
look up and find records containing particular information. You can also search
on more than one field at a time. For example, if a managing director wanted to
know all the customers that spend more than £7,000 per month, the program
would search on the name field and the money field simultaneously.
A computer database is much faster to consult and update than a card
index system. It occupies a lot less space, and records can be automatically
sorted into numerical or alphabetical order using any field.
The best packages also include networking facilities, which add a
new dimension of productivity to businesses. For example, managers of
different departments can have direct access to a common database, which
represents an enormous advantage. Thanks to security devices, you can
share part of your files on a network and control who sees the information.
Most aspects of the program can be protected by user-defined passwords.
For example, if you wanted to share an employee's personal details, but not
their commission, you could protect the commission field.
In short, a database manager helps you control the data you have at
home, in the library or in your business.

2. Mark the following statements as True or False.

1. Each record holds a separate piece of information, and the records
are collected together into fields.
2. You cannot search on more than one field at a time.
3. Thanks to security devices, you can share part of your files on a
network and control who sees the information.
4. Few aspects of the program can be protected by user-defined
passwords.
5. A card index system is much faster to consult and update than a
computer database.
3. Link these sentences.
1. Managers of different departments a) … you are able to keep track of many
can have direct access to a common details that can make your company suc-
database, … cessful.
2. With the right database software, … b) … which represents an enormous ad-
vantage.
3. Another feature of database programs c) … which add a new dimension of
is that … productivity to businesses.

7
4. If a managing director wanted to d) … you can automatically look up and
know all the customers that spend more find records containing particular infor-
than £7,000 per month, … mation.
5. The best packages also include net- e) … the program would search on the
working facilities, … name field and the money field simulta-
neously.

4. Find Russian equivalents:

related information; indexed filing cabinet; to enter via fields; length
of employment; to add new records; to keep track of sales; to search simul-
taneously; to sort into alphabetical order; networking facilities; enormous
advantage; user-defined passwords; personal details; to contain particular
information; at a time; different departments.
5. Find English equivalents
основные функции; связанная информация; картотека; отдель-
ная единица информации; заработная плата; обновить данные; отсор-
тировать в алфавитном порядке; огромное преимущество; личные дан-
ные; искать одновременно; объединять в файлы; содержать большой
объем информации; прямой доступ; разные отделы; найти запись; из-
влечь информацию.
6. Summarize the text «Basic features of database programs» in
12-15 sentences.

GRAMMAR
Совершенные времена

THE PERFECT TENSES

НАСТОЯЩЕЕ СОВЕРШЕННОЕ ВРЕМЯ
(THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE)
Образование форм Present Perfect

Утвердительная Вопросительная Отрицательная

число лицо
форма форма форма
1 I have asked Have I asked I have not asked
ед. 2 You have asked Have you asked? You have not asked
3 He he He
She has asked Has she asked? She has not asked
It it It
1 We have asked Have we asked? We have not asked
мн. 2 You have asked Have you asked? You have not asked
3 They have asked Have they asked? They have not asked

8
 Употребление Present Perfect:
1. Present Perfect употребляется при описании события, про-
изошедшего в прошлом и являющегося актуальным, существенным,
значимым для момента речи. Present Perfect часто иcпользуется с наре-
чиями lately, recently и just
I've broken my pencil. Can you give me another one? Я сломал свой
карандаш. Не дашь мне другой?
Jack has gone to Germany. Джек уехал в Германию (и он до сих
пор там)
2. Present Perfect употребляют, когда хотят объявить нечто или
сообщить о чем-то, что произошло только что-либо совсем недавно.
I've just hurt my elbow. Я вот ушиб локоть.
She hasn't received any letters from him lately, Последнее время
она не получала (не получает) от него писем.
3. Present Perfect используется при описании события, которое
развивалось или повторялось в период времени, охватывающий мо-
мент речи. Present Perfect употребляется c выражениями, обозначаю-
щими период времени, который к моменту речи еще не закончился,
такими как today, thi smorning, thi sevening, this term, this week, so far, up
to now. Момент начала действия может уточняться с помощью времен-
ного предлога и союза since, а то, как долго протекало описываемое
действие, – с помощью временного предлога for. Present Perfect часто
используется с наречиями already, never, ever, yet.
I have eaten ten apples today. Я съела сегодня десять яблок (может
быть успею съесть еще пять, до того как кончится сегодняшний день).
I haven't seen him for forty years. Я не видел его сорок лет.
We have belonged to the tennis club since we moved here. Мы со-
стоим в теннисном клубе с тех пор, как приехали сюда.
4. Present Perfect используется при обозначении события, кото-
рое рассматривается как факт жизни, из которого можно черпать жиз-
ненный опыт или делать умозаключения. То, когда именно произошло
данное событие, неважно или неизвестно. Существенно, что событие
вообще имело место.
I've seen this man. Я видела этого человека. (не важно когда)
I've read ―War and Peace‖. Я читала «Войну и мир».
5. Present Perfect используется, если указано, сколько раз в пе-
риод времени, охватывающий момент речи, произошло некоторое со-
бытие.
I've been to London three times. Я был в Лондоне три раза.

9
 6. Present perfect используется с выражениями this is the first
time, it's the first time.
It's the first time I've seen a horse. Я увидел лошадь первый раз (в
жизни).
7. Употребление Present Perfect для обозначения будущего вре-
мени. Present Perfect используется в придаточных предложениях вре-
мени (Adverbial clause of time) вместо времени Future Perfect (will have
done).
After I have read the book, I'll give it to you. После того как я про-
чту эту книгу, я дам ее тебе.

ПРОШЕДШЕЕ СОВЕРШЕННОЕ ВРЕМЯ

(THE PAST PERFEC TENSE)

Образование форм Past Perfect

Глаголы в Past Perfect имеют одну и ту же форму для всех лиц
единственного и множественного числа.

утвердительная вопросительная Отрицательная

форма форма форма

He had not (hadn‘t)

He had asked Had he asked?
asked

Употребление Past Perfect:

Past Perfect употребляется для обозначения действия или собы-
тия, которое завершилось до определенного момента в прошлом. Этот
момент может быть выражен:
1. C помощью указания на какое-то другое, более позднее по
отношению к данному действие:
He bought a new car as he had broken his old one. Он купил новую
машину, так как разбил старую.
Bill waited about outside for his friend wondering where he had
gone. Билл ждал своего друга на улице, недоумевая, куда тот ушел.
2. C помощью таких выражений времени как by six o'clock, by
Sunday, by the end of the year.
I had done the homework by 5 o'clock. Я сделал домашнюю работу
к 5 часам.
He had already left by that time. К этому времени он уже ушел.

10
 БУДУЩЕЕ СОВЕРШЕННОЕ ВРЕМЯ
(THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE)

Образование форм Future Perfect

утвердительная вопросительная отрицательная
число лицо
форма форма форма
1 I shall have done Shall I have done? I shall not have
ед. done
2 You will have Will you have done? You will not have
done done
3 He he He
She will have Will she have She will not
done done? have
He it He done
1 We shall have Shall we have done? We shall not have
мн. done done
2 You will have Will you have done? You will not have
done done
3 They will have Will they have done? They will not have
done done

Употребление Future Perfect:

Время Future Perfect используется при описании действия, кото-
рое будет завершено к некоторому событию или моменту времени в
будущем.
I'll have finished the work before you come back. Я закончу работу
до того, как ты вернешься.
Many natural resources will have disappeared by the end of the cen-
tury. Многие природные ресурсы исчезнут к концу этого века.

1. Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verb:

Present Perfect or Past Simple.
1. I already _________________ (to do) my homework. Now I can
go for a walk. 2. I _________________(to do) my homework yesterday.
3. He just _________________(to come) home. 4. He _________________
(to come) home a minute ago. 5. Nick _________________(to play) football
yesterday. 6. She already _________________(to come) from school. Now
she is doing her homework. 7. I _________________(to read) this book last
year. 8. I _________________(to read) this book this year. 9. I never
_________________(to be) to Washington. 10. ________ you ever
________ (to be) to New York? 11. ________ you ever ________ (to see)
the eruption of a volcano? 12. I _________________(not yet to eat) today.
13. He _________________(not to eat) yesterday. 14. You
11
_________________(to play) the piano yesterday? 15. You
_________________(to play) the piano today? 16. What ________ you
____________ (to prepare) for today? 17. Look at this bird-house. Mike
_________________(to make) it himself. He _________________(to make)
it last Sunday. 18. Where ________ you ________ my pen? I cannot find it.
19. ________ you ____________(to see) Mary today? 20. When
_____________ you ____________ (to see) Mary? – I ___________ (to
see) her last week.

2. Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verb:

Past Simple or Past Perfect.

1. When I _________(to come) home, mother already

_________________(to cook) dinner. 2. When father
_________________(to return) from work, we already
_________________(to do) our homework. 3. When the teacher
_________________(to enter) the classroom, the pupils already
__________(to open) their books. 4. Kate __________(to give) me the book
which she ____________(to buy) the day before. 5. Nick __________(to
show) the teacher the picture which he _________________(to draw).
6. The boy ______________(to give) the goats the grass which he
_________________(to bring) from the field. 7. Mother ____________(to
see) that Nick ______________(not to wash) his hands. 8. The teacher
_________________(to understand) that Lena _________________(not to
do) her homework. 9. I _________________(to know) that my friend
_________________(not yet to come). 10. Tom _________________(to
return) from the cinema at five o'clock.

3. Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verb:

Past Simple, Past Continuous or Past Perfect.

I. By eight o'clock yesterday I _______________(to do) my home-

work and at eight I _______________(to play) the piano. 2. By six o'clock
father ______________________________(to come) home and at six he
_______________(to have) dinner. 3. By nine o'clock yesterday grandmoth-
er _______________(to wash) the dishes and at nine she
_______________(to watch) TV. 4. When I _______________(to meet)
Tom, he _______________(to eat) an ice-cream which he
_______________(to buy) at the corner of the street. 5. When I
_______________(to come) home, my sister _______________(to read) a
book which she _______________(to bring) from the library. 6. When

12
mother _______________(to come) home, the children
_______________(to eat) the soup which she _______________(to cook) in
the morning. 7. When I _______________(to ring) up Mike, he still
_______________(to learn) the poem which he _______________(to begin)
learning at school. 8. When I _______________(to look) out of the window,
the children _______________(to play) with a ball which Pete
_______________(to bring) from home. 9. By ten o'clock the children
_______________(to sit) comfortably on the sofa and at ten they (to watch)
a TV film. 10. When father _______________(to come) home, we
_______________(to cook) the mushrooms which we _______________(to
gather) in the wood.

4. Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verb:

Future Simple, Future Continuous или Future Perfect.

1. I _______________ (to do) my homework tomorrow. 2. I

_______________(to do) my homework at six o'clock tomorrow. 3. I
_______________(to do) my homework by six o'clock tomorrow. 4. When I
come home tomorrow, my family _______________(to have) supper.
5. When you come to my place tomorrow, I _______________(to read) your
book. I _______________(to do) my homework by the time you come.
6. Don't come to my place tomorrow. I _______________(to write) a com-
position the whole evening. 7. I _______________(not to go) to the cinema
tomorrow. I _______________(to watch) TV the whole evening. 8. What
____________ you ______________ (to do) tomorrow? 9. What _________
you _____________ (to do) at eight o'clock tomorrow? 10. ___________
you __________ (to play) volley-ball tomorrow? 11. __________ you
______________ (to do) this work by next Sunday? 12. ___________ when
___________ you (to go) to see your friend next time? 13. How many pages
you _____________ (to read) by five o'clock tomorrow? 14. Tomorrow I
_______________(to begin) doing my homework as soon as I come from
school. I _______________(to do) my homework from three till six. My
father _______________(to come) home at seven o'clock tomorrow. I
_______________(to do) all my homework by the time he comes, and we
_______________(to go) for a walk together.

13
 UNIT II
THE INTERNET

 Why is the Internet so popular nowadays?

How often do you use the Internet?
What are the main advantages and disadvantages of the Internet?
TEXT 2.1 SURFING THE NET

1. Find the answers to these questions in the text below.

1. What is the Internet?
2. When was the first large-scale use of computer-to-computer
transfer of information implemented?
3. What are the dangers that computers bring to modern society?
4. How can people avoid information overload?
«Surfing the Net»
What is more impressive than the pyramids, more beautiful than Mi-
chelangelo's David and more important to mankind than the wondrous in-
ventions of the Industrial Revolution? To the converted, there can be only
one answer: the Internet that undisciplined radical electronic communica-
tions network that is shaping our universe. Multimedia, the electronic pub-
lishing revolution, is entering every area of our lives — college, work and
home. This new digital technology combines texts, video, sound and
graphics to produce interactive language learning, football, music, movies,
cookery and anything else you might be interested in.
The industrial age has matured into the information age; wherein the
means to access, manipulate, and use information has become crucial to
success and power. The electronic superhighway provides an entry to librar-
ies, research institutions, databases, art galleries, census bureaus, etc. For
those of us interested in intercultural communications Cyberspace is a uni-
versal community, with instant access not only to information anywhere, but
also to friends old and new around the globe.
The Internet is an amorphous global network of thousands of linked
computers that pass information back and forth. While the Internet has no
government, no owners, no time, no place, no country, it definitely has a
culture, which frequently approaches anarchy; and it has a language, which
is more or less English. People who interact in an Internet environment
know how addresses are formed, how to use e-mail, ftp, Usenet News,
Telnet, and other software tools.
Large-scale use of computer-to-computer transfer of information was
implemented by the US military in the late 60s and early 70s — part of the
14
superpower competition of the cold war and the arms race. The US military
created an electronic network (Arpanet) to use computers for handling the
transfer of large amounts of sensitive data over long distances at incredible
speed. Computer-to-computer virtual connections, using satellites and fiber
optics, have distinct advantages over telephone or radio communications in
the event of a nuclear attack. Mathematicians and scientists (and their uni-
versities) have been linked and electronically exchanging information over
the Internet since the mid-70s.
Now the Internet has become commercialized with private and public
companies offering access to it. The Internet is being expanded and im-
proved so that every home, every school, every institution can be linked to
share data, information, music, video and other resources. If you have a
computer or a computer terminal, some kind of connection (probably, mo-
dem and telephone line) to the Internet, and some kind of Internet service
provider, you can participate in electronic communication and become a
citizen of the global village.
Information technology is a good vehicle for the argument. Some
scientists remind us that voluminous information does not necessarily lead
to sound thinking. There are many genuine dangers that computers bring to
modern society. Data glut obscures basic questions and may even hinder
rather than enhance our productivity. Edutainment software and computer
games degrade the literacy of children. On the other hand, only a few use
PCs on network to share information and ideas. In most cases IT is used to
speed routine tasks, to automate manual processes rather than to change
work patterns and business practices. Most managers use their PCs to edit
documents — not a good use of their time when they could be dreaming up
creative applications. It is time to evaluate anew the role of science and
technology in the affairs of the human species.
So, if you are riding on the information highway, you should take
steps to cope with information overload. The gift of boundless information
is causing a new kind of stress known alternately as technostress, infor-
mation overload or Information Fatigue Syndrome. Some experts say that
we don't get anywhere near the data it takes to overload our neurons. Ac-
cording to some estimates, our mind is capable of processing and analyzing
many gigabytes of data per second — a lot more data than any of today's
supercomputers can process and act on in real time. We feel overloaded by
the quantity of information because we are getting it unfiltered. We should
filter out the junk and turn data into shapes that make sense to us. Stress in
moderation is good: it drives us to achieve, stimulates our creativity and is
the force behind social and technological breakthroughs. Stress is revealing
how humans are in some ways more primitive than the technology they have

15
created. Meditation, muscular relaxation, aerobics, jogging, yoga can be
effective stress relievers, but no technique is universal: experiment and find
the one that best works for you.
The cornerstone of an economy is land, labor, capital and entrepreneur-
ial spirit. That traditional definition is now being challenged. Today you find a
fifth key economic element: information dominant. As we evolve from an
industrial to an information society, our jobs are changing from physical to
mental labor. Just as people moved physically from farms to factories in the
Industrial age, so today people are shifting muscle power to brain power in a
new, computer-based, globally linked by the Internet society.

2. Mark the following statements as True or False.

1. The information age has matured into the industrial age; wherein
the means to access, manipulate, and use information has become crucial to
success and power.
2. Some scientists remind us that voluminous information neces-
sarily lead to sound thinking.
3. Large-scale use of computer-to-computer transfer of information
was implemented by the USSR military in the late 50s and early 60s.
4. As we evolve from an industrial to an information society, our
jobs are changing from mental labor to physical.
5. It is time to evaluate anew the role of science and technology in
the affairs of the human species.

3. Find Russian equivalents:

fiber optics wondrous inventions; instant access; research institu-
tions; distinct advantages; crucial to success and power; entry to libraries; at
incredible speed; intercultural com¬munications; universal community; sen-
sitive data; war and; arms race; to participate in electronic communi¬cation;
voluminous information; to degrade the literacy; genuine dangers; to hinder
rather than enhance; to cope with; census bureaus; information overload;
technological breakthroughs; to evaluate anew.

4. Find English equivalents:

научные достижения, оптоволокно; мгновенный доступ; избы-
ток данных; информационная перегрузка; художественная галерея;
невероятная скорость; перерасти в информационный век; явные пре-
имущества; межкультурная коммуникация; средства доступа; увеличи-
вать производительность; по-новому оценить; широкомасштабное ис-
пользование, международное сообщество.
5. Summarize the text «Surfing the Net» in 12-15 sentences.

16
 TEXT 2.2 SECURITY ON THE INTERNET

1. Find the answers to these questions in the text below.

1. Why is security so important on the internet?
2. What security standard is used by most banks to make online
transactions secure?
3. How can we protect and keep our e-mail private?
4. What methods are used by companies to make internal networks
secure?
5. Which ways can a virus enter a computer system?

«Security on the Internet»

There are a lot of benefits from an open system like the Internet, but
we are also exposed to hackers who break into computer systems just for
fun, as well as to steal information or propagate viruses. So how do you go
about making online transactions secure?
Security on the Web
The question of security is crucial when sending confidential infor-
mation such as credit card numbers. For example, consider the process of
buying a book on the Web. You have to type your credit card number into
an order form which passes from computer to computer on its way to the
online bookstore. If one of the intermediary computers is infiltrated by
hackers, your data can be copied. It is difficult to say how often this hap-
pens, but it's technically possible.
To avoid risks, you should set all security alerts to high on your Web
browser. Netscape Communicator and Internet Explorer display a lock when
the Web page is secure and allow you to disable or delete 'cookies'. If you
use online bank services, make sure your bank uses digital certificates. A
popular security standard is SET (secure electronic transactions).
E-mail privacy
Similarly, as your e-mail message travels across the net, it is copied
temporarily on many computers in between. This means it can be read by
unscrupulous people who illegally enter computer systems.
The only way to protect a message is to put it in a sort of 'envelope',
that is, to encode it with some form of encryption. A system designed to
send e-mail privately is Pretty Good Privacy, a freeware program written by
Phil Zimmerman.
Network security
Private networks connected to the Internet can be attacked by intrud-
ers who attempt to take valuable information such as Social Security num-
bers, bank accounts or research and business reports.

17
 To protect crucial data, companies hire security consultants who ana-
lyse the risks and provide security solutions. The most common methods of
protection are passwords for access control, encryption and decryption sys-
tems, and firewalls.
Virus protection
Viruses can enter a PC through files from disks, the Internet or bulle-
tin board systems. If you want to protect your system, don't open e-mail
attachments from strangers and take care when downloading files from the
Web. (Plain text e-mail alone can't pass a virus.)
Remember also to update your anti-virus software as often as possi-
ble, since new viruses are being created all the time.

2. Mark the following statements as True or False.

1. Hackers break into computer systems just for fun, as well as to
steal information or propagate viruses.
2. The question of security is unimportant when sending confiden-
tial information such as credit card numbers.
3. The most common methods of protection are passwords for ac-
cess control, encryption and decryption systems, and firewalls.
4. Your e-mail message cannot be read by unscrupulous people who
illegally enter computer systems.
5. A system designed to send e-mail privately is Pretty Good Privacy.

3. Link these sentences.

1. If one of the intermediary computers a) … companies hire security consult-
is infiltrated by hackers, … ants.
2. If you want to protect your system, … b) … make sure your bank uses digital
certificates.
3. To protect crucial data, … c) … it is copied temporarily on many
computers in between.
4. If you use online bank services, … d) … take care when downloading files
from the Web.
5. As your e-mail message travels across e) … your data can be copied.
the net, …

4. Find Russian equivalents:

online transactions; exposed to hackers; credit card numbers; order
form; valuable information; intermediary computer; security alerts; crucial
data; bulletin board system; common methods of protection; access control;
encryption and decryption systems; freeware program; to make sure; un-
scrupulous people; e-mail attachment.

18
 5. Find English equivalents:
контроль доступа; сигнал тревоги; вывести из строя; свободные
программные средства; ценная информация; электронная доска объяв-
лений; важные данные; аппаратно-программные средства межсетевой
защиты; распространять вирусы; бланк заказа; счет в банке.

6. Summarize the text «Security on the Internet» in 12-15 sen-

tences.

GRAMMAR
СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ
(ТHЕ SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD)

В английском языке существуют две формы сослагательного

наклонения: сослагательноеI (Subjunctive I), которое употребляется в
простом предложении и в главном предложении сложноподчиненного
предложения, и сослагательное II (Subjunctive II), которое употребляет-
ся в придаточном предложении.
Сослагательное I обозначает реальное условие и относится к
будущему времени.
If I have time tonight, I will finish reading a novel.
Если сегодня вечером у меня будет время, то я закончу читать
роман.
Вместо Ifможно также использовать when
Сослагательное IIобозначает маловероятное условие.
Если высказывание относится к настоящему или будущему вре-
мени (Present Subjunctive), форма сослагательного Iсовпадает с формой
Future-in-the-Past:
It‘s pity you can‘t come tomorrow. Peter would help you.
Жаль, что вы не можете прийти завтра. Петр помог бы вам.
Если высказывание относится к предшествующему периоду
(Past Subjunctive), то форма сослагательного наклонения совпадает с
формой Future Perfect-in-the-Past:
 I‘m so sorry I had no money with me yesterday, I would have
bought that dress. – Жаль, что у меня вчера не было с собой денег, я бы
купила то платье.
 Why didn‘t you phone him yesterday? He would have helped you.
– Почему ты не позвонил ему вчера? Он бы помог тебе.
Сослагательное IIIобозначает невероятное условие.
Форма сослагательного IIсовпадает с формой Past Indefinite
(Simple),если высказывание относится к настоящему или будущему

19
времени, и с формой Past Perfect, если высказывание относится к
предшествующему периоду.
 If I had any free time now or tomorrow, I should do the work
myself. – Если бы у меня было свободное время сейчас или завтра, я бы
сделала эту работу сама.
 If I had had any free time yesterday, I should have done the
work myself. – Если бы у меня было свободное время вчера, я бы сде-
лала работу сама.
Глагол to be имеет форму wereдля всех лиц в настоящем и бу-
дущем времени и had beenдля всех лиц в прошедшем времени:
 If I were rich I shouldn’t work at all. – Если бы я был богат, я
бы совсем не работал.
 If I had been there too, I could have heard the story myself. –
Если бы я был там, я бы мог услышать рассказ сам.

1. Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verb.

1. I should be delighted if I (to have) such a beautiful fur-coat.
2. If it (to rain), we shall have to stay, at home.
3. If he (to work) hard, he would have achieved great progress.
4. If it is not too cold, I (not to put) on my coat.
5. I (to write) the composition long ago if you had not disturbed me.
6. If ho (not to read) so much, he would not be so clever.
7. If my friend (to be) at home, he will tell us what to do.
8. If he were not such an outstanding actor, he (not to have)so many
admirers.
9. If you (to give) me your address, I shall write you a letter
10. If she (not to be) so absent-minded, she would be a much better
student.
11. If my sister does no go to the south, we (to spend) the summer in
St Petersburg together.
12. If they (not to go) to Moscow last year, they would not have
heard that famous musician.
13. If you (not to get) tickets to the Philharmonic, we shall stay at
home.
14. If you were not so careless about your health, you (to consult) the
doctor.

2. Translate into English.

1. Если бы он был умнее, он бы не пошел вчера в лес.
_____________________________________________________________

20
 2. Если бы она не прислала вчера это письмо, мой брат был бы
сейчас дома.
_____________________________________________________________
3. Что бы мы сейчас делали, если бы мама не испекла вчера пирог?
_____________________________________________________________
4. Жаль, что вы не слышали музыку Рахманинова. Если бы вы ее
слышали, вы бы знали, какой это замечательный композитор.
_____________________________________________________________
5. Я уверен, что все были бы рады, если бы вечер состоялся.
_____________________________________________________________
6. Он так изменился! Если бы вы его встретили, вы бы его не
узнали.
_____________________________________________________________
7. Если бы я был на вашем месте, я бы посоветовался с родителями.
_____________________________________________________________
8. Если бы сейчас подошел трамвай, мы бы не опоздали.
_____________________________________________________________
9. Если бы он знал, что это вас расстроит, он был бы осторожнее.
_____________________________________________________________
10. Если бы вы мне помогли решить эту задачу, я был бы вам
очень благодарен.
_____________________________________________________________
11. Жаль, что нам раньше не пришло в голову поискать книгу в
библиотеке. Мы бы сделали работу вовремя и сейчас были бы уже сво-
бодны.
_____________________________________________________________

21
 UNIT III
computer & design

• How do you think these professions might use computers?

Compare answers with other students in your group.
Architects
Interior designers
Farmers
Sales people
Musicians

TEXT 3.1 WEB DESIGN

2. Find the answers to these questions in the text below

1. What is a web site?
2. What editing tool is used for creating web pages?
3. What should you do before you start building a site?
4. Is it recommended to insert graphics and sounds?
5. What should you to publish web pages on the Internet?

«Web design»
A website is a collection of web pages, set up by an organization or indi-
viduals. The pages are all linked together. You can move from one page to an-
other by clicking on words and pictures called hyperlinks. Most web sites con-
tain a home page. A home page is an introductory page which tells visitors what
information is contained in a Web site. It has links to other areas of the site. It
can also include information such as when a site was built or updated. A home
page is also default page on which a web browser starts.
You can create a basic web page using a text editor or a word proces-
sor, but you need to know a code called HTML, or Hypertext Mark-up Lan-
guage. This consists of HTML commands, called tags, which are placed
around pieces of text to tell the web browser how to display text or graphics.
You can enter different commands to define text size and font, format para-
graphs, add colour, etc.
If you are not familiar with HTML, you can use a Web editor like
Microsoft FrontPage or Macromedia Dreamweaver to simplify the process.
Web editors are user-friendly and WYSIWYG (What you see is what you
get). Different buttons and menu items enable you to design a page without
writing HTML, i.e. they automatically produce the tags for text, tables, im-
age maps, frames, etc. You can view the source code for any page you like
by clicking the option "Page source" in the browser's menu.

22
 Before creating a web page, you should plan it carefully. You have to
decide what sort of information you‘re going to include and how you are
going to organize the contents. So it‘s good idea to design the website on
paper first. Making a few diagrams will help you divide the contents and
clarify the relationships between the documents.
Web sites with an effective use of graphics are more inviting and
communicative than plain text. So you may like to insert different types of
pictures: scanned photos, bars, icons, backgrounds, and moving images. But
they should have a clear purpose, don‘t insert photos or animation just to
make the pages look nice. Avoid placing a large number of graphics on your
page, because graphics can take a long time to download and visitors give
up if the pages take too long to appear.
It‘s fun to experiment with colours. You may like to choose different
colours for the background and the text. But make sure that all the text is
easy to read and don‘t use very bright colours.
Once you‘ve created and saved a few pages; it‘s time to join them to-
gether with hyperlinks. A good design principle is not to put too many links
on one page; people may loose patience or get distracted. And check that all
the links are correct since web addresses sometimes are changed.
To publish your web page, you have to find a server and then transfer
all the files from your PC to the server. But before that you should open the
pages in your browser to see how they will look online. This will allow you
to check all the links work and view any animation on your page in action.
And the final touch: include the date to show that your site is up-to-
date.

2. Mark the following statements as True or False.

1. Web sites with graphics are more inviting and communicative
than plain text, so you should insert a lot of graphics and sounds.
2. A good design principle is to put as many links on one page as
possible.
3. You can view the source code for any page you like by clicking
the option "Page source" in the browser's menu.
4. You may choose different colors for the background and the text,
but use only very bright colors.
5. It‘s good idea to design the website on paper first.

3. Link these sentences.

1. Once you have created a few pages, a) … it‘s time to join them together with
… hyperlinks.
2. To publish your web page, … b) … but you need to know a code called
HTML.

23
3. Once you‘ve created and saved a few c) … don‘t insert photos or animation
pages; … just to make the pages look nice.
4. You can create a basic web page us- d) … you have to find a server and then
ing a text editor or a word processor, … transfer all the files from your PC to the
server.
5. But they should have a clear purpose, e) … you should join them together with
… hyperlinks.

4. Find English equivalents:

язык гипертекстовой разметки; текстовый редактор; устанавли-
ваемый по умолчанию; перестать ждать; слишком долго загружаться;
домашняя страница; исходный код; яркий фон; соединенные страницы;
своевременно обновлять; схема web-страницы; упростить процесс; по-
следний штрих; привлекательная страница.

5. Find Russian equivalents:

introductory page; clarify the relationships; the final touch; default
page; to define text size and font; to simplify the process; to give up; source
code; plain text; inviting web page; clear purpose; take too long to appear;
make sure; get distracted; up-to-date; linked together; home page; loose
patience; to set up; to create a basic page; site map.

6. Summarize the text «Web design» in 12-15 sentences.

TEXT 3.2 COMPUTER GRAPHICS

1. Find the answers to these questions in the text below

1. What are ―computer graphics‖?
2. What do the acronyms ―cad‖, ―cae‖ and ―cam‖ stand for?
3. What are the benefits of using computer graphics in the car industry?
4. What are the benefits of using graphics in business?
5. What is 'computer animation'?

«Computer graphics»
Computer graphics are pictures and drawings produced by computer.
A graphics program interprets the input provided by the user and transforms
it into images that can be displayed on the screen, printed on paper or trans-
ferred to microfilm. In the process the computer uses hundreds of mathemat-
ical formulas to convert the bits of data into precise shapes and colours.
Graphics can be developed for a variety of uses including presentations,
desktop publishing, illustrations, architectural designs and detailed engineer-
ing drawings.

24
 Mechanical engineers use sophisticated programs for applications in
computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing. Let us take, for ex-
ample, the car industry. CAD software is used to develop, model and test car
designs before the actual parts are made. This can save a lot of time and money.
Computers are also used to present data in a more understandable
form: electrical engineers use computer graphics to design circuits and peo-
ple in business can present information visually to clients in graphs and dia-
grams. These are much more effective ways of communicating than lists of
figures or long explanations.
Today, three-dimensional graphics, along with colour and animation,
are essential for such applications as fine art, graphic design, Web-page de-
sign, computer-aided engineering and academic research.
Computer animation is the process of creating objects and pictures
which move across the screen; it is used by scientists and engineers to ana-
lyze problems. With the appropriate software they can study the structure of
objects and how it is affected by particular changes. Basically, computer
graphics help users to understand complex information quickly by present-
ing it in a clear visual form.
A basic tool palette
A graphics package is the software that enables you to draw and ma-
nipulate objects on a computer. Each graphics package has its own facilities,
plus a wide range of basic drawing and painting tools. The collection of
tools in a package is known as a palette.
The basic shapes which are used to make graphical objects are called
'primitives'. These are usually geometric, such as lines between two points,
arcs, circles, polygons, ellipses and even text. You can choose both the
primitive you want and where it should go on the screen. Moreover, you can
specify the 'attributes' of each primitive, such as its colour, line type, fill
area, interior style and so on.
The various tools in a palette usually appear together as pop-up icons
in a menu. To use one you activate it by clicking on it. For example, if you
want to draw a rectangle, you activate the rectangle tool and the pop-up op-
tions allow you to choose the origin of the rectangle (using the insertion
point as its centre or corner) and the possibility of drawing a rectangle with
rounded corners.

2. Mark the following statements as True or False.

1. Computer graphics are pictures and drawings produced by com-
puter.
2. A graphics program interprets the input provided by the user and
transforms it into text that can be displayed on the screen.

25
 3. Graphics can be developed only for desktop publishing.
4. CAD software is used to develop, model and test car designs after
the actual parts are made.
5. Mechanical engineers use sophisticated programs for applications
in computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing.

3. Link these sentences.

1. In the process the computer uses hun- a) … plus a wide range of basic draw-
dreds of mathematical formulas … ing and painting tools.
2. Each graphics package has its own b) … people in business can present
facilities, … information visually to clients in graphs
and diagrams.
3. Computer animation is the process of c) … to convert the bits of data into
creating objects and pictures which move precise shapes and colours.
across the screen; …
4. Computers are also used to present d) … such as lines between two points,
data in a more understandable form: … arcs, circles, polygons, ellipses and
even text.
5. 'Primitives' are usually geometric, … e) … it is used by scientists and engi-
neers to analyze problems.

4. Find Russian equivalents:

precise shapes and colours; detailed engineering drawings; sophisti-
cated programs; computer-aided design; actual parts; to design circuits; list
of figures; computer-aided manufacturing; fine art; academic research; basic
tool palette; graphics package; basic shapes; to specify the 'attributes'; inser-
tion point; rectangle with rounded corners; fill area; pop-up icons.

5. Find English equivalents:

автоматизированное проектирование; изобразительное искус-
ство; базисный элемент; трехмерная графика; представлять данные;
закрашенная область; всплывающее меню; точка вставки; прямоуголь-
ник; точный чертеж; в понятной форме; автоматизированное производ-
ство; инструментальный набор; эффективный способ; дуга; разрабо-
тать проект; многоугольник.

6. Summarize the text «Computer graphics» in 12-15 sentences.

26
 GRAMMAR
МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ
MODAL VERBS

Модальными глаголами в английском языке называются глаго-

лы, которые выражают не действие (состояние), a отношение к нему:
возможность, необходимость или способность совершения действия,
его вероятность и т.п. Характеристика:
 Не изменяются по лицам: I can, she may, you must. Сравним: I
take, she takes, you take (исключения to be, to have).
 известно, что почти все глаголы могут образовывать формы
причастия, инфинитива или герундия. Эти же, не имеют неличных
форм, то есть окончания ing.
 два глагола в английском предложении очень редко могут стоять
рядом, в большинстве случаев они требуют после себя инфинитив с ча-
стицей to. А вот после модальных всегда употребляется bare infinitive (без
to). Хотя здесь есть три исключения: have to , be to, ought to .
 при образовании отрицательных и вопросительных предложе-
ний модальные глаголы не требуют вспомогательных глаголов. А
некоторые из них совпадают с ними по форме. Это и упрощает язык.
При образовании вопросительных предложений, модальный глагол
ставится перед подлежащим, а в отрицании к нему добавляется not. В
разговорной речи часто используют сокращенные формы:
 cannot (пишется слитно) = can‘t, must not=mustn‘t, have
not=haven‘t, is not=isn‘t, shall not=shan‘t, should not=shouldn‘t, will
not=won‘t, need not=needn‘t, ought not =oughtn‘t, daren‘t.
 не используются самостоятельно, служат дополнением сказуемо-
му.
Модальный
глагол и
Выражает Present Past Future
его эквива-
лент

can am/ could

can физическую -shall/ will
is/ are was/were
to be able to или умственную способность be able to
able to able to

may
might
may is/ am/ -shall/ will
was/ were
to be allowed разрешение, просьба are be allowed
allowed
(to) allowed to
to
to

27
 должен, необходимость вы-
must must - -
полнить что-либо

have необходимость выполнения has/ shall/ will

had to
to действия из-за обстоятельств have to have to

необходимость выполнения
из-за зара- am/ is/ was/ were
to be to -
нее запланированного, по are to to
договоренности

shall (Shall
желание получить распоря-
he wait? —
shall жение, угроза, предостере- - -
Ему подо-
жение
ждать?)

рекомендации по соверше-
should should - -
нию действия, совет

оттенок желания, намерения,

will - - will
согласия, настойчивости

оттенок намерения, просьбы,

would повторности действия в
прошлом

моральный долг, совет (+ not

ought
ought + perfectinf. — упрек, пори- - -
to
цание)

необходимость совершения
need need
действия

dare возмущение dare dared

1. Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verb.

1. He … (can‘t/couldn‘t) open the window as it was stuck.
2. Interpreters … (may/must) translate without dictionaries.
3. … (Can/May) I use me your bike for today?
4. … (May/Could) you give me the recipe for this cake?
5. I hardly ever see Jane, she … (may/might) have moved to Africa.
6. Take an umbrella. It … (may/can) rain.
7. You … (could/should) stop smoking. You know you … (can-
not/must not) buy health.
8. You … (may/must) finish the article as soon as possible.
9. Liz doesn‘t … (ought to/have to) keep to a diet anymore.
28
 10. Lara … (can/might) get a play station for her birthday.
11. You … (must not/needn‘t) read in the dark.
12. My grandfather is retired, so he … (shouldn‘t/doesn‘t have to) go
to work.
13. The fridge is full, so we … (must not/needn‘t) go shopping.
14. Our employees … (can/must) sign this agreement.
15. We … (may/ought to) reserve a table in advance if we want to
have dinner there.
16. I … (can‘t/needn‘t) believe it! You … (have to/must) be joking.
17. Ann … (must/is to) finish school next year.
18. Sorry, I‘m late. I … (needed to/had to) wait for the plumber.
19. What time do we … (should/have to) be at the railway station?
20. Don‘t wait for me tonight. I … (might/must) be late.
21. I … (may not/can‘t) watch this film. It‘s too boring.
22. We‘ve got a dishwasher, so you … (couldn‘t/needn‘t) wash-up.
23. You look very pale, I think you … (need/should) stay at home.
24. … (Could/Might) you, please, pass me the mustard?
2. Link the sentences with the similar meanings.
1. Bill must complete a presentation tomorrow.
2. Bill couldn‘t complete it yesterday.
3. Birgit says she can help him tomorrow.
4. She has to help him, or the presentation will not be completed on time.
5. Birgit‘s boss says she may help Bill.
a. She needs to help him, or the presentation will not be completed on time.
b. Birgit‘s boss says she is allowed to help Bill.
c. Bill will have to write a presentation tomorrow.
d. Birgit says she will be able to help him tomorrow.
e. Bill wasn‘t able to complete it yesterday.
3. Complete the sentences with must, mustn’t or needn’t.
1. We haven‘t got much time. We _______________ hurry.
2. We‘ve got plenty of time. We _____________ hurry.
3. We have enough food at home so we __________________ go
shopping today.
4. Jim gave me a letter to post. I ______________________ remem-
ber to post it.
5. Jim gave me a letter to post. I _______________________ forget
to post it.
6. There‘s plenty of time for you to make up your mind. You
_______ decide now.

29
 7. You _________________ wash those tomatoes. They‘ve already
been washed.
8. This is a valuable book. You _______ look after it carefully and
you _______ lose it.
9. ‗What sort of house do you want to buy? Big?‘ ‗Well, it
_________ be big
- that‘s not important. But it ____________ have a nice garden –
that‘s essential.‘

ASSIGNMENT 1
DESKTOP PUBLISHING

1. Read and translate the text «Desktop publishing»

«Desktop publishing» refers to the use of personal computers to de-
sign, implement and publish books, newsletters, magazines and other print-
ed pieces. Desktop publishing is really a combination of a few different pro-
cesses including word processors, graphic design, information design, out-
put and prepress technologies, and sometimes image manipulation. There
are also many applications that support these processes, including font crea-
tion applications (that allow users to design and create their own typefaces,
called fonts) and type manipulation applications (that allow users to modify
text in visually creative ways).
Font software is software that provides user with a range of fonts. A
font is a set of characters which all have the same style, shape and size. For
example you, might have Times Italic in 12 point. Times Italic is the name
of the typeface and ―12 point‖ refers to the size.
Fonts can be of two types: scalable and bit-mapped fonts. As regards
scalable fonts, you can alter their shape or size because they are stored as an
outline and this outline can be changed. With a font manipulation program
you can change the fonts, you can enlarge scalable fonts, you can stretch
them, rotate them, do all kinds of things with them.
They are much more flexible than bit-mapped fonts which cannot be
changed at all. This kind of font is stored as a whole image made up of dots,
not just as an outline, and you get a distorted image of the font if you try to
scale it. There are two types of scalable fonts produced by different compa-
nies: True Type from Apple and Microsoft, and PostScript from Adobe
Systems.
Desktop publishing centers around a layout application. A layout ap-
plication is used to import text from word processing applications, graphics
from paint and drawing applications and images from scanning or image
manipulation applications, and to combine and arrange them all on a page.

30
They typically can bring in or import many different types of files. It is this
ability to manipulate so many different items and control how they are used
that makes layout software so popular and useful. This software is usually
the last stop before a document is printed. Once composed and designed,
these files can be printed onto film by high quality devices, called imageset-
ters, and printed on a traditional printing press.
Because imagesetters are expensive devices, most people cannot af-
ford to buy their own. There are, however, companies called service bureaux
that specialize in printing other people's files on imagesetters, just like copy
stores make copiers available to others. Service bureaux can offer imageset
output, laser printer output, colour laser printer output and even slide or film
recorder output. In addition, some have colour scanning equipment.

2. Find Russian equivalents:

image manipulation; scalable fonts; set of characters; a range of
fonts; bit-mapped fonts; character outline; distorted image; imagesetter; ser-
vice bureau; printed pieces; range of fonts; to alter the shape and size; font
set; prepress technology; to enlarge fonts; film recorder; to stretch fonts, to
create typefaces; graphic design; desktop publishing.

3. Find English equivalents

бюро обслуживания; информационный бюллетень; устройство
фотовывода; красочное оформление; искаженное изображение; тип
шрифта; контур знака; подготовка к печати; устройство для записи на
фотопленку; масштабируемый шрифт; манипулирование изображени-
ями; растровый шрифт; гарнитура шрифта; набор шрифтов; копиро-
вальное устройство; НИС.

4. Summarize the text «Desktop publishing» in 12-15 sentences.

ASSIGMENT 2
VIRUSES

1. Read and translate the text «Viruses».

The terms viruses and vaccines have entered the jargon of the com-
puter industry to describe some of the bad things that can happen to comput-
er systems and programs. Unpleasant occurrences like the March 6, 1991,
attack of the Michelangelo virus will be with us for years to come. In fact,
from now on you need to check your computer for the presence of Michel-
angelo before March 6 every year — or risk losing all the data on your hard
disk when you turn on your machine that day. And Macintosh users need to

31
do the same for another intruder, the Jerusalem virus, before each Friday the
13th, or risk a similar fate for their data.
A virus, as its name suggests, is contagious. It is a set of illicit in-
structions that infects other programs and may spread rapidly. The Michel-
angelo virus went worldwide within a year. Some types of viruses include
the worm, a program that spreads by replicating itself; the bomb, a program
intended to sabotage a computer by triggering damage based on certain con-
ditions – usually at a later date; and the Trojan horse, a program that covert-
ly places illegal, destructive instructions in the middle of an otherwise legit-
imate program. A virus may be dealt with by means of a vaccine, or antivi-
rus program, a computer program that stops the spread of and often eradi-
cates the virus.
Transmitting a Virus
Consider this typical example. A programmer secretly inserts a few
unauthorized instructions in a personal computer operating system program.
The illicit instructions lie dormant until three events occur together: 1) the
disk with the infected operating system is in use; 2) a disk in another drive
contains another copy of the operating system and some data files; and 3) a
command, such as COPY or DIR, from the infected operating system refer-
ences a data file. Under these circumstances, the virus instructions are now
inserted into the other operating system. Thus the virus has spread to another
disk, and the process can be repeated again and again. In fact, each newly
infected disk becomes a virus carrier.
Damage from viruses
We have explained how the virus is transmitted; now we come to the
interesting part — the consequences. In this example, the virus instructions
add 1 to a counter each time the virus is copied to another disk. When the
counter reaches 4, the virus erases all data files. But this is not the end of the
destruction, of course; three other disks have also been infected. Although
viruses can be destructive, some are quite benign; one simply displays a
peace message on the screen on a given date. Others may merely be a nui-
sance, like the Ping-Pong virus that bounces a "Ping-Pong ball" around your
screen while you are working. But a few could result in disaster for your
disk, as in the case of Michelangelo.
Prevention
A word about prevention is in order. Although there are programs
called vaccines that can prevent virus activity, protecting your computer
from viruses depends more on common sense than on, building a "fortress"
around the machine. Although there have been occasions where commercial
software was released with a virus, these situations are rare. Viruses tend to
show up most often on free software acquired from friends. So you should

32
always test diskettes you share with others by putting their write-protection
tabs in place. If an attempt is made to write to such a protected diskette, a
warning message appears on the screen. It is not easy to protect hard disks,
so many people use antivirus programs. Before any diskette can be used
with a computer system, the antivirus program scans the diskette for infec-
tion. The drawback is that once you buy this type of software, you must con-
tinuously pay the price for upgrades as new viruses are discovered.

2. Find Russian equivalents:

unpleasant occurrences; at a later date; similar fate; illegal and de-
structive instructions; to spread rapidly; certain conditions; to place covertly;
to eradicate the virus; to lie dormant; under these circumstances; a virus
carrier; to erase all data; to spread by replicating; on a given date; to be a
nuisance; common sense; a set of illicit instructions; show up.

3. Find English equivalents:

здравый смысл; приводить в действие; в легкой форме; настоя-
щее бедствие; повредить данные, нанести ущерб; копировать себя;
жесткий диск; постоянно обновлять; подобная судьба; разрушительные
команды; быстро распространяться; искоренить вирус; при таких об-
стоятельствах, передача вируса; наклейка защиты от записи.

4. Summarize the text «Viruses» in 12-15 sentences..

ASSIGNMENT 3
LANS AND WANS

Vocabulary
1. LAN (local area network) – локальная сеть
2. WAN (Wide-Area Network) – глобальная сеть
3. ISDN (integrated services digital network) – цифровая сеть свя-
зи с комплексными услугами
4. ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) – асимметричная
цифровая абонентская линия
5. FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) – распределенный ин-
терфейс передачи данных по волоконно-оптическим каналам
6. FDDL (frequency-division data link) – канал передачи данных
с частотным разделением
7. node – узел
8. network topology – топологическая схема сети, топология сети
9. Token Ring – маркерное кольцо

33
 10. gateway – межсетевой переход, межсетевой интерфейс
11. fibre-optic cable – оптоволоконный кабель
12. backbone – базовый, основной, магистральный, магистраль сети
13. bandwidth – полоса пропускания
14. glass fibre – стекловолокно
15. dish aerial – параболическая антенна
16. concave reflector – вогнутый отражатель, вогнутое зеркало
17. to amplify – усиливать

1. Read and translate the text « LANs and WANs».

Network configurations
A network is a group of devices (PCs, printers, etc.) or ―nodes‖ connect-
ed by communications circuits so that users can share data, programs and hard-
ware resources. A network has two main elements: the physical structure that
links the equipment and the software that allows communication.
The physical distribution of nodes and their circuits is known as net-
work 'topology' or 'architecture'. The software consists of the protocols, i.e.
the rules which determine the formats by which information may be ex-
changed between different systems. We could say that cables and transceiv-
ers (the architecture) allow computers to 'hear' one another, while the soft-
ware is the 'language' that they use to 'talk' to one another over the network.
As regards the cables, they consist essentially of the transceiver - the
hardware that sends and receives network signals. At present the most wide-
ly used transceivers are Token Ring, Ethernet and LocalTalk. Token Ring is
the most common method of connecting PCs and IBM mainframes. Most
Token Ring adapters transmit data at a speed of 16 megabits per second.
With Ethernet, data is transmitted at 100 Mbits/sec. The newest version,
Gigabit Ethernet, supports data rates of 1 Gb per second. Ethernet provides a
very robust, trouble-free architecture with good levels of performance. In
this regard, so Ethernet is the best solution for fast and intensive activity.
LocalTalk transceivers are the cheapest of all because they are direct-
ly included in each Macintosh. However, they're a bit slow, which is why
most Macs come with built-in Ethernet.
As for protocols, these are rules which describe things like transmis-
sion speed and physical interfaces. The Token Ring protocol avoids the pos-
sibility of collisions. To transmit data, a workstation needs a token, and as
there is only one token per network, holding one guarantees sole use of the
network. With Ethernet there are other options, of which TCP/IP (Transmis-
sion Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is perhaps the most useful since it
allows different operating systems to communicate with each other. With
regard to LocalTalk networks, they use AppleTalk protocols. The Macintosh

34
operating system includes the AppleTalk manager and a set of drivers that
let programs on different Macs exchange information.
LANs can be interconnected by gateways. These devices help man-
age communications and control traffic on large networks. They change the
data to make it compatible with the protocols of different networks.
WANs
For long-distance or worldwide communications, computers and
LANs are usually connected into a wide area network (WAN) to form a
single, integrated network. The largest WAN in existence is the Internet.
Networks can be linked together by either telephone lines or fibre-
optic cables. For example, ISDN (integrated services digital network) and
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) are an international standard
for transmitting digital text, sound, voice and video data over telephone
lines. On the other hand, FDDI (fibre distributed data interface) is an opti-
cal-fibre network. It transmits data at great speed - 100 megabits per second.
A variation called FDDT transmits data at 200 Mbps. FDDI networks are
typically used as backbones for wide area networks.
Modern telecommunications use fibre-optic cables because data can
be transmitted at a very high speed through the extremely wide bandwidths
of glass fibres. The fibre system operates by transmitting light pulses at
high frequencies along the glass fibre. This offers considerable advantages:
(i) the cables require little physical space; (ii) they are safe because they
don't carry electricity; (iii) they avoid electromagnetic interference.
Networks on different continents can also be connected via satellite.
Computers are so connected by a modem either to ordinary telephone wires
or fibre-optic cables, which are linked to a dish aerial. This aerial has a large
concave reflector for the reception and sending of signals. Then, when sig-
nals are received by the satellite, they are amplified and sent on to work-
stations in another part of the world.
2. Find Russian equivalents:
to transmit data; communications circuits; Token Ring; distribution
of nodes; Fiber Distributed Data Interface; local area network; concave re-
flector; glass fibre; network topology; Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line;
robust and trouble-free architecture; frequency-division data link; gateway;
electromagnetic interference; integrated services digital network; dish aerial;
Wide-Area Network; good levels of performance; extremely wide band-
widths; considerable advantages.
3. Find English equivalents:
локальная сеть; топологическая схема сети; электромагнитные
помехи; параболическая антенна; межсетевой переход; канал передачи

35
данных с частотным разделением; приемопередатчик; конфликтная
ситуация; глобальная сеть; полоса пропускания; стекловолокно; мар-
керное кольцо; асимметричная цифровая абонентская линия; вогнутый
отражатель; коммуникационные каналы; передавать данные; узел сети;
магистраль сети.

4. Summarize the text « LANs and WANs» in 12-15 sentences.

36
 REFERENCES

1. Денисенко, А.О. Английский язык. Upgrade Your English.

Учебник. В 2 частях. Ч. 2 / А.О. Денисенко. – М.: МГИМО-
Университет, 2011. - 220 с.
2. Осечкин, В. В. Английский язык. Разговорные формулы,
диалоги, тексты / В. В. Осечкин. – М.: ВЛАДОС, 2008. – 400 с.
3. Солодушкина, К. А. Vocabulary and Grammar Tests = Лекси-
ческие и грамматические тесты / К. А. Солодушкина. – СПб: Антоло-
гия, 2008. - 352 с.
4. English Grammar in use / Raymond Murphy. Cambridge Univer-
sity Press, G.B., 2001.
5. Evans V., Dooley J., Wright S. Career Paths: Information Tech-
nology, Express Publishing, 2011. – 39 с.

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38
39
 Учебное издание

ENGLISH FOR INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
ДЛЯ IT-СПЕЦИАЛИСТОВ

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

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